1121:
611:
1476:
36:
712:
Fagerholm said that the government could legally do nothing since the work had not yet been released and that there was no censorship in
Finland. Filippov advised that if Leino's book was published, the Soviet Union would draw "serious conclusions". Later the same, day Fagerholm called Untamo Utrio of the
699:
sympathies and US connections. Therefore, in 1958, the Soviet government pursued an escalating policy of economic and other sanctions against the
Fagerholm government, canceling discussions on a range of economic issues and trying to leave little doubt in the minds of Finns that having Fagerholm as
678:
During his second term as prime minister, in 1956 to 1957, he visited the Soviet Union, and relations appeared to have improved. After a period out of office, the general elections of July 1958 again brought a
Fagerholm-led coalition cabinet to office. Their chief opponents were the Communists, who
662:
argue that
Fagerholm's contact with the US embassy and pecuniary support from the US could not have been approved by Paasikivi. Although Paasikivi considered both contenders for the position as prime minister as skilful and politically capable, he actually came down more often in favor of Kekkonen,
711:
Minister of the
Interior in the crucial period from 1945 to 1948 period and had been living in retirement ever since. The Soviets were highly displeased with Leino's writing his memoirs, and the Soviet Chrgé d'Affaires Ivan Filippov demanded for Fagerholm's government to prevent their publication.
549:
that included also the Social
Democrats, Fagerholm could concentrate on his role as party chairman and remained outside the cabinet. It was Fagerholm's conviction that Communists could not be defeated with repressive methods that had been tried since the Civil War. Communism was to be countered in
529:
Fagerholm was elected chairman of
Finland's Social Democrats. VÀinö Tanner had to resign since he was seen with the uttermost suspicion by Finnish Communists by many Social Democrats, by the leadership in Sweden and, most importantly, by the Soviet Union. For the third time, like in 1920 and 1930,
642:
assumed power. Wage negotiations ended in an impasse in the spring. A warning of general strike was issued to speed up the negotiations. In the tense situation, Fagerholm, now
Speaker of Parliament, brokered a solution that was supported in ballot by a clear majority of trade union members.
716:
publishing house and convinced him to cancel the
January launch of the book. (Eventually, the entire print run of the book was destroyed, but that was long after the end of Fagerholm's term.) Deputy director of Tammi Jarl Hellemann later argued that the fuss about the book was completely
654:, remained controversial, but the release of the latter's diary has thrown some light on the issue. Supporters of Fagerholm argue that his line in foreign politics was considerably closer to that of Paasikivi, but Fagerholm, in many aspects, was ideologically remote from the Conservative
534:. Fagerholm appeared to be the least enthusiastic of the leading advocates for the Continuation War and so could be elected as sort of a compromise candidate, accepted by both the Tanner-supporting majority and by the critics of the war, sympatisants of the Six and the so-called "
558:
When new parliament elections were held in July 1948, the
Communists suffered a sharp drop in support, falling from 51 to 38 seats. Communists had demanded the posts of prime minister and either ministry for foreign affairs or internal affairs and so were not included in the new
630:
The war and the post-war times of economic hardship had motivated government control of prices and wages attempting to hamper inflation. One of the themes in the elections and one of the important objectives for Fagerholm's government was to transfer the handling of
517:. The reparations were delivered according to a strict schedule, with penalties for late shipments. By inciting strikes and other disturbances at moments critical for scheduled delivers, the Soviet Union tried to strengthen the influence of the domestic
550:
free debate and free elections. The battle of the late 1940s was that in the trade unions in which boards and representatives were elected proportionally. The Social Democrats succeeded more often than not to fend off or reverse Communist takeovers.
601:
Opposition from the domestic Communists, under Soviet guidance, exemplified by communist strike agitators who in 1949 tried to take over the dockworker's union and indirectly threatened the stability of the government of Karl-August Fagerholm.
435:'s disapproval ended the discussions on a Swedish-Finnish defence co-operation in 1940, the Scandinavist line had run into a blind alley; and Fagerholm had no more say in the policy discussions that ultimately led to close dependency of
737:
Fagerholm married Judith Jormala in 1905, and had three children: Brita (1927â2013), Stina (b. 1929) and Einar (b. 1935). His granddaughters Jannica (b. 1961) and Catarina (b. 1963) are well known in Finland as economists.
720:
That concession, however, was not enough to remove the Soviet pressure on Fagerholm. On 4 December 1958, Fagerholm filed his resignation. In January 1959, after Kekkonen had traveled to Leningrad to personally assure
395:-orientation, which had increasingly been seen by Conservatives and Socialists in the 1930s to be Finland's deliverance from the danger of Soviet expansionism. That danger seemed to have increased with fierce Soviet
683:
fear that Finland would abandon the careful course steered by Paasikivi and Kekkonen since the late 1940s that sought to ensure that Finland would do nothing that conflicted with the interests of the Soviet Union.
670:
Fagerholm would have won if two electors had voted otherwise; he got 149 votes to Urho Kekkonen's 151. Fagerholm instead succeeded Kekkonen as prime minister for a four-party coalition cabinet.
1906:
777:
578:
As leader of the Social Democrats, he was prime minister from 1948 to 1950 despite fierce Communist opposition and accusations by the Soviet Union that he intended to undermine the
563:, led by Fagerholm. (There was no communist participation in Finland's government again until 1966. Fagerholm's minority government relied mostly on support by deputies of the
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1509:
717:
disproportionate to its substance, describing the incident as the first instance of Finnish self-censorship motivated by concerns about relations to the Soviet Union.
407:
speaker, Social Democrat, former Union leader, and head of the Ministry for Social Affairs, he was just cut out for that task, but the time that he had was too short.
1916:
795:
509:. In addition to its human and physical losses, Finland had to deal with more than 400,000 evacuees from the territories once again lost to the Soviet Union.
1101:
635:
to negotiations between the unions and the employers' organizations. In January 1950, the Parliament agreed to increase wages and to end wage controls.
1926:
590:(GATT) in 1949, was viewed with similar suspicion although it served Soviet interests since it contributed to Finland's ability to meet the harsh
1931:
1502:
700:
prime minister would be exceedingly costly. Finally, on 21 October 1958, Soviet Ambassador Viktor Lebedev was suddenly recalled from Finland.
541:
The Soviet victory in World War II had greatly improved the prestige of their supporters in Finland. When, in 1946, the Communist-allied
419:
broke out, suspicions against Finland's "hazardous foreign politics" remained strong, most importantly among leading Social Democrats in
1770:
1495:
1094:
513:
were another burden for Finland. The reparations paid from 1944 to 1952 amounted to an annual average of more than 2% of Finland's
530:
Fagerholm's main task was to rehabilitate and consolidate the Social Democrats. This time, however, the accusations came from the
1986:
1896:
781:
385:
again were finally heeded in 1937, when Fagerholm became Minister for Social Affairs in a series of Cabinets from 1937 to 1943.
695:
were seen in Moscow as harbingers of the loss of Finland to the West, particularly under a politician like Fagerholm known for
587:
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1087:
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319:
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354:. In the 1920s and the 1930s, the main challenge for the Social Democrats was the rehabilitation after the
282:(1948–50, 1956–57, and 1958–59). Fagerholm became one of the leading politicians of the
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579:
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311:
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in June 1901, six months before the birth of his youngest son. Fagerholm had in his youth worked as a
1110:
1007:
953:
899:
572:
350:, and was also briefly chairman (1920â1923) of the Barbers' Union. In 1930, he was elected member of
279:
48:
1640:
564:
1700:
1675:
1225:
586:. Even Finland's growing integration into the world economy, as demonstrated by its joining the
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295:
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on 6 November 1942, prompted Fagerholm to raise the question of his resignation. After the
153:
334:
Johan August Fagerholm and Olga Serafina Worbs (née Nordman). The elder Fagerholm died of
8:
1715:
1690:
1345:
747:
575:. In social policy, Fagerholm's government was notable for passing a public pension law.
367:
1120:
1865:
1775:
1635:
1565:
1340:
1310:
865:
568:
363:
1720:
1695:
505:
The end of hostilities in September 1944 found Finland in a thoroughly weakened state
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in the vicinity of German troops, particularly on the Anthonio scandal in which eight
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1195:
1027:
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343:
306:. Fagerholm's postwar career was, however, marked by fierce opposition from both the
303:
93:
1145:
486:, when it increasingly became obvious that Nazi Germany was about to be defeated in
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1390:
1365:
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713:
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81:
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358:, in which the Social Democrats had belonged to the defeated side. A revival of
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1044:
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had become the largest party in Parliament. Kekkonen did nothing to mitigate a
632:
591:
538:" concentrated in the Swedophone part of the Labor Union and Social Democracy.
531:
510:
495:
396:
374:
359:
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1710:
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Social Democracy and Welfare Capitalism: A Century of Income Security Policies
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that Finland would be a "good neighbor" and a prime minister from Kekkonen's
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69:
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23:
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35:
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Immediately afterwards, there was a new crisis over the memoirs of
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In government, Fagerholm was one of the chief executors of the
347:
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Kustantajan nÀkökulma - kirjoituksia kirjallisuuden reunalta
583:
545:
finally won an election and became the prime minister of a
444:
427:, that was generally seen as the failure of the neutralist
1907:
Politicians from Uusimaa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
381:
were barred from the Cabinet 1929 to 1937. Principles of
330:
Fagerholm was born in Siuntio as the youngest child of
410:
691:
in 1955 and a progressive increase in trade with the
553:
462:
During the Continuation War, controversies on 68,000
1517:
370:
shift in public opinion and the emerge of the semi-
663:who enjoyed the support of the Soviet leadership.
729:was appointed, all economic intercourse resumed.
362:opinion had in Finland like in many countries in
298:, he was believed to be more to the taste of the
1982:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1962â1966)
1977:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1958â1962)
1972:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1954â1958)
1967:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1951â1954)
1962:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1948â1951)
1957:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1945â1948)
1952:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1939â1945)
1947:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1936â1939)
1942:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1933â1936)
1937:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1930â1933)
1878:
521:and to exert direct pressure on the government.
314:. He narrowly lost the presidential election to
16:Prime Minister of Finland variously in the 1950s
842:Newspaper clippings about Karl-August Fagerholm
673:
1917:Social Democratic Party of Finland politicians
1109:
1503:
1095:
423:. As the Winter War ended with the loss of
274:politician. Fagerholm served as Speaker of
1510:
1496:
1102:
1088:
571:parties plus the conservative wing of the
34:
638:Soon afterward, a minority cabinet under
399:sentiments being met with equally fierce
61:29 August 1958 â 13 January 1959
1927:Ministers for foreign affairs of Finland
609:
1879:
588:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
1932:Speakers of the Parliament of Finland
1491:
1083:
494:was appointed to seek peace with the
145:29 July 1948 â 17 March 1950
1062:Speaker of the Parliament of Finland
1035:Speaker of the Parliament of Finland
981:Speaker of the Parliament of Finland
927:Speaker of the Parliament of Finland
873:Speaker of the Parliament of Finland
302:'s leadership than his predecessor,
614:Speaker of Parliament Fagerholm at
411:Winter War and the Continuation War
403:sentiments in Finland. As a native
106:3 March 1956 â 27 May 1957
13:
1474:
668:1956 Finnish presidential election
554:1948 elections and Fagerholm as PM
14:
1998:
835:
828:, s. 56-60. Otava 1999, Helsinki.
646:Fagerholm's relation to the aged
1119:
798:. Valtioneuvosto. Archived from
732:
524:
1987:Finnish people of World War II
1897:Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery
818:
806:
788:
770:
502:. Fagerholm was not included.
1:
763:
616:Weizmann Institute of Science
325:
815:by Alexander Hicks. Page 99.
674:Third term as Prime Minister
286:after the armistice in the
7:
846:20th Century Press Archives
780:. Eduskunta. Archived from
741:
377:. One consequence was that
10:
2003:
1922:Prime ministers of Finland
1771:SigrĂĂ°ur Anna ĂĂłrĂ°ardĂłttir
1111:Prime ministers of Finland
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312:Communist Party of Finland
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707:, who had been Finland's
658:Paasikivi. Supporters of
280:Prime Minister of Finland
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128:
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110:
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87:
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65:
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49:Prime Minister of Finland
46:
42:
33:
21:
605:
565:National Coalition Party
1796:Rannveig GuĂ°mundsdĂłttir
582:by taking Finland into
1912:Swedish-speaking Finns
1866:Michael von Tetzschner
1641:Ragnhildur HelgadĂłttir
1479:
627:
515:gross national product
262:(31 December 1901, in
1856:Henrik Dam Kristensen
1851:Höskuldur ĂĂłrhallsson
1826:Henrik Dam Kristensen
1701:Elsi HetemÀki-Olander
1676:Elsi HetemÀki-Olander
1666:MatthĂas Ă. Mathiesen
1616:MatthĂas Ă. Mathiesen
1576:Karl-August Fagerholm
1478:
758:Fagerholm III Cabinet
613:
594:requirements of the
580:Finnish-Soviet Treaty
431:-orientation. As the
296:Swedish-speaking Finn
260:Karl-August Fagerholm
28:Karl-August Fagerholm
778:"Edustajamatrikkeli"
753:Fagerholm II Cabinet
652:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
648:president of Finland
484:Battle of Stalingrad
352:Finland's Parliament
1902:People from Siuntio
1761:Berit BrĂžrby Larsen
796:"Ministerikortisto"
748:Fagerholm I Cabinet
1776:Svend Erik Hovmand
1741:Per Olof HĂ„kansson
1636:Johannes Antonsson
1591:SigurĂ°ur Bjarnason
1518:Presidents of the
1480:
858:Political offices
628:
596:Paris Peace Treaty
443:troops on Finnish
364:Continental Europe
266:â 22 May 1984, in
1874:
1873:
1806:Dagfinn HÞybrÄten
1651:V. J. Sukselainen
1626:V. J. Sukselainen
1485:
1484:
1326:V. J. Sukselainen
1306:V. J. Sukselainen
1078:
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1069:Succeeded by
1042:Succeeded by
1028:V. J. Sukselainen
1018:V. J. Sukselainen
1015:Succeeded by
991:V. J. Sukselainen
988:Succeeded by
974:V. J. Sukselainen
964:V. J. Sukselainen
961:Succeeded by
937:V. J. Sukselainen
934:Succeeded by
907:Succeeded by
880:Succeeded by
824:Hellemann, Jarl:
723:Nikita Khrushchev
547:coalition cabinet
490:, the Cabinet of
356:Finnish Civil War
344:Hufvudstadsbladet
257:
256:
232:Social Democratic
154:Juho K. Paasikivi
134:V. J. Sukselainen
94:V. J. Sukselainen
1994:
1536:Einar Gerhardsen
1512:
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1216:P. E. Svinhufvud
1131:P. E. Svinhufvud
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1052:Preceded by
1039:1958–1961
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958:1956–1957
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1426:A. JÀÀtteenmÀki
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511:War reparations
492:Edwin Linkomies
453:co-belligerence
425:Finnish Karelia
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383:parliamentarism
346:and later as a
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727:Agrarian Party
689:Nordic Council
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633:incomes policy
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496:United Kingdom
474:refugees were
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397:anticapitalist
375:Lapua Movement
360:anti-socialist
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910:Urho Kekkonen
902:
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539:
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316:Urho Kekkonen
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177:Urho Kekkonen
176:
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167:
166:Mauno Pekkala
164:
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137:
133:
127:
124:Urho Kekkonen
123:
117:
114:Urho Kekkonen
113:
109:
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98:
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74:
71:
70:Urho Kekkonen
68:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
41:
37:
32:
25:
20:
1841:Karin Ă
ström
1836:Marit Nybakk
1786:Inge LĂžnning
1766:Gun Hellsvik
1631:KĂ„re Willoch
1586:Bertil Ohlin
1575:
1571:Erik Eriksen
1561:Bertil Ohlin
1546:Erik Eriksen
1541:Nils Herlitz
1531:Hans Hedtoft
1436:M. Kiviniemi
1391:M. Miettunen
1331:M. Miettunen
1320:
1316:R. Kuuskoski
1300:
1275:
1251:E. Linkomies
1060:
1033:
1006:
979:
952:
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800:the original
790:
782:the original
772:
736:
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702:
686:
677:
665:
645:
637:
629:
600:
577:
557:
540:
528:
507:economically
504:
500:Soviet Union
488:World War II
468:labour camps
461:
437:Nazi Germany
433:Soviet Union
414:
387:
336:tuberculosis
329:
308:Soviet Union
304:VÀinö Tanner
300:Soviet Union
259:
258:
216:(1984-05-22)
173:Succeeded by
140:
130:Succeeded by
101:
89:Succeeded by
56:
24:Valtioneuvos
1892:1984 deaths
1887:1901 births
1756:Olof Salmén
1746:Geir Haarde
1731:Jan P. Syse
1711:Karin Söder
1706:Jan P. Syse
1686:Karin Söder
1611:Leif Cassel
1606:Svenn Stray
1441:J. Katainen
1431:M. Vanhanen
1421:P. Lipponen
1401:M. Koivisto
1386:K. Liinamaa
1356:M. Koivisto
1341:R. R. Lehto
1296:U. Kekkonen
1291:R. Törngren
1286:S. Tuomioja
1281:U. Kekkonen
1256:A. Hackzell
1236:A. Cajander
1226:T. KivimÀki
1176:A. Cajander
1166:A. Cajander
429:Scandinavia
393:Scandinavia
332:stonecutter
292:Scandinavia
214:22 May 1984
161:Preceded by
120:Preceded by
77:Preceded by
1881:Categories
1831:Kimmo Sasi
1801:Ole Stavad
1781:Outi Ojala
1661:Olof Palme
1601:Eino Sirén
1411:H. Holkeri
1271:M. Pekkala
1261:U. Castrén
1206:O. Mantere
1161:J. Vennola
1151:J. Vennola
1146:K. Castrén
764:References
705:Yrjö Leino
519:Communists
449:revanchism
417:Winter War
390:neutralist
379:socialists
368:right-wing
326:Early life
294:-oriented
276:Parliament
197:1901-12-31
1681:Jo Benkow
1451:J. SipilÀ
1376:R. Paasio
1351:R. Paasio
1231:K. Kallio
1221:J. Sunila
1211:K. Kallio
1201:J. Sunila
1196:V. Tanner
1191:K. Kallio
1181:L. Ingman
1171:K. Kallio
1141:L. Ingman
709:Communist
626:, in 1955
415:When the
366:led to a
223:, Finland
206:, Finland
150:President
141:In office
111:President
102:In office
66:President
57:In office
1461:S. Marin
1456:A. Rinne
1446:A. Stubb
1406:K. Sorsa
1396:K. Sorsa
1381:K. Sorsa
1156:R. Erich
742:Cabinets
660:Kekkonen
656:fennoman
640:Kekkonen
498:and the
476:deported
464:refugees
340:paperboy
310:and the
270:) was a
268:Helsinki
246:Children
221:Helsinki
1466:P. Orpo
1371:T. Aura
1361:T. Aura
1241:R. Ryti
848:of the
844:in the
681:Kremlin
666:In the
620:Rehovot
569:Liberal
480:Gestapo
478:to the
455:in the
451:and to
405:Swedish
372:fascist
290:. As a
272:Finnish
264:Siuntio
204:Siuntio
1416:E. Aho
697:Nordic
624:Israel
472:Jewish
441:German
421:Sweden
348:barber
238:Spouse
1066:1965
985:1957
714:Tammi
606:1950s
47:20th
618:in
584:NATO
567:and
532:left
445:soil
342:for
320:1956
211:Died
191:Born
850:ZBW
318:in
1883::
650:,
622:,
598:.
459:.
447:,
439:,
322:.
1511:e
1504:t
1497:v
1103:e
1096:t
1089:v
249:3
199:)
195:(
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