Ninja - Knowledge

2247:; Professor Yuji Yamada and Associate Professor Yuya Yoshimaru of the Faculty of Humanities of Mie university; and Toshitsune Watanabe, former chairman of the Koga Ninjutsu Research Association. The symposium discussed about the allegedy rivalry about the two most famous ninja groups based in Iga and Kōka. It was though that the reason of perceived rivalries between them due to the Iga ninja mostly known for their service to the Tokugawa clan, while the Kōka due to their service to the Toyotomi clan. The battles between two groups has been fictionalized and dramatized by modern media and entertainments, such as Yamada Futaro's novel "Koga Ninpocho," published in 1959. Ikeda Yutaka, a senior ninja at the Iga Ninja Research Group, who organized the symposium, said that the Iga and Koga ninja were actually allied and sometimes started uprisings. He further added that there were also many marriages between the two groups, and the Hattori family name, which represents Iga, is also found in many Koga families. 2161: 1962: 983: 742: 2207: 33: 1519: 2497: 799: 2293:). There are approximately 3 student enrollments per year. Students must pass an admission test about Japanese history and be able to read historical ninja documents. Scientific researchers and scholars of different disciplines study ancient documents and how it can be used in the modern world. Another medieval document that Mie professor Tatsuo Fujita is paying attention to is the "Koka-gun Magistrate-General and Iga Magistrate-General Rensho Kishomon" from 1573 (the first year of the Tensho era). 2607: 1024: 2809: 404: 2821: 2775: 1603: 551: 2628: 2658: 2741: 2643: 2758: 2690: 2707: 2673: 2724: 2849: 2792: 182: 6606: 1154: 953: 609:, demands for such unconventional operations increased. Meanwhile, Turnbull also stated there is no evidence to prove that Ninja were actively employed as professional assassins and it could be argued that they were just hired bandits. Modern historian Tatsuo Fujita opined that, based on the historical texts in 16th century by Naito Munekatsu, vassal of the 1425:(possibly Kirigakure Shikaemon) attempted to assassinate Hideyoshi with a spear, but was unsuccessful, as his attempt was foiled by a ninja worked under the command of Hideyoshi who smoked his place. However, the reliability of this story was considered fictional publications as it was the same publisher which depicted Saizō as one of the legendary 1131:, which was owned by Rokkaku Yoshitaka, who was also the employer of Iga Ninja previously. However, those ninja agents refused to take orders and threatened to desert the operation if they were not allowed to conduct the operation in their own way. The fire was eventually set, allowing Nagamasa's army to capture the castle. 613:, ninja warriors were actually feared as mercenaries who were proficient in the castle siege warfare. Buildings were constructed with traps and trip wires attached to alarm bells to prevent enemy ninja infiltrations. In battle, the ninja were also used to cause confusion amongst the enemy. A degree of 2308:

released the copy of "Kanrinseiyo", the source of a ninjitsu art record called "Bansenshukai" from 1676 which was found Kazuraki Shrine warehouse. The copy was produced in 1748. The book describes 48 types of ninjutsu. It contains information about some ninjitsu techniques such as attaching layers of

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In 2020, the 45-year-old Genichi Mitsuhashi was the first student to graduate from the master course of ninja studies at Mie University. For 2 years he studied historical records and the traditions of the martial art. Similar to the original ninja, by day he was a farmer and grew vegetables while he

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secret police institution whose members hailed from the confederation warriors of Koka and Iga areas. It has been argued that the circulation of the myth about Hattori Hanzō ninja army helping Ieyasu were created as propaganda to increase the prestige of Iga and Koka clan confederations in Tokugawa

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castle—volunteered despite being warned that chances of survival were slim. A volley of shots was fired into the sky, causing the defenders to extinguish the castle lights in preparation. Under the cloak of darkness, ninja disguised as defenders infiltrated the castle, capturing a banner of the

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The local Koka-Ikki ninjas and Iga-Ikki ninjas under Hanzo who helped leyasu to travel to safety consisted of three hundred Ninjas. Furthermore, Uejima Hidetomo, a researcher of Iga Ninja history, has stated there is research which revealed that Hattori Yasuji, one of the ninjas who accompanied

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as evidence that ninja were not simple mercenaries because texts contained not only information on combat training, but also information about daily needs, which even included mining techniques. The guidance provided for daily work also included elements that enable the ninja to understand the

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asserts that the ninja were mostly recruited from the lower class, and therefore little literary interest was taken in them. The social origin of the ninja is seen as the reason they agree to operate in secret, trading their service for money without honor and glory. The scarcity of historical

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In 2016, on December Iga city Mayor Sakae Okamoto, who is also a collector of local materials, discovered a catalog sent to him by a used bookstore in Kyoto. It was purchased with city funds, and designated a city cultural property in March of this year. This is a written pledge made when 10

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ordered a raid on the castle's provisions. Here, the Kōga captured bags of enemy provisions, and infiltrated the castle by night, obtaining secret passwords. Days later, Nobutsuna ordered an intelligence gathering mission to determine the castle's supplies. Several Kōga ninja—some apparently

1499:, heir of Naomasa who also given control of Ii clan's Red Demons ninja squad after Naomasa died. Later in 1615, during the summer phase of Osaka siege, The Ii clan Red Demons ninjas led by Miura Yo'emon, Shimotani Sanzo, Okuda Kasa'emon, and Saga Kita'emon saw action once again during the 2242:

In 2015 report, a "Ninja Symposium" held in Iga City which involved forefront researchers of ninja and ninjutsu history, including Atsumi Nakajima, chairman of the Koryu Martial Arts Association; Jinichi Kawakami, the 21st head of the Koga Party and a professor of social cooperation at

1372:. The attacks from Ochimusha-gari finally ended as they reached the former territory of the Kōka ikki, who were friendly to the Tokugawa clan. The Koka ninja assisted the Tokugawa escort group in eliminating the threats of Ochimusha-gari outlaws, then escorting them until they reached 596:

stated that the Iga and Kōka ninja usually infiltrated enemy castles. Turnbull further added that Ninja gained notability as hired mercenaries during the 15th century to use many asymmetrical warfare tactics such as scouting operations, raiding operations, arson, and even

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We dispersed spies who were prepared to die inside Hara castle. ... those who went on the reconnaissance in force captured an enemy flag; both Arakawa Shichirobei and Mochizuki Yo'emon met extreme resistance and suffered from their serious wounds for 40

495:. Physical training involved long-distance runs, climbing, and stealth methods of walking. Training in techniques of disguise was also taught. Some evidence of medical training can be derived from one account, where an Iga ninja provided medical attention to 5404: 1984:(13th–14th centuries): a youth whose exiled father was ordered to death by the monk Homma Saburō. Kumakawa took his revenge by sneaking into Homma's room while he was asleep, and assassinating him with his own sword. He was son of a high counselor to 353:, which focus mainly on the aristocratic samurai, whose deeds were apparently more appealing to the audience. Historian Kiyoshi Watatani states that the ninja were trained to be particularly secretive about their actions and existence: 1120:) belongs to the enemy clan, and recreated replica lanterns with the similar crest. By wielding these lanterns, they were allowed to enter the castle by the guards. As they entered the castle, they immediately set fire to the castle. 2238:

said the flat throwing stones were used to prevent the chasing enemies from moving. The clay caltrops also believed could stop the besieging enemies. These weapons were hastily constructed yet effective and used by a squad of ninja.

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to fly and warfare to drop bombs from the sky also became another subject of legends. Turnbull suggests that kites lifting a man into midair might have been technically feasible, but states that the use of kites to form a human

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as their weapon of choice, which was carried on the back. The scabbard of the katana sword of a ninja could be extended out of the sword and used as a long probing device. The sword could also be used to scale a wall, using

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Many famous people in Japanese history have been associated or identified as ninja, but their status as ninja is difficult to prove and may be the product of later imagination. Rumors surrounding famous warriors, such as

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was the chief role of the ninja. With the aid of disguises, the ninja gathered information on enemy terrain and building specifications as well as obtaining passwords and communiques. The aforementioned supplement to the

5648: 1684:(domain), or change their profession. Many lords still hired ninja, not for battle but as bodyguards or spies. Their duties included spying on other domains, guarding the daimyō, and fire patrol. A few domains like 1082:

temple— describes a sabotaging operation in which an Iga ninja squad entered Kasagi castle in secret and set fire to a few of the priests' quarters. They also set fire to outbuildings in various places inside the

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Takino Jurobei (16th century): The commander of some of the final resistance against Oda Nobunaga in his invasion of Iga. Momochi Sandayu, Fujibayashi Nagato no Kami, and Hattori Hanzō served as his officers.

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books described specifically what tactics ninja should use to fight, and the scenarios in which a ninja might find themselves can be deduced from those tactics. For example, in the manuscript of volume 2 of

1491:. Takatora brought the Musokunin auxiliaries from Iga province to besiege the Osaka castle during the winter phase. Meanwhile the ninja units of Iga province were deployed under several commanders such as 2064:

Momochi Sandayū (16th century): a leader of the Iga ninja clans, who supposedly perished during Oda Nobunaga's attack on Iga province. There is some belief that he escaped death and lived as a farmer in

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Ninjas. Aside from Ninjas, he also employs local clans of Iga province as "Musokunin", which is a class of part time Samurai who has been allowed to retain their clan name but does not own any land or

579:, military historian Hanawa Hokinoichi writes of the ninja that they travelled in disguise into foreign territories to scout enemy forces, set enemy castles on fire, and carry out assassinations using 632:

techniques recorded in scrolls and manuals revolve around ways to avoid detection and methods of escape. These techniques were loosely grouped under corresponding natural elements. Some examples are:

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representatives each from the Iga Sokoku Ikki and Koka Gunchuso, autonomous organizations of the Iga and Koka clans which gathered together to jointly adjudicate on the right to use the common land.

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who has been displaced by war. They formed self-defense forces which operates outside the law, while in actuality they often resorted to hunt samurais or soldiers who has been defeated in wars.

1474:. The domain at first worth of to the 220,000, then grow further in productivity to the total revenue of 320,000 koku under Takatora governance. It was reported that Tōdō Takatora employs the 6589: 1646:

and grass. This desperation would mount to futile charges by the rebels, where they were eventually defeated by the shogunate army. The Kōga would later take part in conquering the castle:

4433:..; Nihon Yoso-kai Annual Report", Japanese historical materials also show that Ieyasu distributed a large amount of gold and silver to his subordinates) A certain " Ishikawa Tadashi Sosho 4263:

What we can conclude from the writing is that it was already well-known among people in the end of Sengoku period that sneaking and making night attacks were Ninja's favorite tactics.

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to walk on water. This footwear distributed the wearer's weight over the shoes' wide bottom surface, allowing the wearer to walk on the surface of water. The name of this equipment

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from bamboo, how to make footwear that makes no sound, fighting techniques when surrounded by many enemies, precautions when using swords at night, how to listen to small sounds,

5656: 705:) facilitated travel, as they were common and could travel freely between political boundaries. The loose robes of Buddhist priests also allowed concealed weapons, such as the 6631: 2309:

cotton to the bottom of straw sandals to prevent noise when sneaking, self defense when surrounded by multiple opponents, throwing charred powder to hide one's presence, and

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in an effort to spread rumors and misinformation to weaken the enemy forces internally. Later On the Osaka battles, these hired ninja fought alongside regular troops at the

795:(jackets) made with armour hidden between layers of cloth. Shin and arm guards along with metal-reinforced hoods are also speculated to have made up the ninja's armor. 1202:

The clans of Iga and Kōla became professionals which specifically trained for the asymmetrical warfare tactics of the ninja. These ninja mercenary were often hired by

6624: 2488:). From ancient Japan to the modern world media, popular depictions range from the realistic to the fantastically exaggerated, both fundamentally and aesthetically. 1503:, as they were reportedly fought together with the Tokugawa regular army storming on the south gate of Osaka castle. In 1614, the initial "winter campaign" at the 820:, featuring spikes at both ends to anchor the ladder. Spiked or hooked climbing gear worn on the hands and feet also doubled as weapons. Other implements include 2321:

Many ubiquitous stereotypes about ninja were developed within Edo theatre. These include their black clothing, which was supposed to imitate the outfits worn by

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knowledge to become doctors, medicine sellers, merchants, martial artists, and fireworks manufacturers. Some unemployed ninja were reduced to banditry, such as

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rifles. However, his attempts was failed as his shots failed to penetrate the armor of Nobunaga. Sugitani was captured 4 years later and tortured to death.

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stated that the origin of those ninja clans were traced to the family of Kawai Aki-no-kami of Iga. This is also supported by the supplementary record to the

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states that their missions were to disguise themselves as firewood gatherers in order to gain information about the enemy. The attire of a mountain ascetic (

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to communicate, so they could recognize their allies during their covert operations and when in disguise, as they dressed in the same clothes as the enemy.

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The history of science and technology: a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today

1114:(ninja term for a squad's captain). To conduct their operation, the ninja squad also stole a lantern which based on the drawing of the family crest on it ( 299:

had become a topic of popular culture in Japan which featured in many legend and folklore, where they were associated with many supernatural abilitiles.

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manuals were written by descendants of Hattori Hanzō as well as members of the Fujibayashi clan, an offshoot of the Hattori. Major examples include the

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Goshiki-mai: These dyed rice grains were used to create discreet trails that could be followed either by the original dropper or by sharp-eyed comrades

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theatre, ninja were "dishonorable and often sorcerous counterparts" to samurai, and possessed "almost, if not outright, magical means of camouflage."

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and plays about ninja were conceived. Stories about the ninja are usually based on historical figures. For instance, many similar tales exist about a

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continued until 1581, when Nobunaga attacked the Iga Province and destroyed those clans who rebelled against him. The Iga clans survivors fled to the

5596: 1672:. These written accounts are the last mention of ninja in war. After the Shimabara Rebellion, there were almost no major wars or battles until the 5981:

Maekawa, Tomohide (2019). "藤堂藩伊賀者の系譜『冨治林家由緒書』をひもとく/ Unraveling the Genealogy of the Iga Clan's Todo Domain: The History of the Fujibayashi clan".

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saw the ninja in use once again. Miura Yoemon, a ninja in Tokugawa's service, recruited agents from Iga province, and sent 10 of his members into

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group. Although its unlikely related to the commonly known ninja of later era. Earliest recorded ninja activities were traced during the reign of

3301: 929:) was also used by the ninja. Variant explosives such as soft-cased grenades designed to release smoke or poison gas, along with iron or ceramic 776:) during their work, as depicted in modern media, there is no evidence for such attire. Instead, ninja usually operated disguised as civilians. 5625: 4008: 2830: 2098:(16th century): a samurai of the Sengoku period, in the 16th century of the common era, who served as an important retainer of the Sanada clan. 564:

Ninja usually worked in a team to scale a wall by providing a human platform to assist their team members in reaching the top of the wall. The

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since at least 1487. After the suppression of the Iga province by Nobunaga, some of them escaped from the province and sought refuge with the

5545: 1376:, where they were further protected by another group from Iga-ikki which accompanied the Ieyasu group until they safely reached Mikawa. The 4082: 5452: 689:

The use of disguises was common and is well documented. Ninjas disguised themselves as priests, entertainers, fortune tellers, merchants,

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However, modern scholars such as Tatsuo Fujita doubted the credibility of Hattori Hanzō's ninja army theory, since it first appeared in

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The Ukai diary, written by a descendant of Ukai Kanemon, has several entries describing the reconnaissance actions taken by the Kōga.

1012:, stagehands in black suits, to make their attacks seem more surprising. This practice gave rise to their stereotypical black outfits. 883:) colored (red, blue, yellow, black, purple) rice grains were used in a code system, and to make trails that could be followed later. 639:: The practice of distracting guards by starting a fire away from the ninja's planned point of entry. Falls under "fire techniques" ( 3094: 1448:, stealing his battle standard, which later hoisted on the Hasedō Castle's gate, demoralized the Uesugi troops greatly in effect. 7802: 371:, which have the aims of ensuring that one's opponent does not know of one's existence, and for which there was special training. 5570: 1440:, while the Kōka acted as a police force and assisted in guarding the outer gate. It was said that at one occasion, a group of 2160: 1229:, Tokugawa dispatched a group of 80 Kōka ninja under the command of Tomo Sukesada, which was tasked to raid an outpost of the 6542: 6461: 6442: 6416: 6394: 6364: 6349: 6290: 6272: 6254: 6234: 6213: 6188: 6114: 6096: 6076: 6058: 6040: 6022: 6004: 5972: 5954: 5936: 5918: 5896: 5875: 5857: 5839: 5821: 5801: 5780: 5760: 5742: 5016: 4997: 4978: 4959: 4940: 4921: 4902: 4801: 4782: 4763: 4744: 4038: 3925: 3895: 3458: 3261: 3194: 2992: 2606: 2218:

were uncovered which experts say are ninja weapons. Ninja were spies and saboteurs and likely participated in the siege. The

472:). The ninja clans organized into a larger confederation, with their own respective territories. A system of rank existed: a 6594: 7761: 487:

rank ("lower person"), field agents drawn from the lower class for field operations. Ninja trainees also studied survival,

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founded the world's first research centre devoted to the ninja. A graduate master course opened in 2018. It is located in

1892:—along with the earlier tradition of using Iga and Kōga clan members as palace guards—have led some sources to define the 1650:

More and more general raids were begun, the Kōga ninja band under the direct control of Matsudaira Nobutsuna captured the

1270:, three ninja attempted to assassinate him with rifles, but failed and instead killed seven of Nobunaga's attendants. The 7797: 2313:. It also contain practical methods to manufacture and use tools such as cane swords and "makibishi" (Japanese caltrop). 761:

Ninja are believed to have used a large variety of tools and weaponries, including climbing equipment, extending spears,

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Based on the combination of colors they dropped, or the number of grains, the Ninja could make over 100 different codes.

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They were ordered to reconnoitre the plan of construction of Hara Castle, and surveyed the distance from the defensive

7812: 5681: 4849: 3854: 2550:. These mythical stories believed to be stemmed from popular imagination of mysterious status and Japanese art of the 7613: 6308: 6166: 6148: 4668: 4631: 4598: 2934: 1382:

journal records that the escort group of Ieyasu had suffered roughly 200 casualties during their journey from Osaka.

1329: 242:) means "to steal away; to hide" and—by extension—"to forbear", hence its association with stealth and invisibility. 2057:(16th century): the wife of Mochizuke Moritoki. Chiyome created a school for girls, which taught skills required of 779:

Accounts about ninjas' armor cannot be verified. Depictions of famous persons later deemed ninja often show them in

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between 1485 and 1581. Specifically, the Iga professionals were sought after for their skill at siege warfare, or "

2045:(d. 1603): a ninja rumored to have killed Hattori Hanzō, with whom he was supposedly rivals. The fictional weapon 812:

Tools used for infiltration and espionage are some of the most abundant artifacts related to the ninja. Ropes and

5477:[A historic reconciliation on "Ninja Day"... "Iga vs. Koga" is a fiction created by anime and novels!?]. 4580: 3885: 2388: 3915: 4391: 4363: 4332: 2134:

and historian Nakanishi Gō announced that they had identified three people who were successful in early modern

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leyasu on his journey in Iga province, also served as a bodyguard and espionage officer under Muromachi Shogun

765:-propelled arrows, and small collapsible boats, which are described and illustrated in the 17th century record 2820: 2696: 1316:

After the assassination of Oda Nobunaga, Iga and Kōka ninja, according to tradition, helped Ieyasu undergo an

1212:", which included night attacks and ambush. By the 1460s, the leading families in the regions had established 7807: 7043: 2926: 2086:(1503–1569): a famed 16th-century ninja master during the Sengoku period who was also known as "Flying Katō". 784: 4248: 1484:. The Musokunin also worked as farmer during peace, while they are obliged to take arms in the time of war. 733:, were also effective, as the large "basket" hats traditionally worn by them concealed the head completely. 6222: 4654: 4022: 3162: 2484: 1668:

With the fall of Hara Castle, the Shimabara Rebellion came to an end, and Christianity in Japan was forced

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There is also recorded non Japanese ninja in history. On February 25, 2018, Yamada Yūji, the professor of

1961: 1592:), the depth of the moat, the conditions of roads, the height of the wall, and the shape of the loopholes. 7787: 6767: 4254: 2808: 2547: 895: 721:

outfits could have allowed the ninja to spy in enemy buildings without rousing suspicion. Disguises as a

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Shimotsuge no Kizaru (16th century): an influential Iga ninja who in 1560 successfully led an attack on

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who concealed their appearance would steal up to the castle every night and go inside as they pleased."

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Yamato Takeru dressed as a maidservant, preparing to kill the Kumaso leaders. Woodblock print on paper.

7792: 6988: 6183:, vol. 4: Early Modern Japan, translated by Harold Bolitho, New York: Cambridge University Press, 4510:["Iga Cross" The history of the accompanying ninja is known to Ieyasu and Yoshiaki Ashikaga?]. 2867: 2657: 2558:. For example, Nakagawa Shoshunjin, the 17th century founder of Nakagawa-ryū, claimed in his own work ( 321:. According to traditional evaluation, the ninja were stealth soldiers and mercenaries hired mostly by 4507: 3311: 7746: 3156: 2892: 2642: 2399: 2155: 1058: 990: 5633: 1262:, although the mission failed and Rokurō was forced to commit suicide. According to a document, the 7751: 7741: 7071: 6784: 6779: 3932:

DH Publishing is Tokyo's #1 publisher of Japanese pop culture books for the English speaking world.

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after the Eastern Army's victory at Sekigahara, the Iga acted as guards for the inner compounds of

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hunter) gangs to secure the way for Ieyasu, while sometimes also bribing some of the more amenable

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challenging a ninja to prove his worth, usually by stealing his pillow or weapon while he slept.

1297: 1187:. The remote location of Iga may have contributed to ninja's secretive development. The chronicle 1148: 7036: 2354: 2215: 2013:

school. Muneyoshi's grandson, Jubei Muneyoshi, told tales of his grandfather's status as a ninja.

1589: 1417:, although it ended in failure. There is a record that there is an assassination attempt were on 1317: 1092: 982: 448:. During this time, there are some definitive terms to classify their activities such as spying ( 445: 198: 3944: 2672: 1451:

In 1603, a group of ninja from Iga clan led by Miura Yo'emon were assigned under the command of

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Japan: its history, traditions, and religions: With the narrative of a visit in 1879, Volume 2

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evolved to describe what would later be dubbed ninja. The first known English use of the word

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Invisible armor: An Introduction to the Esoteric Dimension of Japan's Classical Warrior Arts

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Japanese capitals in historical perspective: place, power and memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo

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or "fallen warrior hunter" groups has emerged. these groups were disenfranchised peasant or

2370: 2267: 2168: 1614: 1518: 1161:, nested in secluded mountains, gave rise to villages specialized in the training of ninja. 580: 500: 212: 6402: 1512: 1500: 1410:

In an undisclosed time, a ninja named Hachisuka Tenzō was sent by Nobunaga to assassinate

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Satake, Akihiro; Yasumada, Hideo; Kudō, Rikio; Ōtani, Masao; Yamazaki, Yoshiyuki (2003),

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Yorozu yo ni / Kokoro ha tokete / Waga seko ga / Tsumishi te mitsutsu / Shinobi kanetsumo

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were allowed to employ ninja or shinobi. In the two centuries that followed, a number of

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As the siege went on, the extreme shortage of food later reduced the defenders to eating

1533: 1433: 1226: 418: 284:), which make up the form of kanji for "woman" (女). In fiction written in the modern era 87: 62: 6898: 4411: 3800: 1422: 272:

which means "woman"; it supposedly comes from the characters くノ一 (respectively hiragana

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has no place in modern times. Instead, Kawakami serves as the honorary director of the

2223: 2105: 1948: 1898: 1863: 1707:, though the role of espionage was transferred to newly created organizations like the 1704: 1463: 1418: 1394: 1196: 330:

Despite many popular folktales, historical accounts of the ninja are scarce. Historian

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Lecture No. 4: "The Samurai Powers in the Kinai (Capital Region) and Iga" – (2nd term)

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manuals published by his descendants have led some sources to define him as a ninja.

1267: 1054: 7592: 7368: 4487:. Translated by Atsuko Oda. Mie University Faculty of Humanities, Law and Economics 4463: 4451: 4090: 2922: 2460: 2404: 2305: 2255: 2143: 2138:, including the ninja Benkei Musō (弁慶夢想). Musō is thought to be the same person as 2042: 1985: 1765: 1722: 1542: 1184: 816:

were common, and were tied to the belt. A collapsible ladder is illustrated in the

4821:. Translated by Atsuko Oda. Mie University Facultyof Humanities, Law and Economics 3131: 2262:, decided against passing on his teaching to any student, stating that the art of 2016: 1550: 1532:

A final but detailed record of ninja employed in open warfare occurred during the

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In 1571, a Kōka ninja Sugitani Zenjubō attempted to assassinate Nobunaga with two

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appears in the written record as far back as the late 8th century in poems in the

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sometimes describe them as ninja, but there is little evidence for these claims.

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seal, which allows him to transform into a giant rat. Woodblock print on paper.

2072:

Fujibayashi Nagato (16th century): considered to be one of three "greatest" Iga

2010: 1928: 1755: 1613:

Suspecting that the castle's supplies might be running low, the siege commander

1570: 767: 677:: The practice of curling into a ball and remaining motionless to appear like a 568:

gives an account of a coordinated team of infiltrators, who usually made use of

409: 388:(万川集海), there are 48 points of ninja's fighting techniques, such as how to make 174: 7782: 7315: 7103: 7064: 6653: 6201: 5501: 4339: 4258: 4240: 3307: 3182: 2930: 2619: 2555: 2554:. Such magical powers stories were believed to be the works in the ninja's own 2376: 2290: 2282: 2275: 2244: 2135: 2131: 2095: 2089: 2000: 1981: 1965: 1875: 1825: 1775: 1558: 1504: 1488: 1445: 1414: 1176: 1128: 910: 813: 798: 678: 622: 606: 453: 313: 134: 127: 7001: 6838: 2301: 7776: 7532: 7255: 7108: 5312: 4094: 2539: 2535: 2101: 1815: 1785: 1456: 1361: 1301: 1289: 1259: 1040: 432: 307:

It was believed the espionage activities of Ninja were attributed to Chinese

255: 37: 7493: 6015:

Classical weaponry of Japan: special weapons and tactics of the martial arts

2337:, which was meant to contrast with the use of swords by onstage samurai. In 1835: 1678:

era. To earn a living, ninja had to be employed by the governments of their

7599: 7308: 7227: 7123: 7113: 7093: 6599: 6265:

Religion in Japan: arrows to heaven and earth, article 1: Notes on the kuji

6197: 6132: 5889:

The first samurai: the life and legend of the warrior rebel, Taira Masakado

5626:"Copy of legendary book on art of ninja found at shrine in west Japan city" 4398:

Akira Imatani"Practice of attacking fallen warriors"; 2000; p.153 chapter 4

3862: 3180: 2854: 2798: 2571: 2531: 2523: 2444: 2410: 2109: 2066: 2036: 1996: 1805: 1619: 1508: 1471: 1373: 1278: 1230: 1172: 1158: 1116: 1023: 667:

over water to conceal underwater movement. Falls under "water techniques" (

610: 534:

martial qualities of even the most menial task. These factors show how the

423: 144: 6965: 6479: 6334: 5523: 2226:

forces. The uncovered flat throwing stones are likely predecessors of the

1271: 1144: 1079: 403: 7706: 7641: 7262: 7248: 7241: 6795: 6575: 6560: 6524: 6509: 6494: 6379: 5884: 2310: 1693: 1607: 1602: 1554: 1441: 1304:. One of the most prominent members was Fujibayashi Yasumasa, son of the 1296:. Prior to the conquest of Kōka in 1574, the two confederacies worked in 550: 480:

rank ("middle person"), whose task was to be a personal assistant to the

436: 6958: 6673: 6088:

Encyclopedia of Japan: Japanese History and Culture, from Abacus to Zori

3446:

Ninja: Ancient Shadow Warriors of Japan (The Secret History of Ninjutsu)

3142:

is 志乃備, its meaning and characters are unrelated to the later mercenary

2585: 1934: 1336:

groups across the route. During this journey, Tokugawa generals such as

556: 431:

Later in history, the Kōga ninja would become regarded as agents of the

7685: 7546: 7465: 7340: 7301: 7088: 6891: 6817: 6722: 5982: 4590:

Ninja Ancient Shadow Warriors of Japan (The Secret History of Ninjutsu)

4563: 4083:"Reenacting Japan's Past That Never Was: The Ninja in Tourism and Larp" 2826: 2781: 2614: 2551: 2519: 2187: 2104:(1536–1571): a powerful Kōka samurai ninja who in 1568 allied with the 1992:

Daizenboh who helped Kumawakamaru's revenge was Suppa, a kind of ninja.

1743: 1685: 1680: 1496: 1480: 1467: 1437: 1390: 1337: 1028: 925: 729: 664: 625:

and hoisted it to next day to demoralize Kanetsugu's army in the war.

539: 496: 414: 7560: 7507: 7057: 7008: 6905: 6708: 6666: 2210:

A copy of the legendary 40-page book called "Kanrinseiyo" made in 1748

2035:(1558–1594): Goemon reputedly tried to drip poison from a thread into 1475: 901: 649:: The practice of climbing a tree and camouflaging oneself within the 247: 239: 130:, although antecedents may have existed as early as the 12th century. 7727: 7634: 7553: 7444: 7322: 7287: 7153: 7050: 6870: 6863: 6750: 4087:

Reenactment Case Studies: Global Perspectives on Experiential History

3254:

Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies

2764: 2713: 2579: 2450: 2231: 2219: 1989: 1674: 1238: 1167: 701: 598: 584: 492: 396: 390: 139: 119: 107: 99: 7354: 7220: 6715: 6435:

Takeda Shinobi Hiden: Unveiling Takeda Shingen's Secret Ninja Legacy

6263:

Waterhouse, David (1996), Peter F. Kornicki; James McMullen (eds.),

6107:

Secrets of the samurai: a survey of the martial arts of feudal Japan

4474: 1884: 1328:. However, their journey was very dangerous due to the existence of 909:

appeared in a booklet by Heishichirō Okuse in 1956. Ninja also used

723: 7720: 7671: 7659: 7574: 7458: 7234: 7146: 6884: 6877: 6773: 6701: 5909:

The analysis of performance art: a guide to its theory and practice

2877: 2862: 2746: 2729: 2679: 2591: 2511: 2330: 2329:, stagehands meant to be ignored by the audience; and their use of 2286: 2227: 2025: 1922: 1854: 1713: 1398: 1282: 1237:

chronicle, where those Kōka set fire to its towers, and killed the

1140: 1067: 963: 942: 919: 841: 804: 717: 712: 569: 508: 465: 359: 264: 7713: 7692: 7407: 7393: 6937: 6736: 6680: 6206:

Buddhas and kami in Japan: honji suijaku as a combinatory paradigm

4647: 2938: 707: 691: 7699: 7606: 7500: 7414: 7294: 7188: 7174: 6951: 6856: 6694: 5669: 2897: 2506: 2382: 2164: 1127:

generals hired three Iga ninja during the capture of a castle in

833: 772:

Although it is commonly believed that the ninja wore black garb (

617:

in the capturing of enemy banners can be seen illustrated in the

318: 164:

in the 17th century, the ninja faded into obscurity. A number of

6994: 4481:

Yamada Yuji (2017). "7. Tokugawa Ieyasu's passing through Iga".

2092:(16th century): a purported Iga ninja during the Sengoku period. 1049:, Takeru disguised as woman and assassinated two leaders of the 172:, were written in the 17th and 18th centuries, most notably the 7627: 7620: 7539: 7437: 7361: 7269: 7195: 7167: 7160: 7022: 6944: 6930: 6687: 6605: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4499: 3917:

More Secrets of the Ninja: Their Training, Tools and Techniques

2562:) that he had the ability to transform into birds and animals. 2527: 2438: 2422: 2416: 2348:

medium also growing during 1960-1970s, with the series such as

2338: 2322: 2058: 1969: 1860: 1538: 1470:, a newly established domain which covered portions of Iga and 1277:

persisted until 1574, when it was forced to become a vassal of

1204: 1050: 1045: 1005: 1001: 888: 862: 825: 821: 762: 538:

established among the ninja class the fundamental principle of

488: 323: 5929:

Martial arts of the world: an encyclopedia, Volume 2: Ninjutsu

1039:

was attributed retrospectively to 2nd-century prince of Japan

899:. There is no known historical information about the straight 499:, a general of Tokugawa who was injured by gunfire during the 181: 7567: 7451: 7347: 6831: 6729: 2500:

Actor portraying Nikki Danjō, a villain from the kabuki play

2472: 2455: 2433: 2345: 2297:

did ninja studies and trained martial arts in the afternoon.

1321: 1218: 1153: 914: 829: 207: 186: 115: 16:

Covert agent, mercenary, or guerrilla warrior in feudal Japan

7400: 7386: 4861: 3887:

Ninja Attack!: True Tales of Assassins, Samurai, and Outlaws

1397:. During his rule, Yoshimune was known for establishing the 601:. These tactics were considered abhorrent by members of the 7472: 7181: 6912: 2566: 1912: 1643: 1581: 952: 650: 427:) to instruct on the ideal time for taking certain actions. 6646: 6472:

Hisshō no heihō ninjutsu no kenkyū: gendai o ikinuku michi

4505: 3606: 1703:

Many former ninja were employed as security guards by the

5571:"Japan university awards first-ever ninja studies degree" 3719: 3717: 3715: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3379: 3377: 3331: 1487:

In 1614, The Iga province warriors saw action during the

994:, Ashikaga Mitsuuji is approached unknowingly by a ninja. 621:, in which a ninja once stole the banner of samurai lord 6157:

Takagi, Ichinosuke; Gomi, Tomohide; Ōno, Susumu (1962),

5565: 5563: 4250:

Lecture No.2: Activities of Igashu in the Sengoku Period

4123: 3582: 3580: 3578: 1995:

Kumawaka (the 16th century): a suppa (ninja) who served

1618:

descended from those involved in the 1562 assault on an

506:

The skill sets of ninja agents known in modern times as

157:– "revolts" or "leagues" – as a means of self-defense. 126:. They often appear in the historical record during the 6138: 5467: 5118: 5015:

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4996:

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4255:

Conference with the Cooperation of Iga on Ninja Culture

4237:

Conference with the Cooperation of Iga on Ninja Culture

3126: 1004:

plays. In Japanese theatre, ninja are often dressed as

6400: 5709: 5593:"Japan university to set up ninja research facilities" 4939:

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4620: 4535:"(Editorial) Regarding the original of Ietada's diary" 4188: 4186: 3907: 3877: 3712: 3642: 3487: 3485: 3394: 3392: 3374: 2331: 2323: 2186:

The image of the ninja entered popular culture in the

1968:

escapes his pursuers by swinging across the moat on a

1888:

and government officials. The secretive nature of the

1266:, when Nobunaga was inspecting Iga province after the 1006: 971: 964: 6066: 6048: 5560: 5481:(in Japanese). The Sankei Shimbun. 2018. pp. 1–4 4714: 4586: 4113: 4111: 3594:(in Japanese). The Sankei Shimbun. 2018. pp. 1–3 3575: 2167:

battles a giant python with the help of his summoned

5697: 5546:"'Last Ninja' Becomes University Ninjutsu Professor" 5524:"Study/Circles｜Ninja Iga-ryu - Iga-ryu Ninja Museum" 5272: 5270: 5106: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5055: 5053: 5028: 5026: 4789: 4623:

Samurai An Encyclopedia of Japan's Cultured Warriors

4409: 2844: 2201: 1258:, attempted to assassinate Nobunaga by infiltrating 592:

briefly describes the ninja's role in espionage, as

6357:

Edojō oniwaban : Tokugawa Shōgun no mimi to me

6141:

Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Man'yōshū Volume 4

5832:

Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan

5294: 5282: 5255: 4526: 4304: 4268: 4183: 3734: 3732: 3690: 3688: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3449:. North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing. pp. 3421: 3419: 3389: 3220: 3218: 3085: 2960: 2958: 1348:fought their way through raids and harassment from 1078:(16th century) —a diary written by abbot Eishun of 335:accounts is also demonstrated in war epics such as 36:Drawing of the archetypical ninja from a series of 6031:Morton, William Scott; Olenik, J. Kenneth (2004), 5906: 5502:"BBC News – Japan's ninjas heading for extinction" 4958:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFKenji_Fukui2018 ( 4920:harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFKenji_Fukui2018 ( 4292: 4108: 3404: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3185:) (April 2017). "くのいちとは何か". In 吉丸雄哉、山田雄司編 (ed.). 2595:schools, where it was said to have many purposes. 2236:Saitama Prefectural Museum of History and Folklore 1882:were agents involved in collecting information on 1057:in the 6th century. An adolescent espionage agent 783:, including concealable types of armour made with 19:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 6325:Fujibayashi, Masatake; Nakajima, Atsumi. (1996). 5419: 5267: 5243: 5094: 5077: 5065: 5050: 5038: 5023: 4561: 4135: 3861:. Japan: Ninja Lurking in History. Archived from 3630: 3546: 3544: 3347: 3345: 3282: 1700:era, although their precise numbers are unknown. 1311: 525:with each its own unique characteristic for each 400:that prevents guard dogs from barking, and more. 7774: 5453:"430-year-old ninja weapons possibly identified" 5010: 4991: 4972: 4928: 4896: 4878:(in Japanese). Rekishi Kaido Promotional Council 4776: 4757: 4738: 4696: 4684: 4653: 4626:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 2019. p. 203. 4532: 4210: 4171: 4159: 3780: 3756: 3744: 3729: 3700: 3685: 3618: 3556: 3524: 3497: 3467: 3416: 3215: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3042: 3040: 2976: 2955: 1405: 1292:, but others escaped to enter the service under 6537:. Barnsley, S. Yorkshire, UK: Frontline Books. 6196: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5366: 5354: 5130: 4934: 4316: 4147: 3792: 3517:, an alternate reading for the same title. The 3357: 3270: 3230: 2069:. Momochi is also a branch of the Hattori clan. 6159:Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Man'yōshū Volume 4 6104: 6033:Japan: its history and culture, fourth edition 5769:Bunch, Bryan H.; Hellemans, Alexander (2004), 5768: 5378: 5342: 4403: 4375: 4347: 4322: 4280: 3829:"10 Stealthy Ninja Tools You Haven't Heard Of" 3661: 3550: 3541: 3351: 3342: 3209: 3203: 2542:, splitting images, the summoning of animals ( 2214:Between 1960 and 2010 artifacts dating to the 2039:'s mouth through a hiding spot in the ceiling, 1536:(1637–1638). The Kōga ninja were recruited by 1061:was executed for spying against the insurgent 560:(1681), detailing a list of possible disguises 514: 6632: 6156: 5753:Encyclopedia of contemporary Japanese culture 4720: 4565:家康家臣の戦と日常松平家忠日記をよむ (角川ソフィア文庫) Kindle Edition 4381: 4353: 4198: 4059: 3974: 3962: 3673: 3166:, 4th ed.; Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). 3110: 3052: 3037: 3013: 1696:continued to employ their own ninja into the 1360:gangs. As they reached Kada, an area between 791:that could have been worn by ninja including 6030: 5847: 5670:Robert Squillace; Angela Jane Weisl (2024). 5646: 5611: 5431: 5124: 4047: 3768: 3723: 3655: 3612: 3383: 3066:, p. 358; based on different readings, 2925:, and Ishikawa Tadashi, assistant professor 905:pre-20th century. The first photograph of a 865:, although this may have been less stable. 5997:The Taiheiki: A Chronicle of Medieval Japan 5848:Draeger, Donn F.; Smith, Robert W. (1981), 5788: 5401:"嬉野忍者調査結果弁慶夢想（べんけいむそう）【武術家・山伏 / 江戸時代初期】" 5395: 5393: 4953: 4915: 4814: 4800:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNakayama2015 ( 4480: 4386:. 新人物往来社. pp. 152–153, 157–158, ､167. 4129: 2970: 2023:. His ancestry in Iga province, along with 861:, also existed in the form of a flat round 6639: 6625: 6262: 5991: 5865: 5715: 5585: 5450: 5300: 5288: 5171: 5169: 4117: 4007:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2574:" falls squarely in the realm of fantasy. 2344:The growing popularity of Ninja ethics in 1421:, although it was thwarted. A ninja named 1241:along with 200 defenders of the garrison. 5944: 5261: 4445: 4443: 4441: 3913: 3798: 3521:cited here is a much more common reading. 2921:According to Imatani Akira, professor of 2009:(1529–1606): a renowned swordsman of the 1736:Ninja employed in each domain, Edo period 849:was derived from the native name for the 736: 727:, a mendicant monk known for playing the 6530: 6298: 6242: 6221: 5962: 5813:The enemy within: a history of espionage 5703: 5475:"「忍者の日」に歴史的和解…「伊賀ＶＳ甲賀」はアニメや小説が創りあげた虚構！？" 5425: 5390: 5276: 5112: 5100: 5088: 5071: 5059: 5044: 5032: 4795: 4702: 4690: 4298: 4274: 4228: 4216: 4192: 4177: 4165: 4153: 4132:, pp. 249–253; Volume 2, section 80 4021: 3920:. Tokyo: DH Publishing Inc. p. 95. 3786: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3706: 3694: 3636: 3624: 3569: 3535: 3510: 3491: 3476: 3442: 3425: 3398: 3368: 3288: 3276: 3236: 3224: 3031: 2964: 2495: 2234:caltrops. Archeologist Iwata Akihiro of 2205: 2159: 1960: 1601: 1522:Ninja historic illustration, Meiwa era, 1517: 1152: 1022: 797: 740: 549: 402: 254:was uncommon, and a variety of regional 180: 31: 6174: 6105:Ratti, Oscar; Westbrook, Adele (1991), 6084: 5980: 5750: 5249: 5166: 4310: 4076: 4074: 3883: 3251: 2933:a particularly dangerous groups called 476:rank ("upper person"), followed by the 363:techniques, in short are the skills of 7775: 6647:Japanese weapons, armour and equipment 6281:Yamada, Yūji (2019), Yōko Ymda (ed.), 6280: 6051:Unsolved Mysteries of Japanese History 5904: 5883: 5809: 5794:The Kojiki: records of ancient matters 5640: 5237: 5225: 5213: 5201: 5160: 5148: 5136: 4438: 4358:(in Japanese). 学研プラス. pp. 218–9. 4141: 3914:Bull, Brett; Kuroi, Hiromitsu (2008). 3801:"7 Things you didn't know about Ninja" 3667: 3019: 2491: 2274:as a specially appointed professor at 1906:was considered as profession, as only 933:explosives were also reportedly used. 6620: 6069:Zuketsu Rekishi no Igai na Ketsumatsu 5926: 5732: 5407:from the original on 14 February 2019 5384: 5372: 5360: 5348: 4839: 4726: 4286: 4246: 4065: 3992: 3980: 3968: 3799:Runnebaum, Achim (22 February 2016). 3513:, p. 17; Turnbull uses the name 3438: 3436: 3434: 3410: 3247: 3245: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3120: 3104: 3063: 3046: 2149: 2019:(1542–1596): a samurai serving under 1466:was assigned by Ieyasu to control of 1320:to escape the enemies of Nobunaga in 1165:The Iga and Kōga ninja were actually 1134: 1106:employed a squad of 48 ninja to burn 521:comprised a variety of espionage and 384:(間林清陽) which is the original book of 93: 68: 6122: 5866:Fiévé, Nicolas; Waley, Paul (2003), 5829: 5676:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 56. 4833: 4818:THE NINJA BOOK: The New Mansenshukai 4484:THE NINJA BOOK: The New Mansenshukai 4449: 4327:(in Japanese). 岩波書店. p. 29･30. 4204: 4080: 4071: 3679: 1251:In 1573, Manabe Rokurō, a vassal of 1183:named after a village in modern day 6451: 6432: 6012: 5183:from the original on 20 August 2018 4506:Kenshiro Kawanishi (川西賢志郎) (2023). 4053: 3774: 1389:record which circulated during the 808:, showing a tool for breaking locks 757:(chain armour) concealed underneath 13: 6409:Ninja of the Warring States Period 6318: 5499: 3431: 3303:甲賀で忍術書の原典発見番犬に吠えられない呪術も「間林清陽」48カ条 3242: 3169: 1958:Some well known examples include: 1561:. A diary kept by a member of the 1233:. This assault is recorded in the 923:as weapons, The chain and sickle ( 681:. Falls under "earth techniques" ( 14: 7824: 6583: 6370:Hokinoichi, Hanawa. (1923–1933). 5850:Comprehensive Asian fighting arts 5599:from the original on 26 June 2020 4593:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 65. 4514:(in Japanese). The Sankei Shimbun 3113:, p. 191; the full poem is " 2316: 2202:Modern era historical evaluations 2142:(伝林坊頼慶), the Chinese disciple of 2112:, at which point he relocated to 1444:'s ninja infiltrated the camp of 653:. Falls under "wood techniques" ( 6604: 5663: 5595:. Telangana Today. 11 May 2017. 5573:. AFP, Yahoo! News. 26 June 2020 5538: 5516: 5493: 5330: 5318: 5306: 5231: 5219: 5207: 5195: 5177:"嬉野に忍者３人いた！江戸初期－幕末市が委託調査氏名も特定" 5154: 5142: 5004: 4985: 4966: 4947: 4909: 4508:"「伊賀越え」同行忍者の経歴判明家康と足利義昭の二重スパイか" 4468:10.24707/aichikenshikenkyu.9.0_1 3945:"Bujinkan Budo Taijutsu Weapons" 3884:Yoda, Hiroko; Alt, Matt (2013). 2888:Order of Musashi Shinobi Samurai 2847: 2819: 2807: 2790: 2773: 2756: 2739: 2722: 2705: 2688: 2671: 2656: 2641: 2626: 2605: 1941: 1663:Entry: 24th day of the 2nd month 1637:Entry: 27th day of the 1st month 1071:recorded many ninja activities. 1065:. Later, 14th century chronicle 1018: 981: 951: 234:. The underlying connotation of 168:manuals, often based on Chinese 67:'one who is invisible'; 7425:Projectile and throwing weapons 6502:Ninjutsu: sono rekishi to ninja 6411:] (in Japanese). Kadokawa. 6401:Masaru Hirayama (平山優 ) (1964). 6329:. Tokyo: Shinjinbutsu Ōraisha. 5725: 5500:Oi, Mariko (23 November 2012). 5451:Owen Jarus (14 February 2022). 4890: 4808: 4770: 4751: 4732: 4708: 4555: 4222: 4015: 3986: 3937: 3847: 3821: 3318: 3294: 3149: 3001:from the original on 6 May 2012 2915: 2222:failed to save the castle from 1597:Entry: 6th day of the 1st month 204:Early Middle Chinese–influenced 7803:Mercenary units and formations 6267:, Cambridge University Press, 6181:The Cambridge history of Japan 6067:Nihon Hakugaku Kurabu (2004), 6049:Nihon Hakugaku Kurabu (2006), 5735:Ninja: The Invisible Assassins 5632:. 21 June 2022. Archived from 5548:. Crunchyroll. 31 January 2012 4587:Kacem Zoughari, Ph.D. (2013). 4416:(in Japanese). 春秋社. p. 65 3997:. Osaka, Kinki Nippon Tetsudō. 3334:. 19 June 2022. Archived from 3310:. 19 June 2022. Archived from 3256:. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 3025: 2518:Ninja were depicted with some 2061:, as well as espionage skills. 1910:with an income of over 10,000 1312:Tokugawa Ieyasu's Iga crossing 857:). Similar footwear, known as 114:. They were often employed in 1: 6566:Yamaguchi, Masayuki. (1968). 6517:Ninpō: sono hiden to jitsurei 6474:. Tokyo: Nichibō Shuppansha. 6374:. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. 5775:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 5737:, Black Belt Communications, 5647:Casey Baseel (27 June 2022). 4410:Mitsuhisa Takayanagi (1958). 4342:"History of Japanese Farmers" 3588:"服部半蔵は「不本意な忍者の最終形態」、三重大教授が論考" 3327:忍者の里甲賀市で忍術書の基となった書の写本初めて見つかる 2948: 2927:University of Central Florida 2479:Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu 2258:, the last authentic heir of 2230:. The clay caltrops preceded 2176: 1902:law on military service, The 1569:, relates: "Men from Kōga in 1523: 1495:, and Yamaoka Kagetsuge, and 1455:of Ii Naomasa, the daimyo of 1406:Further activities after 1582 1195:, a historical record of the 785:Kusari (Japanese mail armour) 250:) means "a person". The word 143:clans of peasant-warriors in 98:) was an infiltration agent, 7525:Improvised and other weapons 6515:Okuse, Heishichirō. (1964). 6500:Okuse, Heishichirō. (1967). 6385:Ishikawa, Masatomo. (1982). 6035:, McGraw-Hill Professional, 5673:Medievalisms in a Global Age 3181:吉丸雄哉（associate professor of 3163:American Heritage Dictionary 2908: 2485:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2482:) and American comic books ( 2171:. Woodblock print on paper. 1972:. Woodblock print on paper. 1896:as "ninja". In 1649 record 1553:, who made a final stand at 855:Argyroneta aquatica japonica 135:Japan's warring state period 7: 7762:Military equipment of Japan 6551:Watatani, Kiyoshi. (1972). 6519:. Tokyo: Jinbutsu Ōraisha. 6504:. Tokyo: Jinbutsu Ōraisha. 6489:. Tokyo: Jinbutsu Ōraisha. 6456:. Eibusha. pp. 1–160. 6437:. Eibusha. pp. 1–192. 6123:Reed, Edward James (1880), 5963:Kawakami, Jin'ichi (2016), 5834:, Oxford University Press, 3993:Okuse, Heishichirō (1956). 3111:Takagi, Gomi & Ōno 1962 2903: 2840: 2814:Various concealable weapons 2332: 2324: 1859:In the early 18th century, 1846: 1308:from the Fujibayashi clan. 1179:) and the nearby region of 1007: 972: 965: 663:: The practice of throwing 302: 10: 7829: 7798:Japanese words and phrases 6531:Turnbull, Stephen (2017). 6246:Warriors of Medieval Japan 6243:Turnbull, Stephen (2007), 6071:, PHP Research Institute, 6053:, PHP Research Institute, 5987:. Vol. 29. 伊賀百筆編集委員会. 5949:, PHP Research Institute, 4715:Nihon Hakugaku Kurabu 2006 4562:Morimoto Masahiro (1999). 4229:Nakagawa, Takaaki (2015). 3551:Ratti & Westbrook 1991 3352:Ratti & Westbrook 1991 3210:Ratti & Westbrook 1991 2868:Modern schools of ninjutsu 2768:, chain and weight weapons 2598: 2153: 1999:(1504– 1565), a vassal of 1852: 1459:under Tokugawa shogunate. 1393:during the rule of Shogun 1138: 940: 936: 545: 216:reading, it is pronounced 92:'one who sneaks'; 18: 7813:Pre-modern special forces 7737: 7651: 7584: 7524: 7482: 7424: 7378: 7332: 7279: 7205: 7136: 7081: 6984: 6975: 6922: 6848: 6809: 6760: 6661: 6652: 6534:Ninja: Unmasking the Myth 6387:Shinobi no sato no kiroku 6342:Saigo no Ninja Dorondoron 6327:Shōninki: Ninjutsu densho 6085:Perkins, Dorothy (1991), 5945:Kawaguchi, Sunao (2008), 5927:Green, Thomas A. (2001), 5830:Deal, William E. (2007), 4663:. Pen & Sword Books. 4533:Masahiko Iwasawa (1968). 4027:Ninja: Unmasking the Myth 3157:Oxford English Dictionary 2977:Stephen Turnbull (2003). 2893:Pre-modern special forces 2156:Ninjas in popular culture 1734: 1627:. The Ukai diary writes, 1059:Hasetsukabe no Koharumaru 991:Nise Murasaki Inaka Genji 960:Sakura doki onna gyoretsu 515: 268:(くノ一) is, originally, an 82: 57: 44:on paper. Vol. six, 1817. 7757:National Treasure swords 6359:. Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha. 6355:Fukai, Masaumi. (1992). 6299:Frederic, Louis (2002), 5905:Howell, Anthony (1999), 5755:, Taylor & Francis, 5751:Buckley, Sandra (2002), 5125:Morton & Olenik 2004 4660:Ninja Unmasking the Myth 4095:10.4324/9780429445668-10 4081:Kamm, Björn-Ole (2022). 3855:"Communication of ninja" 3724:Draeger & Smith 1981 3656:Draeger & Smith 1981 3613:Draeger & Smith 1981 3443:Zoughari, Kacem (2010). 3384:Draeger & Smith 1981 3326: 3302: 2546:), and control over the 2504:. Shown with hands in a 1462:In 1608, a daimyo named 1216:independence from their 749:(travel cape) and cloth 25:Shinobi (disambiguation) 6555:. Tokyo: Akita Shoten. 6340:Fujita, Seiko. (2004). 6285:, Chiyoda,Tokyo: G.B., 6283:Sengoku Shinobi no Sahō 6175:Tatsuya, Tsuji (1991), 5993:McCullough, Helen Craig 5790:Chamberlain, Basil Hall 4323:Fujiki Hisashi (2005). 2548:five classical elements 2216:Siege of Odawara (1590) 1870:("garden keepers"), an 1658:(outer bailey) ... 7280:Chain and rope weapons 5810:Crowdy, Terry (2006), 5733:Adams, Andrew (1970), 5011:Stephen Turnbull (2012 4992:Stephen Turnbull (2012 4973:Stephen Turnbull (2008 4897:Stephen Turnbull (2008 4777:Stephen Turnbull (2012 4758:Stephen Turnbull (2008 4739:Stephen Turnbull (2012 4413:戦国戦記本能寺の変・山崎の戦 (1958年) 4382:Akira Imatani (1993). 4370:Tadashi Ishikawa quote 4354:Kirino Sakuto (2001). 3252:Axelrod, Alan (2015). 2873:Ninja Museum of Igaryu 2666:, iron climbing cleats 2651:, iron climbing cleats 2515: 2476:), Western animation ( 2211: 2183: 1977: 1953:Minamoto no Yoshitsune 1666: 1640: 1610: 1600: 1529: 1162: 1032: 809: 758: 737:Tools & weaponries 561: 428: 407:This diagram from the 373: 288:means "female ninja". 220:, a shortened form of 190: 45: 21:Ninja (disambiguation) 7206:Samurai accoutrements 7119:Mail and plate armour 6485:Nawa. Yumio. (1967). 6470:Nawa, Yumio. (1972). 6249:, Osprey Publishing, 6229:, Osprey Publishing, 6109:, Tuttle Publishing, 5999:, Tuttle Publishing, 5816:, Osprey Publishing, 5796:, Tuttle Publishing, 4935:Iwata Nishizawa (1917 4844:. Chuokoron-Shinsha. 4356:真説本能寺 (学研M文庫 R き 2-2) 4247:Kenji, Kasai (2012). 3890:. Tuttle Publishing. 2565:The ninja's usage of 2499: 2209: 2163: 1964: 1648: 1629: 1605: 1578: 1521: 1156: 1026: 1000:Two prints depicting 970:is attended by three 886:Ninja often used the 851:Japanese water spider 801: 744: 615:psychological warfare 553: 406: 355: 347:The Tale of the Heike 184: 35: 7808:Obsolete occupations 7333:Clubs and truncheons 6613:at Wikimedia Commons 6570:. Tokyo: Yūzankaku. 6553:Bugei ryūha hyakusen 6344:. Tokyo: Shinpūsha. 5947:Super Ninja Retsuden 4840:Oishi, Gaku (2020). 4815:Yuji Yamada (2017). 3092:Origin of word Ninja 2785:, a chain and sickle 2751:, with linen flights 2683:, iron climbing hook 2583:passed onto certain 2371:Revenge of the Ninja 2268:Iga-ryu Ninja Museum 1717:. Others used their 1615:Matsudaira Nobutsuna 1432:In 1600, during the 1306:Fujibayashi Yasutoyo 1181:Kōka District, Shiga 1087:. They captured the 581:infiltration tactics 210:"忍者". In the native 185:The word "ninja" in 6849:Polearms and spears 6452:Mol, Serge (2008). 6433:Mol, Serge (2016). 6389:. Tokyo: Suiyōsha. 6303:, Belknap Harvard, 6208:, RoutledgeCurzon, 6013:Mol, Serge (2003), 5630:Mainichi Daily News 5315:Sado Tourist Bureau 3949:Online Martial Arts 3129:, p. 108; the 2589:(martial arts) and 2492:Legendary abilities 2051:is named after him. 1872:intelligence agency 1534:Shimabara Rebellion 1434:Sekigahara Campaign 1227:Battle of Okehazama 1225:In 1560, after the 291:By the time of the 170:military philosophy 38:sketches by Hokusai 7788:Combat occupations 6810:Knives and daggers 6301:Japan Encyclopedia 6227:Ninja AD 1460–1650 6161:, Iwanami Shoten, 6143:, Iwanami Shoten, 5216:, pp. 178–179 5204:, pp. 174–175 5163:, pp. 188–189 5151:, pp. 176–177 4842:江戸五百藩-ご当地藩のすべてがわかる 3859:Ninja Encyclopedia 3835:. 28 February 2017 3615:, pp. 128–129 3413:, pp. 359–360 3127:Satake et al. 2003 3097:2011-05-02 at the 2980:Ninja Ad 1460–1650 2883:Order of Assassins 2560:Okufuji Monogatari 2516: 2300:In 2022, on June, 2224:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 2212: 2184: 2150:In popular culture 2106:Ashikaga shogunate 1978: 1949:Kusunoki Masashige 1899:Tokugawa shogunate 1864:Tokugawa Yoshimune 1705:Tokugawa shogunate 1611: 1530: 1453:Red Demon brigades 1419:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1395:Tokugawa Yoshimune 1387:Iga-sha yuishogaki 1197:Ashikaga shogunate 1163: 1135:Iga and Kōga clans 1099:(second bailey). 1033: 810: 759: 605:class. During the 562: 529:school. Some view 429: 419:esoteric cosmology 351:(Heike Monogatari) 342:(Hōgen Monogatari) 191: 162:Tokugawa shogunate 124:military deception 46: 7793:Japanese warriors 7770: 7769: 7666:Edo period police 7132: 7131: 6989:Auxiliary armours 6805: 6804: 6609:Media related to 6595:Samurai and Ninja 6568:Ninja no seikatsu 6544:978-1-4738-5042-2 6463:978-90-813361-0-9 6444:978-90-813361-3-0 6418:978-4-04-082359-1 6395:978-4-88066-110-0 6365:978-4-12-101073-5 6350:978-4-7974-9488-4 6292:978-4-906993-76-5 6274:978-0-521-55028-4 6256:978-1-84603-220-2 6236:978-1-84176-525-9 6223:Turnbull, Stephen 6215:978-0-415-29747-9 6190:978-0-521-22355-3 6177:John Whitney Hall 6116:978-0-8048-1684-7 6098:978-0-8160-1934-2 6091:, Facts on File, 6078:978-4-569-64061-7 6060:978-4-569-65652-6 6042:978-0-07-141280-3 6024:978-4-7700-2941-6 6006:978-0-8048-3538-1 5974:978-4-04-082106-1 5956:978-4-569-67073-7 5938:978-1-57607-150-2 5920:978-90-5755-085-0 5898:978-0-471-76082-5 5877:978-0-7007-1409-4 5859:978-0-87011-436-6 5841:978-0-19-533126-4 5823:978-1-84176-933-2 5803:978-0-8048-3675-3 5782:978-0-618-22123-3 5762:978-0-415-14344-8 5744:978-0-89750-030-2 5463:on 11 March 2022. 4954:Kenji Fukui (2018 4916:Kenji Fukui (2018 4875:254: 藤堂藩を裏で支えた無足人 4040:978-1-4738-5042-2 4023:Turnbull, Stephen 3927:978-1-932897-51-7 3897:978-1-4629-0882-0 3460:978-0-8048-3927-3 3263:978-1-4833-6467-4 3196:978-4-585-22151-7 3070:is also known as 2994:978-1-84176-525-9 2985:Osprey Publishing 2467:Ninja Hattori-kun 2429:Ghost of Tsushima 2055:Mochizuki Chiyome 1988:, not ninja. The 1878:. Members of the 1844: 1843: 1513:Battle of Tennōji 1501:Battle of Tennōji 1427:Sanada Ten Braves 1370:Ashikaga Yoshiaki 1298:alliance together 1246:Tanegashima (gun) 1149:Iga–Kōka alliance 1104:Rokkaku Yoshikata 1063:Taira no Masakado 745:Antique Japanese 695:, and monks. The 501:Sekigahara battle 338:The Tale of Hōgen 309:military strategy 293:Meiji Restoration 224:(忍びの者). The word 147:and the adjacent 104:guerrilla warfare 91: 70:[ɲiꜜɲdʑa] 66: 7820: 7747:Weapons of Japan 6982: 6981: 6923:Practice weapons 6899:Torimono sandōgu 6659: 6658: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6618: 6617: 6608: 6548: 6467: 6448: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6313: 6295: 6277: 6259: 6239: 6218: 6193: 6171: 6153: 6135: 6119: 6101: 6081: 6063: 6045: 6027: 6009: 5988: 5977: 5959: 5941: 5923: 5912: 5901: 5880: 5862: 5844: 5826: 5806: 5785: 5765: 5747: 5719: 5718:, pp. 31–33 5713: 5707: 5706:, pp. 22–23 5701: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5659:on 28 June 2022. 5655:. 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802:A page from the 655:mokuton-no-jutsu 594:Stephen Turnbull 566:Mikawa Go Fudoki 554:A page from the 520: 518: 517: 365:shinobi-no-jutsu 332:Stephen Turnbull 97: 95:[ɕinobi] 86: 84: 72: 61: 59: 7828: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7752:Japanese swords 7742:Japanese armour 7733: 7647: 7580: 7520: 7478: 7420: 7374: 7328: 7275: 7201: 7128: 7077: 6971: 6918: 6844: 6801: 6785:Sword polishing 6780:Sword mountings 6756: 6648: 6645: 6586: 6581: 6545: 6487:Shinobi no buki 6464: 6445: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6372:Buke Myōmokushō 6321: 6319:Further reading 6316: 6311: 6293: 6275: 6257: 6237: 6216: 6202:Rambelli, Fabio 6191: 6169: 6151: 6127:, John Murray, 6117: 6099: 6079: 6061: 6043: 6025: 6007: 5975: 5957: 5939: 5921: 5899: 5885:Friday, Karl F. 5878: 5860: 5842: 5824: 5804: 5783: 5763: 5745: 5728: 5723: 5722: 5716:Waterhouse 1996 5714: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5668: 5664: 5645: 5641: 5624: 5623: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5569: 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3475: 3468: 3461: 3441: 3432: 3424: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3390: 3382: 3375: 3367: 3358: 3350: 3343: 3330:(in Japanese). 3328: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3306:(in Japanese). 3304: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3250: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3179: 3170: 3154: 3150: 3139: 3125: 3121: 3109: 3105: 3099:Wayback Machine 3090: 3086: 3062: 3053: 3045: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2995: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2836: 2832:Kusari katabira 2824: 2815: 2812: 2803: 2795: 2786: 2778: 2769: 2761: 2752: 2744: 2735: 2727: 2718: 2717:, iron caltrops 2710: 2701: 2693: 2684: 2676: 2667: 2661: 2652: 2646: 2637: 2631: 2622: 2610: 2601: 2494: 2380:), television ( 2365:Enter the Ninja 2350:Ninja Bugei-cho 2319: 2270:and researches 2204: 2179: 2158: 2152: 2140:Denrinbō Raikei 2114:Settsu Province 2033:Ishikawa Goemon 2021:Tokugawa Ieyasu 2007:Yagyū Munetoshi 1944: 1857: 1851: 1796:Hirosaki Domain 1727:Ishikawa Goemon 1665: 1662: 1639: 1636: 1625:Christian cross 1599: 1596: 1563:Matsudaira clan 1526: 1408: 1346:Honda Tadakatsu 1342:Sakai Tadatsugu 1318:arduous journey 1314: 1294:Tokugawa Ieyasu 1256:Hatano Hideharu 1151: 1139:Main articles: 1137: 1125:Kizawa Nagamasa 1108:Sawayama Castle 1021: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1013: 997: 996: 995: 986: 978: 977: 956: 945: 939: 814:grappling hooks 789:Karuta (armour) 781:Japanese armour 774:shinobi shōzoku 739: 697:Buke Myōmokushō 669:suiton-no-jutsu 577:Buke Myōmokushō 548: 523:survival skills 512: 444:as well as the 305: 222:shinobi-no-mono 42:Woodblock print 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7826: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7724: 7717: 7710: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7663: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7603: 7596: 7588: 7586: 7585:Signal devices 7582: 7581: 7579: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7536: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7497: 7489: 7487: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7469: 7462: 7455: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7365: 7358: 7351: 7344: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7319: 7316:Kyoketsu-shoge 7312: 7305: 7298: 7291: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7142: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6948: 6941: 6934: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6835: 6828: 6821: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6712: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6670: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6602: 6600:Ninja magazine 6597: 6592: 6585: 6584:External links 6582: 6580: 6579: 6564: 6549: 6543: 6528: 6513: 6498: 6483: 6468: 6462: 6449: 6443: 6430: 6417: 6398: 6383: 6368: 6353: 6338: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6296: 6291: 6278: 6273: 6260: 6255: 6240: 6235: 6219: 6214: 6194: 6189: 6172: 6167: 6154: 6149: 6136: 6120: 6115: 6102: 6097: 6082: 6077: 6064: 6059: 6046: 6041: 6028: 6023: 6010: 6005: 5989: 5978: 5973: 5965:Ninja no okite 5960: 5955: 5942: 5937: 5924: 5919: 5902: 5897: 5881: 5876: 5863: 5858: 5845: 5840: 5827: 5822: 5807: 5802: 5786: 5781: 5766: 5761: 5748: 5743: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5708: 5696: 5683:978-1843847038 5682: 5662: 5639: 5610: 5584: 5559: 5537: 5515: 5492: 5479:Sankei Oneline 5466: 5430: 5418: 5389: 5377: 5365: 5353: 5341: 5329: 5317: 5305: 5293: 5281: 5266: 5262:Kawaguchi 2008 5254: 5242: 5230: 5218: 5206: 5194: 5165: 5153: 5141: 5129: 5117: 5105: 5093: 5076: 5064: 5049: 5037: 5022: 5003: 4984: 4965: 4956:, p. 165) 4946: 4937:, p. 695) 4927: 4918:, p. 165) 4908: 4889: 4860: 4851:978-4128001354 4850: 4832: 4807: 4788: 4769: 4750: 4731: 4719: 4707: 4695: 4683: 4669: 4646: 4632: 4613: 4599: 4579: 4554: 4525: 4498: 4473: 4437: 4402: 4392: 4374: 4364: 4346: 4340:Kunio Yanagita 4333: 4325:刀狩り: 武器を封印した民衆 4315: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4267: 4259:Mie University 4241:Mie University 4221: 4209: 4197: 4182: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4107: 4070: 4058: 4046: 4039: 4014: 3985: 3973: 3961: 3936: 3926: 3906: 3896: 3876: 3865:on 3 July 2022 3846: 3820: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3728: 3711: 3699: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3605: 3592:Sankei Oneline 3574: 3555: 3540: 3523: 3496: 3481: 3466: 3459: 3430: 3415: 3403: 3388: 3373: 3356: 3341: 3317: 3308:Sankei Shimbun 3293: 3291:, p. 144. 3281: 3269: 3262: 3241: 3229: 3214: 3202: 3195: 3183:Mie University 3168: 3148: 3119: 3103: 3084: 3051: 3036: 3024: 3012: 2993: 2969: 2967:, pp. 5–6 2953: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2931:Sengoku period 2913: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2825: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2806: 2804: 2796: 2789: 2787: 2779: 2772: 2770: 2762: 2755: 2753: 2745: 2738: 2736: 2728: 2721: 2719: 2711: 2704: 2702: 2700:, a cane sword 2694: 2687: 2685: 2677: 2670: 2668: 2662: 2655: 2653: 2647: 2640: 2638: 2632: 2625: 2623: 2620:Iwakuni Castle 2611: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2556:misinformation 2493: 2490: 2377:Ninja Assassin 2318: 2317:Entertainments 2315: 2291:Mie Prefecture 2283:Mie University 2276:Mie University 2245:Mie University 2203: 2200: 2154:Main article: 2151: 2148: 2132:Mie University 2128: 2127: 2124: 2117: 2099: 2096:Karasawa Genba 2093: 2090:Tateoka Doshun 2087: 2081: 2070: 2062: 2052: 2040: 2030: 2014: 2004: 2001:Takeda Shingen 1993: 1943: 1940: 1876:secret service 1853:Main article: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1826:Okayama Domain 1822: 1821: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1776:Kawagoe Domain 1772: 1771: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1739: 1738: 1660: 1634: 1594: 1559:Hizen Province 1549:rebels led by 1505:Siege of Osaka 1489:siege of Osaka 1446:Naoe Kanetsugu 1415:Takeda Shingen 1407: 1404: 1358:Ochimusha-gari 1350:Ochimusha-gari 1332:Ochimusha-gari 1324:and return to 1313: 1310: 1268:Tenshō Iga War 1177:Mie Prefecture 1157:The plains of 1136: 1133: 1076:Tamon-in Nikki 1055:Prince Shōtoku 1020: 1017: 999: 998: 987: 980: 979: 957: 950: 949: 948: 947: 946: 938: 935: 738: 735: 687: 686: 683:doton-no-jutsu 672: 661:Ukigusa-gakure 658: 644: 641:katon-no-jutsu 623:Naoe Kanetsugu 619:Ōu Eikei Gunki 607:Sengoku period 547: 544: 446:Imperial court 375:However, some 314:The Art of War 304: 301: 256:colloquialisms 160:Following the 128:Sengoku period 122:missions, and 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7825: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7718: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7697: 7695: 7694: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7661: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7565: 7563: 7562: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7542: 7541: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7512: 7510: 7509: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7412: 7410: 7409: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379:Staff weapons 7377: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7357: 7356: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7343: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7306: 7304: 7303: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7069: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6882: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6791: 6790:Swordsmithing 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6642: 6637: 6635: 6630: 6628: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6612: 6607: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6420: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6312: 6310:0-674-01753-6 6306: 6302: 6297: 6294: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6276: 6270: 6266: 6261: 6258: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6198:Teeuwen, Mark 6195: 6192: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6173: 6170: 6168:4-00-060007-9 6164: 6160: 6155: 6152: 6150:4-00-240004-2 6146: 6142: 6137: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6100: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6062: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6044: 6038: 6034: 6029: 6026: 6020: 6016: 6011: 6008: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5958: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5940: 5934: 5930: 5925: 5922: 5916: 5913:, Routledge, 5911: 5910: 5903: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5873: 5870:, Routledge, 5869: 5864: 5861: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5843: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5825: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5808: 5805: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5767: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5746: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5730: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5704:Turnbull 2003 5700: 5685: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5547: 5541: 5526:. Iganinja.jp 5525: 5519: 5503: 5496: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5427: 5426:Turnbull 2003 5422: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5386: 5381: 5375:, p. 671 5374: 5369: 5363:, p. 160 5362: 5357: 5350: 5345: 5338: 5333: 5326: 5321: 5314: 5309: 5302: 5297: 5290: 5285: 5278: 5277:Turnbull 2003 5273: 5271: 5264:, p. 215 5263: 5258: 5252:, p. 443 5251: 5246: 5240:, p. 176 5239: 5234: 5228:, p. 180 5227: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5198: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5157: 5150: 5145: 5138: 5133: 5127:, p. 122 5126: 5121: 5114: 5113:Turnbull 2003 5109: 5102: 5101:Turnbull 2003 5097: 5090: 5089:Turnbull 2003 5085: 5083: 5081: 5073: 5072:Turnbull 2003 5068: 5061: 5060:Turnbull 2003 5056: 5054: 5046: 5045:Turnbull 2003 5041: 5034: 5033:Turnbull 2003 5029: 5027: 5018: 5013:, p. 48) 5012: 5007: 4999: 4994:, p. 48) 4993: 4988: 4980: 4975:, p. 55) 4974: 4969: 4961: 4955: 4950: 4942: 4936: 4931: 4923: 4917: 4912: 4904: 4899:, p. 55) 4898: 4893: 4877: 4876: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4857:(in Japanese) 4853: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4820: 4819: 4811: 4803: 4797: 4796:Nakayama 2015 4792: 4784: 4779:, p. 48) 4778: 4773: 4765: 4760:, p. 55) 4759: 4754: 4746: 4741:, p. 58) 4740: 4735: 4728: 4723: 4716: 4711: 4704: 4703:Turnbull 2003 4699: 4692: 4691:Turnbull 2003 4687: 4672: 4670:9781473850439 4666: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4650: 4635: 4633:9781440842719 4629: 4625: 4624: 4617: 4602: 4600:9781462902873 4596: 4592: 4591: 4583: 4567: 4566: 4558: 4543: 4542:東京大学史料編纂所報第２号 4536: 4529: 4513: 4512:Sankei online 4509: 4502: 4486: 4485: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4462:. 愛知県: 1–15. 4461: 4457: 4453: 4450:藤田達生 (2005). 4446: 4444: 4442: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4415: 4414: 4406: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4341: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4307: 4300: 4299:Turnbull 2003 4295: 4289:, p. 357 4288: 4283: 4276: 4275:Turnbull 2003 4271: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4225: 4219:, pp. 23 4218: 4217:Turnbull 2003 4213: 4207:, p. 165 4206: 4201: 4194: 4193:Turnbull 2003 4189: 4187: 4179: 4178:Turnbull 2003 4174: 4167: 4166:Turnbull 2003 4162: 4155: 4154:Turnbull 2003 4150: 4143: 4138: 4131: 4126: 4120:, pp. 34 4119: 4114: 4112: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4075: 4067: 4062: 4056:, p. 119 4055: 4050: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4010: 4004: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3970: 3965: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3910: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3880: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3817: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3787:Turnbull 2003 3783: 3777:, p. 121 3776: 3771: 3764: 3763:Turnbull 2003 3759: 3752: 3751:Turnbull 2003 3747: 3740: 3739:Turnbull 2003 3735: 3733: 3726:, p. 128 3725: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3708: 3707:Turnbull 2003 3703: 3696: 3695:Turnbull 2003 3691: 3689: 3682:, p. 161 3681: 3676: 3669: 3664: 3658:, p. 125 3657: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3639:, p. 149 3638: 3637:Turnbull 2007 3633: 3626: 3625:Turnbull 2003 3621: 3614: 3609: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3571: 3570:Turnbull 2003 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3553:, p. 325 3552: 3547: 3545: 3537: 3536:Turnbull 2003 3532: 3530: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3511:Turnbull 2003 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3493: 3492:Turnbull 2003 3488: 3486: 3478: 3477:Turnbull 2003 3473: 3471: 3462: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3427: 3426:Turnbull 2003 3422: 3420: 3412: 3407: 3400: 3399:Turnbull 2003 3395: 3393: 3386:, p. 121 3385: 3380: 3378: 3370: 3369:Turnbull 2003 3365: 3363: 3361: 3354:, p. 327 3353: 3348: 3346: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3290: 3289:Turnbull 2007 3285: 3278: 3277:Turnbull 2003 3273: 3265: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3246: 3238: 3237:Turnbull 2003 3233: 3226: 3225:Turnbull 2003 3221: 3219: 3212:, p. 324 3211: 3206: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3158: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3072:Shinobi Hiden 3069: 3065: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3049:, p. 355 3048: 3043: 3041: 3034:, p. 715 3033: 3032:Frederic 2002 3028: 3021: 3016: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2987:. p. 5. 2986: 2982: 2981: 2973: 2966: 2965:Turnbull 2003 2961: 2959: 2954: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2914: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2845: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2822: 2817: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2608: 2603: 2602: 2596: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2575: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2540:teleportation 2537: 2536:shapeshifting 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2395:Ninja Warrior 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1833: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1816:Hikone Domain 1814: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1786:Matsue Domain 1784: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1645: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1609: 1606:The ruins of 1604: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1567:Amakusa Gunki 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:Amakusa Shirō 1548: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1493:Hattori Hanzō 1490: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464:Tōdō Takatora 1460: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1363: 1362:Kameyama town 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1302:Tokugawa clan 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290:Kii Mountains 1287: 1286: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260:Azuchi Castle 1257: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1074:In 1541, the 1072: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1041:Yamato Takeru 1038: 1030: 1025: 1019:Early history 1011: 1009: 1003: 993: 992: 984: 974: 969: 967: 961: 954: 944: 934: 932: 928: 927: 922: 921: 916: 912: 908: 904: 903: 898: 897: 891: 890: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 843: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 807: 806: 800: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 777: 775: 771: 769: 764: 756: 752: 748: 743: 734: 732: 731: 726: 725: 720: 719: 714: 710: 709: 704: 703: 698: 694: 693: 684: 680: 676: 673: 670: 666: 662: 659: 656: 652: 648: 647:Tanuki-gakure 645: 642: 638: 635: 634: 633: 631: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 595: 591: 586: 582: 578: 573: 571: 567: 559: 558: 552: 543: 541: 537: 532: 528: 524: 511: 510: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 438: 434: 426: 425: 420: 416: 412: 411: 405: 401: 399: 398: 393: 392: 387: 383: 378: 372: 370: 366: 362: 361: 354: 352: 349: 348: 343: 340: 339: 333: 328: 326: 325: 320: 316: 315: 310: 300: 298: 294: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 266: 262:was in 1964. 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 219: 215: 214: 209: 205: 201: 200: 195: 188: 183: 179: 177: 176: 171: 167: 163: 158: 156: 155: 150: 149:Kōka District 146: 142: 141: 136: 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 96: 89: 80: 76: 71: 64: 55: 51: 43: 39: 34: 30: 26: 23: and 22: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7670: 7658: 7640: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7600:Hata-jirushi 7598: 7591: 7573: 7566: 7559: 7552: 7545: 7538: 7531: 7513: 7506: 7499: 7492: 7471: 7464: 7457: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7385: 7367: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7321: 7314: 7309:Kusari-fundo 7307: 7300: 7293: 7286: 7268: 7261: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7219: 7212: 7194: 7187: 7180: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7070: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6964: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6794: 6772: 6761:Construction 6749: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6590:Bansenshukai 6567: 6552: 6533: 6516: 6501: 6486: 6471: 6453: 6434: 6422:. 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Retrieved 3863:the original 3858: 3849: 3837:. Retrieved 3832: 3823: 3815: 3808:. Retrieved 3804: 3794: 3789:, p. 62 3782: 3770: 3765:, p. 20 3758: 3753:, p. 16 3746: 3741:, p. 19 3709:, p. 60 3702: 3697:, p. 18 3675: 3670:, p. 51 3663: 3632: 3627:, p. 42 3620: 3608: 3596:. Retrieved 3591: 3572:, p. 31 3538:, p. 27 3518: 3514: 3479:, p. 22 3445: 3428:, p. 48 3406: 3336:the original 3320: 3312:the original 3296: 3284: 3272: 3253: 3232: 3227:, p. 29 3205: 3186: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3136: 3130: 3122: 3114: 3106: 3087: 3080:Mansenshukai 3079: 3078:can also be 3076:Bansenshukai 3075: 3071: 3067: 3027: 3022:, p. 50 3015: 3003:. Retrieved 2979: 2972: 2917: 2855:Japan portal 2831: 2799:Kusari-fundo 2797: 2780: 2763: 2747: 2730: 2712: 2695: 2678: 2663: 2648: 2636:, hand claws 2633: 2613: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2576: 2564: 2559: 2543: 2532:invisibility 2524:supernatural 2517: 2505: 2501: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2449: 2445:Ninja Scroll 2443: 2437: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2411:Ninja Gaiden 2409: 2403: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2320: 2299: 2295: 2280: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2213: 2195: 2185: 2129: 2110:Oda Nobunaga 2078:Bansenshukai 2077: 2073: 2067:Kii Province 2046: 2037:Oda Nobunaga 2024: 2011:Shinkage-ryū 1997:Obu Toramasa 1982:Kumawakamaru 1976:, 1842–1843. 1966:Kumawakamaru 1957: 1945: 1933: 1929:Bansenshūkai 1927: 1926:(1655), the 1921: 1917: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1879: 1867: 1866:founded the 1858: 1847: 1806:Fukui Domain 1756:Kishū Domain 1742: 1735: 1718: 1712: 1708: 1702: 1697: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1641: 1630: 1620:Imagawa clan 1612: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1571:Ōmi Province 1566: 1537: 1531: 1509:Osaka Castle 1486: 1479: 1472:Ise Province 1461: 1450: 1431: 1411: 1409: 1386: 1384: 1379:Ietada nikki 1377: 1374:Iga Province 1366: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1331: 1315: 1284: 1279:Oda Nobunaga 1273: 1263: 1252: 1250: 1243: 1234: 1231:Imagawa clan 1224: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1203: 1201: 1193:Nochi Kagami 1192: 1188: 1173:Iga Province 1166: 1164: 1122: 1115: 1111: 1110:, led by a 1101: 1096: 1089:ichi-no-maru 1088: 1084: 1075: 1073: 1066: 1044: 1036: 1035:The term of 1034: 989: 959: 924: 918: 906: 900: 894: 887: 885: 880: 876: 872: 868: 867: 858: 854: 846: 840: 838: 818:Bansenshukai 817: 811: 803: 792: 778: 773: 768:Bansenshūkai 766: 760: 754: 753:(hood) with 750: 746: 728: 722: 716: 706: 700: 696: 690: 688: 682: 675:Uzura-gakure 674: 668: 660: 654: 646: 640: 636: 629: 627: 618: 611:Miyoshi clan 602: 590:Nochi Kagami 589: 576: 574: 565: 563: 555: 535: 530: 526: 507: 505: 484: 481: 477: 473: 469: 461: 457: 449: 441: 435: 430: 422: 410:Bansenshūkai 408: 395: 389: 386:Bansenshūkai 385: 382:Kanrin Seiyō 381: 376: 374: 369:shinobijutsu 368: 364: 358: 356: 350: 345: 341: 336: 329: 322: 312: 306: 296: 290: 285: 281: 277: 273: 263: 259: 251: 243: 235: 229: 225: 221: 217: 211: 197: 193: 192: 175:Bansenshūkai 173: 165: 159: 152: 145:Iga Province 138: 132: 112:feudal Japan 74: 49: 47: 29: 7707:Shinsengumi 7642:Uma-jirushi 7515:Tanegashima 7263:Uchi-bukuro 7249:Kubi bukuro 7242:Kate-bukuro 6839:Yoroi-dōshi 6796:Tameshigiri 5653:Soranews 24 5504:. Bbc.co.uk 5238:Yamada 2019 5226:Yamada 2019 5214:Yamada 2019 5202:Yamada 2019 5161:Yamada 2019 5149:Yamada 2019 5137:Crowdy 2006 4547:16 November 4156:, p. 7 4142:Friday 2007 4089:: 146–170. 3805:Japan Daily 3668:Crowdy 2006 3371:, p. 9 3279:, p. 6 3239:, p. 5 3160:, 2nd ed.; 3020:Crowdy 2006 2748:Bo-shuriken 2731:Bo-shuriken 2577:The use of 2572:hang glider 2502:Sendai Hagi 2400:video games 2180: 1843 2043:Fūma Kotarō 1894:oniwabanshū 1723:Fūma Kotarō 1670:underground 1656:san-no-maru 1608:Hara Castle 1555:Hara Castle 1527: 1770 1442:Mogami clan 1402:Shogunate. 1085:San-no-maru 869:Goshiki-mai 460:), ambush ( 276:, katakana 133:During the 7777:Categories 7686:Onna-musha 7547:Metsubushi 7494:Bajō-zutsu 7302:Kusarigama 7089:Brigandine 6892:Sodegarami 6818:Kabutowari 6723:Shikomizue 5552:30 October 5530:30 October 5508:30 October 5385:Adams 1970 5373:Green 2001 5361:Adams 1970 5349:Adams 1970 4727:Adams 1970 4568:. KADOKAWA 4427:Luís Fróis 4393:4404020732 4365:4059010421 4334:4004309654 4287:Green 2001 4066:Adams 1970 3981:Adams 1970 3969:Adams 1970 3411:Green 2001 3135:used for " 3132:Man'yōgana 3064:Green 2001 3047:Green 2001 2949:References 2827:Chain mail 2782:Kusarigama 2697:Shikomizue 2634:Tekko-kagi 2615:kusarigama 2612:A pair of 2552:Edo period 2520:Superhuman 2389:The Master 2188:Edo period 2084:Katō Danzō 1836:Akō Domain 1652:ni-no-maru 1586:ni-no-maru 1497:Ii Naotora 1438:Edo Castle 1391:Edo period 1364:and Iga, 1338:Ii Naomasa 1097:ni-no-maru 1095:) and the 1029:Yoshitoshi 941:See also: 926:kusarigama 913:, spikes, 730:shakuhachi 540:adaptation 497:Ii Naomasa 493:explosives 482:jōnin, and 415:divination 357:So-called 311:, such as 280:and kanji 206:) the two 110:expert in 106:and later 7728:Yamabushi 7635:Sashimono 7614:Kabura-ya 7445:Makibishi 7432:Artillery 7341:Hachiwari 7288:Chigiriki 7154:Hachimaki 7051:Men-yoroi 6966:Tanren bō 6871:Kama-yari 6864:Hoko yari 6751:Wakizashi 6480:122985441 6335:222455224 5891:, Wiley, 5411:20 August 5187:20 August 4205:Deal 2007 4003:cite book 3680:Deal 2007 3005:1 October 2929:, during 2909:Footnotes 2765:Chigiriki 2714:Makibishi 2580:Kuji-kiri 2544:kuchiyose 2451:Gatchaman 2281:in 2017, 2254:In 2012, 2232:makibishi 2220:Hojo clan 2192:folktales 2173:Kuniyoshi 1990:yamabushi 1974:Kuniyoshi 1747:(domain) 1698:bakumatsu 1675:bakumatsu 1547:Christian 1239:castellan 1210:shirotori 1168:jizamurai 1145:Kōka ikki 1123:In 1561, 1102:In 1558, 1080:Kōfuku-ji 1043:. In the 875:; shiki, 702:yamabushi 599:terrorism 585:Espionage 570:passwords 397:kuji-kiri 391:makibishi 295:in 1868, 231:Man'yōshū 140:jizamurai 120:espionage 108:bodyguard 100:mercenary 7721:Yabusame 7672:Kunoichi 7660:Ashigaru 7575:Suntetsu 7486:and guns 7484:Firearms 7459:Shuriken 7235:Kaginawa 7147:Fundoshi 7138:Clothing 7099:Lamellar 7016:Haramaki 6959:Suburitō 6885:Sasumata 6878:Naginata 6774:Horimono 6768:Glossary 6702:Nagamaki 6674:Dōtanuki 6576:20045825 6561:66598671 6525:51008989 6510:22727254 6495:22358689 6380:42921561 6225:(2003), 6204:(2002), 5995:(2004), 5887:(2007), 5792:(2005), 5597:Archived 5405:Archived 5327:Kotobank 5181:Archived 4657:(2017). 4054:Mol 2003 4025:(2018). 3995:Ninjutsu 3954:14 April 3869:14 April 3839:14 April 3810:14 April 3775:Mol 2003 3189:. 勉誠出版. 3095:Archived 3068:Ninpiden 2999:Archived 2904:Appendix 2878:Khevtuul 2863:Kunoichi 2841:See also 2680:Kaginawa 2592:ninjutsu 2526:such as 2512:Kunisada 2461:Basilisk 2333:shuriken 2304:city in 2272:ninjutsu 2264:ninjutsu 2260:ninjutsu 2228:shuriken 2136:Ureshino 2026:ninjutsu 1938:(1681). 1935:Shōninki 1923:Ninpiden 1918:ninjutsu 1890:oniwaban 1880:oniwaban 1868:oniwaban 1855:Oniwaban 1848:Oniwaban 1719:ninjutsu 1714:oniwaban 1711:and the 1690:Hirosaki 1661:— 1654:and the 1635:— 1595:— 1588:(second 1545:against 1399:Oniwaban 1214:de facto 1175:(modern 1141:Iga ikki 1068:Taiheiki 966:onnagata 943:Ninjutsu 931:shrapnel 920:shuriken 847:mizugumo 842:mizugumo 805:Ninpiden 793:katabira 718:sarugaku 713:Minstrel 665:duckweed 630:ninjutsu 557:Shōninki 536:ninjutsu 531:ninjutsu 527:ninjutsu 509:ninjutsu 466:Agitprop 458:teisatsu 433:Tokugawa 377:ninjutsu 360:ninjutsu 303:Overview 286:kunoichi 265:Kunoichi 213:kun'yomi 178:(1676). 79:Japanese 54:Japanese 7700:Samurai 7607:Horagai 7561:Ōtsuchi 7508:Ōdzutsu 7501:Bo-hiya 7415:Yubi-bo 7295:Kubotan 7189:Uwa-obi 7175:Shitagi 7104:Laminar 7058:Ō-yoroi 7009:Dō-maru 6952:Shinken 6906:Tsukubō 6857:Bisento 6744:Tsurugi 6709:Ninjatō 6695:Kodachi 6667:Chokutō 6424:14 July 6179:(ed.), 6133:1309476 5689:30 June 5603:26 June 5577:26 June 5485:27 June 4518:24 June 4100:7 March 3598:27 June 3144:shinobi 3137:shinobi 2898:Sicarii 2829:shirt ( 2599:Gallery 2586:bujutsu 2514:, 1857. 2507:kuji-in 2405:Shinobi 2383:Akakage 2190:, when 2165:Jiraiya 1908:daimyōs 1904:shinobi 1709:onmitsu 1584:to the 1476:Iga-ryū 1354:samurai 1205:daimyōs 1129:Maibara 1091:(inner 1031:, 1886. 962:, this 937:History 907:ninjatō 902:ninjatō 879:; mai, 859:ukidari 826:hammers 822:chisels 651:foliage 637:Hitsuke 603:samurai 575:In his 546:Tactics 489:poisons 442:daimyōs 424:onmyōdō 324:daimyōs 319:Sun Tzu 297:shinobi 236:shinobi 226:shinobi 218:shinobi 199:on'yomi 196:is the 166:shinobi 151:formed 90: 75:shinobi 65: 7628:Saihai 7621:Nobori 7593:Gunbai 7540:Kiseru 7438:Fukiya 7369:Tessen 7362:Tekkan 7355:Kanabō 7270:Yebira 7221:Daishō 7196:Waraji 7168:Kyahan 7161:Hakama 7072:Tatami 7044:Kusari 7030:Karuta 7023:Kabuto 6977:Armour 6945:Shinai 6931:Bokken 6825:Kaiken 6716:Ōdachi 6688:Katana 6654:Swords 6574: 6559: 6541: 6523: 6508: 6493: 6478: 6460: 6441: 6415: 6393: 6378: 6363: 6348: 6333: 6307: 6289: 6271: 6253: 6233: 6212: 6187: 6165: 6147: 6131: 6113: 6095: 6075: 6057: 6039: 6021: 6003: 5971: 5953: 5935: 5917: 5895: 5874: 5856: 5838: 5820: 5800: 5779: 5759: 5741: 5680: 4882:11 May 4848: 4825:11 May 4676:10 May 4667: 4639:10 May 4630: 4606:10 May 4597: 4572:10 May 4491:10 May 4456:愛知県史研究 4390: 4384:天皇と天下人 4362: 4331: 4037: 3924: 3894: 3457: 3260: 3193: 3074:, and 2991: 2664:Ashiko 2649:Ashiko 2528:flight 2439:Naruto 2423:Sekiro 2417:Tenchu 2360:movies 2339:kabuki 2325:kuroko 2196:daimyō 2059:geisha 1970:bamboo 1885:daimyō 1861:shogun 1590:bailey 1565:, the 1539:shōgun 1457:Hikone 1412:daimyō 1326:Mikawa 1281:. The 1264:Iranki 1253:daimyō 1147:, and 1112:chūnin 1093:bailey 1051:Kumaso 1046:Kojiki 1008:kuroko 1002:kabuki 973:kuroko 917:, and 915:knives 889:katana 863:bucket 832:, and 830:drills 763:rocket 755:kusari 724:komusō 478:chūnin 470:konran 464:), and 450:kanchō 437:bakufu 189:script 7783:Ninja 7714:Sōhei 7693:Rōnin 7679:Ninja 7652:Users 7568:Shobo 7452:Oyumi 7408:Tanbō 7394:Hanbō 7348:Jitte 7323:Jōhyō 7214:Abumi 7124:Scale 7114:Plate 7082:Types 7065:Sangu 7037:Kikko 6938:Iaitō 6832:Kunai 6737:Tantō 6730:Tachi 6681:Guntō 6611:Ninja 6407:[ 6404:戦国の忍び 4538:(PDF) 4420:9 May 3187:忍者の誕生 2939:Rōnin 2567:kites 2473:Azumi 2456:manga 2434:anime 2346:manga 2289:(now 2074:jōnin 1760:200+ 1632:days. 1557:, in 1322:Sakai 1272:Kōka 1219:shugo 1037:ninja 911:darts 896:tsuba 877:color 871:(go, 834:picks 751:zukin 747:gappa 708:tantō 692:rōnin 679:stone 628:Most 485:genin 474:jōnin 462:kishu 454:scout 413:uses 270:argot 260:ninja 252:ninja 208:kanji 194:Ninja 187:kanji 116:siege 102:, or 73:) or 50:ninja 7533:Kama 7473:Yumi 7256:Kura 7228:Horo 7182:Tabi 7109:Mail 7094:Lame 6995:Bōgu 6913:Yari 6572:OCLC 6557:OCLC 6539:ISBN 6521:OCLC 6506:OCLC 6491:OCLC 6476:OCLC 6458:ISBN 6439:ISBN 6426:2024 6413:ISBN 6391:ISBN 6376:OCLC 6361:ISBN 6346:ISBN 6331:OCLC 6305:ISBN 6287:ISBN 6269:ISBN 6251:ISBN 6231:ISBN 6210:ISBN 6185:ISBN 6163:ISBN 6145:ISBN 6129:OCLC 6111:ISBN 6093:ISBN 6073:ISBN 6055:ISBN 6037:ISBN 6019:ISBN 6001:ISBN 5984:伊賀百筆 5969:ISBN 5951:ISBN 5933:ISBN 5915:ISBN 5893:ISBN 5872:ISBN 5854:ISBN 5836:ISBN 5818:ISBN 5798:ISBN 5777:ISBN 5757:ISBN 5739:ISBN 5691:2024 5678:ISBN 5605:2020 5579:2020 5554:2013 5532:2013 5510:2013 5487:2024 5413:2018 5339:忍者名鑑 5313:大膳神社 5189:2018 5017:help 4998:help 4979:help 4960:help 4941:help 4922:help 4903:help 4884:2024 4846:ISBN 4827:2024 4802:help 4783:help 4764:help 4745:help 4678:2024 4665:ISBN 4641:2024 4628:ISBN 4608:2024 4595:ISBN 4574:2024 4549:2022 4520:2024 4493:2024 4422:2024 4388:ISBN 4360:ISBN 4329:ISBN 4102:2023 4035:ISBN 4009:link 3956:2022 3922:ISBN 3892:ISBN 3871:2022 3841:2022 3812:2022 3600:2024 3455:ISBN 3258:ISBN 3191:ISBN 3007:2011 2989:ISBN 2302:Kōka 2169:toad 2108:and 1913:koku 1874:and 1725:and 1694:Saga 1692:and 1644:moss 1582:moat 1344:and 1285:ikki 1283:Iga 1274:ikki 881:rice 873:five 787:and 491:and 417:and 367:and 344:and 282:ichi 244:Mono 154:ikki 88:lit. 63:lit. 7554:Ono 4464:doi 4091:doi 3332:NHK 2522:or 2454:), 2432:), 2398:), 2358:), 2287:Iga 1951:or 1830:10 1820:10 1810:12 1800:20 1790:30 1780:50 1770:50 1744:Han 1686:Tsu 1681:Han 1481:Han 1468:Tsu 1222:. 1159:Iga 1117:mon 988:In 958:In 715:or 452:), 327:. 317:by 7779:: 7466:Ya 7401:Jō 7387:Bō 7002:Dō 6200:; 5651:. 5628:. 5613:^ 5562:^ 5455:. 5433:^ 5403:. 5392:^ 5337:熊若 5325:透波 5269:^ 5179:. 5168:^ 5079:^ 5052:^ 5025:^ 4863:^ 4540:. 4458:. 4454:. 4440:^ 4424:. 4396:. 4368:. 4337:. 4261:. 4257:. 4253:. 4245:; 4239:. 4235:. 4185:^ 4110:^ 4085:. 4073:^ 4033:. 4029:. 4005:}} 4001:{{ 3947:. 3930:. 3900:. 3857:. 3831:. 3814:. 3803:. 3731:^ 3714:^ 3687:^ 3644:^ 3590:. 3577:^ 3558:^ 3543:^ 3526:^ 3499:^ 3484:^ 3469:^ 3453:. 3451:47 3433:^ 3418:^ 3391:^ 3376:^ 3359:^ 3344:^ 3244:^ 3217:^ 3171:^ 3117:". 3054:^ 3039:^ 2997:. 2983:. 2957:^ 2538:, 2534:, 2530:, 2470:, 2464:, 2448:, 2442:, 2426:, 2420:, 2414:, 2408:, 2392:, 2386:, 2374:, 2368:, 2278:. 2177:c. 2175:, 2146:. 1840:5 1729:. 1688:, 1524:c. 1515:. 1429:. 1340:, 1199:. 1143:, 836:. 828:, 824:, 711:. 685:). 671:). 657:). 643:). 583:. 542:. 516:忍術 503:. 278:no 274:ku 137:, 118:, 85:, 83:忍び 81:: 60:, 58:忍者 56:: 48:A 40:. 6640:e 6633:t 6626:v 6578:. 6563:. 6547:. 6527:. 6512:. 6497:. 6482:. 6466:. 6447:. 6428:. 6397:. 6382:. 6367:. 6352:. 6337:. 5693:. 5607:. 5581:. 5556:. 5534:. 5512:. 5489:. 5415:. 5191:. 5019:) 5000:) 4981:) 4962:) 4943:) 4924:) 4905:) 4886:. 4854:. 4829:. 4804:) 4798:. 4785:) 4766:) 4747:) 4680:. 4643:. 4610:. 4576:. 4551:. 4522:. 4495:. 4470:. 4466:: 4460:9 4429:; 4313:. 4243:. 4104:. 4093:: 4043:. 4011:) 3958:. 3873:. 3843:. 3602:. 3463:. 3266:. 3199:. 3146:. 3140:" 3101:. 3082:. 3009:. 2835:) 2570:" 2458:( 2436:( 2402:( 2362:( 2182:. 2123:. 2116:. 2080:. 2003:. 1352:( 1334:" 1330:" 976:. 853:( 770:. 519:) 513:( 468:( 456:( 421:( 248:者 246:( 240:忍 238:( 202:( 77:( 52:( 27:.

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