123:
outcrops, the same glacial till has been identified as being either a "Kansan" till or "Nebraskan" till. Also, it was found that the Afton Soil (paleosol), which was used define the
Aftonian interglacial, is buried by a younger glacial till that was considered to be a "type Nebraskan" glacial till as well as having developed in an older glacial till that was considered to be a "type Nebraskan" glacial till. As a result, the basic assumptions on which the Yarmouthian (interglacial), Kansan (glacial), Aftonian (interglacial), and Nebraskan (glacial) nomenclature was originally defined was found to be lacking any scientific basis. As a result, this nomenclature was abandoned by Quaternary geologists in North America and merged into the
1106:
114:
the two glacial tills and one ash bed stratigraphic model, on which the
Yarmouthian, Kansan, Nebraskan, and Aftonian glacial - interglacial nomenclature was based, was completely wrong. This research found that at the type locations for the Kansan and Nebraskan tills numerous glacial tills, which were separated by numerous paleosols, existed. In addition,
113:
In time, the stratigraphy of
Pleistocene deposits was found to be far more complex than the two glacial tills and one volcanic ash bed on which the Yarmouthian, Kansan, Nebraskan, and Aftonian glacial - interglacial nomenclature was originally based. Detailed research by Boellstorff demonstrated that
122:
layer was actually three separate volcanic ash layers, i.e. the 602,000 year-old Lava Creek B volcanic ash; the 1,293,000 year-old Mesa Falls volcanic ash, and the 2,003,000 year-old
Huckleberry volcanic ash. In addition, detailed studies of glacial tills in Kansas have found that at different
104:
bed within
Nebraska and Kansas. Of these two proposed glacial tills, the Kansan till, which defined the Kansan Stage, was the upper of the two glacial tills and the Nebraskan till, which defined the Nebraskan Stage, was the lower of the two glacial tills. It was argued that a single
109:
developed in the
Nebraskan till and interglacial deposits separated the Kansan and Nebraskan tills. The paleosol and deposits were used to define the Aftonian (interglacial) stage that separated the Kansan and Nebraskan stages.
362:
326:
446:
96:
As developed between 1894 and 1909, the Kansan Stage was based on a model that assumed that the
Pleistocene deposits contained only two glacial
892:
317:
313:
Work Group on
Geospatial Analysis of Glaciated Environments (GAGE), INQUA Commission on Glaciation, Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas.
304:
Work Group on
Geospatial Analysis of Glaciated Environments (GAGE), INQUA Commission on Glaciation, Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas.
33:) was a glacial stage and part of an early conceptual climatic and chronological framework composed of four glacial and interglacial stages.
237:
Boellstorff, J., 1978b, North
American Pleistocene stages reconsidered in the light of probable Pliocene-Pleistocene continental glaciation.
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183:
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335:
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331:, jpg version 844 KB. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
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to subdivide glacial and nonglacial deposits within north-central United States from youngest to oldest and are as follows:
826:
1066:
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759:
432:
753:
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Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
253:
in W.C. Mahaney, ed., pp. 73-90. Correlation of Quaternary Chronologies. Norwich, United Kingdom, Geo Books.
487:
384:
1140:
850:
996:
723:
349:, PDF version 19.3 MB. Technical information Series. no. 11. Iowa Geological Survey Bureau, Ames, IA.
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Pre-Wisconsin glacial stratigraphy of the Central Plains region in Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri
340:, PDF version 15.6 MB. Technical information Series. no. 10. Iowa Geological Survey Bureau, Ames, IA.
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717:
492:
364:
Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central United States.
83:
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Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central United States
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808:
747:
367:, PDF version, 1.2 MB. Geological Society of America Bulletin. vol. 116, no. 1-2; pp. 30–41;
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802:
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652:
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190:, PDF version, 1.2 MB. Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 116, no. 1-2; pp. 30-41;
178:
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Chronology of some Late Cenozoic deposits from the central United States and the Ice Ages.
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419:
74:
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1011:
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Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years v. 2007b.
565:
251:
Paleomagnetism and Chronology of Early Pleistocene Tills in the Central United States.
1135:
1109:
1086:
981:
667:
555:
394:
68:
616:
368:
191:
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Illinoian and Pre-Illinoian stratigraphy of southeast Iowa and adjacent Illinois.
955:
924:
856:
838:
596:
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497:
482:
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187:
42:
358:, PDF version 4.6 MB. Guidebook no. 3. Iowa Geological Survey Bureau, Ames, IA.
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960:
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Yarmouth Revisited: Midwest Friends of the Pleistocene 27th Field Conference.
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1071:
1036:
868:
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735:
677:
626:
611:
570:
404:
124:
29:
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Roy, M., P.U. Clark, R.W. Barendregt, J.R., Glasmann, and R.J. Enkin, 2004,
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Roy, M., P.U. Clark, R.W. Barendregt, J.R., Glasmann, and R.J. Enkin, 2004,
1021:
986:
507:
502:
119:
101:
424:
1046:
1031:
1026:
880:
672:
560:
517:
62:
950:
929:
662:
621:
512:
46:
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Hallberg, G. R., T. E. Fenton, T. J. Kemmis, and G. A. Miller, 1980,
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195:
49:
934:
642:
267:
Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America
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991:
601:
591:
389:
228:
Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Science. vol 6, pp. 35–49
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and geochemical analysis demonstrated what was thought to be one
325:
Gibbard, P.L., S. Boreham, K.M. Cohen and A. Moscariello, 2007,
647:
550:
657:
97:
243:
310:Pre-Wisconsin Glaciation of Central North America.
269:. Quaternary Science Reviews. vol. 5, pp. 183-196.
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261:
259:
215:, Quaternary Science Reviews. vol. 5, pp. 11-15.
147:John Wiley & Sons, New York. 553 p. New York
337:Pleistocene stratigraphy in east-central Iowa.
231:
218:
173:
171:
169:
893:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field
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319:Global correlation tables for the Quaternary.
256:
249:Easterbrook, D.J., and J. Boellstorff, 1984,
166:
887:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
454:
301:Glacial Map of North-Central United States.
285:Regional Glaciation of Kansas and Nebraska.
207:
205:
203:
447:
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295:Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas.
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145:Glacial Geology and the Pleistocene Epoch.
265:Richmond, G.M. and D.S. Fullerton, 1986,
200:
137:
150:
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821:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
785:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area
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41:Kansan glaciation was used by early
827:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve
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163:Boreas. vol. 20, no. 4,pp. 297-314
14:
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815:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area
276:
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760:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine
1131:Glaciology of the United States
239:Science. vol. 202, pp. 305–307.
823:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
1:
1067:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal
343:Hallberg, G. R., ed., 1980b,
130:
488:Glacial history of Minnesota
385:Glacial history of Minnesota
334:Hallberg, G.R., ed., 1980a,
7:
851:Kettle Moraine State Forest
754:Lion's Head Provincial Park
378:
10:
1157:
997:Penultimate Glacial Period
724:Big Rock (glacial erratic)
36:
1100:
1062:Late Glacial Interstadial
969:
943:
912:
841:, Minnesota and Wisconsin
775:
718:Arrowhead Provincial Park
710:
694:
635:
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543:
536:
493:List of prehistoric lakes
460:
1017:Holocene glacial retreat
809:Glacial Lakes State Park
748:Foothills Erratics Train
420:Yarmouthian Interglacial
224:Boellstorff, J., 1978a,
1057:Bølling–Allerød warming
797:Devil's Lake State Park
766:Ovayok Territorial Park
455:Continental glaciations
899:Yosemite National Park
803:Glacial Lake Wisconsin
742:Eskers Provincial Park
730:Cypress Hills (Canada)
528:Timeline of glaciation
415:Timeline of glaciation
211:Hallberg, G.R., 1986,
161:Glaciations of Kansas.
1042:Quaternary glaciation
977:Quaternary glaciation
875:Mill Bluff State Park
839:Interstate State Park
653:Giant current ripples
468:Cordilleran ice sheet
1052:Wisconsin glaciation
1007:Last Glacial Maximum
523:Post-glacial rebound
478:Last Glacial Maximum
473:Laurentide ice sheet
400:Last Glacial Maximum
116:fission track dating
1037:Pre-Illinoian Stage
1002:Last Glacial Period
791:Coteau des Prairies
702:Greenland ice sheet
405:Pre-Illinoian Stage
143:Flint, R.F., 1957,
125:Pre-Illinoian Stage
1141:Pleistocene events
1082:4.2 kiloyear event
1077:8.2 kiloyear event
1012:Mousterian Pluvial
744:, British Columbia
291:2008-07-04 at the
282:Aber, J.S., 2006,
186:2018-09-28 at the
159:Aber, J.S., 1991,
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1087:Piora Oscillation
1047:Sangamonian Stage
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316:anonymous, 2007,
307:anonymous, 2000,
298:anonymous, 1997,
21:Kansan glaciation
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43:geomorphologists
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982:Illinoian Stage
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925:Killary Harbour
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857:Lake Bonneville
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566:Roche moutonnée
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483:Canadian Shield
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1092:Little Ice Age
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16:Glacial stage
1022:Oldest Dryas
992:Interstadial
987:Interglacial
970:Time periods
901:, California
895:, Washington
636:Glacifluvial
585:Depositional
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503:Lake Agassiz
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1032:Pleistocene
1027:Older Dryas
889:, Wisconsin
881:Oneida Lake
877:, Wisconsin
853:, Wisconsin
835:, Wisconsin
829:, Wisconsin
817:, Wisconsin
811:, Minnesota
805:, Wisconsin
799:, Wisconsin
787:, Wisconsin
673:Outwash fan
668:Kettle hole
561:Ribbon lake
518:Teays River
75:Yarmouthian
63:Sangamonian
1125:Categories
951:Antarctica
944:Antarctica
930:Monte Rosa
883:, New York
663:Kame delta
622:Till plain
513:Lake Tight
131:References
50:geologists
47:Quaternary
871:, Montana
768:, Nunavut
762:, Ontario
756:, Ontario
750:, Alberta
738:, Ontario
726:, Alberta
720:, Ontario
544:Erosional
537:Landforms
92:(glacial)
90:Nebraskan
71:(glacial)
69:Illinoian
59:(glacial)
57:Wisconsin
1136:Ice ages
1110:Category
935:Svalbard
865:, Nevada
643:Diluvium
379:See also
289:Archived
184:Archived
107:paleosol
100:and one
84:Aftonian
913:Eurasia
602:Moraine
592:Drumlin
461:General
390:Ice age
37:History
859:, Utah
847:, Ohio
778:States
776:United
711:Canada
678:Sandur
648:Esker
551:Fjord
98:tills
27:(see
658:Kame
45:and
19:The
369:doi
192:doi
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