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595:, Hawaii's first. This laid the groundwork for the establishment of judicial and executive branches of government, and a system of land ownership was implemented under the Mahele in 1848. The 1839 declaration of rights, the 1840 constitution, and various laws enacted from 1840 to 1842 came to be collectively called the Kumu Kānāwai or "foundation of law." They were published together in a dual Hawaiian/English book with a blue cover, similar to the statutory laws of the New England states at the time, and like them became known in English as the Blue Laws. The Kumu Kānāwai was primarily based on Hawaii's
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various rulers of the
Pacific Islands, said in part: "There are about to sail for your islands some teachers of the Highest God, Jehovah, to make known unto you His Word for your eternal salvation. . . . I commend these good teachers to your esteem and friendship and exhort you to listen to their instructions. . . . I advise you to throw away your idols, take the Lord Jehovah for your God, worship and love Him and He will bless and save you."
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856:, who did not find the popular support for an uprising that they expected. By the end of 1853 the threats, whether real or imagined, caused petitions for the king to consider annexation to the United States. Wyllie and Lee convinced the king to insist that annexation would only be acceptable if Hawaii became a U.S. state.
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397:, born in Maui. Early historians suggested June or July 1814, but one accepted date is August 11, 1813. Biographer P. Christiaan Klieger cites 17 March 1814 as his birthday, which is the date declared by the Privy Council as the official birthday in its meeting of March 16, 1846. He was of the highest
1027:
The age of
Kamehameha III was that of progress and of liberty—of schools and of civilization. He gave us a Constitution and fixed laws; he secured the people in the title to their lands, and removed the last chain of oppression. He gave them a voice in his councils and in the making of the laws by
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in Hawaii for the first time. Many commoners were unaware of the program and lost out on the distribution. The domination of his cabinet by
Americans (balanced only by Scot Wyllie and half-Hawaiian Keoni Ana) also discouraged the people. This was not the end of foreign conflicts either. In 1849,
859:
In 1852 a group of missionaries set out from Hawaii for the islands of
Micronesia. They carried with them a letter of introduction that bore the official seal of King Kamehameha III, the then-ruling monarch of the Hawaiian Islands. This letter, originally written in Hawaiian and addressed to the
813:
caused thousands of deaths, mostly on the island of Oʻahu. Judd, always at odds with Wyllie, lost the backing of others who blamed him for not containing the disease (or had other political reasons to want him out of power). Judd was forced to resign on
September 3 and was replaced by
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to resign from the church and become a political advisor. Richards (although he had no legal training himself) gave classes to
Kamehameha III and his councilors on the Western ideas of rule of law and economics. Their first act was a declaration of human rights in 1839.
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784:
and subsequent legislation continued to liberalize politics. The court system was unified, instead of having separate courts for
Hawaiians and foreigners. Local Hawaiian magistrates became Circuit Judges, and a Supreme Court was formed with Lee, Andrews, and
663:
pressured
Kamehameha III into surrendering the Hawaiian kingdom to the British crown, but Kamehameha III alerted London of the captain's rogue actions which eventually restored the kingdom's independence. Less than five months later, British Admiral
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in a ceremony honoring the 175th anniversary of the restoration of
Hawaiian sovereignty in 1843. The statue was created by Oregon artist Thomas Jay Warren for $ 250,000 allotted by the Mayor's Office of Culture and the Arts and is part of Mayor
680:, Sovereignty Restoration Day, an official national holiday of the kingdom. Later that year, on November 28, Britain and France officially recognized the independence of the Hawaiian Kingdom, and that too became a national holiday,
429:(prophet) Kapihe who declared the baby would live. Kauikeaouli was cleansed, laid on a rock, fanned, prayed over and sprinkled with water until he breathed, moved and cried. The prayer of Kapihe was to
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had prompted the incidents of 1843 and subsequent litigation. Under
Kamehameha III, Hawaii rapidly transitioned from indigenous traditions to a new legal system based on Anglo-American common law.
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or from Europe meant infected sailors were either recovered or buried at sea by the time they arrived. The short voyage from California brought several waves of diseases that decimated the
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in Europe. The present crises had passed, but the king's health declined, often attributed to his renewed drinking. The annexation question also did not go away. The British minister
509:, the upper classes considered a marriage with a close royal family member to be an excellent way to preserve pure bloodlines. His brother Liholiho (King Kamehameha II) and his Queen
494:
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When Kauikeaouli came to the throne in 1825, the native population numbered about 150,000, which was already less than one-third of the Hawaiian population at the time of
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532:, would be the most suitable in age, rank, and education for his queen. Kamanele died in 1834 before the wedding took place. Instead Kamehameha III chose to marry
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which they are governed. He was a great national benefactor, and has left the impress of his mild and amiable disposition on the age for which he was born.
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540:. After his sister's death in late 1836, he married Kalama on February 14, 1837, in a Christian ceremony. Kamehameha III and Kalama had two children:
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rejected Paulet's actions and the kingdom was restored on July 31. It was at the end of this period of uncertainty that the king uttered the phrase
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survived and was later adopted by Kamehameha and his wife Queen Kalama. Kūnuiākea lived to adulthood but died childless (1851–1902).
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769:. The French sacked and looted the city after the king refused his demands. In September 1849, Judd was sent with the heir apparent
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and negotiated a treaty of annexation with Wyllie by August 1854. It was never signed, and might not have been ratified by the
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425:, but as at birth he appeared to be delivered stillborn, Kuakini did not wish to take him. But Chief Kaikioʻewa summoned his
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and five powerful government ministers. Judd was appointed to the most powerful post of Minister of Finance. Frontier lawyer
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on a diplomatic mission. They returned with a new treaty with the United States but failed in visits to London and Paris.
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of 1848 which redistributed land between the government, king, nobles, and commoners. Foreigners were allowed to own land
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in the history of the Kingdom, ruling for 29 years and 192 days, although in the early part of his reign he was under a
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Roberta A. Sprague (1991). "Measuring the Mountain: the United States Exploring Expedition on Mauna Loa, 1840–1841".
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On July 31, 2018, a 12-foot bronze statue of Kamehameha III and a flagpole flying the Hawaiian flag was unveiled at
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and planned to marry her since childhood, but the union was opposed by the missionaries due to their perceptions of
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Kamehameha III also presided over the formalization of the court system and land titles. Cases such as those of
559:, had twin illegitimate sons: Kīwalaʻō, who Kamehameha initially took to raise, died young, while the other twin
478:'s arrival to Hawaii in 1778. During his reign, that number would be halved again, due to a series of epidemics.
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to serve as translator. Judd treated many of the sailors who suffered from altitude sickness on their ascent of
354:. His goal was the careful balancing of modernization by adopting Western ways while keeping his nation intact.
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replaced the informal council of chiefs. The chiefs became the House of Nobles, roughly modeled on the British
44:
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Kamehameha IV on January 11, 1855 speech quoted on page 427 of Ralph Simpson Kuykendall 1965, reprinted from
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894:. Although there was some support in the U.S., it would take 105 more years before full statehood of Hawaii.
576:
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Translation of the constitution and laws of the Hawaiian Islands, established in the reign of Kamehameha III
848:
Hawaii became a popular winter destination for frustrated prospectors in the 1850s. Some were rumored to be
317:
Keaweaweʻula Kīwalaʻō Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa Kalani Waiakua Kalanikau Iokikilo Kīwalaʻō i ke kapu Kamehameha
246:
Keaweaweʻula Kīwalaʻō Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa Kalani Waiakua Kalanikau Iokikilo Kīwalaʻō i ke kapu Kamehameha
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Kamehameha III died suddenly on December 15, 1854, after a brief illness, which may have been related to a
588:
433:, "Child of God". The rock is preserved as a monument at Keauhou Bay. He was given to Kaikioʻewa to raise.
706:. Seven elected representatives would be the start of a democratic government. The cabinet consisted of a
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as members. Voting rules were formalized and the role of the House of Representatives was strengthened.
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674:, "the sovereignty of the land is perpetuated in righteousness". July 31 was celebrated thereafter as
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413:(the red trail or the roadway by which the god descends from heaven) after his maternal grandfather
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Kamehameha III led the development of Hawaii's first formal written laws. In 1838, senior advisor
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327:
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3042:
719:
371:
3731:
Leveraging Sovereignty : Kauikeaouli's Global Strategy for the Hawaiian Nation, 1825-1854
3443:
Jane L. Silverman (1982). "Imposition of a Western Judicial System in the Hawaiian Monarchy".
466:
3628:
Report on the Culture, Needs, and Concerns of Native Hawaiians, Pursuant to Public Law 96-565
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brought increased trade, but also some unwelcome visitors. Previously the long trips around
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1975:
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The access to his birthplace at Keauhou Bay is via Kamehameha III Road from the north from
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He was succeeded by his nephew and adopted son Alexander Liholiho, who was styled as King
8:
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260:
2806:"Hawaiian standing kahili in the Bishop museum: An ethnological and biological analysis"
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lineage. Kauikeaouli was about 16 years younger than his brother Liholiho, who ruled as
28:
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2015:
1569:*Paternity is in question as daughter and mother both claim Kalaniopuu as the father.
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618:. Kamehameha III was happy to support the explorers, and appointed missionary doctor
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39:
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On May 16, 1854, King Kamehameha III proclaimed the Hawaiian Kingdom neutral in the
149:
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3658:"Ka Hoihoi Ia Ana O Na Kino Kupapau O Na Alii I Make Mua Ma Ka Ilina Hou O Na Alii"
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He was torn between the Puritan Christian guidelines imposed on the kingdom by the
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and the first statutory law code was established. Kamehameha III also enacted the
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745:(the first to actually graduate from law school) became the first chief justice.
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762:
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703:
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619:
611:
506:
367:
3521:
William De Witt Alexander (1897). "Uncompleted treaty of annexation of 1854".
3159:. Honolulu: Department of Anthropology, Bernice P. Bishop Museum. p. 39.
722:
was Minister of Foreign Affairs, Richards Minister of Public Instruction, and
599:, various laws enacted since 1823, and the principles of the Christian Bible.
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626:. Wilkes vastly underestimated the task and did not leave until March 1841.
455:
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94:
86:
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George Washington Bates (1854). "Chapter XXXIII: Annexation of the group".
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1995:
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774:
390:
270:
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Marjorie Sinclair (1971). "The Sacred Wife of Kamehameha I: Keōpūolani".
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Kaleiopapa Kuakamanolani Mahinalani Kalaninuiwaiakua Keaweaweʻulaokalani
3805:
3447:. Vol. 16. Hawaiian Historical Society, Honolulu. pp. 48–64.
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hoping to profit from a rebellion. One of the first was a group led by
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3334:"Lā Kūʻokoʻa: Events Leading to Independence Day, November 28, 1843"
4017:
3702:"King Kamehameha III bronze statue to be unveiled at Thomas Square"
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153:
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Speeches of His Majesty Kamehameha IV: to the Hawaiian Legislature
2654:
2319:
1705:
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422:
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418:
307:) (March 17, 1814 – December 15, 1854) was the third king of the
255:
2864:"Kamehameha III's Birthplace: Kauikeaouli Stone nomination form"
752:
was formed on February 10, 1846. This led to what is called the
1669:
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830:
602:
Over the next few years, Kamehameha III moved the capital from
533:
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were a half-sister and brother couple. He had loved his sister
458:
partner, he rebelled against his partial Christian upbringing.
343:
188:
334:, which was the first Hawaiian Language Constitution, and the
3156:
Symbols of Sovereignty: Feather Girdles of Tahiti and Hawaiʻi
842:
838:
451:
3780:"Determining the Birth Date of Kauikeaouli, Kamehameha III"
2843:
2804:
Roger G. Rose, Sheila Conant and Eric P. Kjellgren (1993).
809:
who had no immunity. In the summer of 1853, an epidemic of
157:
3664:. Vol. IV, no. 44. November 4, 1865. p. 2.
2786:
List of bilateral treaties signed by the Kingdom of Hawaii
490:
Kamehameha III and Queen Kalama with his niece and nephews
3520:
3371:
Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854, foundation and transformation
2902:
Determining the Birth Date of Kauikeaouli, Kamehameha III
2227:
Emma : Hawaiʻiʼs remarkable queen : a biography
3559:
3364:
3604:
3010:
A Residence of Twenty-One Years in the Sandwich Islands
3885:
3737:"Letters from Polynesia: Funeral of Kamehameha III".
3194:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 78.
3110:
821:
In 1851, Scottish-Australian entrepreneur and sailor
3972:
3412:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 4.
2767:
536:, against the wishes of Kīnaʻu. Kalama's father was
450:, and a young Hawaiian-Tahitian former priest named
3844:Kamehameha III: He Moʻolelo No Ka Moʻi Lokomaikaʻi
3778:
3279:
2971:Sinclair, Marjorie (1969). "Princess Nahienaena".
3566:Hawaiian Kingdom 1854–1874, twenty critical years
3442:
2921:
4040:
3777:Kam, Ralph Thomas; Duarte-Smith, Ashlie (2018).
3467:"Land Titles, Quiet – Board of Commissioners to"
2195:. David W. Forbes. Honolulu, Hawaii: Hui Hānai.
845:. Boyd was killed in Guadalcanal shortly after.
833:of a Pacific empire ranging from Hawaii and the
4114:Converts to Christianity from Hawaiian religion
3791:. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 1–25.
3776:
3306:
3183:
3181:
3179:
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311:from 1825 to 1854. His full Hawaiian name was
4109:Converts to Protestantism from pagan religions
3611:. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. pp.
3082:
3076:
886:received instructions from Secretary of State
16:King of the Hawaiian Islands from 1825 to 1854
3958:
3736:
3409:Colonizing Hawai'i: The Cultural Power of Law
3191:Colonizing Hawai'i: The Cultural Power of Law
2849:
1063:
3516:
3514:
3340:. Vol. XXI, no. 3. November 2000.
3252:"Kamehameha III - Hawaii History - Monarchs"
3174:
2188:
924:In 1865, Kamehameha III was reburied in the
882:objected to the plan. New U.S. Commissioner
313:Keaweaweʻula Kīwalaʻō Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa
4089:Burials at the Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla)
3399:
3374:. Vol. 1. University of Hawaii Press.
3360:
3358:
3223:"Kamehameha III -Hawaii History - Monarchs"
2230:. Honolulu, Hawaii: Queen Emma Foundation.
389:archipelago. He was the second son of King
3965:
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3626:Native Hawaiians Study Commission (1983).
3033:
3031:
2900:Ralph Thomas Kam and Ashlie Duarte-Smith:
1070:
1056:
741:became a judge for foreign cases in 1845.
27:
3804:
3598:
3523:Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society
3511:
3288:. Hawaiian Historical Society, Honolulu.
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980:and Kaleiopapa Street from the south at
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548:who both died while infants. He and his
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322:Under his reign, Hawaii evolved from an
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3028:
2951:Honoring King Kamehameha III in Keauhou
583:In 1839, under a French threat of war,
4104:Chief justices of the Hawaiian Kingdom
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2997:
2891:Green Arrow Press, San Francisco, 2015
2634:
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2509:
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2394:
2283:
2279:
2189:Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii (2013).
442:(Queen Regent) who was his stepmother
33:Photograph of Kamehameha III, c. 1853.
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2910:https://doi.org/10.1353/hjh.2018.0000
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555:, a daughter of his father's advisor
498:Kamehameha III and Queen Kalama with
3846:. San Francisco: Green Arrow Press.
3700:Yang, Gordon Y. K. (July 28, 2018).
3699:
3313:National Register of Historic Places
3152:
2964:
2868:National Register of Historic Places
897:
689:
3888:"Traditional chant for Kauikeaouli"
2930:. Hawaii Historical Society: 3–23.
1023:His successor described his reign:
696:legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom
13:
3723:
3708:. Honolulu: Oahu Publications, Inc
3644:University of California, Berkeley
3474:state archives digital collections
3307:Dorothy Riconda (April 25, 1972).
2961:Hawaii 24/7. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
659:In February 1843, British Captain
639:United States Exploring Expedition
616:United States Exploring Expedition
14:
4125:
3879:
3504:The last cruise of "The Wanderer"
3476:. state of Hawaii. Archived from
3344:from the original on May 15, 2011
2948:Stanton, Karin (March 17, 2011).
2810:Journal of the Polynesian Society
671:Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono
4094:Monarchs of the Hawaiian Islands
3892:Hawaiian Music and Hula Archives
3745:American Seamen's Friend Society
3089:. Government Press. p. 10.
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648:
290:
56:June 6, 1825 – December 15, 1854
4059:Royalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom
3842:Klieger, P. Christiaan (2015).
3785:The Hawaiian Journal of History
3693:
3680:
3668:from the original on 2016-10-10
3632:U.S. Department of the Interior
3619:
3587:from the original on 2014-12-13
3537:
3525:. Hawaiian Historical Society.
3507:. Sydney : F. Cunninghame.
3494:
3459:
3388:from the original on 2014-09-25
3326:
3309:"Thomas Square nomination form"
3262:from the original on 2017-07-31
3244:
3233:from the original on 2017-07-31
3215:
3163:from the original on 2016-04-27
3135:from the original on 2016-01-02
3104:
3093:from the original on 2016-05-06
3065:from the original on 2006-05-23
3017:from the original on 2016-05-13
2832:from the original on 2012-03-29
2217:
2182:
534:Kalama Hakaleleponi Kapakuhaili
470:Kamehameha III at the age of 18
405:starting in 1819. He was named
3886:Kaiulani Kanoa-Martin (2007).
3874:. 1842 – via HathiTrust.
3733:. University of Hawai'i Press.
3114:Moku'ula: Maui's sacred island
3111:P. Christiaan Klieger (1998).
3047:(Revised ed.). Honolulu:
3013:. H. D. Goodwin. p. 428.
2942:
2915:
2894:
2881:
2855:
1044:
792:
726:was Minister of the Interior.
393:and his highest ranking wife,
1:
2791:
2714:Kalola Pupuka-o-Honokawailani
2655:Keōua Kalanikupuapaikalaninui
2592:Kalola Pupuka-o-Honokawailani
2471:11. Kekelakekeokalani-a-Keawe
2320:Keōua Kalanikupuapaikalaninui
1041:'s plans to revamp the park.
566:
546:Prince Keaweaweʻulaokalani II
524:It was proposed in 1832 that
357:
330:with the signing of both the
319:when he ascended the throne.
4074:Hawaiian Kingdom Protestants
3752:Cachola, Jean Iwata (1995).
3315:. U.S. National Park Service
2908:52, Nr. 1 (2018), pp. 1–25.
2870:. U.S. National Park Service
2224:Kanahele, George S. (1999).
575:convinced former missionary
542:Prince Keaweaweʻulaokalani I
409:(placed in the dark clouds)
385:, the largest island of the
40:King of the Hawaiian Islands
7:
3755:Kamehameha III: Kauikeaouli
3445:Hawaiian Journal of History
3406:Merry, Sally Engle (2000).
3282:Hawaiian Journal of History
3188:Merry, Sally Engle (2000).
2981:Hawaiian Historical Society
2973:Hawaiian Journal of History
2924:Hawaiian Journal of History
2906:Hawaiian Journal of History
2763:
2269:Ancestors of Kamehameha III
2260:
767:French invasion of Honolulu
694:Through the 1840s a formal
528:, the daughter of Governor
10:
4130:
3571:University of Hawaii Press
2628:
2511:
2388:
2281:
878:and French representative
652:
178:Mauna ʻAla Royal Mausoleum
4099:Hawaiian adoptees (hānai)
3988:
3931:
3922:
3914:
3907:
3747:. 1855. pp. 249–251.
2699:
2691:
2663:
2640:
2636:
2600:
2577:
2569:
2541:
2519:
2515:
2477:
2458:
2450:
2422:
2400:
2396:
2360:
2338:
2330:
2301:
2285:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2057:
2055:
2043:
2028:
1979:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1878:
1876:
1860:
1858:
1850:
1848:
1812:
1810:
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1709:
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1502:
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1405:
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1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1094:
931:
926:Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii
913:Funeral of Kamehameha III
771:Prince Alexander Liholiho
286:
276:
266:
254:
245:
240:
236:
194:
184:
163:
139:
108:
104:
80:
70:
60:
52:
38:
26:
21:
3729:Corley, J. Susan. 2022.
3706:Honolulu Star-Advertiser
3561:Ralph Simpson Kuykendall
3366:Ralph Simpson Kuykendall
2862:Gary T. Cummins (1973).
2154:John William Pitt Kīnaʻu
818:as Minister of Finance.
461:
377:Kauikeaouli was born at
340:longest reigning monarch
3630:(Report). Vol. 1.
3153:Rose, Roger G. (1978).
3083:Kamehameha III (1861).
3044:Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii
2887:P. Christiaan Klieger,
328:constitutional monarchy
315:and then lengthened to
3501:Webster, John (1858).
1832:Keaweaweʻulaokalani II
1078:Kamehameha family tree
1030:
1000:19.55861°N 155.96139°W
960:19.56861°N 155.96139°W
914:
867:
720:Robert Crichton Wyllie
645:
502:
491:
471:
417:. He was promised to
374:
372:Honolulu Museum of Art
205:Keaweaweʻulaokalani II
3797:10.1353/hjh.2018.0000
3608:Sandwich island notes
3546:The Missionary Herald
3256:www.hawaiihistory.org
3227:www.hawaiihistory.org
1823:Keaweaweʻulaokalani I
1402:Kalākua Kaheiheimālie
1025:
928:known as Mauna ʻAla.
912:
866:
632:
597:indigenous traditions
587:was legalized in the
497:
489:
482:Marriage and children
469:
365:
201:Keaweaweʻulaokalani I
3690:on January 13, 1855.
1005:19.55861; -155.96139
965:19.56861; -155.96139
799:California Gold Rush
782:Constitution of 1852
686:— Independence Day.
610:. In September 1840
593:Constitution of 1840
4079:Protestant monarchs
4064:House of Kamehameha
3121:Press. p. 53.
2682:Kekuʻiapoiwa Liliha
1982:Alexander Liholiho
995: /
971:Kamehameha III Road
955: /
827:King Kamehameha III
641:of 1838–1842 under
635:Alfred Thomas Agate
589:Edict of Toleration
3760:Kamehameha Schools
3049:Kamehameha Schools
2957:2017-05-27 at the
2850:Naval Journal 1855
2818:Polynesian Society
2160:Keolaokalani Davis
1257:Kekuiapoiwa Liliha
915:
880:Louis Emile Perrin
868:
743:William Little Lee
661:Lord George Paulet
646:
530:John Adams Kuakini
503:
492:
472:
375:
4036:
4035:
3941:
3940:
3932:Succeeded by
3853:978-0-97118-161-8
3580:978-0-87022-432-4
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2258:
2257:
2202:978-0-9887278-2-3
2170:
2169:
2127:Albert Kamehameha
2016:Ruth Keʻelikōlani
2005:Victoria Kamāmalu
1834:
1825:
1011:Kaleiopapa Street
898:Death and funeral
816:Elisha Hunt Allen
750:Quiet Land Titles
690:Government reform
585:Roman Catholicism
336:1852 Constitution
332:1840 Constitution
324:absolute monarchy
309:Kingdom of Hawaii
298:
297:
250:
249:
232:
225:
218:
211:
143:December 15, 1854
4121:
3982:
3981:Hawaiian Kingdom
3976:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3915:Preceded by
3909:Hawaiian royalty
3905:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3875:
3865:
3838:
3808:
3782:
3773:
3748:
3743:. Vol. 27.
3718:
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3662:Ka Nupepa Kuokoa
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2801:
2780:
2778:Biography portal
2775:
2774:
2773:
2275:
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2250:
2249:
2221:
2215:
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2186:
1830:
1821:
1681:Elizabeth Kīnaʻu
1565:Pauli Kaʻōleiokū
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953:
952:
951:
948:
938:Hawaii Belt Road
888:William L. Marcy
807:native Hawaiians
748:A commission to
731:Richard Charlton
716:Attorney General
577:William Richards
561:Albert Kūnuiākea
500:Albert Kūnuiākea
454:, Kauikeaouli's
395:Queen Keōpūolani
387:Hawaiian Islands
348:Queen Kaʻahumanu
294:
238:
237:
230:
223:
216:
214:Albert Kūnuiākea
209:
174:January 10, 1855
173:
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31:
19:
18:
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3971:
3937:
3928:
3925:King of Hawaiʻi
3920:
3896:
3894:
3882:
3868:
3854:
3770:
3726:
3724:Further reading
3721:
3711:
3709:
3698:
3694:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3637:
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3624:
3620:
3603:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3581:
3569:. Vol. 2.
3558:
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3105:
3096:
3094:
3081:
3077:
3068:
3066:
3059:
3039:Kamakau, Samuel
3036:
3029:
3020:
3018:
3005:Hiram Bingham I
3002:
2998:
2969:
2965:
2959:Wayback Machine
2947:
2943:
2920:
2916:
2899:
2895:
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2873:
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2856:
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2802:
2798:
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2776:
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2766:
2761:
2441:Kekuʻiapoiwa II
2263:
2254:
2253:
2238:
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2218:
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2183:
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2033:
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2009:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1983:
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1663:
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1393:
1118:Kekuʻiapoiwa II
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1002:
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614:arrived on the
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4084:Child monarchs
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4069:House of Līloa
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4051:
4034:
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4010:
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4003:Kamehameha III
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3881:
3880:External links
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3549:. Board. 1852.
3536:
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3354:
3338:The Polynesian
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2889:Kamehameha III
2880:
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2852:, p. 249.
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2008:Kaʻahumanu IV
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1661:Kamehameha III
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1060:
1052:
1046:
1043:
933:
930:
899:
896:
884:David L. Gregg
876:William Miller
854:Samuel Brannan
794:
791:
787:John Papa ʻĪʻī
763:Louis Tromelin
739:Lorrin Andrews
735:Ladd & Co.
704:House of Lords
691:
688:
677:Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea
666:Richard Thomas
653:Main article:
650:
647:
643:Charles Wilkes
620:Gerrit P. Judd
612:Charles Wilkes
568:
565:
507:ancient Hawaii
483:
480:
463:
460:
383:Hawaiʻi island
368:Robert Dampier
359:
356:
338:. He was the
301:Kamehameha III
296:
295:
288:
284:
283:
278:
274:
273:
268:
264:
263:
258:
252:
251:
248:
247:
243:
242:
234:
233:
217:(illegitimate)
210:(illegitimate)
198:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
165:
161:
160:
147:(aged 40)
141:
137:
136:
133:Hawaiʻi island
121:March 17, 1814
110:
106:
105:
102:
101:
95:Kaʻahumanu III
84:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
42:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
22:Kamehameha III
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4126:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
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4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4029:
4028:Liliʻuokalani
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:Kamehameha IV
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:Kamehameha II
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3936:
3935:Kamehameha IV
3927:
3926:
3919:
3918:Kamehameha II
3913:
3910:
3906:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3873:
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3807:
3802:
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3790:
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3781:
3775:
3771:
3769:0-87336-033-8
3765:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3740:Naval Journal
3735:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3683:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3645:
3634:. p. 559
3633:
3629:
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3614:
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3572:
3568:
3567:
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3556:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3515:
3506:
3505:
3497:
3483:on 2012-03-06
3479:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3421:
3419:9780691009322
3415:
3411:
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3402:
3387:
3383:
3381:0-87022-431-X
3377:
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3201:9780691009322
3197:
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3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3134:
3130:
3128:1-58178-002-8
3124:
3120:
3119:Bishop Museum
3116:
3115:
3107:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3079:
3064:
3060:
3058:0-87336-014-1
3054:
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2247:
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2239:
2237:0-8248-2234-X
2233:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2155:
2128:
2118:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2095:
2087:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2006:
1997:
1993:Lot Kapuāiwa
1986:
1985:Kamehameha IV
1977:
1971:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1914:
1898:
1896:
1883:
1881:
1833:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1752:
1748:
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1735:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1684:Kaʻahumanu II
1682:
1671:
1662:
1654:
1652:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1566:
1544:
1535:
1534:Kamehameha II
1517:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1410:
1403:
1392:
1383:
1371:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1342:
1334:
1332:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1163:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1039:Kirk Caldwell
1035:
1034:Thomas Square
1029:
1024:
1021:
1017:
977:
939:
929:
927:
922:
920:
919:Kamehameha IV
911:
907:
905:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
865:
861:
857:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:Benjamin Boyd
819:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
790:
788:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:Privy Council
705:
701:
697:
687:
685:
684:
679:
678:
673:
672:
667:
662:
656:
655:Paulet affair
649:Paulet affair
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
578:
574:
564:
562:
558:
554:
553:Jane Lahilahi
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
501:
496:
488:
479:
477:
468:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:
434:
432:
431:Kaʻōnohiokalā
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:Kamehameha II
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
373:
369:
364:
355:
353:
352:Kaʻahumanu II
350:and later by
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
293:
289:
285:
282:
279:
275:
272:
269:
265:
262:
259:
257:
253:
244:
239:
235:
229:
228:Kaʻiminaʻauao
222:
221:Kamehameha IV
215:
206:
202:
199:
197:
193:
190:
187:
183:
179:
166:
162:
159:
155:
151:
142:
138:
134:
129:
125:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
91:Kaʻahumanu II
88:
85:
83:
79:
76:
75:Kamehameha IV
73:
69:
66:
65:Kamehameha II
63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
4013:Kamehameha V
4002:
3993:Kamehameha I
3923:
3895:. Retrieved
3891:
3870:
3843:
3835:Project MUSE
3833:– via
3788:
3784:
3754:
3739:
3730:
3710:. Retrieved
3705:
3695:
3687:
3682:
3670:. Retrieved
3661:
3652:
3642:– via
3638:February 13,
3636:. Retrieved
3621:
3607:
3600:
3589:. Retrieved
3565:
3555:
3545:
3539:
3522:
3503:
3496:
3485:. Retrieved
3478:the original
3473:
3461:
3444:
3425:30 September
3423:. Retrieved
3408:
3401:
3390:. Retrieved
3370:
3346:. Retrieved
3337:
3328:
3317:. Retrieved
3312:
3302:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3264:. Retrieved
3255:
3246:
3235:. Retrieved
3226:
3217:
3207:30 September
3205:. Retrieved
3190:
3165:. Retrieved
3155:
3148:
3137:. Retrieved
3117:. Honolulu:
3113:
3106:
3095:. Retrieved
3085:
3078:
3067:. Retrieved
3043:
3019:. Retrieved
3009:
2999:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2950:
2944:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2888:
2883:
2872:. Retrieved
2867:
2857:
2845:
2834:. Retrieved
2813:
2809:
2799:
2534:Kalaniʻōpuʻu
2495:
2415:Haʻae-a-Mahi
2379:Kamehameha I
2353:Kamakaʻimoku
2226:
2219:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2023:Charles Reed
1996:Kamehameha V
1660:
1658:Kauikeaouli
1394:(The Great)
1391:Kamehameha I
1090:Kalaniʻōpuʻu
1031:
1026:
1022:
935:
923:
916:
901:
869:
858:
847:
826:
820:
796:
779:
775:Kamehameha V
754:Great Mahele
747:
728:
693:
681:
675:
669:
658:
633:Portrait by
601:
582:
570:
523:
515:Nāhiʻenaʻena
504:
476:Captain Cook
473:
437:
435:
430:
426:
410:
406:
398:
391:Kamehameha I
376:
366:Painting by
321:
316:
312:
304:
300:
299:
271:Kamehameha I
145:(1854-12-15)
87:Kaʻahumanu I
4054:1854 deaths
4049:1814 births
3806:10524/63168
2820:: 273–304.
2010:(1855–1863)
1999:(1863–1872)
1988:(1854–1863)
1706:Laura Kōnia
1664:(1825–1854)
1575:Kahailiopua
1559:Keouawahine
1537:(1819–1824)
1412:(1819–1832)
1396:(died 1819)
1132:Kānekapōlei
1045:Family tree
1003: /
990:155°57′41″W
963: /
950:155°57′41″W
872:Crimean War
850:filibusters
793:Later years
712:John Ricord
683:Lā Kūʻokoʻa
407:Kauikeaouli
379:Keauhou Bay
305:Kauikeaouli
150:Hoihoikeʻea
124:Keauhou Bay
112:Kauikeaouli
61:Predecessor
4043:Categories
3929:1825–1854
3897:2010-03-01
3688:Polynesian
3672:October 7,
3591:2010-03-20
3487:2010-03-20
3392:2010-03-20
3348:2010-03-01
3319:2010-02-21
3266:2017-07-31
3237:2017-07-31
3167:2015-11-22
3139:2015-11-22
3097:2015-11-22
3069:2010-03-20
3021:2015-11-22
2874:2010-03-01
2836:2011-09-18
2792:References
2619:Keōpūolani
1976:Queen Emma
1713:Abner Pākī
1692:Kekūanaōʻa
1409:Kaʻahumanu
1382:Keōpūolani
1009: (
987:19°33′31″N
969: (
829:to become
825:convinced
758:fee simple
567:Government
557:John Young
538:Naihekukui
444:Kaʻahumanu
439:kuhina nui
358:Early life
281:Keōpūolani
261:Kamehameha
170:1855-01-10
117:1814-03-17
82:Kuhina Nui
3862:945797248
3831:188003409
3815:2169-7639
3712:August 5,
3531:10524/962
3453:10524/197
3368:(1965) .
3294:10524/359
3041:(1992) .
2990:10524/247
2936:10524/371
2211:869268731
1531:Liholiho
947:19°34′7″N
835:Marquesas
803:Cape Horn
724:Keoni Ana
637:from the
624:Mauna Loa
287:Signature
208:Kīwalaʻō
126:at North
99:Keoni Ana
71:Successor
4023:Kalākaua
4018:Lunalilo
3975:Monarchs
3823:60626541
3666:Archived
3585:Archived
3563:(1953).
3386:Archived
3342:Archived
3260:Archived
3231:Archived
3161:Archived
3133:Archived
3091:Archived
3063:Archived
3015:Archived
3007:(1855).
2983:: 3–30.
2955:Archived
2830:Archived
2826:20706518
2764:See also
2560:Kīwalaʻō
2261:Ancestry
2246:40890919
1543:Kamāmalu
1250:Kīwalaʻō
811:smallpox
761:Admiral
608:Honolulu
550:mistress
526:Kamanele
511:Kamāmalu
423:adoption
415:Kīwalaʻō
370:, 1825,
154:Honolulu
3978:of the
3762:Press.
3051:Press.
1577:Luahine
700:cabinet
604:Lahaina
573:Hoapili
419:Kuakini
344:regency
231:(hānai)
224:(hānai)
45:more...
3860:
3850:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3766:
3577:
3416:
3378:
3198:
3125:
3055:
2904:. In:
2824:
2716:(= 13)
2594:(= 15)
2322:(= 14)
2244:
2234:
2209:
2199:
2177:Notes:
2034:Bishop
2025:Bishop
1699:Pauahi
1690:Mataio
1670:Kalama
1102:Kalola
932:Legacy
904:stroke
892:Senate
831:regent
765:led a
519:incest
456:aikāne
303:(born
277:Mother
267:Father
189:Kalama
185:Spouse
164:Burial
3827:S2CID
3615:–459.
3481:(PDF)
3470:(PDF)
2822:JSTOR
2816:(3).
2657:(= 4)
1110:Keōua
940:, at
843:Tonga
839:Samoa
462:Reign
452:Kaomi
427:kaula
381:, on
326:to a
256:House
241:Names
196:Issue
158:Oʻahu
53:Reign
3858:OCLC
3848:ISBN
3819:OCLC
3811:ISSN
3764:ISBN
3714:2015
3674:2016
3640:2020
3575:ISBN
3427:2020
3414:ISBN
3376:ISBN
3209:2020
3196:ISBN
3123:ISBN
3053:ISBN
2712:15.
2653:14.
2590:13.
2532:12.
2413:10.
2242:OCLC
2232:ISBN
2207:OCLC
2197:ISBN
841:and
797:The
780:The
773:and
733:and
714:was
698:and
544:and
448:Boki
399:kapu
140:Died
128:Kona
109:Born
3801:hdl
3793:doi
3613:425
3527:hdl
3449:hdl
3290:hdl
2985:hdl
2932:hdl
2814:102
2680:7.
2617:3.
2558:6.
2494:1.
2439:5.
2377:2.
2351:9.
2318:4.
2292:8.
1134:(w)
1120:(w)
1112:(k)
1104:(w)
1092:(k)
837:to
606:to
505:In
421:in
346:by
4045::
3890:.
3856:.
3825:.
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3809:.
3799:.
3789:52
3787:.
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3660:.
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3573:.
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3435:^
3384:.
3357:^
3336:.
3311:.
3286:25
3284:.
3258:.
3254:.
3229:.
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3176:^
3131:.
3061:.
3030:^
2979:.
2975:.
2926:.
2866:.
2828:.
2812:.
2808:.
2240:.
2205:.
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718:,
521:.
156:,
152:,
130:,
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