Katana - Knowledge

2869: 2959: 2978: 1207: 2386: 2888: 2569: 2904: 1401: 3004: 2926: 1549: 2157: 3090: 3056: 741: 2843: 2593: 2122:, which is created from a traditional smelting process that results in several, layered steels with different carbon concentrations. This process helps remove impurities and even out the carbon content of the steel. The age of the steel plays a role in the ability to remove impurities, with older steel having a higher oxygen concentration, being more easily stretched and rid of impurities during hammering, resulting in a stronger blade. The smith begins by folding and welding pieces of the steel several times to work out most of the differences in the steel. The resulting block of steel is then drawn out to form a billet. 1308: 1698: 3118: 3139: 733: 1761: 3024: 476: 2054: 765: 3074: 1570: 2181: 68: 309: 2568: 2137:. The edge of the blade is coated with a thinner layer than the sides and spine of the sword, heated, and then quenched in water (few sword makers use oil to quench the blade). The slurry causes only the blade's edge to be hardened and also causes the blade to curve due to the difference in densities of the micro-structures in the steel. When steel with a carbon content of 0.7% is heated beyond 750 °C (1,380 °F), it enters the 807: 2065: 1736:), the military, and the police. Skilled swordsmiths had trouble making a living during this period as Japan modernized its military, and many swordsmiths started making other items, such as farm equipment, tools, and cutlery. The craft of making swords was kept alive through the efforts of some individuals, notably Miyamoto Kanenori (宮本包則, 1830–1926) and Gassan Sadakazu (月山貞一, 1836–1918), who were appointed 1826: 5261: 2868: 1740:. The businessman Mitsumura Toshimo (光村利藻, 1877－1955) tried to preserve their skills by ordering swords and sword mountings from the swordsmiths and craftsmen. He was especially enthusiastic about collecting sword mountings, and he collected about 3,000 precious sword mountings from the end of the Edo period to the Meiji period. About 1,200 items from a part of his collection are now in the 2958: 1946: 2925: 2887: 2494:, who was famous at that time for forging swords with high cutting ability, were not mentioned. The reasons for this are considered to be that Yamada was afraid of challenging the authority of the shogun, that he could not use the precious sword possessed by the daimyo in the examination, and that he was considerate of the legend of Muramasa's curse. 3003: 2903: 4871: 2977: 2550:(無鑑査) since 1958 are considered to be the highest ranking swordsmiths. The best sword forged by Japanese swordsmiths is awarded the most honorable Masamune prize by The Society for Preservation of Japanese Art Swords. Since 1961, eight swordsmiths have received the Masamune Prize, and among them, three swordsmiths, 2333:

Historically, katana have been regarded not only as weapons but also as works of art, especially for high-quality ones. For a long time, Japanese people have developed a unique appreciation method in which the blade is regarded as the core of their aesthetic evaluation rather than the sword mountings

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Many swordsmiths after the Edo period have tried to reproduce the sword of the Kamakura period which is considered as the best sword in the history of Japanese swords, but they have failed. Then, in 2014, Kunihira Kawachi succeeded in reproducing it and won the Masamune Prize, the highest honor as a

1853:

were banned in Japan. Many swords were confiscated and destroyed, and swordsmiths were not able to make a living. Since 1953, Japanese swordsmiths have been allowed to work, but with severe restrictions: swordsmiths must be licensed and serve a five-year apprenticeship, and only licensed swordsmiths

1778:

military buildup, and throughout the war, all Japanese officers were required to wear a sword. Traditionally made swords were produced during this period, but in order to supply such large numbers of swords, blacksmiths with little or no knowledge of traditional Japanese sword manufacture were also

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blades tended to have lengths between 70 and 73 centimetres (28 and 29 in). During the early 16th century, the average length dropped about 10 centimetres (3.9 in), approaching closer to 60 centimetres (24 in). By the late 16th century, the average length had increased again by about

2722:

may become irreparably damaged. The blade should be stored horizontally in its sheath, curve down and edge facing upward to maintain the edge. It is extremely important that the blade remain well-oiled, powdered and polished, as the natural moisture residue from the hands of the user will rapidly

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Generally, the blade and the sword mounting of Japanese swords are displayed separately in museums, and this tendency is remarkable in Japan. For example, the Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum "Nagoya Touken World", one of Japan's largest sword museums, posts separate videos of the blade and the sword

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are generally difficult to see, and the viewer usually holds the sword in his hand, changing the angle of the light as it hits the blade. In addition to these three objects, a swordsmith signature and a file pattern engraved on tang, and a carving inscribed on the blade, which is referred to as

2355:. Hamon is a fuzzy line in the white pattern of the cutting edge produced by quenching and tempering. The object of appreciation is the shape of hamon and the crystal particles formed at the boundary of hamon. Depending on the size of the particles, they can be divided into two types, a 2233:

After the blade is forged, it is then sent to be polished. The polishing takes between one and three weeks. The polisher uses a series of successively finer grains of polishing stones in a process called glazing, until the blade has a mirror finish. However, the blunt edge of the

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The Hon'ami clan, which was an authority of appraisal of Japanese swords, rated Japanese swords from these artistic points of view. In addition, experts of modern Japanese swords judge when and by which swordsmith school the sword was made from these artistic points of view.

1994:

is the most common blade shape for Japanese katana that provides both speed and cutting power. It features a distinct yokote: a line or bevel that separates the finish of the main blade and the finish of the tip. Shinogi-zukuri was originally produced after the Heian

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added swords with a curved blade of 50 cm (20 in) or over in length ("the length of the blade shall be the straight line distance from the top of the handle to the tip of the blade") to the Offensive Weapons Order. This ban was a response to reports that

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and others may still own such swords. The sword can also be legal provided it was made in Japan before 1954, or was made using traditional sword making methods. It is also legal to buy if it can be classed as a "martial artist's weapon". This ban applies to

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Calls for a ban came after a number of high-profile incidents in which cheap Samurai-style swords had been used as a weapon. The Home Office estimates there have been some 80 attacks in recent years involving Samurai-style blades, leading to at least five

983:, had already gained international fame by being exported to China and Korea. For example, Korea learned how to make Japanese swords by sending swordsmiths to Japan and inviting Japanese swordsmiths to Korea. According to the record of June 1, 1430 in the 3089: 1206: 2133:: the smith coats the blade with several layers of a wet clay slurry, which is a special concoction unique to each sword maker, but generally composed of clay, water and any or none of ash, grinding stone powder, or rust. This process is called 2755:

set the record for "Most martial arts katana cuts to one mat (suegiri)", "Fastest 1,000 martial arts sword cuts", "Most sword cuts to straw mats in three minutes", and "Fastest tennis ball (708km/h) cut by sword". There are various records for

2529:

are not designated as National Treasures or Important Cultural Properties because they are outside the jurisdiction of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, there are many swords of the National Treasure class, and they are called

989:, a Korean swordsmith who went to Japan and mastered the method of making Japanese swords presented a Japanese sword to the King of Korea and was rewarded for the excellent work which was no different from the swords made by the Japanese. 2385: 1081:

was invented. The quicker draw of the sword was well suited to combat where victory depended heavily on short response times. (The practice and martial art for drawing the sword quickly and responding to a sudden attack was called

1455:

in the Edo period, and eventually (especially when Japan was in peace time), katana became more cosmetic and ceremonial items than practical weapons. The Umetada school led by Umetada Myoju who was considered to be the founder of

2435:" (享保名物帳) 249 precious swords were described, and additional 25 swords were described later. The list also includes 81 swords that had been destroyed in previous fires. The precious swords described in this book were called " 2842: 2592: 1400: 2545:

are regarded as the best swordsmiths. According to the rating approved by The Society for Preservation of Japanese Art Swords, a public interest incorporated foundation, 39 swordsmiths who were designated as

511:

with a blade length greater than 60.6 cm (23.86 inches) (over 2 shaku). It is characterized by its distinctive appearance: a curved, slender, single-edged blade with a circular or squared guard

1367:). This is thought to be because Bizen school, which was the largest swordsmith group of Japanese swords, was destroyed by a great flood in 1590 and the mainstream shifted to Mino school, and because 5293: 2537:

Currently, there are several authoritative rating systems for swordsmiths. According to the rating approved by the Japanese government, from 1890 to 1947, two swordsmiths who were appointed as

5068: 2486:, one of the top-rated swordsmith, became very popular at the time when the book was published, and many counterfeits were made. In these books, the three swordsmiths treated specially in " 1460:

led the improvement of the artistry of Japanese swords in this period. They were both swordsmiths and metalsmiths, and were famous for carving the blade, making metal accouterments such as

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and Toshihira Osumi, have received the prize three times each and Sadakazu Gassan II has received the prize two times. These four people were designated both Living National Treasures and

2513:, 国宝). The swords designated as cultural properties based on the law of 1930, which was already abolished, have the rank next to Important Cultural Properties as Important Art Object ( 3055: 1925:

analyzed that this is because the Japanese government allowed swordsmiths to make only 24 Japanese swords per person per year in order to maintain the quality of Japanese swords.

1109:

From the 15th century, low-quality swords were mass-produced under the influence of the large-scale war. These swords, along with spears, were lent to recruited farmers called

5286: 1813:) to distinguish these swords from traditionally made swords. During this period of war, older antique swords were remounted for use in military mounts. Presently, in Japan, 1908:

are available from many countries, though China dominates the market. These types of swords are typically mass-produced and made with a wide variety of steels and methods.

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fighting with leased guns. On the battlefield in Japan, guns and spears became main weapons in addition to bows. Due to the changes in fighting styles in these wars, the

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were often longer than 90 cm (35.43 in) in blade length, less curved, and had a big and sharp point, which was advantageous for stabbing in indoor battles.

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The idea that the blade of a sword in the Kamakura period is the best has been continued until now, and as of the 21st century, 80% of Japanese swords designated as

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swords were used in more than 80 attacks and four killings over the preceding four years. Those who violate the ban would be jailed up to six months and charged a

1548: 928:" seem to indicate a different style of sword, possibly a less costly sword for lower-ranking warriors. Starting around the year 1400, long swords signed with the 3117: 1845:. This sword was custom-made in Japan to suit the weight and size of the student. The blade is made of aluminum alloy and lacks a sharp edge for safety reasons. 2341:

which is the curvature, length, width, tip, and shape of tang of the sword. The second is a fine pattern on the surface of the blade, which is referred to as

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hid some swords for fear that they would be confiscated by the Tokugawa Shogunate, so even some precious swords were not listed in the book. For example,

3945: 2156: 7518: 6924: 7569: 4079: 5220: 7207: 4847: 1785:) used for swordmaking were limited, so several other types of steel were also used. Quicker methods of forging were also used, such as the use of 1817:

are not considered to be "true" Japanese swords, and they can be confiscated. Outside Japan, however, they are collected as historical artifacts.

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characterized by a curved, single-edged blade with a circular or squared guard and long grip to accommodate two hands. Developed later than the

4544: 4533: 2474:" (最上大業物) has 12 selected. In the reprinting in 1805, one swordsmith was added to the highest grade, and in the major revised edition in 1830 " 2349:. By repeatedly folding and forging the blade, fine patterns such as fingerprints, tree rings and bark are formed on its surface. The third is 2337:

It is said that there are three objects that are the most noteworthy when appreciating a blade. The first is the overall shape referred to as

1726:

class was gradually disbanded, and the special privileges granted to them were taken away, including the right to carry swords in public. The

4312: 2009:, the distinct angle between the long cutting edge and the point section. Instead, the edge curves smoothly and uninterrupted into the point. 4787: 1276:

In the Muromachi period, especially the Sengoku period, people such as farmers, townspeople, and monks could have a sword. However, in 1588

1203:, where katana-style swords were made and prized for battle and art work, and some of them are in the collections of the Thai royal family. 1102:) with the sharpened edge facing up. Ideally, samurai could draw the sword and strike the enemy in a single motion. Previously, the curved 3500: 7458: 2897:(leech patterned) katana mounting coated with vermilion lacquer and wrapped in a thin silver plate, Edo period, The Japanese Sword Museum 2687: 1624:" after his disastrous life. His works were traded at high prices and exhibitions were held at museums all over Japan from 2013 to 2014. 4357: 7432: 6449: 5032: 4086: 3314: 2774: 7574: 7513: 6919: 2777:(Offensive Weapons) (Amendment) Order 2009, katanas made post-1953 are illegal unless made by hand according to traditional methods. 2439:" (名物) and the criteria for selection were artistic elements, origins and legends. The list of "Meibutsu" includes 59 swords made by 2214:

does not refer to the white area on the side of the blade. The white part is the part that is whitened by a polishing process called

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made of a black scabbard, a hilt wrapped with white ray skin and black string. Japanese swords made in this period are classified as

5056: 2521:, a public interest incorporated foundation, rates high-value swords in four grades, and the highest grade Special Important Sword ( 1576:

for formal attire with black scabbard, hilt winding thread and white ray skin hilt, which were regulated by the Tokugawa Shogunate.

6492: 3138: 2464:" (懐宝剣尺) in 1797 in which he ranked the cutting ability of swords. The book lists 228 swordsmiths, whose forged swords are called " 2460:

Yamada Asaemon V, who was the official sword cutting ability examiner and executioner of the Tokugawa shogunate, published a book "

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reached its peak during this period, from the late 15th century to early 16th century when at least 200,000 swords were shipped to

2681: 2478:" (古今鍛冶備考), two swordsmiths were added to the highest grade, and in the end, 15 swordsmiths were ranked as the highest grade. The 7543: 6487: 6482: 4700: 4080:"Reception and transformation of foreign cultures in Thailand; focusing on the foreign trade items of the 13th to 18th centuries" 2760:. For example, the Greek Agisilaos Vesexidis set the record for most martial arts sword cuts in one minute (73) on 25 June 2016. 2410:

In Japan, Japanese swords are rated by authorities of each period, and some of the authority of the rating is still valid today.

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it has almost disappeared. In addition, the whole body of the blade became whitish and hard. Almost no one was able to reproduce

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Military action by Japan in China and Russia during the Meiji period helped revive interest in swords, but it was not until the

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At present, by the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, important swords of high historical value are designated as

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that swords were produced on a large scale again. Japanese military swords produced between 1875 and 1945 are referred to as

2230:

can be seen by holding the sword in your hand and looking at it while changing the angle of the light shining on the blade.

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in the late 15th century in the Muromachi period expanded into a large-scale domestic war, in which employed farmers called

6416: 5044: 3839: 1858:), only two longswords per month are allowed to be produced by each swordsmith, and all swords must be registered with the 4281: 2941: 2498: 796: 95: 2145:, which is a very hard form of steel. When austenite is allowed to cool slowly, its structure changes into a mixture of 5017: 4813: 4222: 4165: 3738: 3302: 3275: 2727:(99% mineral oil and 1% clove oil for fragrance). Similarly, when stored for longer periods, it is important that the 1525:

could wear decorative sword mountings in their daily lives, but the Tokugawa shogunate regulated the formal sword that

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in the area to arm. In the Ming dynasty of China, Japanese swords and their tactics were studied to repel pirates, and

6268: 5212: 4886: 4758: 4300: 4144: 4129: 4054: 4034: 3854: 3803: 3791: 3776: 3691: 3575: 3486: 3442: 3350: 572:

were among the finest cutting weapons in world military history. However, the main weapons on the battlefield in the

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is a katana blade shape with a distinctive curved and double-edged blade. One edge of the blade is shaped in normal

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the blade in oil, rather than hand forging and water. The non-traditionally made swords from this period are called

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both in the battlefield and for practicing several martial arts, and modern martial artists still use a variety of

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swordsmith. No one could win the Masamune Prize unless he made an extraordinary achievement, and in the section of

4176: 4269: 4898: 6882: 6442: 6427: 3715: 2827:. This ban was amended in August 2008 to allow sale and ownership without licence of "traditional" hand-forged 1911:

According to the Parliamentary Association for the Preservation and Promotion of Japanese Swords, organized by

1730:

in 1876 forbade the carrying of swords in public except for certain individuals, such as former samurai lords (

1592:

blades only emphasized decoration and had a problem with their toughness. He insisted that the bold and strong

7798: 5698: 3949: 3596:

Portuguese Vocables in Asiatic Languages: From the Portuguese Original of Monsignor Sebastiao Rodolfo Dalgado

1639: 2525:, 特別重要刀剣) is considered to be equivalent to the value of Important Art Object. Although swords owned by the 7808: 7793: 3073: 2443:, 34 by Awataguchi Yoshimitsu and 22 by Go Yoshihiro, and these three swordsmiths were considered special. 2176:, the viewer must hold the sword in his hand and change the angle of the light on the blade as he views it. 1137:

China in official trade in an attempt to soak up the production of Japanese weapons and make it harder for

4090: 7292: 5422: 5224: 5158:

EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM TO THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT 1988 (OFFENSIVE WEAPONS) (AMENDMENT No. 2): ORDER 2008

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Japanese sword course, volume 8, Historical Anecdotes and Practical Appreciation. (日本刀講座第8巻歴史及説話・実用及鑑賞)

2968: 2786: 5103:"S.I. No. 338/2009 — Firearms and offensive Weapons Act 1990 (offensive Weapons) (Amendment) Order 2009" 1122: 1118: 769: 83: 5643: 3202: 2937: 1346: 1291:

blade varied considerably during the course of its history. In the late 14th and early 15th centuries,

1220: 3235:("Five Swords under Heaven") – five individual swords traditionally viewed as the best Japanese swords 1600:

was the ideal Japanese sword, and started a movement to restore the production method and apply it to

7387: 6466: 6435: 6401: 2538: 2506: 1737: 1628: 740: 6462: 6406: 6396: 5726: 5439: 5434: 4705:(in Japanese). Bizen Osafune touken Museum/Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company. Archived from 3192: 2080:

are a three-dimensional cross-sectional shape of an elongated pentagonal to hexagonal blade called

2048: 1652:(尊王攘夷派), who wanted to overthrow the Tokugawa Shogunate and rule by the Emperor, and the forces of 1404: 1307: 6693: 5115: 7803: 7725: 7651: 5691: 5265: 2526: 1612:. One of the most popular swordsmiths in Japan today is Minamoto Kiyomaro who was active in this 538: 282:

were cut from the root and shortened, and the blade at the root was crushed and converted into a

20: 4646:

By the Sword: A History of Gladiators, Musketeers, Samurai, Swashbucklers, and Olympic Champions

2425:, ordered Hon'ami Kōchū, who was an authority of sword appraisal, to record swords possessed by 2141:

phase. When austenite is cooled very suddenly by quenching in water, the structure changes into

1919:

distributed around the world as of the 21st century are fake Japanese swords made in China. The

7788: 7217: 6605: 6597: 5444: 2992: 2807: 2744: 2130: 2044: 1643: 965: 4979: 4952: 4644: 4506: 3565: 2104:

sword is viewed from the side, there is a ridge line of the thickest part of the blade called

1047:

were introduced from Portugal, and Japanese swordsmiths mass-produced improved products, with

5773: 4929: 4915: 4901: 4671: 4479: 4398: 4332: 3895: 3868: 3654: 3540: 2945: 2879: 2351: 2197: 2023:

In addition to these, there are various other types of blades with different shapes, such as

1850: 1658: 1424: 1381: 814: 800: 643: 99: 4425: 3322: 1697: 1656:(佐幕派), who wanted the Tokugawa Shogunate to continue. These political activists, called the 1646:

caused chaos in Japanese society. Conflicts began to occur frequently between the forces of

1597: 848: 760:, it was commonly called Ishida Masamune. Important Cultural Property. Tokyo National Museum 398: 165: 91: 2245:

Japanese swords are generally made by a division of labor between six and eight craftsmen.

530: 234: 1805:, and in 1937, the Japanese government started requiring the use of special stamps on the 732: 8: 7265: 7245: 6848: 6780: 6716: 6640: 5271: 4920: 2389:

A Japanese sword authentication paper (origami) from 1702 that Hon'ami Kōchū certified a

1859: 1760: 456: 5553: 4617: 6086: 2949: 2583: 2422: 2414: 2146: 1480: 1443:-forging also developed into a highly intricate and well-respected art form. Lacquered 1368: 1277: 784: 684: 501:

is generally defined as the standard sized, moderately curved (as opposed to the older

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period. His popularity is due to his timeless exceptional skill, as he was nicknamed "

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13 centimetres (5.1 in), returning to approximately 73 centimetres (29 in).

408: 7619: 6320: 6169: 6138: 5792: 5670: 5239: 5208: 5181: 5013: 4985: 4958: 4933: 4809: 4736:(in Japanese). The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum "Nagoya Touken World". Archived from 4677: 4650: 4601: 4582: 4514: 4485: 4458: 4431: 4404: 4338: 4218: 4194: 4161: 4050: 4030: 3987: 3901: 3874: 3734: 3711: 3687: 3660: 3633: 3599: 3571: 3546: 3482: 3438: 3298: 3271: 2551: 1588:

In the late 18th century, swordsmith Suishinshi Masahide criticized that the present

1371:

virtually unified Japan, uniform steel began to be distributed throughout Japan. The

1041: 591: 431: 415: 5223:. Florence, AL: Department of Sociology, University of North Alabama. Archived from 4047:

Complete Works on Strategic and Tactical Weapons. From Ancient China to Modern China

1727: 7635: 7363: 7155: 6515: 6247: 6023: 4855: 3318: 2858: 2824: 2608: 2483: 2466: 1029:(period of warring states) in the late Muromachi period, the war became bigger and 852: 757: 448: 273: 169: 4737: 2694:

However, for safety reasons, katana used for martial arts are usually blunt edged

529:

can be distinguished from each other, if signed, by the location of the signature

475: 7533: 7170: 7121: 7101: 6958: 6530: 6458: 5868: 5753: 5684: 5631: 5479: 5398: 5233: 5175: 5128: 4835: 4576: 4452: 3946:"Analyzing the words of Wae-geom and Wae-geom-sa in Classical Korean literatures" 3681: 3513: 834: 792: 358: 6457: 2735:

from forming (mold may feed off the salts in the oil used to polish the blade).

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contributes to lightening and toughening of the blade and high cutting ability.

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had been worn with the edge of the blade facing down and suspended from a belt.

7498: 7422: 7417: 7322: 7317: 7307: 7255: 7178: 7075: 6938: 6615: 6538: 5970: 5758: 5719: 5308: 4315: 3197: 2799: 2795: 2731:

be inspected frequently and aired out if necessary in order to prevent rust or

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and examiner of sword cutting performance, cut the four human torso overlapped.

2555: 1921: 1648: 1432: 1026: 833:(short sword or knife) used by lower-ranking samurai who fought on foot in the 672: 573: 363: 259: 5656: 5493: 4770: 4381: 4369: 4257: 1375:

swords, especially the Bizen school swords made in the Kamakura period, had a

1317:, the traditional pairing of two Japanese swords which were the symbol of the 7782: 7373: 7332: 6760: 6746: 6726: 6673: 6653: 6477: 6187: 5910: 5763: 5005: 4937: 3566:

Adrian Akmajian; Richard A. Demers; Ann K. Farmer; Robert M. Harnish (2001).

2732: 2309:, but from the Muromachi period onwards, specialized craftsmen began to make 1912: 1786: 904: 6648: 6148: 2651: 1710:

lacquer in the 1800s. Although the number of forged swords decreased in the

1084: 976:

of that time period had started wearing their swords in a different manner.

7443: 7368: 7348: 7327: 7126: 7060: 6867: 6731: 6610: 6254: 5963: 5882: 5778: 5768: 5748: 3398: 3212: 2986: 2803: 2612:) Late Muromachi period. (top) Katana mounting, Early Edo period. (bottom) 2575: 2125:

At this stage, it is only slightly curved or may have no curve at all. The

2085: 2019:

fashion while the tip is symmetrical and both edges of the blade are sharp.

1806: 1775: 1719: 1711: 1134: 764: 606: 487: 383: 5620: 3593: 2936:

style sword mounting, gold banding on red-lacquered ground. 16th century,

2875: 2862:) Azuchi－Momoyama period. (top) Katana mounting, Late Edo period. (bottom) 2196:

This process also creates the line down the sides of the blade called the

1764: 948:

style" (cutting edge up). Japanese swords are traditionally worn with the

7733: 7603: 6914: 6898: 6721: 6678: 6361: 6296: 5917: 5903: 5896: 5450: 3232: 3177: 3013:

forged by Motoshige. late 16th or early 17th century, Azuchi–Momoyama or

2757: 2752: 2703: 2702:, to reduce the risk of injury. Sharp katana are only really used during 2297:

use apprentice swordsmiths as assistants. Prior to the Muromachi period,

1885: 1798: 1741: 1581: 1157: 689:

The production of swords in Japan is divided into specific time periods:

437: 344: 5613: 5328: 4824: 3434: 2723:

cause the blade to rust if not cleaned off. The traditional oil used is

2582:

indicated that Yamano Kauemon (山野加右衛門), the official executioner of the

2053: 1096:

further facilitated this by being worn thrust through a belt-like sash (

1008: 7678: 7438: 7225: 7046: 6796: 6658: 6340: 6201: 6120: 5995: 5956: 5743: 5546: 5472: 5377: 5116:

The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Offensive Weapons)(Amendment) Order 2008

4563: 4450: 4246: 4014: 3932: 3828: 3792:

History of Japanese swords "Muromachi period － Azuchi-Momoyama period".

3760: 3478: 3474: 3430: 3384: 3380: 3167: 3014: 2574:

Katana forged by Nagasone Kotetsu. The letters inlaid with gold on the

2453: 2180: 2142: 1870: 1869:

being produced by western swordsmiths use modern steel alloys, such as

1781: 1569: 1565:) forged by Minamoto no Kiyomaro. 1848, Late Edo period. (not to scale) 1436: 1435:(period of warring states) ended and the Azuchi-Momoyama period to the 1363: 1281: 1260: 1232: 1224: 1098: 1063:, which was easy to carry, became the mainstream. The dazzling looking 642:

increased in importance as a weapon, and at the end of the Edo period,

635: 313: 137: 7041: 6953: 6215: 6162: 5712: 5663: 5560: 5363: 5321: 3981: 1970: 7559: 7402: 7010: 6832: 6801: 6663: 6620: 6582: 6382: 6289: 6208: 6099: 5977: 5942: 5808: 5705: 5525: 5518: 5405: 4859: 3238: 3217: 3162: 3041: 2915:) mountings with ice crack pattern design. Edo period, Designated as 2743:

Multiple sword world records were made with a katana and verified by

2724: 2138: 1790: 1672: 1489: 1333: 324: 308: 67: 35: 6979: 6009: 5875: 5370: 4981:

Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation

3222: 3172: 2932: 2911: 2706:(blade testing), where a practitioner practices cutting a bamboo or 2639: 1732: 1553: 1505: 1415:(top right) made by Ishiguro Masayoshi in the 18th or 19th century. 1342: 1313: 1211: 1199:

From around the 16th century, many Japanese swords were exported to

1067:

gradually became a symbol of the authority of high-ranking samurai.

857: 7715: 7478: 7468: 7407: 7235: 7230: 7183: 6989: 6827: 6817: 6741: 6630: 6625: 6567: 6375: 6326: 6314: 6229: 6113: 5889: 5801: 5539: 5532: 5428: 5356: 3467: 3423: 3294: 3207: 3182: 3124: 3107:

forged by Hizen tadayoshi I, Azuchi－Momoyama period. (top) Hilt of

3063: 3035: 2820: 2675: 2663: 2645: 2491: 2457:, which are now designated as National Treasures, were not listed. 2440: 2378: 2150: 1873:. These modern swords replicate the size and shape of the Japanese 1802: 1617: 1423:(bottom) made by Yanagawa Naomasa in the 18th century, Edo period. 1323: 1200: 1181: 1071: 1013: 839: 810: 788: 753: 626:

became obsolete as weapons on the battlefield and were replaced by

618: 610: 452: 237:, some are covered with fish skin, decorated with brass and copper. 229: 225: 39: 7036: 7031: 6994: 6368: 6347: 6062: 6048: 5592: 5391: 5335: 4382:

Pinnacle of Elegance －Sword fittings of the Mitsumura Collection－.

4358:

Pinnacle of Elegance －Sword fittings of the Mitsumura Collection－.

3187: 2657: 1976: 1894: 1879: 1841: 1753: 1495: 903:, which was forged in the Nanbokuchō period, and was dedicated to 829: 806: 7738: 7710: 7528: 7523: 7493: 7353: 7278: 7250: 7202: 7160: 7106: 6984: 6853: 6736: 6711: 6683: 6562: 6548: 6520: 6354: 6261: 6155: 6069: 5949: 5843: 5829: 5606: 5511: 5349: 3630:

The Japanese Sword: A Comprehensive Guide (Japanese arts Library)

2812: 1900: 1621: 1149: 464: 330: 269: 133: 5649: 4977: 4511:

Spirit of the Sword: A Celebration of Artistry and Craftsmanship

4454:

Modern Japanese Swords and Swordsmiths: From 1868 to the Present

2118:

are traditionally made from a specialized Japanese steel called

2064: 1447:(scabbards), ornate engraved fittings, silk handles and elegant 272:

in feudal Japan and worn with the edge facing upward. Since the

7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7683: 7508: 7488: 7453: 7427: 7412: 7312: 7193: 7116: 7111: 7085: 6701: 6572: 6553: 6282: 6275: 6194: 6092: 6016: 5924: 5850: 5822: 5815: 5677: 5599: 5585: 5260: 2989: 2707: 2699: 2427: 2418: 1825: 1706: 1518: 1284:

to forcibly remove swords from anyone identifying as a farmer.

1113:

and swords were exported. Such mass-produced swords are called

920:, occurs as early as the Kamakura period. These references to " 662: 609:. During this period, the tactics changed to a group battle by 300:(刀) often refers to single-edged swords from around the world. 31: 27: 2226:

is a fuzzy line within the white part. The actual line of the

1945: 1259:, both styles were often mixed, for example, fastening to the 7503: 7483: 7473: 7463: 7358: 7240: 7198: 7080: 6974: 6822: 6706: 6668: 6558: 6543: 6333: 6222: 6106: 6002: 5486: 5384: 5004: 4392: 4390: 3243: 3227: 2816: 2748: 2695: 2668: 1830: 1231:

From the late Muromachi period (Sengoku period) to the early

1143: 1138: 1089: 916: 914:

as a word to describe a long sword that was different from a

879: 514: 508: 503: 443: 318: 278: 264: 203: 149: 145: 141: 110: 78: 6055: 6041: 5177:

Giving Up the Gun: Japan's Reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879

5105:. Irish Statute Book, Government of Ireland. 28 August 2009. 4451:

Kapp, Leon; Hiroko Kapp; Yoshindo Yoshihara (January 2002).

2405: 2269:) is in charge of making metal fittings for sword fittings, 447:刀, originally meaning single edged blade (of any length) in 7538: 7273: 6775: 6587: 6577: 6127: 5836: 5567: 2967:

mounting with a polished black lacquer sheath, Edo period.

1849:

Between 1945 and 1953, sword manufacture and sword-related

1684: 1034: 1017:

were mobilized in large numbers. They fought on foot using

993: 667: 584: 577: 214: 5301: 5218: 4836:

Touken World YouTube videos on koshirae (sword mountings)

4387: 4188: 3568:

Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication

2505:, 重要文化財), and special swords among them are designated as 964:'s signature would be facing the wrong way. The fact that 553:

which would face outward when the sword was worn. Since a

377:

family of swords, and is distinguished by a blade length (

5085:"Most martial arts sword cuts in one minute (rice straw)" 4950: 2363:, which makes them look like stars or mist. The pattern, 2068:

Cross sections of Japanese sword blade lamination methods

877:

which was equipped by high ranking samurai together with

5012:. Boston, Massachusetts: Weatherhill. pp. 110–131. 4191:

Secrets of the Samurai: The Martial Arts of Feudal Japan

1779:

recruited. In addition, supplies of the Japanese steel (

675:, and symbols of authority and spirituality of samurai. 5118:. Opsi.gov.uk (19 November 2010). Retrieved 2013-08-08. 4481:

Samurai: The Weapons and Spirit of the Japanese Warrior

4400:

Samurai: The Weapons and Spirit of the Japanese Warrior

3542:

Tuttle Dictionary Martial Arts Korea, China & Japan

2541:

and after 1955, six swordsmiths who were designated as

1631:

were made in the Kamakura period, and 70% of them were

418:

does not have separate plural and singular forms, both

5151: 5087:. Guinness World Records. 25 June 2016. Archived from 2108:

between the cutting-edge side and the back side. This

1184:

forged during the Kamakura period were converted into

4998: 3804:

Transition of kotō, shintō, shinshintō, and gendaitō.

3594:

Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado; Anthony X. Soares (1988).

3017:. Important Cultural Property. Tokyo National Museum. 1487:

and shorter swords in pairs. These short swords were

1040:

lent to them. Furthermore, in the late 16th century,

736:

Masamune forges a katana with an assistant (ukiyo-e).

4954:

Martial Arts and Philosophy: Beating and Nothingness

1088:, which is still kept alive through the teaching of 5077: 4326: 4324: 3982:Leon Kapp; Hiroko Kapp; Yoshindo Yoshihara (1987). 3855:

Differences in Japanese swords according to status.

2763: 2519:

the Society for Preservation of Japanese Art Swords

2172:. It is difficult to photograph, and to appreciate 2072:Typical features of Japanese swords represented by 1280:banned farmers from owning weapons and conducted a 4825:Touken World YouTube videos about Japanese swords 4504: 3840:List of terms related to Japanese swords "Sasuga". 3748: 3746: 2393:made by Yukimitsu in the 14th century as authentic 1714:, many artistically excellent mountings were made. 1529:wore when visiting a castle by regulating it as a 1503:were mainly selected. This set of two is called a 1125:produced them by division of labor. The export of 5033:Most martial arts sword cuts to one mat (Suegiri) 2718:If mishandled in its storage or maintenance, the 2334:decorated with luxurious lacquer or metal works. 1517:: it represented their social power and personal 7780: 7671: 4761:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World 4477: 4396: 4321: 4234: 4232: 4230: 3866: 3816: 3814: 3812: 2131:differential hardening or differential quenching 2129:'s gentle curvature is attained by a process of 1321:, showing the traditional Japanese sword cases ( 979:By the 15th century, Japanese swords, including 220:Two-handed swept, with circular or squared guard 4971: 4944: 4726: 4724: 4498: 3743: 2285:is in charge of applying lacquer to scabbards, 2238:is often given a matte finish to emphasize the 1937:, no one had won for 18 years before Kawauchi. 316:wood block print (ca 1735) of a samurai with a 5057:Most sword cuts to straw mats in three minutes 5010:Japanese Swordsmanship: Technique and Practice 4951:Priest, Graham; Damon Young (21 August 2013). 4649:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 124. 4642: 4370:The World of Edo Dandyism From Swords to Inro. 4330: 3986:. Japan: Kodansha International. p. 167. 3893: 3632:. Japan: Kodansha International. p. 220. 3492: 3460: 3416: 3390: 3368: 2402:mounting on its official website and YouTube. 1397:until Kunihira Kawachi reproduced it in 2014. 251: 90:influenced by the Sōshū school. 14th century, 54: 6443: 5287: 4899:Katana Signed Nagasone Okisato Nyudo Kotetsu. 4549: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4227: 4140: 4138: 4000: 3919: 3917: 3887: 3860: 3809: 3570:. Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p. 624. 557:was worn with the cutting edge down, and the 4840: 4721: 4695: 4693: 4669: 4513:. Iola, Wisconsin: Adams Media. p. 23. 4423: 4306: 4077: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3772: 3770: 3768: 2202:, which is made distinct by polishing. Each 1269:style, but metalworking of the scabbard was 891:, and it is possible that both developed to 720:(modern or contemporary swords 1876–present) 565:would be in opposite locations on the tang. 426:are considered acceptable forms in English. 4978:Green, Thomas A.; Joseph R. Svinth (2010). 4913: 4800: 4798: 4796: 3850: 3848: 3797: 3706:Anthony J. Bryant and Angus McBride (1994) 3627: 3559: 3538: 3067:(blade carving), Metropolitan Museum of Art 2431:all over Japan in books. In the completed " 2293:is in charge of making tsuba (hand guard). 2038: 851:(1336–1392) which corresponds to the early 356:("blade"), in contrast to the double-sided 168:(1336–1392) which corresponds to the early 6450: 6436: 5294: 5280: 5238:. Boston: Tuttle Publishing. p. 204. 5069:Fastest tennis ball (820km/h) cut by sword 4889:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World. 4783: 4781: 4779: 4457:. Kodansha International. pp. 58–70. 4417: 4287: 4147:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World. 4135: 4132:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World. 4123: 4087:Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 4068:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World. 4059: 3914: 3857:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World. 3842:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World. 3794:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World. 3787: 3785: 3779:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World. 3725: 3723: 3683:Weapon: A Visual History of Arms and Armor 3679: 2713: 1987:are distinguished by their type of blade: 1540: 999:were the main weapon of war in Japan, and 887:through the same historical background as 837:(1185–1333). Their main weapon was a long 518:) and long grip to accommodate two hands. 403:among Western sword enthusiasts, although 303: 4907: 4690: 4334:The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords 4150: 3964: 3897:The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords 3806:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World 3765: 3353:Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Touken World 3334: 3332: 3262: 3260: 2406:Rating of Japanese swords and swordsmiths 1327:) and the difference in size between the 1153:were developed based on Japanese swords. 1077:that makes use of the characteristics of 459:. In Portuguese the designation (spelled 387:, approximately 60 cm (24 in). 185:approx. 1.1–1.5 kg (2.4–3.3 lb) 5221:"Dr. T's 'Nihonto Random Thoughts' Page" 5194: 5180:. Boston: David R. Godine. p. 140. 4850:(1934), "Muramasa's curse (村正の祟りについて)", 4793: 4258:幕末に活躍した日本刀の名工「清麿」展＝ダイナミックな切っ先、躍動感あふれる刃文. 3845: 3673: 3589: 3587: 3307: 3285: 3283: 2617: 2384: 2382:, are also the objects of appreciation. 2179: 2155: 2092:) are integrated and fixed to the hilt ( 2063: 2052: 1968:(left to right). The one on the left is 1944: 1854:are allowed to produce Japanese swords ( 1824: 1759: 1696: 1568: 1547: 1399: 1306: 1205: 805: 763: 739: 731: 474: 307: 4846: 4776: 4574: 4505:Shackleford, Steve (7 September 2010). 4207: 3943: 3782: 3777:Arms for battle – spears, swords, bows. 3720: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 2775:Firearms and Offensive Weapons Act 1990 1692: 1059:became obsolete among samurai, and the 986:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty 561:was worn with the cutting edge up, the 7781: 5302:Japanese weapons, armour and equipment 5231: 5173: 4337:. Kodansha International. p. 43. 3900:. Kodansha International. p. 28. 3659:. Kodansha International. p. 30. 3329: 3257: 2768: 2633:. Martial arts in which training with 1596:blade from the Kamakura period to the 1476:), and inscriptions inlaid with gold. 1299: 549:should be carved into the side of the 6431: 5275: 5045:Fastest 1,000 martial arts sword cuts 4430:. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 6, 70. 4189:Oscar Ratti; Adele Westbrook (1991). 3584: 3280: 2305:(armorer) used surplus metal to make 2084:, a style in which the blade and the 1007:were used only for close combat. The 430: 193:approx. 60–80 cm (24–31 in) 5160:. opsi.gov.uk. Retrieved 2013-08-08. 4545:Sankei Shimbun, June 22, 2018, p. 2. 4534:Sankei Shimbun, June 22, 2018, p. 1. 4478:Sinclaire, Clive (1 November 2004). 4397:Sinclaire, Clive (1 November 2004). 4182: 3867:Stephen Turnbull (8 February 2011). 3652: 3612: 1877:and are used by martial artists for 1820: 952:facing away from the wearer. When a 724: 665:and samurai, or as offerings to the 5109: 4806:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords 4788:How to appreciate a Japanese sword. 4643:Cohen, Richard (18 December 2007). 4568: 4215:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords 3873:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 22–. 3731:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords 3686:. DK Publishing. pp. 66, 120. 3268:Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords 1608:made after this is classified as a 1353:(New swords). Japanese swords from 1219:sword mounting. 16th–17th century, 936:were made. This was in response to 861:were popular, and along with this, 507:featuring more curvature) Japanese 348:of 720. The term is a compound of 13: 5167: 4773:Setouchi City, Okayama Prefecture. 4193:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 484. 3448: 3404: 3356: 3341:Nagoya Touken Museum Touken World. 2281:is in charge of making scabbards, 2261:is in charge of polishing blades, 2257:) is in charge of forging blades, 2168:area, but a fuzzy line within the 2153:which is softer than martensite. 1865:Outside Japan, some of the modern 1033:fought in a close formation using 855:(1336–1573), long weapons such as 696:(ancient swords, until around 900) 568:Western historians have said that 14: 7820: 5253: 5199:. New York: Crown Publishers Inc. 5129:"Ban on imitation Samurai swords" 4670:Drewe, James (15 February 2009). 4424:Yumoto, John (13 December 2013). 3598:. South Asia Books. p. 520. 3545:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 61. 2780: 2289:is in charge of making hilt, and 1188:, so his only existing works are 702:(old swords from around 900–1596) 661:were often used as gifts between 451:, the word has been adopted as a 411:, literally meaning "big sword". 342:first appears in Japanese in the 5259: 5219:Takeuchi (aka T), S. Alexander. 4875:Nihon Bijutsu Token Hozon Kyokai 4673:Tàijí Jiàn 32-Posture Sword Form 4618:"Step 1: Types of Katana Swords" 4558:September 2020, pp. 36, 47, 50. 4078:Ayumi Harada (24 October 2016). 3137: 3116: 3088: 3072: 3054: 3022: 3002: 2976: 2957: 2924: 2902: 2886: 2867: 2841: 2764:Ownership and trade restrictions 2738: 2682:Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū 2591: 2567: 1974:and the three in the middle are 1451:(handguards) were popular among 1341:Swords forged after 1596 in the 1247:. This style of sword is called 1243:blade pointing downwards like a 1176:(磨上げ). For example, many of the 1172:. This kind of remake is called 960:, with the cutting edge up, the 66: 6080:Projectile and throwing weapons 5121: 5095: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5026: 4892: 4880: 4865: 4829: 4818: 4764: 4752: 4663: 4636: 4610: 4602:"Secrets of the Samurai Sword". 4595: 4538: 4527: 4471: 4444: 4403:. Lyons Press. pp. 58–59. 4375: 4363: 4351: 4275: 4263: 4251: 4170: 4108: 4071: 4039: 4019: 3984:The Craft of the Japanese Sword 3937: 3833: 3700: 3646: 3532: 3429:, Third Edition (in Japanese), 3321:. 27 March 2016. Archived from 2328: 1892:Mass-produced swords including 1883:and even for cutting practice ( 1688:(modern or contemporary swords) 1662:(志士), fought using a practical 1239:were sometimes equipped with a 869:. Also, there is a theory that 616:mobilized in large numbers, so 4984:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 120–121. 4854:, Yuzankaku, pp. 91–118, 4676:. Singing Dragon. p. 10. 3506: 3344: 2192:, and the photograph (bottom). 968:started signing swords with a 865:lengthened and finally became 470: 1: 6493:Straight swords (Double-edge) 5235:The Samurai Sword: A Handbook 5195:Robinson, H. Russell (1969). 4914:Mason Smith (December 1997). 4771:Bizen Osafune Japanese Sword. 4427:The Samurai Sword: A Handbook 4045:Rekishi Gunzo (2 July 2011). 4025:Koichi Shinoda (1 May 1992). 3250: 3128:(mountings) of an Edo period 2948:. These swords were owned by 2499:Important Cultural Properties 2218:to make it easier to see the 2164:. It is not the entire white 2100:, and a gentle curve. When a 1464:(handguard), remodeling from 1361:in forging method and steel ( 899:in existence today is called 685:Japanese sword § History 634:. In the relatively peaceful 6892:Iron Age – Three Kingdom Era 6180:Improvised and other weapons 4507:"Sword Capitol of the World" 3948:. p. 72. Archived from 3710:. Osprey Publishing. p. 49. 1168:were cut and shortened into 7: 6488:Curved swords (Single-edge) 6483:Thrusting swords (Edgeless) 6417:Military equipment of Japan 4957:. Open Court. p. 209. 4484:. Lyons Press. p. 60. 4241:September 2020, pp. 42–43. 4009:September 2020. pp. 70–71. 3155: 3132:, rayskin wrapped with silk 3111:. Late Edo period. (bottom) 2969:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 2942:Important Cultural Property 2919:, The Japanese Sword Museum 1642:in 1853 and the subsequent 956:was worn in the style of a 847:was a spare weapon. In the 797:Important Cultural Property 96:Important Cultural Property 10: 7825: 5207:. Kodansha International. 5071:Guinness world records.jp 5059:Guinness world records.com 5047:Guinness world records.com 5035:Guinness world records.com 5008:; Donn F. Draeger (2005). 4130:History of Japanese sword. 3755:September 2020. pp.40–43. 3203:Japanese swords in fiction 3061:Japanese katana showing a 2834: 2206:and each smith's style of 2042: 1629:National treasure in Japan 1379:like a white mist between 972:signature shows that some 682: 678: 649:fought many battles using 441:(Japanese reading) of the 407:is a generic name for any 352:("one side, one-sided") + 25: 18: 7724: 7703: 7696: 7664: 7644: 7628: 7612: 7596: 7587: 7552: 7395: 7386: 7341: 7300: 7291: 7264: 7216: 7169: 7148: 7139: 7094: 7068: 7059: 7024: 7003: 6967: 6946: 6937: 6907: 6891: 6875: 6866: 6841: 6810: 6789: 6768: 6759: 6692: 6639: 6596: 6529: 6508: 6501: 6473: 6392: 6306: 6239: 6179: 6137: 6079: 6033: 5987: 5934: 5860: 5791: 5736: 5639: 5630: 5577: 5503: 5464: 5415: 5316: 5307: 4027:Chinese Weapons and Armor 3870:Katana: The Samurai Sword 3461: 3417: 3369: 3147:(point) of an Edo period 2880:The Japanese Sword Museum 2539:Imperial Household Artist 1829:Japanese girl practicing 1738:Imperial Household Artist 1704:mountings decorated with 1483:required samurai to wear 1389:, but in the swords from 1331:(bottom) and the smaller 1117:, and swordsmiths of the 576:in the 16th century were 463:) means "large knife" or 252: 224: 213: 202: 197: 189: 181: 176: 161: 156: 129: 124: 117:Place of origin 116: 106: 65: 55: 49: 6968:Heian – Kamakura periods 6412:National Treasure swords 5232:Yumoto, John M. (1958). 4732: 4701: 4313:鎌倉期の古名刀をついに再現　論説委員・長辻象平. 4177:特別展「埋忠〈UMETADA〉桃山刀剣界の雄」. 3193:Japanese sword mountings 2543:Living National Treasure 2527:Japanese imperial family 2470:" (業物) and the highest " 2188:(top), an exact copy of 2049:Japanese sword mountings 2039:Forging and construction 1940: 1479:During this period, the 714:(newer swords 1781–1876) 286:. The specific term for 26:Not to be confused with 7652:Phra Saeng Khan Chai Si 7025:Meiji period and beyond 7004:Muromachi – Edo periods 5197:Japanese Arms and Armor 4804:Kazuhiko Inada (2020). 4607:. Retrieved 2013-08-08. 4331:Kōkan Nagayama (1997). 4282:源清麿四谷正宗の異名を持つ新々刀随一の名工. 4213:Kazuhiko Inada (2020). 4160:p. 120. Me no Me, 2017 3894:Kōkan Nagayama (1997). 3823:September 2020, p. 40. 3729:Kazuhiko Inada (2020), 3514:"How Long Is a Katana?" 3499:entry available online 3397:entry available online 3266:Kazuhiko Inada (2020). 2714:Storage and maintenance 2517:, 重要美術品). In addition, 2273:is in charge of making 1835:with a modern training 944:in what is now called " 653:as their main weapon. 521:With a few exceptions, 304:Etymology and loanwords 21:Katana (disambiguation) 6883:Liaoning bronze dagger 6606:Migration Period sword 5935:Chain and rope weapons 4872:＜審査規程第17条第1項に基づく審査基準＞. 3493: 3391: 2938:Azuchi–Momoyama period 2808:historical re-enactors 2785:As of April 2008, the 2745:Guinness World Records 2394: 2193: 2177: 2069: 2061: 2045:Japanese swordsmithing 1981: 1846: 1771: 1715: 1644:Convention of Kanagawa 1585: 1566: 1428: 1347:Azuchi–Momoyama period 1338: 1228: 1156:From this period, the 901:Hishizukuri uchigatana 817: 803: 761: 737: 708:(new swords 1596–1780) 494: 335: 172:(1336–1573) to present 7218:Post-classical period 6908:Goryeo and Joseon era 6876:Bronze Age – Gojoseon 6598:Post-classical period 5861:Samurai accoutrements 5774:Mail and plate armour 5203:Satō, Kanzan (1983). 5174:Perrin, Noel (1980). 4930:Active Interest Media 4902:Tokyo Fuji Art Museum 4145:日本刀鑑賞のポイント「日本刀の映りとは」. 3927:. p.348. Shibunkaku. 3518:Medieval Swords World 3289:Takeo Tanaka (2012). 2946:Tokyo National Museum 2618:Usage in martial arts 2388: 2183: 2159: 2067: 2056: 2033:Kammuri-otoshi-zukuri 2013:Kissaki-Moroha-Zukuri 1958:Kissaki-moroha-zukuri 1948: 1828: 1763: 1700: 1572: 1551: 1425:Tokyo Fuji Art Museum 1403: 1310: 1209: 815:Tokyo National Museum 809: 801:Tokyo National Museum 767: 756:. As it was owned by 743: 735: 663:daimyo (feudal lord) 647:(political activists) 478: 393:can also be known as 311: 100:Tokyo National Museum 82:forged by Motoshige. 7799:Japanese sword types 7553:Spanish colonization 6947:Yayoi – Nara periods 5988:Clubs and truncheons 5268:at Wikimedia Commons 4622:Katana Sword Reviews 3923:Takeo Tanaka (1982) 3628:Kanzan Sato (1983). 3539:Sun-Jin Kim (1996). 2874:Katana mounting for 2523:Tokubetsu Juyo Token 2317:sometimes serves as 2096:) with a pin called 1693:Meiji – World War II 364:the Wiktionary entry 209:Curved, single-edged 19:For other uses, see 7809:Single-edged swords 7794:Japanese inventions 7266:Early modern period 7189:Parthian Long Sword 7095:Medieval and modern 6717:Basket-hilted sword 6641:Early modern period 5504:Polearms and spears 4921:Black Belt magazine 4916:"Stand and Deliver" 3680:Roger Ford (2006). 3083:. Early Edo period. 2769:Republic of Ireland 2449:Daihannya Nagamitsu 2184:Difference between 1860:Japanese Government 1767:, World War II era 1757:(military swords). 1357:are different from 1070:On the other hand, 813:(勢州桑名住村正) from the 605:were used only for 490:) of an Edo period 409:Japanese long sword 7613:Post-Classic stage 7246:Turko-Mongol Sabre 6694:Late modern period 5465:Knives and daggers 5227:on 8 January 2010. 5205:The Japanese Sword 5135:. 12 December 2007 4709:on 22 January 2022 4624:. 3 September 2015 4270:清麿展－幕末の志士を魅了した名工－ 4096:on 25 October 2021 3952:on 9 December 2022 3377:, Revised Edition) 3325:on 28 August 2016. 2950:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 2917:Important Mounting 2876:Musashi Masamuneme 2787:British government 2584:Tokugawa shogunate 2507:National Treasures 2488:Kyōhō Meibutsu Chō 2433:Kyōhō Meibutsu Chō 2423:Tokugawa shogunate 2415:Tokugawa Yoshimune 2395: 2194: 2178: 2070: 2062: 2001:is a variation of 1982: 1847: 1772: 1716: 1598:Nanboku-chō period 1586: 1584:. Late Edo period. 1567: 1481:Tokugawa shogunate 1429: 1369:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1349:are classified as 1339: 1287:The length of the 1278:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1229: 849:Nanboku-chō period 818: 804: 762: 738: 545:. In general, the 495: 336: 296:(打刀) and the term 166:Nanboku-chō period 157:Production history 92:Nanboku-chō period 7776: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7692: 7691: 7672:Pre-Columbian era 7660: 7659: 7583: 7582: 7382: 7381: 7287: 7286: 7135: 7134: 7055: 7054: 6933: 6932: 6862: 6861: 6755: 6754: 6425: 6424: 6321:Edo period police 5787: 5786: 5644:Auxiliary armours 5460: 5459: 5264:Media related to 5245:978-0-8048-0509-4 5187:978-0-87773-184-9 4991:978-1-59884-243-2 4964:978-0-8126-9723-0 4887:日本刀の刀匠・刀工「無鑑査刀匠」. 4702:備前長船刀剣博物館に関しての対談2 4683:978-1-84642-869-2 4656:978-0-307-43074-8 4588:978-4-526-06012-0 4520:978-1-4402-1638-1 4491:978-1-59228-720-8 4464:978-4-7700-1962-2 4437:978-1-4629-0706-9 4410:978-1-59228-720-8 4344:978-4-7700-2071-0 4200:978-0-8048-1684-7 4156:Masayuki Murata. 4117:Handachi-Goshirae 3993:978-0-87011-798-5 3907:978-4-7700-2071-0 3880:978-1-84908-658-5 3708:Samurai 1550–1600 3666:978-4-7700-2854-9 3653:土子民夫 (May 2002). 3639:978-0-87011-562-2 3605:978-81-206-0413-1 3552:978-0-8048-2016-5 3339:日本刀鑑賞のポイント「日本刀の姿」 3095:The inscription ( 3029:Antique Japanese 2604:Magoroku Kanemoto 2552:Masamine Sumitani 2222:, and the actual 2057:Named parts of a 1821:Post–World War II 1311:Antique Japanese 910:The first use of 381:) of more than 2 268:, it was used by 241: 240: 190:Blade length 7816: 7701: 7700: 7669: 7668: 7636:Preah Khan Reach 7594: 7593: 7393: 7392: 7364:Langgai Tinggang 7298: 7297: 7156:Bronze Age sword 7146: 7145: 7066: 7065: 6944: 6943: 6925:Four Tiger Sword 6873: 6872: 6766: 6765: 6516:Bronze Age sword 6506: 6505: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6402:Weapons of Japan 5637: 5636: 5578:Practice weapons 5554:Torimono sandōgu 5314: 5313: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5273: 5272: 5263: 5249: 5228: 5200: 5191: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4911: 4905: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860:10.11501/1265855 4844: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4822: 4816: 4802: 4791: 4785: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4740:on 30 April 2021 4728: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4697: 4688: 4687: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4614: 4608: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4575:鉄と生活研究会 (2008). 4572: 4566: 4553: 4547: 4542: 4536: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4394: 4385: 4384:Internet Museum. 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4272:Internet Museum. 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4236: 4225: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4186: 4180: 4179:Internet Museum. 4174: 4168: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4095: 4089:. Archived from 4084: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4043: 4037: 4029:. Shinkigensha. 4023: 4017: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3979: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3941: 3935: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3818: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3780: 3774: 3763: 3750: 3741: 3727: 3718: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3625: 3610: 3609: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3472: 3464: 3463: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3428: 3420: 3419: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3378: 3375:Kokugo Dai Jiten 3372: 3371: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3327: 3326: 3319:Mainichi Shimbun 3311: 3305: 3287: 3278: 3264: 3141: 3120: 3092: 3076: 3058: 3045:, attributed to 3026: 3006: 2983:Black lacquered 2980: 2961: 2928: 2906: 2890: 2871: 2859:Saijo Ō Wazamono 2845: 2825:Northern Ireland 2637:is used include 2609:Saijo Ō Wazamono 2595: 2571: 2484:Nagasone Kotetsu 2472:Saijo Ō Wazamono 2277:(blade collar), 1904:in the shape of 873:(腰刀), a kind of 853:Muromachi period 827:(刺刀), a kind of 823:originates from 791:. 14th century, 775:modified from a 758:Ishida Mitsunari 748:modified from a 482:(signature) and 434: 432:[katana] 274:Muromachi period 257: 255: 254: 170:Muromachi period 76:modified from a 70: 61: 60: 58: 57: 47: 46: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7768: 7720: 7688: 7656: 7640: 7624: 7608: 7589: 7579: 7548: 7378: 7337: 7283: 7260: 7212: 7165: 7141: 7131: 7122:Kayamkulam vaal 7090: 7051: 7020: 6999: 6963: 6929: 6903: 6887: 6858: 6837: 6806: 6785: 6751: 6688: 6635: 6592: 6525: 6497: 6469: 6463:classifications 6456: 6426: 6421: 6407:Japanese swords 6397:Japanese armour 6388: 6302: 6235: 6175: 6133: 6075: 6029: 5983: 5930: 5856: 5783: 5732: 5626: 5573: 5499: 5456: 5440:Sword polishing 5435:Sword mountings 5411: 5303: 5300: 5256: 5246: 5188: 5170: 5168:Further reading 5165: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5138: 5136: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5091:on 29 May 2019. 5083: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4949: 4945: 4912: 4908: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4870: 4866: 4848:Iwasaki, Kosuke 4845: 4841: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4819: 4808:, pp. 117–119. 4803: 4794: 4786: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4641: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4573: 4569: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4395: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4372:Internet Museum 4368: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4329: 4322: 4311: 4307: 4299: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4237: 4228: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4187: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4085:(in Japanese). 4082: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4044: 4040: 4024: 4020: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3980: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3942: 3938: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3819: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3783: 3775: 3766: 3751: 3744: 3728: 3721: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3651: 3647: 3640: 3626: 3613: 3606: 3592: 3585: 3578: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3520:. 3 August 2019 3512: 3511: 3507: 3490: 3473:(in Japanese), 3459: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3415: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3388: 3379:(in Japanese), 3367: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3330: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3288: 3281: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3158: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3121: 3112: 3099:) on the tang ( 3093: 3084: 3077: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3027: 3018: 3009:Mounting for a 3007: 2998: 2997:. Meiji period. 2995:daishō koshirae 2981: 2972: 2962: 2953: 2929: 2920: 2907: 2898: 2891: 2882: 2872: 2863: 2854:Hizen Tadayoshi 2846: 2837: 2806:practitioners, 2783: 2771: 2766: 2741: 2716: 2620: 2613: 2596: 2587: 2572: 2515:Jūyō Bijutsuhin 2408: 2331: 2051: 2043:Main articles: 2041: 1943: 1823: 1801:of the Emperor 1774:During the pre- 1695: 1690: 1638:The arrival of 1546: 1513:could wear the 1411:(top left) and 1305: 1221:Azuchi–Momoyama 1075:(swordsmanship) 992:Traditionally, 883:, developed to 835:Kamakura period 793:Kamakura period 781:Kiriha Sadamune 744:A Sōshū school 730: 687: 681: 614:(foot soldiers) 473: 373:belongs to the 362:. See more at 306: 249: 198: 125:Service history 102: 52: 50: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7822: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7804:Samurai swords 7801: 7796: 7791: 7774: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7730: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7707: 7705: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7681: 7675: 7673: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7654: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7600: 7598: 7591: 7590:Southeast Asia 7585: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7399: 7397: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7304: 7302: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7270: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7256:Mameluke sword 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7222: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7208:Sasanian Sword 7205: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7179:Iron Age sword 7175: 7173: 7171:Ancient period 7167: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7152: 7150: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7072: 7070: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7007: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6950: 6948: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6911: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6879: 6877: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6772: 6770: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6698: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6539:Iron Age sword 6535: 6533: 6531:Ancient period 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6512: 6510: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6467:historical era 6465:by region and 6455: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6432: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6318: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6243: 6241: 6240:Signal devices 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6198: 6191: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6144: 6142: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6006: 5999: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5974: 5971:Kyoketsu-shoge 5967: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5797: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5255: 5254:External links 5252: 5251: 5250: 5244: 5229: 5216: 5201: 5192: 5186: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5150: 5120: 5108: 5094: 5076: 5061: 5049: 5037: 5025: 5019:978-0834802360 5018: 5006:Warner, Gordon 4997: 4990: 4970: 4963: 4943: 4906: 4891: 4879: 4864: 4839: 4828: 4817: 4814:978-4651200408 4792: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4720: 4689: 4682: 4662: 4655: 4635: 4609: 4594: 4587: 4567: 4548: 4537: 4526: 4519: 4497: 4490: 4470: 4463: 4443: 4436: 4416: 4409: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4350: 4343: 4320: 4318:. 2 July 2017. 4316:Sankei Shimbun 4305: 4286: 4274: 4262: 4250: 4226: 4223:978-4651200408 4206: 4199: 4181: 4169: 4166:978-4907211110 4149: 4134: 4122: 4107: 4070: 4058: 4038: 4018: 3999: 3992: 3963: 3936: 3913: 3906: 3886: 3879: 3859: 3844: 3832: 3808: 3796: 3781: 3764: 3742: 3739:978-4651200408 3719: 3699: 3692: 3672: 3665: 3645: 3638: 3611: 3604: 3583: 3576: 3558: 3551: 3531: 3505: 3447: 3403: 3355: 3343: 3328: 3306: 3303:978-4062920933 3279: 3276:978-4651200408 3255: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3198:Japanese sword 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3143: 3136: 3134: 3122: 3115: 3113: 3094: 3087: 3085: 3078: 3071: 3069: 3060: 3053: 3051: 3028: 3021: 3019: 3008: 3001: 2999: 2982: 2975: 2973: 2963: 2956: 2954: 2930: 2923: 2921: 2908: 2901: 2899: 2892: 2885: 2883: 2878:, Edo period, 2873: 2866: 2864: 2847: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2782: 2781:United Kingdom 2779: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2740: 2737: 2715: 2712: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2597: 2590: 2588: 2573: 2566: 2556:Akitsugu Amata 2476:Kokon Kajibiko 2407: 2404: 2330: 2327: 2102:shinogi-zukuri 2082:shinogi-zukuri 2040: 2037: 2029:Unokubi-zukuri 2025:Osoraku-zukuri 2021: 2020: 2010: 2003:shinogi-zukuri 1996: 1992:Shinogi-Zukuri 1966:Shinogi-zukuri 1942: 1939: 1922:Sankei Shimbun 1915:members, many 1822: 1819: 1728:Haitōrei Edict 1694: 1691: 1689: 1683: 1545: 1539: 1433:Sengoku period 1405:Sword fittings 1395:midare-utsurii 1345:period of the 1304: 1298: 1164:) of many old 1027:Sengoku period 940:wearing their 729: 723: 722: 721: 715: 709: 703: 697: 680: 677: 673:Shinto shrines 574:Sengoku period 472: 469: 305: 302: 260:Japanese sword 239: 238: 235:Lacquered wood 232: 222: 221: 218: 211: 210: 207: 200: 199: 195: 194: 191: 187: 186: 183: 179: 178: 177:Specifications 174: 173: 163: 159: 158: 154: 153: 131: 127: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 71: 63: 62: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7821: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7789:Blade weapons 7787: 7786: 7784: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7704:Ancient Egypt 7702: 7699: 7695: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7667: 7663: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7621: 7620:Krabi–krabong 7618: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7597:Classic stage 7595: 7592: 7586: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7565:Espada y daga 7563: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7375: 7374:Sikin Panjang 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7290: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7138: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6748: 6747:Sword bayonet 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6727:Hunting sword 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6674:Espada ropera 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6654:Spada da lato 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6478:Swordsmanship 6476: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6448: 6446: 6441: 6439: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034:Staff weapons 6032: 6026: 6025: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5446: 5445:Swordsmithing 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5285: 5283: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5247: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5214: 5213:9780870115622 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5159: 5154: 5147: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5104: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5073:(in Japanese) 5070: 5065: 5058: 5053: 5046: 5041: 5034: 5029: 5021: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4974: 4966: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4910: 4903: 4900: 4895: 4888: 4883: 4876: 4873: 4868: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4772: 4767: 4760: 4755: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4725: 4708: 4704: 4696: 4694: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4666: 4658: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4639: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4606: 4603: 4598: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4546: 4541: 4535: 4530: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4474: 4466: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4447: 4439: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4420: 4412: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4393: 4391: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4346: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4327: 4325: 4317: 4314: 4309: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4283: 4278: 4271: 4266: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4131: 4126: 4120: 4118: 4111: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4062: 4056: 4055:9784056063448 4052: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4035:9784883172115 4032: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3995: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3951: 3947: 3944:Junko Oishi. 3940: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3918: 3909: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3890: 3882: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3841: 3836: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3805: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3695: 3693:9780756622107 3689: 3685: 3684: 3676: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3649: 3641: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3588: 3579: 3577:9780262511230 3573: 3569: 3562: 3554: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3502: 3495: 3488: 3487:4-09-501211-0 3484: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3457: 3451: 3444: 3443:4-385-13905-9 3440: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3365: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315:"日本の技術の精巧さは…" 3310: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3284: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3256: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2839: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2739:World records 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2625:were used by 2624: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2579: 2570: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503:Jūyō Bunkazai 2500: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2462:Kaiho Kenjaku 2458: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2210:is distinct. 2209: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2160:Example of a 2158: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999:Shobu-Zukuri 1997: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:Moroha-zukuri 1951: 1950:Kiriha-zukuri 1947: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1913:Japanese Diet 1909: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787:power hammers 1784: 1783: 1777: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1677:(幕末刀). Their 1676: 1674: 1670:(勤皇刀) or the 1669: 1666:, called the 1665: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1640:Matthew Perry 1636: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1426: 1422: 1419:(middle) and 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1377:midare-utsuri 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1021:shorter than 1020: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 996: 990: 988: 987: 982: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 918: 913: 908: 906: 905:Kasuga Shrine 902: 898: 895:. The oldest 894: 890: 886: 882: 881: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 859: 854: 850: 846: 842: 841: 836: 832: 831: 826: 822: 816: 812: 808: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 771: 766: 759: 755: 751: 747: 742: 734: 727: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 691: 690: 686: 676: 674: 671:enshrined in 670: 669: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 646: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620: 615: 613: 608: 604: 600: 596: 594: 589: 587: 582: 580: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 542: 536: 534: 528: 524: 519: 517: 516: 510: 506: 505: 500: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 445: 440: 439: 433: 427: 425: 421: 417: 412: 410: 406: 402: 401: 396: 392: 388: 386: 385: 380: 376: 372: 367: 365: 361: 360: 355: 351: 347: 346: 341: 333: 332: 327: 326: 321: 320: 315: 310: 301: 299: 295: 294: 289: 285: 281: 280: 275: 271: 267: 266: 261: 248: 247: 236: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 216: 212: 208: 205: 201: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 175: 171: 167: 164: 160: 155: 152:practitioners 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 132: 128: 123: 119: 115: 112: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 87: 81: 80: 75: 69: 64: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 22: 16:Samurai sword 7444:Dahong palay 7369:Parang Nabur 7349:Keris bahari 7301:Early period 7142:Central Asia 7015: 6732:Pistol sword 6616:Arming sword 6611:Viking sword 6381: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6313: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6255:Hata-jirushi 6253: 6246: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5976: 5969: 5964:Kusari-fundo 5962: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5584: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5449: 5427: 5416:Construction 5404: 5397: 5390: 5383: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5234: 5225:the original 5204: 5196: 5176: 5153: 5144: 5137:. Retrieved 5132: 5123: 5111: 5097: 5089:the original 5079: 5064: 5052: 5040: 5028: 5009: 5000: 4980: 4973: 4953: 4946: 4932:, Inc.: 66. 4925: 4919: 4909: 4894: 4882: 4867: 4851: 4842: 4831: 4820: 4805: 4766: 4754: 4742:. Retrieved 4738:the original 4711:. Retrieved 4707:the original 4672: 4665: 4645: 4638: 4626:. Retrieved 4621: 4612: 4604: 4597: 4577: 4570: 4555: 4551: 4540: 4529: 4510: 4500: 4480: 4473: 4453: 4446: 4426: 4419: 4399: 4377: 4365: 4360:Nezu Museum. 4353: 4333: 4308: 4303:Touken World 4277: 4265: 4253: 4238: 4214: 4209: 4190: 4184: 4172: 4157: 4152: 4125: 4116: 4110: 4098:. Retrieved 4091:the original 4073: 4061: 4046: 4041: 4026: 4021: 4006: 4002: 3983: 3954:. Retrieved 3950:the original 3939: 3924: 3896: 3889: 3869: 3862: 3835: 3820: 3799: 3752: 3730: 3707: 3702: 3682: 3675: 3655: 3648: 3629: 3595: 3567: 3561: 3541: 3534: 3522:. Retrieved 3517: 3508: 3466: 3455: 3450: 3422: 3411: 3406: 3374: 3363: 3358: 3346: 3323:the original 3309: 3290: 3267: 3213:Korean sword 3148: 3144: 3129: 3123: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3080: 3062: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3010: 2984: 2964: 2931: 2910: 2894: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2828: 2804:Martial arts 2791: 2784: 2772: 2742: 2728: 2719: 2717: 2710:straw post. 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2577: 2559: 2547: 2536: 2531: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2496: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2461: 2459: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2412: 2409: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2329:Appreciation 2322: 2319:shiroganeshi 2318: 2314: 2313:. 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