204:
99:
446:
Latinization from
Cyrillic as part of the attempt to unify all alphabets within the Soviet Union (Reznik, 68). Although this correlated with the increased amount of published Kalmyk language works and a literacy rate of 70.8% among Kalmyk population aged over nine. This is to be seen as a part of larger "campaign in 1931 that became the main driving behind the growth of literacy numbers in Kalmykia," in which the driving force was the actual number, and aggressiveness of educators attempting to spread literacy, rather than the campaign itself. (Reznik, 70).
84:
229:
72:
429:"On May 6, 1927, the Council of People's Commissars decreed the transfer of the administrative center of Kalmykia from Astrakhan to Elista. In October 1935 the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast was transformed into an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR). In 1937 the Supreme Soviet of the Kalmyk ASSR adopted a constitution for the republic that reflected the victory of socialist relations. The Kalmyk people were consolidated into a socialist nation."
421:. Kalmykia officially became an Autonomous Oblast on November 4, 1920 "by a decree of the All Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars." What entailed was a resettlement of Kalmyks to the newly formed autonomous oblast with the goal of the native population being incorporated "in a single administrative unit" from 1922 to 1925.
437:
Resulting from the First All-Kalmyk
Congress of Soviets, the Congress discussed the creation and organization of primary and secondary education within the newly formed Autonomous Oblast (Reznik, 64). From 1924 to 1939, the Kalmyk writing system incurred various changes (Reznik, 64). School textbooks
445:
Despite this, according to the 1926 All-Union census, the Kalmyk
Autonomous Oblast had a total literacy rate of only 17.3% (Reznik, 67). Ultimately, the process of eliminating literacy was to be conducted through Russian as opposed to native Kalmyk (Reznik, 66). In the 1930s, the alphabet underwent
341:
The Kalmyk ASSR was re-established when the newly formed Kalmyk
Autonomous Oblast (re-established following the rehabilitation of the Kalmyks in January 1957) had its status increased on 29 July 1958. On 18 October 1990, the declaration of the sovereignty and transformation of
449:
In conjunction with the 1943 deportations of
Kalmyks, Reznik suggests that the alterations to the Kalmyk alphabet "broke the intergenerational continuity of language transmission (70)." There were ultimately few native Kalmyk speakers to teach Kalmyk (70).
418:
1147:
261:
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667:
1100:
1062:
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887:
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1042:
1002:
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351:
660:
438:
were to be initially published in Kalmyk, but were instead published in
Russian in the haste to combat the high rate of illiteracy in 1923 (Reznik, 64). The
1037:
997:
710:
355:
1167:
1152:
1022:
807:
877:
837:
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1162:
1057:
922:
802:
730:
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414:, after which Lenin issued a proclamation “to the Kalmyk people to fight against the White guards”. Control reverted to the Bolsheviks in 1920.
982:
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1007:
782:
777:
410:. The "First Kalmyk Congress of Soviets was held" in Astrakhan from July 1 to 3, 1918. In 1919, control of Kalmykia reverted to the
442:
alphabet was adapted to create a
Russian transcription, which was then disregarded in favour of Cyrillic in 1924 (Reznik, 64–65).
417:
The creation of
Kalmykia as an autonomous oblast emerged from the First All-Kalmyk Congress of Soviets from July 2 to 9, 1920 in
163:
676:
56:
296:
1157:
529:
496:
314:(established 4 November 1920) had its status increased on 22 October 1935. On 27 December 1943 in conjunction with
83:
491:. Rossiia. XX vek. Dokumenty (in Russian). Moscow: Mezhdunarodnyi fond "Demokratiia"; Maternik. pp. 410–34.
645:
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46:
358:
on 24 May 1991. It existed until 31 March 1992, when its status was changed to a
273:
626:
424:
335:
32:
1141:
675:
374:
327:
322:, the Kalmyk ASSR was abolished and its territory was split between adjacent
506:
484:
439:
378:
370:
300:
105:
1148:
Autonomous republics of the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
389:
The
Russian revolution and the formation of the Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast
411:
338:. Soviet authorities renamed the former republic's towns and villages.
16:
Autonomous republic of the Soviet Union (1935-91); now Kalmykia, Russia
292:[xalʲˈməkaftɐˈnomnəsɐˈvʲɛt͡sksɐt͡sialʲɪsˈtit͡ʃəskrʲɪsˈpublʲɪk]
399:
465:
Kalmyk Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
403:
343:
303:
that existed at two periods of time. Its administrative center was
291:
222:
610:"A Broken Promise: A Hundred Years of Language Policy in Kalmykia"
319:
363:
304:
247:
116:
614:
Cahiers du Centre de Linguistique et des Sciences du Langage
425:
Formation of the Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
432:
270:Калмыцкая Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика
677:
Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union
524:(5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 186.
483:
571:
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979)
552:
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979)
406:
to fall to Soviet power on Jan 25, 1918, during the
284:
356:Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR
1139:
278:Хальмг Автономн Советск Социалистическ Республик
310:The Kalmyk ASSR was first established when the
286:Xaľmg Avtonomn Sovetsk Soţialistiçesk Respublik
661:
38:
257:Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
24:
22:Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1168:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
1153:States and territories established in 1935
668:
654:
97:
625:
318:to various locations in Central Asia and
519:
1163:1935 establishments in the Soviet Union
433:Kalmyk language, literacy and education
1140:
607:
316:the deportation of over 93,000 Kalmyks
290:
649:
603:
601:
599:
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593:
591:
589:
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585:
583:
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564:
562:
545:
543:
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13:
385:, is named after the Kalmyk ASSR.
14:
1179:
578:
559:
538:
522:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
489:Stalinskie deportatsii 1928–1953
402:was the first settlement within
227:
202:
82:
70:
104:Location of Kalmyk ASSR within
1124:Autonomous Republic since 1934
1119:Autonomous Republic since 1925
1114:Autonomous Republic since 1923
1109:Autonomous Republic since 1920
513:
487:; Pobol', N. L., eds. (2005).
477:
1:
470:
277:
383:Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh
285:
7:
627:10.26034/la.cdclsl.2013.763
608:Reznik, Vladislava (2013).
453:
10:
1184:
1158:Former socialist republics
520:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003).
460:Deportation of the Kalmyks
392:
25:
1079:
860:
851:
683:
348:Soviet Socialist Republic
269:
243:
181:
177:
173:
169:
157:
153:
149:
139:
129:
122:
112:
96:
66:
55:
39:
21:
395:Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast
377:, discovered in 1977 by
312:Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast
574:. The Gale Group. 2010.
555:. The Gale Group. 2010.
141: • Abolished
393:Further information:
352:Kalmyk Supreme Soviet
1061:1991–92
1056:1990–91
1051:1961–92
1046:1958–90
1041:1957–91
1036:1957–92
1031:1956–91
1026:1944–57
1021:1936–90
1011:1936–90
1006:1936–90
1001:1936–44
996:1936–44
991:1935–43
986:1934–90
981:1934–90
976:1932–92
971:1931–92
961:1926–36
956:1925–36
951:1925–92
946:1924–29
941:1924–40
936:1923–40
931:1923–90
926:1922–91
921:1921–90
911:1921–24
906:1921–91
901:1921–45
896:1921–91
891:1920–90
886:1920–25
881:1919–90
876:1918–41
871:1918–24
354:was accepted by the
131: • Created
1043:Kabardino-Balkarian
1003:Kabardino-Balkarian
741:Kabardino-Balkarian
297:autonomous republic
866:
364:Russian Federation
332:Stalingrad Oblasts
1133:
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1074:
1070:
1069:
408:Russian Civil War
283:
253:
252:
239:
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235:
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159: • Type
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28:
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1038:Checheno-Ingush
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998:Checheno-Ingush
995:
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711:Checheno-Ingush
679:
674:
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260:
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164:Soviet republic
158:
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103:
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92:
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51:
44:
37:
30:
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1023:North Ossetian
1019:
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969:
967:
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869:
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861:
855:
849:
848:
846:
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840:
835:
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825:
820:
815:
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808:North Ossetian
805:
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336:Stavropol Krai
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40:Калмыцкая АССР
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1169:
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1103:
1102:
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1087:
1086:Buryat–Mongol
1083:
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678:
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664:
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652:
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648:
637:
633:
628:
623:
620:(35): 59–76.
619:
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592:
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586:
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582:
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533:
531:3-540-00238-3
527:
523:
516:
508:
504:
500:
498:5-85646-143-6
494:
490:
486:
485:Polian, P. M.
480:
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463:
461:
458:
457:
451:
447:
443:
441:
430:
422:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
386:
384:
380:
376:
375:2287 Kalmykia
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
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349:
345:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
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263:
258:
249:
246:
244:Today part of
242:
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111:
107:
100:
95:
85:
73:
65:
62:
58:
54:
48:
34:
20:
1135:
1101:Kirghiz ASSR
1099:
1093:
1085:
1047:
1020:
992:
970:
920:
878:Volga German
870:
854:of existence
838:Volga German
745:
617:
613:
570:
551:
521:
515:
488:
479:
448:
444:
440:Zaya Pandita
436:
428:
416:
398:
371:minor planet
368:
340:
309:
301:Russian SFSR
256:
254:
192:Succeeded by
191:
186:
106:Russian SFSR
89:Coat of arms
61:Russian SFSR
1098:was called
1095:Kazakh ASSR
1088:until 1958.
1058:Gorno-Altai
923:Nakhichevan
803:Nakhichevan
731:Gorno-Altai
381:astronomer
362:within the
187:Preceded by
26:Хальмг ACCP
1142:Categories
1104:until 1925
978:Karakalpak
751:Karakalpak
471:References
412:White army
983:Mordovian
943:Moldavian
873:Turkestan
823:Turkestan
793:Mordovian
788:Moldavian
636:250472051
400:Astrakhan
324:Astrakhan
295:) was an
262:‹See Tfd›
210:Kalmyk AO
145:1943/1991
135:1935/1957
1033:Karelian
1028:Kabardin
938:Karelian
913:Mountain
908:Dagestan
898:Adjarian
852:By years
798:Mountain
756:Karelian
736:Kabardin
726:Dagestan
696:Adjarian
507:65289542
454:See also
404:Kalmykia
360:republic
344:Kalmykia
223:Kalmykia
1063:Crimean
963:Kirghiz
953:Chuvash
903:Crimean
888:Kirghiz
883:Bashkir
773:Kirghiz
766:Kirghiz
721:Crimean
716:Chuvash
701:Bashkir
684:By name
419:Chilgir
350:by the
346:into a
320:Siberia
299:of the
266:Russian
123:History
113:Capital
59:of the
47:Russian
1048:Kalmyk
993:Kalmyk
988:Udmurt
973:Abkhaz
958:Kazakh
933:Buryat
833:Udmurt
761:Kazakh
746:Kalmyk
706:Buryat
691:Abkhaz
634:
528:
505:
495:
379:Soviet
328:Rostov
305:Elista
274:Kalmyk
248:Russia
117:Elista
43:
29:
1053:Tuvan
948:Tajik
928:Yakut
893:Tatar
843:Yakut
828:Tuvan
818:Tatar
813:Tajik
632:S2CID
33:Oirat
1013:Mari
1008:Komi
783:Mari
778:Komi
526:ISBN
503:OCLC
493:ISBN
334:and
330:and
255:The
77:Flag
57:ASSR
622:doi
1144::
630:.
618:35
616:.
612:.
580:^
561:^
540:^
501:.
373:,
369:A
366:.
326:,
307:.
289:,
280:,
276::
272:;
268::
669:e
662:t
655:v
638:.
624::
534:.
509:.
259:(
49:)
45:(
35:)
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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