Siege - Knowledge

2220: 73: 2566: 3719:. For many years, defensive and offensive tactics were well balanced, leading to protracted and costly wars such as Europe had never known, involving more and more planning and government involvement. The new fortresses ensured that war rarely extended beyond a series of sieges. Because the new fortresses could easily hold 10,000 men, an attacking army could not ignore a powerfully fortified position without serious risk of counterattack. As a result, virtually all towns had to be taken, and that was usually a long, drawn-out affair, potentially lasting from several months to years, while the members of the town were starved to death. Most battles in this period were between besieging armies and relief columns sent to rescue the besieged. 3652: 4454:. Despite its excellent performance, the garrison's food supply had been requisitioned for earlier offensives, a relief expedition was stalled by the weather, ethnic rivalries flared up between the defending soldiers, and a breakout attempt failed. When the commander of the garrison Hermann Kusmanek finally surrendered, his troops were eating their horses and the first attempt of large-scale air supply had failed. It was one of the few great victories obtained by either side during the war; 110,000 Austro-Hungarian prisoners were marched back to Russia. Use of aircraft for siege running, bringing supplies to areas under siege, would nevertheless prove useful in many sieges to come. 3925:, both to save on casualties, and to set an example for future defending cities. A city that was allowed to surrender with minimal loss of life was much better off than a city that held out for a long time and was brutally butchered at the end. Moreover, if an attacking army had a reputation of killing and pillaging regardless of a surrender, then other cities' defensive efforts would be redoubled. Usually, a city would surrender (with no honour lost) when its inner lines of defense were reached by the attacker. In case of refusal, however, the inner lines would have to be stormed by the attacker and the attacking troops would be seen to be justified in sacking the city. 4144: 5044: 4434: 4523: 4293: 4713: 33: 5490: 4477:, and the fortified city of Verdun itself. The Germans, through the use of huge artillery bombardments, flamethrowers, and infiltration tactics, were able to capture both Vaux and Douaumont, but were never able to take the city, and eventually lost most of their gains. It was a battle that, despite the French ability to fend off the Germans, neither side won. The German losses were not worth the potential capture of the city, and the French casualties were not worth holding the symbol of her defense. 2136: 3251:

from these smaller cities would flee to the last stronghold. The reports from these cities and the streaming hordes of refugees not only reduced the morale of the inhabitants and garrison of the principal city, it also strained their resources. Food and water reserves were taxed by the sudden influx of refugees. Soon, what was once a formidable undertaking became easy. The Mongols were then free to lay siege without interference of the field army, as it had been destroyed. At the siege of

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next line, which Vauban usually placed at about 600 metres (2,000 ft) from the target, would contain the main batteries of heavy cannons so that they could hit the target without being vulnerable themselves. Once this line was established, work crews would move forward, creating another line at 250 metres (1,000 ft). This line contained smaller guns. The final line would be constructed only 30 to 60 metres (100 to 200 ft) from the fortress. This line would contain the

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the enemy attack was backed by an entire artillery division. ARVN had no tanks, the NVA communist forces had two armoured regiments. ARVN prevailed after over two months of continuous fighting. As General Paul Vanuxem, a French veteran of the Indochina War, wrote in 1972 after visiting the liberated city of An Lộc: "An Lộc was the Verdun of Vietnam, where Vietnam received as in baptism the supreme consecration of her will."

8840: 5032:(regardless of whether such claims are true), and coax the hostage-takers into surrendering or at least releasing hostages. In the event a peaceful resolution is impossible—negotiations fail or do not proceed, hostages are released but the hostage-takers refuse to surrender, the hostage-takers resist violently, or hostages are killed—police may respond in force, generally being able to rely on 2655: 3715:(the Netherlands) were infamous for their high degree of fortification of cities. It made campaigns in these areas very hard to successfully conduct, considering even minor cities had to be captured by siege within the span of the campaigning season. In the Dutch case, the possibility of flooding large parts of the land provided an additional obstacle to besiegers, for example at the 2202:, a single fortified stronghold is no longer as decisive as it once was. While traditional sieges do still occur, they are not as common as they once were due to changes in modes of battle, principally the ease by which huge volumes of destructive power can be directed onto a static target. Modern sieges are more commonly the result of smaller hostage, militant, or extreme 2589:

attacker – aware of a prolonged siege's great cost in time, money, and lives – might offer generous terms to a defender who surrendered quickly. The defending troops would be allowed to march away unharmed, often retaining their weapons. However, a garrison commander who was thought to have surrendered too quickly might face execution by his own side for treason.

2782:) of the 5th century BC believed in aiding the defensive warfare of smaller Chinese states against the hostile offensive warfare of larger domineering states. The Mohists were renowned in the smaller states (and the enemies of the larger states) for the inventions of siege machinery to scale or destroy walls. These included traction trebuchet 3968:, anything which tended to prolong the struggle, or seemed like want of energy and avoidance of a decision, was bitterly resented by the men of both sides. In France and Germany, the prolongation of a war meant continued employment for the soldiers, but in England, both sides were looking to end the war quickly. Even when in the end the 3699:, spent so much money on fortifications that they were unable to maintain their armies properly, and so lost their wars anyway. Nonetheless, innumerable large and impressive fortresses were built throughout northern Italy in the first decades of the 16th century to resist repeated French invasions that became known as the 2600:) to completely encircle their target, preventing food, water, and other supplies from reaching the besieged city. If sufficiently desperate as the siege progressed, defenders and civilians might have been reduced to eating anything vaguely edible – horses, family pets, the leather from shoes, and even 2650:

account. Due to logistics, long-lasting sieges involving a minor force could seldom be maintained. A besieging army, encamped in possibly squalid field conditions and dependent on the countryside and its own supply lines for food, could very well be threatened with the disease and starvation intended

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Failing a military outcome, sieges can often be decided by starvation, thirst, or disease, which can afflict either the attacker or defender. This form of siege, though, can take many months or even years, depending upon the size of the stores of food the fortified position holds. The attacking force

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Vietnam occurred. ARVN troops and U.S. advisers and air power successfully defeated communist forces. The Battle of An Lộc pitted some 6,350 ARVN men against a force three times that size. During the peak of the battle, ARVN had access to only one 105 mm howitzer to provide close support, while

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This would be the first construction effort of a besieging army, built soon after a fortress or city had been invested. A line of circumvallation would also be constructed, facing in towards the besieged area, to protect against sorties by the defenders and to prevent the besieged from escaping. The

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surrounding towns and even cities with outlying defenses proved very difficult to capture, even for a well-equipped army. Fortresses built in this style throughout the 16th century did not become fully obsolete until the 19th century, and were still in use throughout World War I (though modified for

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In Jûzjânî, there are several episodes in which the Mongols constructed hundreds of siege machines in order to surpass the number which the defending city possessed. While Jûzjânî surely exaggerated, the improbably high numbers which he used for both the Mongols and the defenders do give one a sense

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Once siege guns were developed, the techniques for assaulting a town or fortress became well known and ritualized. The attacking army would surround a town. Then the town would be asked to surrender. If they did not comply, the besieging army would surround the town with temporary fortifications to

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The greatest advantage of cannons over other siege weapons was the ability to fire a heavier projectile, farther, faster, and more often than previous weapons. They could also fire projectiles in a straight line, so that they could destroy the bases of high walls. Thus, 'old fashioned' walls – that

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to destroy the towers, and captured the mole in a swarming frenzy, the city eventually fell to the Macedonians after a seven-month siege. In complete contrast to Tyre, Sogdian Rock was captured by stealthy attack. Alexander used commando-like tactics to scale the cliffs and capture the high ground,

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As in ages past, most sieges were decided with very little fighting between the opposing armies. An attacker's army was poorly served, incurring the high casualties that a direct assault on a fortress would entail. Usually, they would wait until supplies inside the fortifications were exhausted or

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In the 1530s and 1540s, the new style of fortification began to spread out of Italy into the rest of Europe, particularly to France, the Netherlands, and Spain. Italian engineers were in enormous demand throughout Europe, especially in war-torn areas such as the Netherlands, which became dotted by

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By concentrating on the field armies, the strongholds had to wait. Of course, smaller fortresses, or ones easily surprised, were taken as they came along. This had two effects. First, it cut off the principal city from communicating with other cities where they might expect aid. Secondly, refugees

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an attacker. Both engineers developed their ideas independently, but came to similar general rules regarding defensive construction and offensive action against fortifications. Both were skilled in conducting sieges and defenses themselves. Before Vauban and Van Coehoorn, sieges had been somewhat

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The most effective way to protect walls against cannon fire proved to be depth (increasing the width of the defenses) and angles (ensuring that attackers could only fire on walls at an oblique angle, not square on). Initially, walls were lowered and backed, in front and behind, with earth. Towers

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and support troops to get close enough to exploit the breach, more zigzag trenches could be dug even closer to the walls, with more parallel trenches to protect and conceal the attacking troops. After each step in the process, the besiegers would ask the besieged to surrender. If the forlorn hope

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China during the early 13th century, but did not become significant weapons for another 150 years or so. In early decades, cannons could do little against strong castles and fortresses, providing little more than smoke and fire. By the 16th century, however, they were an essential and regularized

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in 1627–1628). This resulted in extremely prolonged conflicts. The balance was that, while siege warfare was extremely expensive and very slow, it was very successful—or, at least, more so than encounters in the field. Battles arose through clashes between besiegers and relieving armies, but the

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and trench, surrounding it. During the process of circumvallation, the attacking force can be set upon by another force, an ally of the besieged place, due to the lengthy amount of time required to force it to capitulate. A defensive ring of forts outside the ring of circumvallated forts, called

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to King Charles, was that by abandoning the garrisoning of all but the most strategic locations in one's own territory, far more troops would be available for the field armies, and it was the field armies which would decide the conflict. The other argument was that by slighting potential strong

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The most common practice of siege warfare was to lay siege and just wait for the surrender of the enemies inside or, quite commonly, to coerce someone inside to betray the fortification. During the medieval period, negotiations would frequently take place during the early part of the siege. An

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were able to cut off the opposing army by capturing the surrounding rugged terrain. At Dien Bien Phu, the French were unable to use air power to overcome the siege and were defeated. However, at Khe Sanh, a mere 14 years later, advances in air power—and a reduction in Vietnamese anti-aircraft

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Railways, when they were introduced, made possible the movement and supply of larger armies than those that fought in the Napoleonic Wars. It also reintroduced siege warfare, as armies seeking to use railway lines in enemy territory were forced to capture fortresses which blocked these lines.

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armies, were flown deep behind Japanese front lines in the South-East Asian theatre to jungle clearings in Burma where they set up fortified airheads from which they sailed out to attack Japanese lines of communications, while defending the bases from Japanese counterattacks. The bases were

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siege mortars, one of the best siege mortars of the war, on loan from Austria-Hungary. These huge guns were the decisive weapon of siege warfare in the 20th century, taking part at Przemyśl, the Belgian sieges, on the Italian Front and Serbian Front, and even being reused in World War II.

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palace reliefs of the 9th to 7th centuries BC display sieges of several Near Eastern cities. Though a simple battering ram had come into use in the previous millennium, the Assyrians improved siege warfare and used huge wooden tower-shaped battering rams with archers positioned on top.

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briefly revived a form of siege warfare. Although siege warfare had moved out from an urban setting because city walls had become ineffective against modern weapons, trench warfare was nonetheless able to use many of the techniques of siege warfare in its prosecution (sapping, mining,

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from the stronghold or relief getting in. The attackers would next build a length of trenches parallel to the defenses (these are known as the "first parallel") and just out of range of the defending artillery. They would dig a trench (known as a forward) towards the town in a

3643:. As a result, he could defeat virtually any city or state, no matter how well defended. In a panic, military strategy was completely rethought throughout the Italian states of the time, with a strong emphasis on the new fortifications that could withstand a modern siege. 4243:

Advances in firearms technology without the necessary advances in battlefield communications gradually led to the defense again gaining the ascendancy. An example of siege during this time, prolonged during 337 days due to the isolation of the surrounded troops, was the

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river failed, and rationing was complicated by the refusal of many Indian troops to eat cattle products. By the time the garrison fell on 29 April 1916, starvation was rampant. Conditions did not improve greatly under Turkish imprisonment. Along with the battles of

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However, few rulers paid any attention to his theories. A few towns in Italy began building in the new style late in the 1480s, but it was only with the French invasion of the Italian peninsula in 1494–1495 that the new fortifications were built on a large scale.

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The Battle of Khe Sanh displays typical features of modern sieges, as the defender has greater capacity to withstand the siege, the attacker's main aim is to bottle operational forces or create a strategic distraction, rather than take the siege to a conclusion.

2907:. Great effort was expended to ensure a good water supply inside the city in case of siege. In some cases, long tunnels were constructed to carry water into the city. Complex systems of tunnels were used for storage and communications in medieval cities like 3346:

However, the Chinese were not completely defenseless, and from AD 1234 until 1279, the Southern Song Chinese held out against the enormous barrage of Mongol attacks. Much of this success in defense lay in the world's first use of gunpowder (i.e. with early

2619:. If the main objective of a campaign was not the conquest of a particular city, it could simply be passed by. When the main objective of the campaign had been fulfilled, the Hittite army returned to Carchemish and the city fell after an eight-day siege. 4058:, new techniques stressed the division of armies into all-arms corps that would march separately and only come together on the battlefield. The less-concentrated army could now live off the country and move more rapidly over a larger number of roads. 2265:. The walls were built of mudbricks, stone, wood, or a combination of these materials, depending on local availability. They may also have served the dual purpose of showing potential enemies the might of the kingdom. The great walls surrounding the 3316:: if the city surrendered, all would be spared. On the second day, he would use a red tent: if the city surrendered, the men would all be killed, but the rest would be spared. On the third day, he would use a black tent: no quarter would be given. 3594:

If necessary, using the first artillery fire for cover, the forces conducting the siege would repeat the process until they placed their guns close enough to be laid (aimed) accurately to make a breach in the fortifications. In order to allow the

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China, at the site of Ao, large walls were erected in the 15th century BC that had dimensions of 20 m (66 ft) in width at the base and enclosed an area of some 1,900 m (2,100 yd) squared. The ancient Chinese capital for the

4421:. All four would prove crushing German victories, at Liège and Namur against the Belgians, at Maubeuge against the French and at Antwerp against a combined Anglo-Belgian force. The weapon that made these victories possible were the German 2417:

Although there are depictions of sieges from the ancient Near East in historical sources and in art, there are very few examples of siege systems that have been found archaeologically. Of the few examples, several are noteworthy:

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In addition to launching projectiles at the fortifications or defenders, it was also quite common to attempt to undermine the fortifications, causing them to collapse. This could be accomplished by digging a tunnel beneath the

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in 1271, was very effective, allowing the Mongols to sweep through large areas. Even if they could not enter some of the more well-fortified cities, they used innovative battle tactics to grab hold of the land and the people:

3631:, which theorized methods of building fortifications capable of withstanding the new guns. He proposed that walls be "built in uneven lines, like the teeth of a saw". He proposed star-shaped fortresses with low, thick walls. 2625:

was another effective siege weapon, although the attackers were often as vulnerable as the defenders. In some instances, catapults or similar weapons were used to fling diseased animals over city walls in an early example of

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The trenches connecting the various lines of the besiegers could not be built perpendicular to the walls of the fortress, as the defenders would have a clear line of fire along the whole trench. Thus, these lines (known as

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known as the Cloud Bridge (the protractible, folded ramp slinging forward by means of a counterweight with rope and pulley), and wheeled 'hook-carts' used to latch large iron hooks onto the tops of walls to pull them down.

2706:, a substantial structure built to equal or greater height than the fortification's walls, could allow the attackers to fire down upon the defenders and also advance troops to the wall with less danger than using ladders. 3831:

slapdash operations. Vauban and Van Coehoorn refined besieging to a science with a methodical process that, if uninterrupted, would break even the strongest fortifications. Examples of their styles of fortifications are

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kept relief from reaching them. The Romans held the ground in between the two walls. The besieged Gauls, facing starvation, eventually surrendered after their relief force met defeat against Caesar's auxiliary cavalry.

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Although there are numerous ancient accounts of cities being sacked, few contain any clues to how this was achieved. Some popular tales existed on how the cunning heroes succeeded in their sieges. The best-known is the

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The optimal result of most standoffs is a peaceful resolution: the safe extraction of hostages and bystanders, and the peaceful surrender and arrest of the hostage-takers. To ensure this, police make use of trained

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from the besieged area and also any attack that may try to relieve the defenders. It was thus usual to construct lines of trenches and defenses facing in both directions. The outermost lines, known as the lines of

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However, the cost of building such vast modern fortifications was incredibly high, and was often too much for individual cities to undertake. Many were bankrupted in the process of building them; others, such as

2733:, it proved an effective offensive and defensive weapon. A sallying out might also occur with such weapons, or if the siege was of a location on a coastline, from ships launched from the harbor of the location. 4449:

garrison showed an excellent knowledge of siege warfare, not only waiting for relief, but sending sorties into Russian lines and employing an active defense that resulted in the capture of the Russian General

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by defending fire. Once they were within artillery range, they would dig another parallel (the Second Parallel) trench and fortify it with gun emplacements. This technique is commonly called entrenchment.

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siege of a rebellious Anatolian vassal in the 14th century BC ended when the queen mother came out of the city and begged for mercy on behalf of her people. The Hittite campaign against the kingdom of

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was one of the first major sieges of the war, but the inability for significant resupply of the German garrison made it a relatively one-sided battle. The Germans and the crew of an Austro-Hungarian

3415:); and when they get there a sound like a thunder-clap is heard, and flashes of light appear. If ten of these shells are fired successfully into the enemy camp, the whole place will be set ablaze... 4696:

re-supplied by air with casualties flown out by returning aircraft. When the Japanese attacked in strength the Chindits abandoned the bases and either moved to new bases, or back to Allied lines.

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Experienced commanders on both sides in the English Civil War recommended the abandonment of garrisoned fortifications for two primary reasons. The first, as for example proposed by the Royalist

2864:(airlock-like doors) for sallies and deep water wells were also integral means of resisting siege at this time. Particular attention would be paid to defending entrances, with gates protected by 5629: 3972:—a regular professional army—developed the original decision-compelling spirit permeated the whole organisation, as was seen when pitched against regular professional continental troops the 4000:

points in one's own territory, an enemy expeditionary force, or local enemy rising, would find it more difficult to consolidate territorial gains against an inevitable counterattack. Sir

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would be the prime example of the failure of immobile, post–World War I fortifications. Although sieges would continue, it would be in a totally different style and on a reduced scale.

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to learn the hostage-takers' demands (and meet said demands if feasible or permissible), gain the hostage-takers' trust, clarify that police do not intend to kill them or will even

4182:), the attackers were usually able to defeat the defenses within a matter of days or weeks, rather than weeks or months as previously. The great Swedish white-elephant fortress of 3423:(AD 1368–1644), the Chinese were very concerned with city planning in regards to gunpowder warfare. The site for constructing the walls and the thickness of the walls in Beijing's 4213:. It also led to the introduction of tactics which sought to induce surrender by bombarding the civilian population within a fortress, rather than the defending works themselves. 3906:, but more often as a means of protecting the garrison from potential revolt in the city. The citadel was used in wartime and peacetime to keep the residents of the city in line. 2219: 2930:-based weapons (and the resulting higher-velocity projectiles), the balance of power and logistics definitely favored the defender. With the invention of gunpowder, cannon and 2577:

An attacker's first act in a siege might be a surprise attack, attempting to overwhelm the defenders before they were ready or were even aware there was a threat. This was how

5089:). The aforementioned worst-case scenarios often result from poor planning, tactics, or negotiations on the part of the authorities (e.g. accidental killings of hostages by 3547:'s army, although in the end the conquest was a long and extremely difficult siege with heavy Ottoman casualties due to the repeated attempts at taking the city by assault. 6398: 6388: 4491:

at the end of World War I swung the pendulum back in favor of maneuver, and with the advent of Blitzkrieg in 1939, the end of traditional siege warfare was at hand. The

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Most standoffs are much shorter than military sieges, often lasting hours or days at most. Lengthy sieges may still occur, albeit rarely, such as the 51-day-long 1993

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were clustered behind massive stone flood dikes and defensive walls, for neighbouring communities quarrelled constantly about the control of prime agricultural land.

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In some jurisdictions, depending on certain circumstances, standoffs that would usually be handled by police may be transferred to the military. For example, in the

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Advances in the prosecution of sieges in ancient and medieval times naturally encouraged the development of a variety of defensive countermeasures. In particular,

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proved that hastily constructed field defenses could resist attacks prepared without proper resources, and were a portent of the trench warfare of World War I.

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Siege warfare dominated in Western Europe for most of the 17th and 18th centuries. An entire campaign, or longer, could be used in a single siege (for example,

8635: 3867:, variations of which were used in sieges until the 19th century. It would also be from this line that miners working to undermine the fortress would operate. 5104:, standoffs with terrorists may be transferred to military responsibility for a military assault on the besieged. The threat of such an action ended the 1975 3818:, developed modern fortification to its pinnacle, refining siege warfare without fundamentally altering it: ditches would be dug; walls would be protected by 4061:

Fortresses commanding lines of communication could be bypassed and would no longer stop an invasion. Since armies could not live off the land indefinitely,

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The castles that in earlier years had been formidable obstacles were easily breached by the new weapons. For example, in Spain, the newly equipped army of

2630:. If all else failed, a besieger could claim the booty of his conquest undamaged, and retain his men and equipment intact, for the price of a well-placed 2223:

Assyrians using siege ladders in a relief of attack on an enemy town during the reign of Tiglath-Pileser III 720–738 BCE from his palace at Kalhu (Nimrud)

2092:) is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterized by one party holding a strong, static, defensive position. Consequently, an opportunity for 5765: 5000:. Standoffs occur due to a variety of factors, most prominently the safety of police (against whom the besieged may have the upper hand), the besieged 4783: 4554:, the sieges were not on the same scale as those on the European Eastern front; however, there were several notable or critical sieges: the island of 3145:

are noted as being particularly skilled and determined in siege warfare. An astonishing number and variety of sieges, for example, formed the core of

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of the Second World War truly showed that fixed fortifications are easily defeated by manoeuvre instead of frontal assault or long sieges. The great

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from June 1948 to September 1949, the Western Powers flew over 200,000 flights, providing to West Berlin up to 8,893 tons of necessities each day.

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was bypassed, and battles that would have taken weeks of siege could now be avoided with the careful application of air power (such as the German

4465:, it is more distinguishable as purely attrition with a coincidental presence of fortifications on the battlefield. When considering the plans of 6988: 4469:, purely concerned with taking the citadel and not with French casualty figures, it can be considered a true siege. The main fortifications were 4023:

preferred to engage the enemy in pitched battles, rather than engage in siege warfare, although he was very proficient in both types of warfare.

3431:(r. 1402–1424) because they were in pristine position to resist cannon volley and were built thick enough to withstand attacks from cannon fire. 3070:'s army successfully besieged many powerful cities during his conquests. Two of his most impressive achievements in siegecraft took place in the 4538:, that lasted over 29 months, about half of the duration of the entire Second World War. The siege of Leningrad resulted in the deaths of some 3395:

recorded an earlier Song-era cast-iron cannon known as the 'flying-cloud thunderclap eruptor' (fei yun pi-li pao). The manuscript stated that (

7702: 7233: 4205:, due to the greatly increased firepower of the defending infantry, and the principle of detached or semi-detached forts with heavy-caliber 2666:

To end a siege more rapidly, various methods were developed in ancient and medieval times to counter fortifications, and a large variety of

2312:. These civilizations probably relied more on the defence of their outer borders or sea shores. Unlike the ancient Minoan civilization, the 3378:

The Chinese of the Song period also discovered the explosive potential of packing hollowed cannonball shells with gunpowder. Written later

2745:, to supplement natural features. A sufficient supply of food and water was also important to defeat the simplest method of siege warfare: 6281: 4197:, the battlefield front-lines moved rapidly through France. However, the Prussian and other German armies were delayed for months at the 4035: 5638: 4186:

was built in the tradition of Vauban and intended as a reserve capital for Sweden, but it was obsolete before it was completed in 1869.

8707: 6499: 4613:. Though a single shell could have disastrous local effect, the guns were susceptible to air attack in addition to being slow to move. 4405:

The largest sieges of the war, however, took place in Europe. The initial German advance into Belgium produced four major sieges: the

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for the besieging army was whether or not to allow the encamped city to surrender. Usually, it was preferable to graciously allow a

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that was originally 60 m (200 ft) wide and reached the range of his torsion-powered artillery, while his soldiers pushed

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A siege occurs when an attacker encounters a city or fortress that cannot be easily taken by a quick assault, and which refuses to

996: 4020: 3137:, thus, while he was able to defeat Roman armies in the field, he was unable to capture Rome itself. The legionary armies of the 2107:. Sieges involve surrounding the target to block provision of supplies and reinforcement or escape of troops (a tactic known as " 1428: 3285:

from the bodies would then infest the city, and the plague would spread, allowing the city to be easily captured, although this

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gained a widespread reputation. The walls were 9.5 km (5.9 mi) in length, and up to 12 m (39 ft) in height.

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reduced the value of fortifications. In the 20th century, the significance of the classical siege declined. With the advent of

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The story of the great war: history of the European War from official sources; complete historical records of events to date

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disease had weakened the defenders to the point that they were willing to surrender. At the same time, diseases, especially

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in AD 73 were defeated by the Roman legions, who built a ramp 100 metres (330 ft) high up to the fortress's west wall.

6630: 5908: 5452: 4889: 3407:) are made of cast iron, as large as a bowl and shaped like a ball. Inside they contain half a pound of 'magic' gunpowder ( 2434:, consists of a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long siege trench, towers, and other elements, and is the earliest evidence of a 4621:

Throughout the war both the Western Allies and the Germans tried to supply forces besieged behind enemy lines with ad-hoc

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Planning and maintaining a siege is just as difficult as fending one off. A besieging army must be prepared to repel both

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However, new fortifications, designed to withstand gunpowder weapons, were soon constructed throughout Europe. During the

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forces' decision to use the Khe Sanh siege as a strategic distraction to allow their mobile warfare offensive, the first

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The first siege equipment is known from Egyptian tomb reliefs of the 24th century BC, showing Egyptian soldiers storming

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put up a hopeless defense and, after holding out for more than a week, surrendered to the Japanese, forcing the German

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Roland, Alex (1992). "Secrecy, Technology, and War: Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzantium, Technology and Culture".

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The importance of siege warfare in the ancient period should not be underestimated. One of the contributing causes of

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showed that modern citadels, when improved by improvised defences, could still resist an enemy for many months. The

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always sought a quick end to any conflict by pitched battle. This military revolution was described and codified by

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for attack parties once the walls were breached. Van Coehoorn developed a small and easily movable mortar named the

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during this period revolutionized warfare, giving greater emphasis to infantry and cavalry and less to traditional

1511: 7724: 6620: 5086: 4822: 4630: 4209:. This resulted in the later construction of fortress works across Europe, such as the massive fortifications at 3996: 3679:

fortresses could still present a formidable challenge, for example, in the last days of World War II, during the

2749:. On occasion, the defenders would drive 'surplus' civilians out to reduce the demands on stored food and water. 1856: 1494: 1281: 121: 3651: 3048:

laid siege to and conquered several Egyptian cities by using battering rams, archers, and slingers and building

7643: 7088: 6541: 6492: 6270: 4202: 4108: 3758: 3479: 3436: 2977: 2363: 1620: 7272: 6448: 5849:

Cromwell's Army: A History of the English Soldier During the Civil Wars, the Commonwealth and the Protectorate

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principle was a slow, grinding victory by the greater economic power. The relatively rare attempts at forcing

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created two huge fortified walls around the city. The inner circumvallation, 16 km (10 mi), held in

2817:

When enemies attempted to dig tunnels under walls for mining or entry into the city, the defenders used large

2756:

in China (481–221 BC), warfare lost its honorable, gentlemen's duty that was found in the previous era of the

2519:

town walls on wheeled siege ladders. Later Egyptian temple reliefs of the 13th century BC portray the violent

2316:

emphasized the need for fortifications alongside natural defences of mountainous terrain, such as the massive

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capability—allowed the United States to withstand the siege. The resistance of US forces was assisted by the

4653: 4539: 4370: 4016: 2502: 2166:, there is both textual and archaeological evidence of prolonged sieges and siege machinery used against the 2037: 1484: 6443: 8816: 8526: 7782: 7383: 7334: 6756: 6625: 5062: 4547: 4466: 3158: 1974: 673: 433: 5853: 4818:

to other government-held enclaves in an attempt to break the will of the government to continue fighting.

2718:. The defenders could dig counter-tunnels to cut into the attackers' works and collapse them prematurely. 8626: 8531: 8304: 8206: 7673: 7523: 7093: 6962: 6810: 4893: 4788: 4771: 4645: 3527:

is, high and, relatively, thin – were excellent targets, and, over time, easily demolished. In 1453, the

3312:

On the first night while laying siege to a city, the leader of the Mongol forces would lead from a white

3226: 2635: 2231:

deployed large labour forces to build new palaces, temples, and defensive walls. Some settlements in the

2144: 1984: 1171: 968: 839: 377: 4038:'s militia conducted the last siege fought on the mainland of Great Britain against Jacobite members of 2938:(in modern times), the traditional methods of defense became less effective against a determined siege. 8869: 8737: 8712: 7165: 7076: 7047: 5134: 4953: 4362: 4276: 4009: 4005: 3973: 1448: 5093:

during the EgyptAir Flight 648 hijacking), or from violent acts committed by the hostage-takers (e.g.

5043: 8377: 7885: 7762: 7223: 7213: 7191: 7059: 7005: 6863: 6820: 6485: 6430: 5073:) or, in the worst-case scenarios, the deaths of authorities, hostage-takers, or hostages (i.e. 1985 4051: 3075: 2741:

The universal method for defending against siege is the use of fortifications, principally walls and

2232: 1558: 1066: 410: 284: 138: 24: 3683:, that saw some of the heaviest urban fighting of the war, the Soviets did not attempt to storm the 3101:

island-city about 1 km (1,100 yd) from the mainland, impregnable. The Macedonians built a

2702:

could be used to launch projectiles to break down a city's fortifications and kill its defenders. A

2469:

in 701 BC, is not only evident in the archaeological remains, but is described in Assyrian and

2304:

The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization showed less effort in constructing defences, as did the

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saw the use of the heaviest and most powerful individual siege engines ever to be used: the German

4257: 4179: 4143: 4093: 3743: 3464: 3115: 3064:, one hundred sieges were attempted and fifty-eight ended with the surrender of the besieged area. 2962: 2757: 2711: 2593: 2348: 2009: 1876: 1423: 1116: 929: 777: 5337: 4457:

The largest siege of the war, and arguably the roughest, most gruesome battle in history, was the

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built massive stone walls around their cities atop hillsides, taking advantage of the terrain. In

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Vauban Under Siege: Engineering Efficiency and Martial Vigor in the War of the Spanish Succession

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of the walls, and then deliberately collapsing or exploding the tunnel. This process is known as

2352: 2128: 1962: 1944: 1700: 1259: 1181: 1126: 1006: 719: 382: 6453: 6030: 5883: 4433: 8874: 8772: 8154: 8007: 7690: 7638: 7625: 7508: 7459: 7432: 7240: 7035: 6880: 6726: 6581: 6093: 5166: 5161: 5066: 4807: 4551: 4261: 4104: 3902:. Usually, a citadel was a "mini fortress" within the larger fortress, sometimes designed as a 3843: 3754: 3636: 3609: 3540: 3475: 3201: 3071: 2973: 2833: 2359: 2127:

can circumvallate the besieged place, which is to build a line of earth-works, consisting of a

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These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 14 January 2006

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Tactical airbridge methods were developed and, as planned, used extensively for supplying the

4461:. Whether the battle can be considered true siege warfare is debatable. Under the theories of 4155:

Advances in artillery made previously impregnable defenses useless. For example, the walls of

3950:

in 1630; the French against the Dutch in 1672 or 1688) were almost always expensive failures.

8678: 8289: 8256: 8164: 7997: 7792: 7545: 7420: 6983: 6746: 6438: 5925: 5843: 5788: 5109: 5105: 5070: 4834: 4622: 4446: 4422: 4410: 4383: 4253: 3977: 3688: 3624: 3305:. It has been speculated that this operation may have been responsible for the advent of the 3286: 3230: 2853: 2753: 2742: 2699: 2549: 2324:

and other adjacent Late Bronze Age (c. 1600–1100 BC) centers of central and southern Greece.

2159: 2108: 1418: 1351: 1304: 953: 916: 879: 797: 749: 633: 443: 251: 160: 6298: 6085: 5875: 5622:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

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were also fortified. By about 3500 BC, hundreds of small farming villages dotted the

8: 8844: 8279: 8236: 8131: 7917: 7907: 7855: 7757: 7747: 7697: 7668: 7042: 6663: 6658: 6546: 5847: 5082: 5078: 5029: 5025: 4923: 4752: 4692: 4391: 4292: 4275:, ships with the purpose of bringing cargo, e.g. food, to cities under blockade, as with 4225: 4194: 4066: 3570: 3222: 3102: 3067: 2582: 2305: 2179: 2064: 1660: 1645: 1521: 1408: 1386: 1361: 1321: 1231: 1041: 941: 891: 658: 648: 613: 405: 395: 165: 89: 2261:

City walls and fortifications were essential for the defence of the first cities in the

8546: 8362: 8274: 8241: 8107: 8082: 7982: 7967: 7952: 7912: 7880: 7752: 7603: 7562: 7351: 6793: 6586: 6471: 6351: 6186: 6063: 6055: 5876: 5863: 5021: 4919: 4870: 4767: 4712: 4684: 4644:

The logistics of strategic airbridge operations were developed by the Americans flying

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More traditional sieges of fortifications took place in addition to trench sieges. The

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in Europe. The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30%–60% of Europe's population.

2888: 2729:, which contained additives that made it hard to extinguish. Combined with a primitive 2627: 2140: 1994: 1849: 1769: 1690: 1635: 1610: 1531: 1477: 1443: 1374: 1291: 1201: 1106: 1051: 936: 901: 854: 729: 700: 653: 591: 566: 400: 214: 133: 6024: 4885: 4406: 3109:

that extended underwater to the island, and although the Tyrians rallied by sending a

2880:

and other water defenses, whether natural or augmented, were also vital to defenders.

8777: 8687: 8367: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8314: 8246: 8216: 8196: 7845: 7787: 7610: 7471: 7363: 7339: 7329: 7284: 7000: 6957: 6900: 6825: 6591: 6304: 6266: 6259: 6191: 6161: 6137: 6097: 6086: 6067: 5973: 5950: 5929: 5887: 5829: 5794: 5698: 5547: 5458: 5343: 5305: 5074: 4908: 4863: 4669: 4638: 4414: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4248:, in which a reduced group of Spanish soldiers was besieged in a small church by the 4175: 3965: 3958: 3947: 3061: 3034: 2837: 2715: 2601: 2489: 2317: 2262: 2183: 2171: 2120: 2111:"). This is typically coupled with attempts to reduce the fortifications by means of 2030: 1939: 1886: 1789: 1779: 1774: 1744: 1727: 1722: 1695: 1640: 1341: 1331: 1326: 1316: 1236: 1226: 1221: 1196: 1166: 1056: 1026: 1021: 1011: 1001: 991: 906: 859: 829: 668: 461: 438: 372: 8496: 5918: 5237: 2533:

In ancient China, sieges of city walls (along with naval battles) were portrayed on

1999: 8617: 8585: 8521: 8501: 8347: 8299: 8201: 8186: 8141: 8097: 8092: 8065: 7927: 7897: 7865: 7835: 7825: 7583: 7518: 7370: 7312: 7186: 7140: 7130: 7010: 6942: 6922: 6615: 6536: 6531: 6343: 6239:

Siege Warfare, Volume II: The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great

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Reynolds, Francis Joseph; Churchill, Allen Leon; Miller, Francis Trevelyan (1916).

5215: 5154: 5149: 4877: 4859: 4830: 4725: 4591: 4587: 4488: 4458: 4361:. After a failed attempt to move on Baghdad, stopped by the Ottomans at the bloody 4210: 4156: 3883: 3680: 3578: 3536: 3264: 3167: 2722: 2313: 2203: 2199: 2096:

between combatants is common, as proximity and fluctuating advantage can encourage

2004: 1969: 1901: 1794: 1732: 1625: 1553: 1546: 1403: 1336: 1286: 1276: 1151: 1071: 1031: 1016: 978: 963: 834: 819: 772: 680: 638: 581: 576: 534: 357: 334: 241: 170: 99: 82: 32: 4394:, it would be one of Britain's numerous embarrassing colonial defeats of the war. 2512:. These show the symbolic destruction of city walls by divine animals using hoes. 2123:(also known as sapping), or the use of deception or treachery to bypass defenses. 8864: 8792: 8787: 8458: 8453: 8372: 8352: 8181: 8102: 8087: 8033: 7992: 7860: 7598: 7530: 7324: 6840: 6778: 6768: 6741: 6706: 6465: 6116: 5693: 5299: 5112:

ended in a military assault and the deaths of all but one of the hostage-takers.

4837: 4741: 4665: 4606: 4563: 4516: 4379: 4300: 4272: 4233: 4055: 4031: 3934: 3856: 3848: 3716: 3684: 3666: 3656: 3190: 3179: 3045: 2931: 2810: 2597: 2435: 1814: 1799: 1717: 1673: 1615: 1271: 1266: 1156: 1146: 1061: 1036: 973: 814: 744: 734: 586: 571: 494: 466: 266: 246: 94: 37: 5902: 4369:

soldiers were forced to retreat to Kut, where the Ottomans under German General

8767: 8742: 8608: 8536: 8433: 8392: 8382: 8357: 8294: 8251: 8119: 8060: 8055: 8028: 7957: 7932: 7875: 7731: 7631: 7390: 7198: 6932: 6751: 6701: 5688: 5195: 5176: 5101: 5094: 4989: 4985: 4575: 4470: 4323: 4245: 4171: 4160: 3969: 3943: 3891: 3836: 3807:

At the end of the 17th century, two influential military engineers, the French

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in 1482–1492 that had held out for centuries before the invention of cannons.

2646:

account, or when the Assyrian camp was struck by mass death, according to the

2239:

floodplain. Many of these settlements had fortifications and planned streets.

2132:

contravallation, is also sometimes used to defend the attackers from outside.

8858: 8747: 8516: 8226: 8191: 8077: 8070: 8038: 7987: 7962: 7937: 7719: 7685: 7591: 7454: 7427: 7408: 7120: 6927: 6763: 6603: 6576: 5821: 5633: 5623: 4935: 4881: 4855: 4796: 4756: 4595: 4451: 3364: 3218: 3175: 3146: 3134: 3094: 2845: 2822: 2721:

Fire was often used as a weapon when dealing with wooden fortifications. The

2675: 2443: 2411: 2289: 2163: 1836: 1824: 1680: 1600: 1516: 1499: 1356: 1211: 1191: 869: 864: 844: 824: 739: 710: 685: 561: 539: 524: 499: 339: 261: 224: 219: 116: 6458: 4610: 3550: 3105:, a raised spit of earth across the water, by piling stones up on a natural 2523:, a Syrian city, with soldiers climbing scale ladders supported by archers. 2280:, reinforced by towers, moats, and ditches, gained a similar reputation. In 8833: 8576: 8448: 8423: 8126: 8045: 7620: 7488: 7478: 7439: 7415: 7160: 6885: 6783: 6195: 6177: 4688: 4559: 4508: 4492: 4358: 4308: 4039: 4001: 3860: 3801: 3700: 3596: 3519: 3420: 3348: 3323: 3290: 3242: 3234: 3171: 3142: 3014: 2802: 2730: 2667: 2570: 2423: 2398: 2294: 2112: 2080:, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or by well-prepared assault. 2023: 1949: 1929: 1924: 1819: 1764: 1398: 1393: 1216: 1131: 874: 608: 509: 306: 210: 4945: 4720: 4550:

was the deadliest siege of a city in history. In the west, apart from the

4397: 3851:, would surround the entire besieging army and protect it from attackers. 8752: 8428: 8211: 8017: 7947: 7648: 7395: 7115: 6910: 6853: 6788: 6773: 6696: 6115:. Works of the Camden Society. Vol. 74. The Camden Society. p. 4993: 4981: 4811: 4763: 4687:(February – May 1944). The Chindits, a specially trained division of the 4512: 4354: 4320: 4316: 4249: 4221: 3707:

towns encircled in modern fortifications. The densely populated areas of

3640: 3566: 3306: 3289:

was not known at the time. In 1346, the bodies of Mongol warriors of the

3256: 3238: 3106: 3087: 2920: 2884: 2849: 2703: 2537: 2462: 2427: 2251: 2236: 2175: 2151: 2093: 1934: 1685: 1650: 1489: 1176: 1141: 849: 792: 695: 479: 200: 195: 6474:(PBS) Informative and interactive webpages about medieval siege tactics. 6334:

Bachrach, Bernard S (1994). "Medieval siege warfare: a reconnaissance".

5642:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 403. 3573:, siege warfare continued to dominate the conduct of the European wars. 2190:

campaigns were generally designed around a succession of sieges. In the

8468: 8284: 7709: 7150: 7025: 7020: 6355: 6059: 5144: 5129: 5122: 5058: 4815: 4504: 4353:

The other major siege outside Europe during the First World War was in

3793: 3319: 3121: 3040:

A more detailed historical account from the 8th century BC, called the

3018: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2798: 2746: 2726: 2679: 2639: 2616: 2447: 1891: 1861: 1583: 947: 8762: 5670: 3600:

stormed the breach successfully, the defenders could expect no mercy.

3090:

housing stone throwers and light catapults to bombard the city walls.

2829:) to pump smoke into the tunnels in order to suffocate the intruders. 8438: 8411: 7902: 7840: 7557: 7346: 7260: 7245: 7083: 6917: 6875: 6686: 5009: 4997: 4792: 4779: 4579: 4571: 4474: 4328: 4268: 4206: 3878: 3671: 3664:

were reformed into triangular bastions. This design matured into the

3518:

brought about a new age in siege warfare. Cannons were first used in

3360: 3339: 3331: 3298: 3110: 3098: 2927: 2857: 2826: 2691: 2659: 2501:

The earliest representations of siege warfare have been dated to the

2407: 2155: 2116: 2097: 1881: 1705: 1655: 1605: 1595: 1590: 1455: 1246: 1241: 1206: 643: 329: 296: 185: 6347: 6286:

Explorations in Empire, Pre-Modern Imperialism Tutorial: the Mongols

6051: 5386: 5384: 4766:, airbridge proved crucial during the siege of the American base at 4082: 3983: 3953: 3732: 3453: 3029:

was conquered by the Egyptians in the 15th century BC. The Biblical

2951: 2670:

was developed for use by besieging armies. Ladders could be used to

2337: 8757: 8418: 7972: 7820: 7358: 7135: 7066: 6858: 6711: 6669: 6526: 6508: 6477: 5339:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology

5257: 5255: 5090: 5037: 4939: 4866: 4733: 4704: 4680: 4657: 4485: 4164: 3918: 3827: 3587: 3372: 3130: 3083: 3079: 3049: 2935: 2892: 2873: 2841: 2787: 2783: 2772: 2761: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2671: 2608: 2470: 2451: 2285: 2281: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2187: 2077: 2073: 2070: 1896: 1871: 1504: 1136: 1111: 724: 279: 153: 6303:. History of Warfare. Vol. 41 (illustrated ed.). Brill. 5065:), though some may end in a police or military assault (i.e. 1994 5053:

attempting to arrest a suspect during a simulated standoff in 2011

2908: 8169: 8159: 7977: 7922: 7615: 7578: 7501: 7483: 7466: 7449: 7100: 7054: 6895: 6868: 6721: 6716: 6691: 6561: 6113:

Diary of the Marches of the Royal Army During the Great Civil War

5766:"Ukraine says situation in besieged Mariupol is 'very difficult'" 5381: 5013: 5001: 4977: 4844: 3899: 3872: 3864: 3823: 3808: 3617: 3392: 3387: 3368: 3356: 3352: 3187: 2916: 2912: 2896: 2818: 2805:

in Ireland was besieged and captured three times: in 1599 by the

2765: 2643: 2622: 2612: 2545: 2541: 2526: 2474: 2466: 2458: 2321: 2277: 2228: 1906: 1866: 1630: 1464: 1460: 802: 787: 663: 324: 319: 289: 228: 190: 6088:

The Encyclopedia of World History: ancient, medieval, and modern

5252: 3411:). They are sent flying towards the enemy camp from an eruptor ( 3277:

Another Mongol tactic was to use catapults to launch corpses of

8473: 8402: 8221: 8176: 7830: 7815: 7307: 6947: 6830: 6571: 6566: 6205:

The Last Valley: Dien Bien Phu and the French defeat in Vietnam

5790:

A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective

5005: 4969: 4961: 4847:, to quickly realize their goals including the eviction of the 4840: 4625:. Sometimes these attempts failed, as happened to the besieged 4374: 4373:

laid siege. The British attempts to resupply the force via the

4335:), but on a much larger scale and on a greatly extended front. 3911: 3903: 3887: 3819: 3797: 3583: 3559: 3555: 3515: 3327: 3294: 3252: 3194: 3022: 2904: 2844:—and more dangerous to attackers—witness the increasing use of 2775: 2534: 2516: 2485: 2481: 2439: 2431: 2298: 2195: 1413: 809: 626: 362: 4594:, which was the high-water mark for the Japanese advance into 3659:, regarded as one of the longest sieges in history (1648–1669) 2662:

could sling about two projectiles per hour at enemy positions.

8732: 7772: 7767: 7105: 7030: 6221:

Fire & Stone: The Science of Fortress Warfare (1660–1860)

4649: 4555: 4366: 4297: 3832: 3696: 3613: 3026: 2836:

became progressively stronger—for example, the advent of the

2647: 2631: 2457:

The late 8th-century BC siege system surrounding the site of

2309: 2266: 420: 415: 6230:

Siege Warfare: Fortress in the Early Modern World, 1494–1660

5369: 5284: 5282: 4708:

French troops seeking cover in trenches, Dien Bien Phu, 1954

2654: 7218: 6681: 6676: 5715:"The History Press | Special Force: Legacy of the Chindits" 5630:

Great Rebellion: 2. The Royalist and Parliamentarian Armies

5526: 5050: 4716:

Sarajevo residents collecting firewood, winter of 1992–1993

4481: 3639:

invaded Italy with an army of 18,000 men and a horse-drawn

3313: 3282: 3150: 3041: 2900: 2877: 2779: 2270: 180: 175: 5596: 5318: 3204:, siege warfare was extensively being used by both sides. 2895:

is a well-preserved example—and more important cities had

2682:

could also be used to force through gates or walls, while

7810: 7802: 6512: 6454:

Three ancient Egyptian Sieges: Megiddo, Dapur, Hermopolis

5584: 5279: 4976:. Standoffs may result from crimes and incidents such as 4736:

the western powers had to use their airbridge expertise.

4304: 3293:

who had died of plague were thrown over the walls of the

2642:

bought them off with gifts and tribute, according to the

2186:

gained some of his renown from design of fortifications.

53: 5572: 5560: 5432: 4315:

Mainly as a result of the increasing firepower (such as

3964:

The exception to this rule were the English. During the

3273:

of the large numbers of machines used at a single siege.

2592:

As a siege progressed, the surrounding army would build

2182:, siege warfare dominated the conduct of war in Europe. 6022: 5676: 5478: 4004:

put forward just such an argument to the Parliamentary

5646: 5514: 5396: 4918:

in 2023-2024 contained multiple sieges, including the

4633:, and sometimes they succeeded as happened during the 4350:

to steam towards South America for a new coal source.

2615:

in the 14th century BC bypassed the fortified city of

2473:

sources and in the reliefs of Sennacherib's palace in

2438:

system known in the world. It was apparently built by

2170:. Siege machinery was also a tradition of the ancient 6111:

Symonds, Richard (1859). Long, Charles Edward (ed.).

5745: 5454:

The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World

5420: 5408: 5304:. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 78. 5920:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

5865:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

5502: 5267: 5061:. Most standoffs end in a peaceful resolution (i.e. 3523:

part of any campaigning army, or castle's defences.

2821:(the type the Chinese commonly used in heating up a 5873: 5860: 5812:. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company. pp. 5658: 5390: 5342:. Oxford University Press. 2010. pp. 266–267. 5261: 4821:In 1972, during the Easter offensive, the siege of 4806:In neighboring Cambodia, at that time known as the 4365:, the British and their large contingent of Indian 3281:victims into besieged cities. The disease-carrying 6258: 5917: 5862: 5764:Polityuk, Pavel; Zinets, Natalia (21 March 2022). 3722: 6288:. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from 5878:Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture 2422:The late 9th-century BC siege system surrounding 8856: 6092:(6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 5097:and executions during the Beslan school siege). 5016:(who may be injured or killed by the suspects). 3835:(Vauban) and the no-longer-existent fortress of 6162:"Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa" 5966:Dictionary of images and symbols in counselling 5444: 3987:British infantry attempt to scale the walls of 3221:'s campaign against China (then comprising the 5882:(20th ed.). Architectural Press. p. 5793:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. 5763: 5450: 4724:Map of destroyed infrastructure following the 2638:in the 8th century BC came to an end when the 2450:Gath in the late 9th century BC (mentioned in 2214: 19:"Besiege" redirects here. For other uses, see 6493: 5942: 5874:Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan (1996). 5451:Campbell, Brian; Tritle, Lawrence A. (2013). 5375: 4964:contexts; such a siege is typically called a 4876:Numerous sieges haven taken place during the 3623:In the early 15th century, Italian architect 3514:The introduction of gunpowder and the use of 2031: 5694:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin 4814:used siege tactics to cut off supplies from 4163:in the mid-17th century were no obstacle to 3687:(built between 1559 and 1594), but chose to 3675:20th-century warfare). During World War II, 3133:'s inability to defeat Rome was his lack of 2887:, virtually all large cities had city walls— 2809:, in 1647 by Lord Inchiquin, and in 1650 by 2250:(c. 2500 BC) in present-day south-east 4770:in 1968. The resupply it provided kept the 4111:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3761:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3482:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2980:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2366:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2254:has defensive walls and square bastions of 6500: 6486: 6223:(2nd ed.). New York: Stackpole Books. 6172:(9). Center for Disease Control: 971–975. 5968:(1st ed.). Jessica Kingsley. p. 5900: 4747:Airbridge was used extensively during the 2327: 2038: 2024: 6185: 6123: 5904:Siege Operations for 21st Century Warfare 5852:. Sussex: Methurn & Company. p. 5578: 5566: 5297: 4960:Siege tactics continue to be employed in 4873:. The siege lasted from 1992 until 1996. 4526:Map showing Axis encirclement during the 4131:Learn how and when to remove this message 3781:Learn how and when to remove this message 3502:Learn how and when to remove this message 3000:Learn how and when to remove this message 2386:Learn how and when to remove this message 8323:List of military strategies and concepts 6408: 6333: 6150: 5915: 5738:See for example the challenges noted in 5627: 5541: 5484: 5457:. Oxford University Press. p. 644. 5402: 5332: 5330: 5042: 4956:truck at the scene of a standoff in 2009 4944: 4755:, but failed to prevent its fall to the 4719: 4711: 4703: 4521: 4432: 4396: 4303:shows the conditions of the garrison at 4291: 4142: 3982: 3952: 3877: 3792: 3650: 3549: 3318: 3120: 2860:(also called arrow loops or loopholes), 2797: 2653: 2564: 2397: 2218: 2134: 997:List of military strategies and concepts 31: 6472:Secrets of Lost Empires: Medieval Siege 6296: 6202: 6159: 6110: 6083: 6074: 6018:. Vol. 5. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 6013: 6009:. Vol. 5. Taiepi: Caves Books Ltd. 6004: 6000:. Vol. 4. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 5995: 5986: 5963: 5949:. New Holland Publishers. p. 105. 5807: 5751: 5739: 5652: 5602: 5520: 5496: 5438: 5426: 5414: 5273: 2446:, as part of his siege and conquest of 2194:, increasing use of ever more powerful 2150:Ancient cities in the Middle East show 8857: 6422:, and do not reflect subsequent edits. 6317: 6245: 6037: 5989:Thunder from Above: Air War, 1941–1968 5820: 5786: 5590: 5508: 5363: 5208: 4072: 3898:Another element of a fortress was the 3330:troops assault the Japanese forces of 3212: 3055: 2915:, similar to those used much later in 2548:in 1965, which have been dated to the 6481: 6236: 6227: 6218: 5943:Hoskin, John; Howland, Carol (2006). 5842: 5677:Reynolds, Churchill & Miller 1916 5664: 5544:Chinese Walled Cities 221 BC– AD 1644 5327: 4637:(5 – 23 February 1944) and the short 4540:one million of the city's inhabitants 4045: 4026:On 15 April 1746, the day before the 3093:Most conquerors before him had found 3033:contains the story of the miraculous 2461:(Tell el-Duweir) in Israel, built by 8839: 6507: 6256: 5991:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. 5924:. Rutgers University Press. p. 4699: 4109:adding citations to reliable sources 4076: 3759:adding citations to reliable sources 3726: 3603: 3480:adding citations to reliable sources 3447: 3021:, and a similar story tells how the 2978:adding citations to reliable sources 2945: 2364:adding citations to reliable sources 2331: 16:Military land blockade of a location 8783:Idealism in international relations 6279: 6249:Recherches de poliorcétique grecque 6241:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 5869:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 5628:Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911). " 4558:, for which the population won the 4519:, Belgium, early in World War II). 4170:Where sieges occurred (such as the 3957:Storming of Redoubt #10 during the 3443: 13: 6212: 6029:. P.F. Collier & Son. p. 5248:from the original on 5 April 2024. 5226:from the original on 6 April 2024. 5191:List of established military terms 5040:support if possible and required. 4903:Multiple sieges took place in the 3554:Late 16th-century illustration of 3259:used twenty catapults against the 3207: 3149:'s mid-1st-century BC conquest of 2242:The stone and mud brick houses of 14: 8886: 6363: 6016:Science and Civilization in China 6007:Science and Civilization in China 5998:Science and Civilization in China 5808:Baldock, Thomas Stanford (1809). 5391:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 5008:), bystanders (who may be in the 4849:Palestine Liberation Organization 4534:The most important siege was the 4319:) available to defensive forces, 4282: 4147:French Engineer Corps during the 3800:'s star-shaped fortified city of 3646: 3241:, who eventually established the 2941: 2634:to a disgruntled gatekeeper. The 2209: 8838: 8828: 8827: 6407: 6395: 6385: 6155:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. 6126:The Oxford History of Modern War 5911:from the original on 6 May 2022. 5861:Ebrey; Walthall; Palais (2006). 5615: 5067:Air France Flight 8969 hijacking 5004:(who police generally intend to 4929: 4905:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 4890:Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017) 4546:, the siege of Leningrad on the 4267:Furthermore, the development of 4081: 3928: 3814:and the Dutch military engineer 3731: 3691:it and negotiate its surrender. 3586:pattern so that it could not be 3452: 3166:), Caesar describes how, at the 2950: 2336: 71: 6252:(in French). Paris: De Boccard. 5787:Alchon, Suzanne Austin (2003). 5757: 5732: 5707: 5682: 5608: 5535: 5532:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 264. 5324:Needham, Volume 5, Part 6, 446. 5262:Fletcher & Cruickshank 1996 5087:Robb Elementary School shooting 4498: 4480:The development of the armored 4279:during the American Civil War. 3875:) needed to be sharply jagged. 3723:Marshal Vauban and Van Coehoorn 6439:Native American Siege Warfare. 5356: 5291: 5288:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 43. 5230: 4778:In both Vietnamese cases, the 4287: 4015:Sixty years later, during the 4008:, to justify his slighting of 3437:Technology of the Song dynasty 3164:Commentaries on the Gallic War 2778:(followers of the philosopher 1: 6153:Siege Weapons of the Far East 6151:Turnbull, Stephen R. (2002). 5780: 5079:EgyptAir Flight 648 hijacking 4951:Los Angeles Police Department 4898:Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya 4660:(1942–1945), to resupply the 4238:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 4017:War of the Spanish Succession 3427:were favoured by the Chinese 3379: 2852:, as well the preparation of 2506: 2503:Protodynastic Period of Egypt 2496: 2406:in the 13th century BC, from 6219:Duffy, Christopher (1996) . 5063:1973 Brooklyn hostage crisis 4616: 4252:rebels in the course of the 3363:) to fight back against the 3159:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2854:hot or incendiary substances 2790:, a wheeled siege ramp with 2736: 2560: 7: 8305:Operational manoeuvre group 6336:Journal of Military History 6237:Duffy, Christopher (1985). 6232:. Routledge and Kegan Paul. 6228:Duffy, Christopher (1996). 6124:Townshend, Charles (2000). 5901:Funderburk, Jordan (2021). 5115: 4894:Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa 4646:military transport aircraft 4401:The Skoda 305 mm Model 1911 4264:, the end of the conflict. 3178:'s forces, while the outer 2786:, 8-foot (2.4 m) high 2636:Assyrian siege of Jerusalem 2552:(5th to 3rd centuries BC). 2492:army in the 4th century BC. 2215:The necessity of city walls 2145:Chilean War of Independence 1495:Military–industrial complex 969:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 8891: 8738:Peace and conflict studies 8627:Infantry fighting vehicles 7166:Front; Russian land forces 6084:Stearns, Peter N. (2001). 5542:Turnbull, Stephen (2012). 5298:Schofield, Louise (2006). 5135:Breastwork (fortification) 4933: 4371:Baron Colmar von der Goltz 4277:Charleston, South Carolina 4006:Committee of Both Kingdoms 3703:. Many stand to this day. 3627:wrote a treatise entitled 2555: 18: 8825: 8793:International cooperation 8725: 8700: 8567: 8560: 8482: 8401: 8313: 8265: 8140: 8016: 7801: 7763:Combat information center 7740: 7661: 7571: 7300: 7293: 7224:Infantry fighting vehicle 7174: 7006:Unified combatant command 6976: 6839: 6651: 6519: 6320:Sieges of the Middle Ages 5964:Stewart, William (1998). 5826:Berlin: The Downfall 1945 5719:www.thehistorypress.co.uk 5376:Hoskin & Howland 2006 4732:Several times during the 4570:, there was the siege of 4271:availed greater speed to 4260:, until months after the 3890:had been besieged by the 3886:took place in 1683 after 3539:, were broken through in 3076:Siege of the Sogdian Rock 2233:Indus Valley civilization 1559:Loss-of-strength gradient 411:Combat information center 25:Besieged (disambiguation) 8708:Lists of wars by country 8150:List of military tactics 7268:Self-propelled artillery 7156:Special units by nation: 6599:Protocols and structure: 6203:Windrow, Martin (2005). 6014:Needham, Joseph (1986). 6005:Needham, Joseph (1986). 5996:Needham, Joseph (1986). 5828:. Viking-Penguin Books. 5201: 4934:Not to be confused with 4774:from capturing the base. 4611:600 mm siege mortar 4568:South-East Asian theatre 4180:Indian Rebellion of 1857 3917:An important element of 3375:, and then the Mongols. 3217:In the Middle Ages, the 2758:Spring and Autumn period 1877:Military science fiction 1362:Technology and equipment 778:List of military tactics 8805:International relations 8798:Crimes against humanity 7445:Other infantry weapons: 7161:Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy 6732:Functional specialties: 6449:Scenes of Siege Warfare 6318:Warner, Philip (1968). 6297:Ostwald, Jamel (2007). 6130:Oxford University Press 6075:Sellman, R. R. (1954). 5916:Grousset, René (1970). 5697:. Basic Books. p. 173. 5639:Encyclopædia Britannica 5126:(documentary TV series) 5048:Washington State Patrol 4968:or, in law enforcement 4749:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 4635:Battle of the Admin Box 4607:800 mm railway gun 4427:Skoda 305 mm Model 1911 4228:(1864–1865) during the 3118:defenders surrendered. 2926:Until the invention of 2840:from the period of the 2834:medieval fortifications 2573:in the mid-16th century 2328:Archaeological evidence 2168:defenders of city walls 2069:'to sit') is a 1945:Wartime sexual violence 1701:Full-spectrum dominance 1512:Supply-chain management 8773:Conscientious objector 6881:Special reconnaissance 6621:Awards and decorations 6468:Biblical perspectives. 6370:Listen to this article 6280:May, Timothy. (2004). 6257:Lynn, John A. (1999). 6178:10.3201/eid0809.010536 6077:Castles and Fortresses 6040:Technology and Culture 5987:Morocco, John (1984). 5238:"Definition of INVEST" 5162:Sangar (fortification) 5054: 4957: 4799:, to unfold securely. 4729: 4717: 4709: 4552:Battle of the Atlantic 4531: 4438: 4402: 4312: 4159:that had held off the 4152: 3992: 3991:, Peninsular War, 1812 3961: 3895: 3804: 3672:Star-shaped fortresses 3660: 3610:Ferdinand and Isabella 3562: 3417: 3343: 3287:transmission mechanism 3275: 3269: 3126: 2814: 2663: 2574: 2540:, like those found in 2414: 2224: 2154:evidence of fortified 2147: 2059: 1857:Awards and decorations 1830:Peace through strength 1805:Low-intensity conflict 1439:Conscientious objector 1312:Area of responsibility 41: 21:Siege (disambiguation) 7793:Torpedo Data Computer 7783:Ship gun fire-control 6459:The Siege Of The City 6322:. G. Bell & Sons. 6261:The Wars of Louis XIV 6246:Garlan, Yvon (1974). 5810:Cromwell as a Soldier 5216:"Definition of SIEGE" 5110:Iranian Embassy siege 5106:Balcombe Street siege 5071:Iranian Embassy siege 5046: 5034:police tactical units 4954:Metropolitan Division 4948: 4835:Israel Defence Forces 4772:North Vietnamese Army 4723: 4715: 4707: 4525: 4436: 4400: 4295: 4254:Philippine Revolution 4146: 3986: 3956: 3881: 3796: 3654: 3625:Leon Battista Alberti 3553: 3543:by the 62 cannons of 3535:, the capital of the 3401: 3391:, this manuscript of 3322: 3270: 3248: 3231:Southern Song dynasty 3124: 2801: 2754:Warring States period 2657: 2569:Depiction of various 2568: 2550:Warring States period 2401: 2222: 2160:Warring States period 2138: 444:Torpedo data computer 434:Ship gun fire-control 35: 8654:Specific modern wars 8602:Vehicles and weapons 8527:Military occupations 7126:Carrier strike group 6464:30 July 2008 at the 6431:More spoken articles 6160:Wheelis, M. (2002). 4764:the next Vietnam War 4674:Operation Matterhorn 4631:Battle of Stalingrad 4544:Battle of Stalingrad 4467:Crown Prince Wilhelm 4463:Erich von Falkenhayn 4258:Spanish–American War 4105:improve this section 4052:French Revolutionary 3755:improve this section 3612:was able to conquer 3476:improve this section 3125:Roman siege machines 2974:improve this section 2771:The philosophically 2360:improve this section 2276:Later, the walls of 1975:Military occupations 1810:Military engineering 1712:Unrestricted Warfare 1569:Force multiplication 462:Military manoeuvrers 8817:Peace organizations 8280:Operations research 7758:Director (military) 7748:Fire-control system 6659:Command and control 5742:, pp. 437, 438 5605:, pp. 515–520. 5593:, pp. 372–375. 5366:, pp. 660, 663 5083:Beslan school siege 4974:barricade situation 4924:Siege of Khan Yunis 4907:, most notably the 4753:First Indochina War 4668:, and to the USAAF 4603:Siege of Sevastopol 4363:Battle of Ctesiphon 4226:siege of Petersburg 4218:Siege of Sevastopol 4195:Franco-Prussian War 4167:in the early 19th. 4073:Industrial advances 4021:Duke of Marlborough 3974:Battle of the Dunes 3859:and would act as a 3629:De Re aedificatoria 3571:early modern period 3297:city of Kaffa (now 3223:Western Xia dynasty 3213:Mongols and Chinese 3068:Alexander the Great 3056:Classical antiquity 2674:over the defenses. 2583:Fotheringhay Castle 2510: 3000 BC 2306:Minoan civilization 2180:early modern period 1661:Penal military unit 1646:Rules of engagement 1322:Command and control 942:Operations research 406:Director (military) 396:Fire-control system 166:Command and control 47:Part of a series on 8275:Military operation 8242:Tactical objective 7753:Fire-control radar 7669:Military equipment 7611:Anti-ship missiles 6963:Electronic-warfare 6826:Military maneuvers 6811:Combat occupations 6587:Commanding officer 6547:Occupational roles 6207:. London: Cassell. 5055: 4958: 4920:Siege of Gaza City 4871:Bosnia-Herzegovina 4851:from the country. 4730: 4718: 4710: 4685:Operation Thursday 4662:Chinese war effort 4536:Siege of Leningrad 4532: 4528:siege of Leningrad 4439: 4403: 4348:East Asia Squadron 4313: 4230:American Civil War 4153: 4063:Napoleon Bonaparte 4046:Strategic concepts 4036:William Sutherland 4028:Battle of Culloden 3997:Sir Richard Willis 3993: 3962: 3896: 3816:Menno van Coehoorn 3805: 3661: 3563: 3344: 3202:Roman–Persian Wars 3127: 3044:, records how the 2815: 2664: 2651:for the besieged. 2628:biological warfare 2575: 2415: 2225: 2148: 1770:Counter-insurgency 1691:Command of the sea 1636:Jewish laws on war 1611:Geneva Conventions 1147:Divide and conquer 937:Military operation 902:Tactical objective 401:Fire-control radar 378:Electronic-warfare 42: 8870:Military strategy 8852: 8851: 8778:Anti-war movement 8721: 8720: 8713:Conflicts by time 8338:Counter-offensive 8328:Military campaign 8247:Target saturation 8197:Counterinsurgency 7846:International law 7788:Gun data computer 7657: 7656: 6994:Armies by country 6958:Close air support 6923:Aircraft carriers 6592:Executive officer 6400: 6390: 6310:978-90-04-15489-6 5956:978-1-84537-551-5 5441:, pp. 44–45. 5349:978-0-19-533403-6 5311:978-0-89236-867-9 4998:terrorist attacks 4909:Siege of Mariupol 4869:, the capital of 4843:, the capital of 4700:Post-World War II 4670:XX Bomber Command 4641:(December 1944). 4639:Siege of Bastogne 4627:German Sixth Army 4542:. Along with the 4443:Siege of Przemyśl 4437:Siege of Przemyśl 4415:Siege of Maubeuge 4344:protected cruiser 4340:Siege of Tsingtao 4176:Siege of Cawnpore 4141: 4140: 4133: 4012:in Lincolnshire. 3966:English Civil War 3959:Siege of Yorktown 3948:Gustavus Adolphus 3791: 3790: 3783: 3604:Emerging theories 3512: 3511: 3504: 3153:(modern France). 3062:Peloponnesian War 3035:Battle of Jericho 3010: 3009: 3002: 2838:concentric castle 2480:The Siege of Alt- 2396: 2395: 2388: 2263:ancient Near East 2184:Leonardo da Vinci 2172:Greco-Roman world 2141:siege of Rancagua 2068: 2048: 2047: 1940:Horses in warfare 1887:Anti-war movement 1790:Gunboat diplomacy 1780:Disaster response 1728:Philosophy of war 1723:Principles of war 1696:Deterrence theory 1641:Right of conquest 1564:Lanchester's laws 1332:Principles of war 1022:Counter-offensive 1002:Military campaign 907:Target saturation 830:Counterinsurgency 439:Gun data computer 373:Close air support 335:Aircraft carriers 36:Depiction of the 8882: 8842: 8841: 8831: 8830: 8808: 8691: 8682: 8673: 8664: 8648: 8639: 8630: 8621: 8612: 8598: 8589: 8580: 8565: 8564: 8507:Military tactics 8348:Defence in depth 8202:Defeat in detail 7898:Armoured warfare 7836:Military science 7626:Close-in weapons 7298: 7297: 7209:Wheeled vehicles 7204:Tracked vehicles 7001:Chain of command 6664:Defense ministry 6502: 6495: 6488: 6479: 6478: 6421: 6419: 6411: 6410: 6402: 6401: 6392: 6391: 6379: 6377: 6371: 6359: 6323: 6314: 6293: 6276: 6264: 6253: 6242: 6233: 6224: 6208: 6199: 6189: 6166:Emerg Infect Dis 6156: 6147: 6120: 6107: 6091: 6080: 6071: 6034: 6019: 6010: 6001: 5992: 5983: 5960: 5939: 5923: 5912: 5897: 5881: 5870: 5868: 5857: 5839: 5817: 5804: 5774: 5773: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5711: 5705: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5334: 5325: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5295: 5289: 5286: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5250: 5249: 5244:. 10 June 2023. 5234: 5228: 5227: 5222:. 15 June 2023. 5212: 5155:Medieval warfare 5150:Maneuver warfare 5095:suicide bombings 4916:Israel–Hamas war 4878:Syrian Civil War 4860:Republika Srpska 4831:1982 Lebanon War 4459:Battle of Verdun 4447:Austro-Hungarian 4419:Siege of Antwerp 4331:and, of course, 4273:blockade runners 4149:Siege of Antwerp 4136: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4116: 4085: 4077: 3884:Battle of Vienna 3786: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3766: 3735: 3727: 3713:United Provinces 3681:Battle in Berlin 3529:Theodosian Walls 3507: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3456: 3448: 3444:Age of gunpowder 3384: 3381: 3168:Battle of Alesia 3005: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2954: 2946: 2883:In the European 2511: 2508: 2391: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2371: 2340: 2332: 2314:Mycenaean Greeks 2256:sun-dried bricks 2204:resisting arrest 2063: 2040: 2033: 2026: 1795:Humanitarian aid 1733:Security dilemma 1554:Power projection 1337:Economy of force 1317:Chain of command 1032:Defence in depth 1017:Commerce raiding 835:Defeat in detail 171:Defense ministry 75: 66: 65: 56: 44: 43: 8890: 8889: 8885: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8880: 8879: 8855: 8854: 8853: 8848: 8821: 8802: 8788:Humanitarianism 8717: 8696: 8685: 8676: 8667: 8661:Napoleonic Wars 8658: 8642: 8636:Modern warships 8633: 8624: 8615: 8606: 8592: 8583: 8574: 8561:Other namespace 8556: 8478: 8397: 8309: 8261: 8227:Rapid dominance 8136: 8012: 7797: 7736: 7653: 7599:Naval artillery 7579:Guided missiles 7567: 7289: 7170: 6972: 6835: 6831:Combat training 6779:Security forces 6769:Military police 6707:Airborne forces 6647: 6515: 6506: 6466:Wayback Machine 6435: 6434: 6423: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6405: 6396: 6386: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6373:(2 parts, 6372: 6369: 6366: 6348:10.2307/2944182 6311: 6292:on 18 May 2008. 6273: 6215: 6213:Further reading 6144: 6104: 6052:10.2307/3106585 5980: 5957: 5936: 5894: 5836: 5801: 5783: 5778: 5777: 5762: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5737: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5687: 5683: 5675: 5671: 5663: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5507: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5449: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5336: 5335: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5296: 5292: 5287: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5253: 5242:Merriam-Webster 5236: 5235: 5231: 5220:Merriam-Webster 5214: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5172:Siege equipment 5118: 5108:, but the 1980 4990:arrest warrants 4943: 4932: 4886:Siege of Kobanî 4742:Berlin Blockade 4726:Siege of Marawi 4702: 4666:Chiang Kai-shek 4619: 4517:Fort Eben-Emael 4501: 4407:Battle of Liège 4321:First World War 4311:in World War I. 4290: 4285: 4262:Treaty of Paris 4234:Siege of Plevna 4137: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4102: 4086: 4075: 4056:Napoleonic Wars 4048: 4032:Dunrobin Castle 3944:pitched battles 3931: 3894:for two months. 3849:contravallation 3787: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3752: 3736: 3725: 3717:Siege of Leiden 3685:Spandau Citadel 3677:trace italienne 3667:trace italienne 3657:Siege of Candia 3649: 3616:strongholds in 3606: 3508: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3473: 3457: 3446: 3382: 3359:, cannons, and 3215: 3210: 3208:Medieval period 3180:contravallation 3058: 3006: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2971: 2955: 2944: 2811:Oliver Cromwell 2792:grappling hooks 2739: 2598:circumvallation 2579:William de Forz 2563: 2558: 2509: 2499: 2436:circumvallation 2392: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2357: 2341: 2330: 2318:Cyclopean walls 2217: 2212: 2139:Picture of the 2044: 2015: 2014: 1965: 1955: 1954: 1920: 1912: 1911: 1852: 1842: 1841: 1815:Multilateralism 1800:Law enforcement 1760: 1750: 1749: 1718:Just war theory 1676: 1666: 1665: 1616:Geneva Protocol 1586: 1576: 1575: 1549: 1539: 1538: 1480: 1470: 1469: 1377: 1367: 1366: 1307: 1297: 1296: 1262: 1252: 1251: 1182:Network-centric 1102: 1092: 1091: 994: 984: 983: 932: 922: 921: 870:Rapid dominance 775: 765: 764: 720:Electromagnetic 629: 619: 618: 605: 558: 506: 482: 472: 471: 467:Combat training 448: 425: 391:Combat systems: 387: 349: 345:Auxiliary ships 311: 271: 267:Military police 233: 156: 146: 145: 85: 59: 58: 57: 52: 38:Siege of Lisbon 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8888: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8850: 8849: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8768:Global studies 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8743:Peace movement 8740: 8735: 8729: 8727: 8723: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8715: 8710: 8704: 8702: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8683: 8674: 8665: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8640: 8631: 8622: 8613: 8599: 8590: 8581: 8571: 8569: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8542:Related lists: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8512:History lists: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8492:Military lists 8488: 8486: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8459:Defense policy 8456: 8454:Defense budget 8451: 8446: 8444:Public policy: 8441: 8436: 8434:United Nations 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8407: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8395: 8393:Scorched earth 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8319: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8295:Deep operation 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8271: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8157: 8152: 8146: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8022: 8020: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8010: 8008:Unconventional 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7958:Disinformation 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7873: 7868: 7866:Post-classical 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7807: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7744: 7742: 7741:Combat systems 7738: 7737: 7735: 7734: 7732:Field hospital 7729: 7728: 7727: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7706: 7705: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7665: 7663: 7659: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7596: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7575: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7509:Shoulder-fired 7498: 7497: 7496: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7475: 7474: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7413: 7409:Service rifles 7405: 7404: 7403: 7393: 7388: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7356: 7355: 7354: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7322: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7304: 7302: 7295: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7184: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6968:Reconnaissance 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6933:Auxiliary ship 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6821:Basic training 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6752:Reconnaissance 6749: 6744: 6739: 6737:Communications 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6702:Special forces 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6666: 6661: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6618: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6516: 6505: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6469: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6424: 6413: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6393: 6382: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364:External links 6362: 6361: 6360: 6342:(1): 119–133. 6328:Historiography 6325: 6324: 6315: 6309: 6294: 6277: 6271: 6254: 6243: 6234: 6225: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6200: 6157: 6148: 6142: 6121: 6108: 6102: 6081: 6072: 6046:(4): 655–679. 6035: 6020: 6011: 6002: 5993: 5984: 5978: 5961: 5955: 5940: 5934: 5913: 5898: 5892: 5871: 5858: 5840: 5834: 5822:Beevor, Antony 5818: 5805: 5799: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5756: 5744: 5731: 5706: 5689:Timothy Snyder 5681: 5679:, p. 406. 5669: 5657: 5655:, p. 270. 5645: 5634:Chisholm, Hugh 5607: 5595: 5583: 5581:, p. 212. 5579:Townshend 2000 5571: 5569:, p. 211. 5567:Townshend 2000 5559: 5552: 5546:. Bloomsbury. 5534: 5525: 5523:, p. 105. 5513: 5501: 5489: 5487:, p. 362. 5477: 5463: 5443: 5431: 5419: 5407: 5395: 5380: 5378:, p. 105. 5368: 5355: 5348: 5326: 5317: 5310: 5301:The Mycenaeans 5290: 5278: 5266: 5251: 5229: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5196:List of sieges 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5177:Tunnel warfare 5174: 5169: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5117: 5114: 5102:United Kingdom 4931: 4928: 4880:, such as the 4858:in the 1990s, 4808:Khmer Republic 4776: 4775: 4760: 4745: 4701: 4698: 4618: 4615: 4576:Burma campaign 4500: 4497: 4471:Fort Douaumont 4411:Siege of Namur 4324:trench warfare 4289: 4286: 4284: 4283:Modern warfare 4281: 4246:Siege of Baler 4203:Siege of Paris 4172:Siege of Delhi 4139: 4138: 4121:September 2022 4089: 4087: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4047: 4044: 3970:New Model Army 3937:in 1601–1604; 3930: 3927: 3892:Ottoman Empire 3837:Bergen op Zoom 3789: 3788: 3771:September 2022 3739: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3709:Northern Italy 3648: 3647:New fortresses 3645: 3605: 3602: 3541:just six weeks 3533:Constantinople 3510: 3509: 3492:September 2022 3460: 3458: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3435:For more, see 3429:Yongle Emperor 3425:Forbidden City 3336:Siege of Ulsan 3303:Siege of Caffa 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3139:Roman Republic 3057: 3054: 3052:across moats. 3031:Book of Joshua 3008: 3007: 2990:September 2022 2958: 2956: 2949: 2943: 2942:Siege accounts 2940: 2846:machicolations 2738: 2735: 2676:Battering rams 2571:siege machines 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2521:Siege of Dapur 2498: 2495: 2494: 2493: 2478: 2455: 2404:Siege of Dapur 2394: 2393: 2376:September 2022 2344: 2342: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2210:Ancient period 2208: 2200:mobile warfare 2192:Napoleonic era 2152:archaeological 2076:of a city, or 2046: 2045: 2043: 2042: 2035: 2028: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1980:Military terms 1977: 1972: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1738:Tripwire force 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1561: 1556: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1492: 1487: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1308: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1260:Administrative 1258: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1187:New generation 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1162:Fleet in being 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1103: 1100:Grand strategy 1098: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1087:Scorched earth 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 995: 990: 989: 986: 985: 982: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 959:Deep operation 956: 951: 944: 939: 933: 928: 927: 924: 923: 920: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 888: 887: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 806: 805: 800: 795: 785: 776: 771: 770: 767: 766: 763: 762: 760:Unconventional 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 708: 706:Disinformation 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 677: 676: 671: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 630: 625: 624: 621: 620: 617: 616: 611: 604: 603: 602: 601: 600: 599: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 557: 556: 555: 554: 553: 552: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 505: 504: 503: 502: 497: 492: 483: 478: 477: 474: 473: 470: 469: 464: 459: 457:Basic training 454: 447: 446: 441: 436: 431: 424: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 386: 385: 383:Reconnaissance 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 348: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 310: 309: 304: 302:Special forces 299: 294: 293: 292: 282: 277: 270: 269: 264: 259: 257:Reconnaissance 254: 249: 244: 239: 232: 231: 222: 217: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 157: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 143: 142: 141: 136: 126: 125: 124: 119: 109: 108: 107: 100:Post-classical 97: 92: 86: 81: 80: 77: 76: 68: 67: 49: 48: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8887: 8876: 8875:Siege warfare 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8847: 8846: 8836: 8835: 8824: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8806: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8748:Peace process 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8724: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8689: 8684: 8680: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8662: 8657: 8656: 8655: 8652: 8646: 8641: 8637: 8632: 8628: 8623: 8619: 8614: 8610: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8600: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8582: 8578: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8566: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8400: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8290:Expeditionary 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8264: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8192:Counterattack 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8079: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8047: 8044: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7998:Psychological 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7938:Combined arms 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7739: 7733: 7730: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7720:Military base 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7696: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7621:Depth charges 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7455:Anti-tank gun 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7428:Assault rifle 7426: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7416:Battle rifles 7414: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7384:Infantry guns 7381: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7357: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7345: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7283: 7279: 7278:Anti-aircraft 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7011:General staff 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6928:Landing craft 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6577:Enlisted rank 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6503: 6498: 6496: 6491: 6489: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6394: 6384: 6383: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6321: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6282:"Mongol Arms" 6278: 6274: 6268: 6263: 6262: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6222: 6217: 6216: 6206: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6143:0-19-285373-2 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6103:0-395-65237-5 6099: 6095: 6090: 6089: 6082: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6008: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5979:1-85302-351-5 5975: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5941: 5937: 5935:0-8135-1304-9 5931: 5927: 5922: 5921: 5914: 5910: 5907:. U.S. Army. 5906: 5905: 5899: 5895: 5893:0-7506-2267-9 5889: 5885: 5880: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5866: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5835:0-670-88695-5 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5800:0-8263-2871-7 5796: 5792: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5754:, p. 52. 5753: 5748: 5741: 5735: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5703:0-465-00239-0 5700: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5678: 5673: 5667:, p. 29. 5666: 5661: 5654: 5649: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5624:public domain 5611: 5604: 5599: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5575: 5568: 5563: 5555: 5553:9781846038921 5549: 5545: 5538: 5529: 5522: 5517: 5511:, p. 21. 5510: 5505: 5498: 5493: 5486: 5485:Grousset 1970 5481: 5466: 5464:9780199333806 5460: 5456: 5455: 5447: 5440: 5435: 5429:, p. 22. 5428: 5423: 5417:, p. 26. 5416: 5411: 5405:, p. 40. 5404: 5403:Turnbull 2002 5399: 5393:, p. 29. 5392: 5387: 5385: 5377: 5372: 5365: 5362:For example, 5359: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5333: 5331: 5321: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5294: 5285: 5283: 5276:, p. 17. 5275: 5270: 5264:, p. 20. 5263: 5258: 5256: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5167:Siege engines 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5026:psychologists 5023: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4952: 4947: 4941: 4937: 4936:Police action 4930:Police sieges 4927: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4882:Siege of Homs 4879: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856:Yugoslav Wars 4852: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4798: 4797:Tet Offensive 4794: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4727: 4722: 4714: 4706: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4574:, and in the 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4548:Eastern Front 4545: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4484:and improved 4483: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4452:Lavr Kornilov 4448: 4444: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4399: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4294: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4199:Siege of Metz 4196: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4145: 4135: 4132: 4124: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4090:This section 4088: 4084: 4079: 4078: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4034:, a party of 4033: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3929:Siege warfare 3926: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3913: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3874: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3782: 3774: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3740:This section 3738: 3734: 3729: 3728: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3658: 3653: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3506: 3503: 3495: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3461:This section 3459: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3388:Huo Long Jing 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3349:flamethrowers 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3301:) during the 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3219:Mongol Empire 3205: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3193:who defended 3192: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3176:Vercingetorix 3173: 3172:Roman legions 3169: 3165: 3161: 3160: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3147:Julius Caesar 3144: 3140: 3136: 3135:siege engines 3132: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3072:Siege of Tyre 3069: 3065: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3042:Piankhi stela 3038: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3004: 3001: 2993: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2959:This section 2957: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2825:for smelting 2824: 2823:blast furnace 2820: 2812: 2808: 2807:Earl of Essex 2804: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668:siege engines 2661: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2567: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2504: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2444:Aram Damascus 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2402:The Egyptian 2400: 2390: 2387: 2379: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2345:This section 2343: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2295:State of Zhao 2291: 2290:Shang dynasty 2287: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174:. During the 2173: 2169: 2165: 2164:ancient China 2161: 2158:. During the 2157: 2153: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2124: 2122: 2119:bombardment, 2118: 2114: 2113:siege engines 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2084:(also called 2083: 2082:Siege warfare 2079: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2018: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1867:Warrior caste 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1845: 1838: 1837:Show of force 1835: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1825:Peacebuilding 1823: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1681:Air supremacy 1679: 1678: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1621:Islamic rules 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1601:Court-martial 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1500:Arms industry 1498: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1117:Broken-backed 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 993: 988: 987: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 954:Expeditionary 952: 950: 949: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 934: 931: 926: 925: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 886: 883: 882: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 825:Counterattack 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 790: 789: 786: 784: 781: 780: 779: 774: 769: 768: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 750:Psychological 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 686:Combined arms 684: 682: 679: 675: 672: 670: 667: 666: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 631: 628: 623: 622: 615: 612: 610: 607: 606: 598: 595: 594: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 564: 563: 560: 559: 551: 548: 547: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 525:Fortification 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 512: 511: 508: 507: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 485: 484: 481: 476: 475: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 449: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 426: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 346: 343: 341: 340:Landing craft 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 291: 288: 287: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 230: 226: 225:Standing army 223: 221: 218: 216: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 158: 155: 150: 149: 140: 137: 135: 132: 131: 130: 127: 123: 120: 118: 117:pike and shot 115: 114: 113: 110: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 84: 79: 78: 74: 70: 69: 63: 55: 51: 50: 46: 45: 39: 34: 30: 26: 22: 8843: 8832: 8811: 8807:}} 8803:{{ 8690:}} 8686:{{ 8681:}} 8679:World War II 8677:{{ 8672:}} 8668:{{ 8663:}} 8659:{{ 8653: 8647:}} 8643:{{ 8638:}} 8634:{{ 8629:}} 8625:{{ 8620:}} 8616:{{ 8611:}} 8607:{{ 8601: 8597:}} 8593:{{ 8588:}} 8584:{{ 8579:}} 8575:{{ 8541: 8511: 8491: 8463: 8449:Conscription 8443: 8424:Peace treaty 8410: 8231: 8115:Subterranean 8003:Radiological 7943:Conventional 7892: 7871:Early modern 7850: 7777: 7714: 7630: 7590: 7552: 7535: 7500: 7489:Combat knife 7479:Flamethrower 7444: 7440:Sniper rifle 7407: 7396:Machine guns 7382: 7319: 7181: 7155: 7145: 7110: 7015: 6984:Organization 6937: 6891:Naval units: 6890: 6886:Signal corps 6848: 6816:Development: 6815: 6805: 6784:Border guard 6747:Intelligence 6731: 6670:Armed Forces 6668: 6637: 6598: 6556: 6339: 6335: 6327: 6326: 6319: 6299: 6290:the original 6285: 6260: 6248: 6238: 6229: 6220: 6204: 6169: 6165: 6152: 6125: 6112: 6087: 6076: 6043: 6039: 6025: 6015: 6006: 5997: 5988: 5965: 5945: 5919: 5903: 5877: 5864: 5848: 5844:Firth, C. H. 5825: 5809: 5789: 5769: 5759: 5752:Morocco 1984 5747: 5740:Windrow 2005 5734: 5722:. Retrieved 5718: 5709: 5692: 5684: 5672: 5660: 5653:Symonds 1859 5648: 5637: 5610: 5603:Baldock 1809 5598: 5586: 5574: 5562: 5543: 5537: 5528: 5521:Stewart 1998 5516: 5504: 5497:Wheelis 2002 5492: 5480: 5468:. 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Pearson. 6132:. pp. 5724:23 February 5591:Beevor 2002 5509:Alchon 2003 5499:, p. . 5364:Roland 1992 5030:let them go 5022:negotiators 4854:During the 4829:During the 4812:Khmer Rouge 4751:during the 4530:(1942–1943) 4515:capture of 4513:paratrooper 4423:Big Berthas 4384:Sandfontein 4355:Mesopotamia 4307:at the end 4288:World War I 4236:during the 4222:Crimean War 4220:during the 4193:During the 4178:during the 3978:Interregnum 3976:during the 3939:La Rochelle 3641:siege-train 3567:Renaissance 3419:During the 3399:spelling): 3383: 1350 3338:during the 3307:Black Death 3261:Bab al-Iraq 3239:Kublai Khan 3227:Jin dynasty 3200:During the 3116:demoralized 3107:land bridge 3060:During the 2921:Vietnam War 2919:during the 2885:Middle Ages 2866:drawbridges 2862:sally ports 2752:During the 2712:foundations 2704:siege tower 2680:siege hooks 2596:(a line of 2463:Sennacherib 2252:Afghanistan 2237:Indus River 2176:Renaissance 2143:during the 2094:negotiation 1935:War studies 1758:Non-warfare 1686:Appeasement 1651:Martial law 1490:War economy 1429:Transgender 1382:Recruitment 1142:Containment 1027:Culminating 1007:Anti-access 930:Operational 850:Envelopment 793:Air assault 674:Air cavalry 634:Air defence 614:Information 515:Cold-region 480:Battlespace 429:Historical: 275:Land units: 201:Space force 196:Coast guard 129:Late modern 90:Prehistoric 8859:Categories 8701:Categories 8547:War crimes 8532:Operations 8469:Government 8285:Blitzkrieg 8257:Withdrawal 8108:Underwater 8083:Amphibious 8025:Aerospace 7968:Electronic 7918:Camouflage 7913:Biological 7886:fourth-gen 7881:industrial 7710:Body armor 7698:Camouflage 7679:By country 7524:By country 7335:By country 7320:Artillery: 7234:By country 7151:Combat box 7121:Task force 7089:By country 7072:By country 7026:Field army 7021:Army group 6989:By country 6938:Air units: 6918:Submarines 6799:By country 6626:By country 6542:Technology 6444:Siege Kits 6427:Audio help 6418:2006-01-14 6272:0582056292 6079:. Methuen. 5781:References 5665:Firth 1902 5145:Last stand 5130:Blitzkrieg 5123:Battleplan 5059:Waco siege 4816:Phnom Penh 4623:airbridges 4505:Blitzkrieg 4417:, and the 4269:steamships 4250:Philippine 4067:Clausewitz 3397:Wade–Giles 3361:land mines 3099:Phoenician 3019:Trojan War 2858:Arrowslits 2747:starvation 2727:Greek fire 2692:trebuchets 2660:trebuchets 2640:Israelites 2617:Carchemish 2602:each other 2594:earthworks 2497:Depictions 2448:Philistine 2156:city walls 2109:investment 2086:siegecraft 1995:War crimes 1985:Operations 1892:Foot drill 1862:Battle cry 1775:deterrence 1434:Harassment 1409:Specialism 1232:Technology 1227:Succession 1172:Liberation 1107:Asymmetric 1042:Empty fort 948:Blitzkrieg 917:Withdrawal 880:Investment 659:Camouflage 654:Biological 592:Underwater 567:Amphibious 486:Aerospace 353:Air units: 330:Submarines 139:fourth-gen 134:industrial 122:napoleonic 8568:Templates 8439:Mediation 8419:Alliances 8412:Diplomacy 8388:Offensive 8368:Defensive 8363:Deception 8333:Attrition 8217:Guerrilla 8165:Airbridge 7983:Loitering 7903:Artillery 7841:Diplomacy 7662:Equipment 7616:Torpedoes 7558:Land mine 7514:Anti-tank 7347:Field gun 7325:Artillery 7261:Gun truck 7246:Scout car 7084:Battalion 6977:Structure 6876:Artillery 6794:Logistics 6742:Engineers 6687:Air force 6068:113017993 5010:crossfire 4978:robberies 4780:Viet Minh 4757:Việt Minh 4617:Airbridge 4584:Admin Box 4580:Myitkyina 4572:Singapore 4566:. 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