History of Japan - Knowledge

4254: 3234: 3246: 3526:, guaranteed a little land in the small fishing village of "Nagasáqui" to the Jesuits, who divided it into six areas. They could use the land to receive Christians exiled from other territories, as well as for Portuguese merchants. The Jesuits built a chapel and a school under the name of São Paulo, like those in Goa and Malacca. By 1579, Nagasáqui had four hundred houses, and some Portuguese had gotten married. Fearful that Nagasaki could fall into the hands of its rival Takanobu, Omura Sumitada (Dom Bartolomeu) decided to guarantee the city directly to the Jesuits in 1580. After a few years, the Jesuits came to realize that if they understood the language they would achieve more conversions to the Catholic religion. Jesuits such as João Rodrigues wrote a 2454: 5660: 3597: 3847:

promoted commercial expansion that also benefited the merchants and artisans of the cities. City populations grew, but almost ninety percent of the population continued to live in rural areas. Both the inhabitants of cities and of rural communities would benefit from one of the most notable social changes of the Edo period: increased literacy and numeracy. The number of private schools greatly expanded, particularly those attached to temples and shrines, and raised literacy to thirty percent. This may have been the world's highest rate at the time and drove a flourishing commercial publishing industry, which grew to produce hundreds of titles per year. In the area of

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Since there was an economic advantage for a poor samurai class person to marry a wealthy merchant or peasant class woman, they would adopt a merchant or peasant class woman into the samurai class as an adopted daughter and then marry her. The social stratification had little bearing on economic conditions: many samurai lived in poverty and the wealth of the merchant class grew throughout the period as the commercial economy developed and urbanization grew. The Edo-era social power structure proved untenable and gave way following the Meiji Restoration to one in which commercial power played an increasingly significant political role.

5079:(MITI) with a mission to promote economic growth through close cooperation between the government and big business. MITI sought successfully to promote manufacturing and heavy industry, and encourage exports. The factors behind Japan's postwar economic growth included technology and quality control techniques imported from the West, close economic and defense cooperation with the United States, non-tariff barriers to imports, restrictions on labor unionization, long work hours, and a generally favorable global economic environment. Japanese corporations successfully retained a loyal and experienced workforce through the system of 4801: 4335: 4689: 4005: 3860: 4602: 4872: 2136: 2185: 2553: 3851: – approximated by an index measuring people's ability to report an exact rather than a rounded age (age-heaping method), and which level shows a strong correlation to later economic development of a country – Japan's level was comparable to that of north-west European countries, and moreover, Japan's index came close to the 100 percent mark throughout the nineteenth century. These high levels of both literacy and numeracy were part of the socio-economical foundation for Japan's strong growth rates during the following century. 2253: 3511: 3258: 3446: 3288: 2124: 4892: 2067: 12197: 5524: 2108: 5319: 5023: 3633: 2893: 3725: 3345: 13875: 13478: 3337: 2984: 5490:

commoners, and slaves. Over 90% were commoners, who included farmers, merchants, and artisans. During the late Heian period, the governing elite consisted of three classes. The traditional aristocracy shared power with Buddhist monks and samurai, though the latter became increasingly dominant in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods. These periods witnessed the rise of the merchant class, which diversified into a greater variety of specialized occupations.

13885: 3659:. Nobunaga was renowned for his strategic leadership and his ruthlessness. He encouraged Christianity to incite hatred toward his Buddhist enemies and to forge strong relationships with European arms merchants. He equipped his armies with muskets and trained them with innovative tactics. He promoted talented men regardless of their social status, including his peasant servant Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who became one of his best generals. 1985: 39: 2686: 4674: 2353: 13467: 5646: 1617: 864: 5257: 12185: 4086: 5632: 5284:. Economic performance was often poor in the following decades, and the stock market never returned to its pre-1989 highs. Japan's system of lifetime employment largely collapsed and unemployment rates rose. The faltering economy and several corruption scandals weakened the LDP's dominant political position. Japan was nevertheless governed by non-LDP prime ministers only in 1993–1996 and 2009–2012. 2317: 3179:, meaning "divine wind". In spite of the Kamakura shogunate's victory, the defense so depleted its finances that it was unable to provide compensation to its vassals for their role in the victory. This had permanent negative consequences for the shogunate's relations with the samurai class. Discontent among the samurai proved decisive in ending the Kamakura shogunate. In 1333, 2438: 5208:. The reasons for this include the abolition of government censorship, low film production costs, expanded access to new film techniques and technologies, and huge domestic audiences at a time when other forms of recreation were relatively scarce. During this period, Japan also began to emerge as an exporter of popular culture. Young people across the world began consuming 4537:'s sixty-three-year reign from 1926 to 1989 is the longest in recorded Japanese history. The first twenty years were characterized by the rise of extreme nationalism and a series of expansionist wars. After suffering defeat in World War II, Japan was occupied by foreign powers for the first time in its history, and then re-emerged as a major world economic power. 4546: 3473:, Firando (Hirado), and in the province of Bungo, lands of Ōtomo Sōrin, but in 1562 they moved to Yokoseura when the Daimyô there, Omura Sumitada, offered to be the first lord to convert to Christianity, adopting the name of Dom Bartolomeu. In 1564, he faced a rebellion instigated by the Buddhist clergy and Yokoseura was destroyed. 5513:

the status of men as dominant landholders. During the US occupation following World War II , women gained legal equality with men, but faced widespread workplace discrimination. A movement for women's rights led to the passage of an equal employment law in 1986, but by the 1990s women held only 10% of management positions.

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factories, rural landlords, and tenant farmers. The great disparities of income between the classes dissipated during and after World War II, eventually declining to levels that were among the lowest in the industrialized world. Some postwar surveys indicated that up to 90% of Japanese self-identified as being middle class.

3679:, persecutions of Christians, a thorough land survey, and a new law effectively forbidding the peasants and samurai from changing their social class. Hideyoshi's land survey designated all those who were cultivating the land as being "commoners", an act which effectively granted freedom to most of Japan's 3333:, who came to power in 1368 and remained influential until his death in 1408. Yoshimitsu expanded the power of the shogunate and in 1392, brokered a deal to bring the Northern and Southern Courts together and end the civil war. Henceforth, the shogunate kept the emperor and his court under tight control. 4589:

of the Seiyūkai Party attempted to restrain the Kwantung Army and was assassinated in 1932 by right-wing extremists. Because of growing opposition within the Japanese military and the extreme right to party politicians, who they saw as corrupt and self-serving, Inukai was the last party politician to

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In spite of the war, Japan's relative economic prosperity, which had begun in the Kamakura period, continued well into the Muromachi period. By 1450 Japan's population stood at ten million, compared to six million at the end of the thirteenth century. Commerce flourished, including considerable trade

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rulers of the country. The court maintained bureaucratic and religious functions, and the shogunate welcomed participation by members of the aristocratic class. The older institutions remained intact in a weakened form, and Kyoto remained the official capital. This system has been contrasted with the

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The population of Japan began to increase rapidly, perhaps with a 10-fold rise over the Jōmon. Calculations of the increasing population size by the end of the Yayoi period have varied from 1 to 4 million. Skeletal remains from the late Jōmon period reveal a deterioration in already poor standards of

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For reasons that are unclear to historians the status of women rapidly deteriorated from the fourteenth century and onwards. Women of all social classes lost the right to own and inherit property and were increasingly viewed as inferior to men. Hideyoshi's land survey of the 1590s further entrenched

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Social stratification in Japan became pronounced during the Yayoi period. Expanding trade and agriculture increased the wealth of society, which was increasingly monopolized by social elites. By 600 AD, a class structure had developed which included court aristocrats, the families of local magnates,

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On December 16, 2022, Japan announced a major shift in its military policy by stating that it would acquire counterstrike capabilities and increase its defense budget to 2% of GDP (¥43 trillion ($ 315 billion) by 2027. The impetuses for this increase were regional security concerns over China, North

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Takauji set up his shogunate in the Muromachi district of Kyoto. However, the shogunate was faced with the twin challenges of fighting the Southern Court and of maintaining its authority over its own subordinate governors. Like the Kamakura shogunate, the Muromachi shogunate appointed its allies to

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attempted to curry favor with Yoritomo by attacking Yoshitsune's home. Although Yoshitsune was killed, Yoritomo still invaded and conquered the Northern Fujiwara clan's territories. In subsequent centuries, Yoshitsune would become a legendary figure, portrayed in countless works of literature as an

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among cultivators, and ordered the compilation of a household registry as the basis for a new system of taxation. The true aim of the reforms was to bring about greater centralization and to enhance the power of the imperial court, which was also based on the governmental structure of China. Envoys

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class, followed by craftsmen and merchants. However, various studies have revealed since about 1995 that the classes of peasants, craftsmen, and merchants under the samurai are equal, and the old hierarchy chart has been removed from Japanese history textbooks. In other words, peasants, craftsmen,

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Left-wing groups had been subject to violent suppression by the end of the Taishō period, and radical right-wing groups, inspired by fascism and Japanese nationalism, rapidly grew in popularity. The extreme right became influential throughout the Japanese government and society, notably within the

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written syllabaries was part of a general trend of declining Chinese influence during the Heian period. The official Japanese missions to Tang dynasty of China, which began in the year 630, ended during the ninth century, though informal missions of monks and scholars continued, and thereafter the

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Throughout the Heian period, the power of the imperial court declined. The court became so self-absorbed with power struggles and with the artistic pursuits of court nobles that it neglected the administration of government outside the capital. The nationalization of land undertaken as part of the

2708:), which remained the capital until 1868. Political power within the court soon passed to the Fujiwara clan, a family of court nobles who grew increasingly close to the imperial family through intermarriage. Between 812 and 814 CE, a smallpox epidemic killed almost half of the Japanese population. 4399:

Japan enjoyed solid economic growth at this time and most people lived longer and healthier lives. The population rose from 34 million in 1872 to 52 million in 1915. Poor working conditions in factories led to growing labor unrest, and many workers and intellectuals came to embrace socialist

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The Portuguese were allowed to trade and create colonies where they could convert new believers into the Christian religion. The civil war status in Japan greatly benefited the Portuguese, as well as several competing gentlemen who sought to attract Portuguese black boats and their trade to their

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region of central Japan. The rulers of the Yamato state were a hereditary line of emperors who still reign as the world's longest dynasty. The rulers of the Yamato extended their power across Japan through military conquest, but their preferred method of expansion was to convince local leaders to

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of the samurai class required the approval of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was also forbidden for a member of the samurai class to marry a peasant, craftsman, or merchant, but this was done through a loophole in which a person from a lower class was adopted into the samurai class and then married.

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praised Japan as the "first Asian nation that has begun exerting pressure on Russia." Japan froze the assets of Russia's central bank and other major Russian banks and assets owned by 500 Russian citizens and organizations. Japan banned new investments and the export of high tech to the country.

2181:, gradually supplanting the Jōmon. They also introduced weaving and silk production, new woodworking methods, glassmaking technology, and new architectural styles. The expansion of the Yayoi appears to have brought about a fusion with the indigenous Jōmon, resulting in a small genetic admixture. 2202:

These Yayoi technologies originated on the Asian mainland. There is debate among scholars as to what degree their spread can be attributed to migration or to cultural diffusion. The migration theory is supported by genetic and linguistic studies. Historian Hanihara Kazurō has suggested that the

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Although all social classes were legally abolished at the start of the Meiji period, income inequality greatly increased. New economic class divisions were formed between capitalist business owners who formed the new middle class, small shopkeepers of the old middle class, the working class in

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During the first century of Tokugawa rule, Japan's population doubled to thirty million, mostly because of agricultural growth; the population remained stable for the rest of the period. The shogunate's construction of roads, elimination of road and bridge tolls, and standardization of coinage

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A social hierarchy chart based on old academic theories. Such hierarchical diagrams were removed from Japanese textbooks after various studies in the 1990s revealed that peasants, craftsmen, and merchants were in fact equal and merely social categories. Successive shoguns held the highest or

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and metallurgy. Until recently, the onset of this wave of cultural and technological changes was thought to have begun around 400 BC. Radio-carbon evidence now suggests that the new phase started some 500 years earlier, between 1,000 and 800 BC. Endowed with bronze and iron weapons and tools

3997:, promoted what it asserted were native Japanese values. For instance, it criticized the Chinese-style Neo-Confucianism advocated by the shogunate and emphasized the Emperor's divine authority, which the Shinto faith taught had its roots in Japan's mythic past, which was referred to as the " 5098:

rose and Japan's population increased to 123 million by 1990. Ordinary Japanese people became wealthy enough to purchase a wide array of consumer goods. During this period, Japan became the world's largest manufacturer of automobiles and a leading producer of electronics. Japan signed the

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The Edo period was a time of cultural flourishing, as the merchant classes grew in wealth and began spending their income on cultural and social pursuits. Members of the merchant class who patronized culture and entertainment were said to live hedonistic lives, which came to be called the

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with a male head of household. Women until then had held important roles in government which thereafter gradually diminished, though even in the late Heian period women wielded considerable court influence. Marital customs and many laws governing private property remained gender neutral.

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poorly. Peasant unrest grew and government revenues fell. The shogunate cut the pay of the already financially distressed samurai, many of whom worked side jobs to make a living. Discontented samurai were soon to play a major role in engineering the downfall of the Tokugawa shogunate.

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times, with the oldest evidence dating to around 38–40,000 years ago. Little evidence of their presence remains, as Japan's acidic soils tend to degrade bone remains. However, the discovery of unique edge-ground axes in Japan dated to over 30,000 years ago may be evidence of the first

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from Japanese control. During this period the Japanese military was responsible for such war crimes as mistreatment of prisoners of war, massacres of civilians, and the use of chemical and biological weapons. The Japanese military earned a reputation for fanaticism, often employing

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with an alliance with the Portuguese, who provided three ships, with a crew of about 900 men and more than 50 cannons. This is thought to be the first bombardment by foreign ships on Japan. The first recorded naval battle between Europeans and the Japanese occurred in 1565. In the

3835:("closed country") isolationist policy under which Japanese people were not allowed to travel abroad, return from overseas, or build ocean-going vessels. The only Europeans allowed on Japanese soil were the Dutch, who were granted a single trading post on the island of 4646:

The United States opposed Japan's invasion of China and responded with increasingly stringent economic sanctions intended to deprive Japan of the resources to continue its war in China. Japan reacted by forging an alliance with Germany and Italy in 1940, known as the

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starting in 1592. Hideyoshi failed to defeat the Chinese and Korean armies on the Korean Peninsula and the war ended after his death in 1598. In the hope of founding a new dynasty, Hideyoshi had asked his most trusted subordinates to pledge loyalty to his infant son

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The Tokugawa shogunate went to great lengths to suppress social unrest. Harsh penalties, including crucifixion, beheading, and death by boiling, were decreed for even the most minor offenses, though criminals of high social class were often given the option of

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imposed on Japan at the same time locked Japan into a military alliance with the United States and continues to allow the presence of US military bases on Japanese soil. The occupation officially ended in 1952, although the US continued to occupy the

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During the Meiji period, Japan underwent a rapid transition towards an industrial economy. Both the Japanese government and private entrepreneurs adopted Western technology and knowledge to create factories capable of producing a wide range of goods.

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Nakagawa, Ryohei; Doi, Naomi; Nishioka, Yuichiro; Nunami, Shin; Yamauchi, Heizaburo; Fujita, Masaki; Yamazaki, Shinji; Yamamoto, Masaaki; Katagiri, Chiaki; Mukai, Hitoshi; Matsuzaki, Hiroyuki; Gakuhari, Takashi; Takigami, Mai; Yoneda, Minoru (2010).

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from the continent immigrated to the Japanese archipelago and introduced iron technology and agricultural civilization. Because they had an agricultural civilization, the population of the Yayoi began to grow rapidly and ultimately overwhelmed the

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occurred, in which the Japanese military, police, and gangs of vigilantes murdered thousands of Korean people after rumors emerged that Koreans had been poisoning wells. The rumors were later described as false by numerous Japanese sources.

4144:. It instituted comprehensive tax reform and lifted the ban on Christianity. Major government priorities also included the introduction of railways, telegraph lines, and a universal education system. The Meiji government promoted widespread 4932:, transferring ownership of agricultural land from landlords to tenant farmers, and promoting labor unionism. Other major goals were the demilitarization and democratization of Japan's government and society. Japan's military was disarmed, 3662:

The Azuchi–Momoyama period began in 1568, when Nobunaga seized Kyoto and thus effectively brought an end to the Ashikaga shogunate. He was well on his way towards his goal of reuniting all Japan when, in 1582, one of his own officers,

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increased productivity and rural villages grew. Fewer famines and epidemics allowed cities to grow and commerce to boom. Buddhism, which had been largely a religion of the elites, was brought to the masses by prominent monks, such as

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peaked at 128,083,960 in 2008, and as of December 2020 it had fallen below 126 million. In 2011, China surpassed Japan as the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP. Despite Japan's economic difficulties, this period also saw

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Japan's expansionist vision grew increasingly bold. Many of Japan's political elite aspired to have Japan acquire new territory for resource extraction and settlement of surplus population. These ambitions led to the outbreak of the

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continued to maintain a significant degree of autonomy in their domains. The central government of the shogunate in Edo, which quickly became the most populous city in the world, took counsel from a group of senior advisors known as

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Rhee, Song Nai; Aikens, C. Melvin.; Chʻoe, Sŏng-nak.; No, Hyŏk-chin. (2007). "Korean Contributions to Agriculture, Technology, and State Formation in Japan: Archaeology and History of an Epochal Thousand Years, 400 B.C.–A.D. 600".

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union under Japanese domination. Hirohito's role in Japan's foreign wars remains a subject of controversy, with various historians portraying him as either a powerless figurehead or an enabler and supporter of Japanese militarism.

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of 1931, radical army officers bombed a small portion of the South Manchuria Railroad and, falsely attributing the attack to the Chinese, invaded Manchuria. The Kwantung Army conquered Manchuria and set up the puppet government of

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Portugal and Japan came into contact in 1543, when the Portuguese became the first Europeans to reach Japan by landing in the southern archipelago. They had a significant impact on Japan, even in this initial limited interaction,

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By the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the shogunate showed signs of weakening. The dramatic growth of agriculture that had characterized the early Edo period had ended, and the government handled the devastating

3307:, an ambitious attempt to monopolize power in the imperial court. Takauji rebelled after Go-Daigo refused to appoint him shōgun. In 1338, Takauji captured Kyoto and installed a rival member of the imperial family to the throne, 1702:, natives of the Japanese archipelago who were hunter-gatherers. Between the fourth and ninth centuries, Japan's many kingdoms and tribes gradually came to be unified under a centralized government, nominally controlled by the 4549: 3543:

and other groups within Japan were minting their own coins, Japan began to transition from a barter-based to a currency-based economy. During the period, some of Japan's most representative art forms developed, including

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The growth of popular prose fiction, which began during the Meiji period, continued into the Taishō period as literacy rates rose and book prices dropped. Notable literary figures of the era included short story writer

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The Japanese military played a key role in Japan's expansion abroad. The government believed that Japan had to acquire its own colonies to compete with the Western colonial powers. After consolidating its control over

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aimed to end Japan's isolationist policies. The shogunate had no defense against Perry's gunboats and had to agree to his demands that American ships be permitted to acquire provisions and trade at Japanese ports. The

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Women initially held social and political equality with men, and archaeological evidence suggests a prehistorical preference for female rulers in western Japan. Female Emperors appear in recorded history until the

4594:. They assassinated many moderate politicians before the coup was suppressed. In its wake the Japanese military consolidated its control over the political system and most political parties were abolished when the 5468:

reported that this was the first time ballistic missiles launched by China landed in Japan's exclusive economic zone and lodged a diplomatic protest with Beijing. Five Chinese missiles landed in Japan's EEZ off

3667:, killed him during an abrupt attack on his encampment. Hideyoshi avenged Nobunaga by crushing Akechi's uprising and emerged as Nobunaga's successor. Hideyoshi completed the reunification of Japan by conquering 2789:

outside the capital. The central government began to use these two warrior clans to suppress rebellions and piracy. Japan's population stabilized during the late Heian period after hundreds of years of decline.

5280:. Banks found themselves saddled with insurmountable debts that hindered economic recovery. Stagnation worsened as the birthrate declined far below replacement level. The 1990s are often referred to as Japan's 5178: 5001: 4505:, described as "perhaps the most versatile literary figure of his day" by the historian Conrad Totman, produced many works during the Taishō period influenced by European literature, though his 1929 novel 3233: 3173:. Though outnumbered by an enemy equipped with superior weaponry, the Japanese fought the Mongols to a standstill in Kyushu on both occasions until the Mongol fleet was destroyed by typhoons called 2422:. In 607, Shōtoku offered a subtle insult to China by opening his letter with the phrase, "The ruler of the land of the rising sun addresses the ruler of the land of the setting sun" as seen in the 10463: 3821:("self-disembowelment"), an ancient form of suicide that became ritualized. Christianity, which was seen as a potential threat, was gradually clamped down on until finally, after the Christian-led 3245: 4378:

By the end of the period, the majority of Japan's exports were manufactured goods. Some of Japan's most successful new businesses and industries constituted huge family-owned conglomerates called

4227:. Both the cabinet of Japan and the Japanese military were directly responsible not to the elected legislature but to the emperor. Concurrently, the Japanese government also developed a form of 4029:" on Japan which stipulated that Japan must allow citizens of these countries to visit or reside on Japanese territory and must not levy tariffs on their imports or try them in Japanese courts. 4808:

Life in Japan became increasingly difficult for civilians due to stringent rationing of food, electrical outages, and a brutal crackdown on dissent. In 1944 the US Army captured the island of

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Japan nevertheless entered a period of prosperity and population growth starting around 1250. In rural areas, the greater use of iron tools and fertilizer, improved irrigation techniques, and

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Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David (2005). "The Immediate Origins of the War". In Steinberg, John; Menning, Bruce; Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David; Wolff, David; Yokote, Shinji (eds.).

5616:, fell outside the Edo-period class structure and suffered discrimination that lasted after the class system was abolished. Though activism has improved the social conditions of those from 4408:

secret police force was established to root out left-wing agitators. The government also introduced social legislation in 1911 setting maximum work hours and a minimum age for employment.

4100:("eastern capital"). However, the most powerful men in the government were former samurai from Chōshū and Satsuma rather than the emperor, who was fifteen in 1868. These men, known as the 5048:, proposed that Japan should forge a tight relationship with the United States and focus on developing the economy rather than pursuing a proactive foreign policy. Yoshida was one of the 5299:

had made over 50 formal war apologies since the 1950s, some politicians and activists in China and South Korea found the official apologies, such as those of the Emperor in 1990 and the

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parties came to dominate politics by the end of the so-called "Taishō democracy" era. The franchise for the House of Representatives had been gradually expanded since 1890, and in 1925

4392:. The phenomenal industrial growth sparked rapid urbanization. The proportion of the population working in agriculture shrank from 75 percent in 1872 to 50 percent by 1920. In 1927 the 4223:, but its powers were restricted. Only two percent of the population were eligible to vote, and legislation proposed in the House required the support of the unelected upper house, the 2207:

health and nutrition, whereas contemporaneous Yayoi archaeological sites possess large structures suggestive of grain storehouses. This shift was accompanied by an increase in both the

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Bolitho, Harold (2007). "Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion: The Creation of the Soul of Japan. By Keene Donald. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. x, 208 pp. $ 29.95 (cloth)".

2817:, who occupied key posts in the regional government, were openly defying the central authority. The court requested the Minamoto clan to engage the Abe clan, whom they defeated in the 2739:

in 996, governed during the height of the Fujiwara clan's power and married four of his daughters to emperors, current and future. The Fujiwara clan held on to power until 1086, when

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between the Taira and Minamoto families continued for another four years. The victory of the Minamoto clan was sealed in 1185, when a force commanded by Yoritomo's younger brother,

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each took sides and burned Kyoto to the ground while battling for their preferred candidate. By the time the succession was settled in 1477, the shogun had lost all power over the

4366:. The defeat of Russia in the war had set in motion a change in the global world order with the emergence of Japan as not only a regional power, but rather, the main Asian power. 5481:

Korea, and Russia. The defense budget expansion was projected to leapfrog Japan from the world's ninth-largest defense spender to third, behind only the United States and China.

4279:. The expedition featured the first instance of the Japanese military ignoring the orders of the civilian government, as the expedition set sail after being ordered to postpone. 5234:

became popular literary figures in America and Europe. American soldiers returning from the occupation brought with them stories and artifacts, and the following generations of

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The Heian period (平安時代, Heian jidai) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It followed the Nara period, beginning when the 50th emperor,

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for the second time since 1964. Japan was the second Asian country (after South Korea) to host the Olympics twice. However, due to the global outbreak and economic impact of

5529: 5464:, China conducted "precision missile strikes" in the ocean around Taiwan's coastline on August 4, 2022. These military exercises raised tensions in the region. The Japanese 10826: 4820:, fought between April and June 1945, was the largest naval operation of the war and left 115,000 soldiers and 150,000 Okinawan civilians dead, suggesting that the planned 4176:. Furthermore, the introduction of Western European literary styles to Japan sparked a boom in new works of prose fiction. Characteristic authors of the period included 10226: 5590:

and court nobles was forbidden by the Tokugawa shogunate because it could lead to political maneuvering. For the same reason, marriages between daimyo and high-ranking

4651:, which worsened its relations with the US. In July 1941, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands froze all Japanese assets when Japan completed its 4548: 4484:

in September 1923 left over 100,000 dead, and combined with the resultant fires destroyed the homes of more than three million. In the aftermath of the earthquake, the

2625:(r. 724–749) feared his lack of piousness had caused the trouble and so increased the government's promotion of Buddhism, including the construction of the temple 2860:

as emperor. The outcome of this war led to the rivalry between the Minamoto and Taira clans. As a result, the dispute and power struggle between both clans led to the

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Brown, Delmer M.; Hall, John Whitney; Press, Cambridge University; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Shively, Donald H.; Yamamura, Kozo; Duus, Peter (1988).

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and merchants are not a social pecking order, but a social classification. Marriage between certain classes was generally prohibited. In particular, marriage between

5457:. This shocked the public, because firearm fatalities were very rare in Japan. There were only 10 shooting deaths from 2017 to 2020 and 1 gun death incident in 2021. 2521:, which consolidated existing statutes and established the structure of the central government and its subordinate local governments. These legal reforms created the 10631: 10241: 4989: 2307:

accept their authority in exchange for positions of influence in the government. Many of the powerful local clans who joined the Yamato state became known as the

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with expertise in such fields as education, mining, banking, law, military affairs, and transportation to remodel Japan's institutions. The Japanese adopted the

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At the same time, the people drew inspiration from new ideas and fields of study. Dutch books brought into Japan stimulated interest in Western learning, called

3931:, a new profession of entertainers, also became popular. They would provide conversation, sing, and dance for customers, though they would not sleep with them. 4160:. As part of its Westernization drive, the Meiji government enthusiastically sponsored the importation of Western science, above all medical science. In 1893, 3329:—of their domains and often refused to obey the shogun. The Ashikaga shogun who was most successful at bringing the country together was Takauji's grandson 2769:

owners than by the central government. The imperial court was thus deprived of the tax revenue to pay for its national army. In response, the owners of the

10808: 4311:"), it next turned its attention to China and Korea. In 1894, Japanese and Chinese troops clashed in Korea, where they were both stationed to suppress the 3138:, a rebellion against the shogunate, in an attempt to restore political power to the court. The rebellion was a failure and led to Go-Toba being exiled to 10471: 5694: 4980: 15282: 3356:

During the final century of the Ashikaga shogunate the country descended into another, more violent period of civil war. This started in 1467 when the

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located in eastern Japan, its power was legally authorized by the Imperial court in Kyoto in several occasions. In 1192, the emperor declared Yoritomo

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During the Yayoi period, the Yayoi tribes gradually coalesced into a number of kingdoms. The earliest written work to unambiguously mention Japan, the

5381:, which suffered a nuclear meltdown and severe radiation leakage. Altogether nearly 26,000 people were killed or went missing due to these disasters. 2956:

development of native Japanese forms of art and poetry accelerated. A major architectural achievement, apart from Heian-kyō itself, was the temple of

5193:," which promised to double Japan's GDP in 10 years, and succeeded in doing so in just seven. Ikeda also oversaw the completion of the world's first 3776:

for perceived insults towards the shogunate; the Satsuma victory began 266 years of Ryukyu's dual subordination to Satsuma and China. Ieyasu led the

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During the Heian period, the imperial court was a vibrant center of high art and culture. Its literary accomplishments include the poetry collection

5516:

Hideyoshi's land survey of the 1590s designated all who cultivated the land as commoners, an act which granted effective freedom to most of Japan's

5165:

did not have unanimous support from the Japanese people. As requested by the United States, Japan reconstituted its military in 1954 under the name

3422:

traders on board were the first Europeans to set foot in Japan. Soon European traders would introduce many new items to Japan, most importantly the

13921: 3396:. Few definite historical facts are known about the secretive lifestyles of the ninja, who became the subject of many legends. In addition to the 2028:

in Japan. Early humans likely arrived in Japan by sea on watercraft. Evidence of human habitation has been dated to 32,000 years ago in Okinawa's

15679: 15420: 15016: 13174: 4945: 4578:

there without permission from the Japanese government. International criticism of Japan following the invasion led to Japan withdrawing from the

3675:

in eastern Japan. He launched sweeping changes to Japanese society, including the confiscation of swords from the peasantry, new restrictions on

3127:. The Kamakura shogunate allowed its vassals to maintain their own armies and to administer law and order in their provinces on their own terms. 1741:

Over the following centuries, the power of the imperial house decreased, passing first to great clans of civilian aristocrats — most notably the

1467: 5086:

By 1955, the Japanese economy had grown beyond prewar levels, and by 1968 it had become the second largest capitalist economy in the world. The

1710:

established at this time continues to this day, albeit in an almost entirely ceremonial role. In 794, a new imperial capital was established at

11627: 8218: 5315:, which commemorates Japanese soldiers who died in wars from 1868 to 1954, but also has included convicted war criminals since the late 1970s. 5296: 2097:

in 1877. The pottery style characteristic of the first phases of Jōmon culture was decorated by impressing cords into the surface of wet clay.

1888:(1912–1926), Japan's powerful military had great autonomy and overruled Japan's civilian leaders in the 1920s and 1930s. The Japanese military 11150: 4511:

reflects deep appreciation for the virtues of traditional Japanese culture. At the end of the Taishō period, Tarō Hirai, known by his penname

4323:. The island of Taiwan was thus ceded to Japan in 1895, and Japan's government gained enough international prestige to allow Foreign Minister 2617:

During this period, Japan suffered a series of natural disasters, including wildfires, droughts, famines, and outbreaks of disease, such as a

2517:, two rivals to the throne, became a major catalyst for further administrative reforms. These reforms culminated with the promulgation of the 13840: 6325: 5123: 2751:, by which the reigning emperor would function as a figurehead while the real authority was held by a retired predecessor behind the scenes. 5414:, the Summer Olympics were postponed to 2021; they took place from 23 July to 8 August 2021. Japan ranked third place, with 27 gold medals. 2324:

These leaders sought and received formal diplomatic recognition from China, and Chinese accounts record five successive such leaders as the

2240:, had gained ascendancy over the others, though modern historians continue to debate its location and other aspects of its depiction in the 2135: 15635: 15144: 10782: 5076: 4253: 5067:

Although the Japanese economy was in bad shape in the immediate postwar years, an austerity program implemented in 1949 by finance expert

3983:, for instance, used concepts from Western medicine to help spark a revolution in Japanese ideas of human anatomy. The scholarly field of 3578:, was an ineffectual political and military leader, he played a critical role in promoting these cultural developments. He had the famous 13044: 12515: 10589: 10467: 6389: 5454: 252: 10545: 10493: 6468: 6422: 6249: 15467: 14918: 6216: 4149: 4046:("revere the emperor, expel the barbarians"). The two domains went on to form an alliance. In August 1866, soon after becoming shogun, 1647: 906: 828: 768: 5923: 4400:

ideas. The Meiji government responded with harsh suppression of dissent. Radical socialists plotted to assassinate the emperor in the

13514: 5774: 5498:

declared strict male-only ascension in 1889. Chinese Confucian-style patriarchy was first codified in the 7th–8th centuries with the

3843:

from 1634 to 1854. China and Korea were the only other countries permitted to trade, and many foreign books were banned from import.

3687: 1923: 526: 11710:

A History of Japanese Literature, Vol. 1: Seeds in the Heart – Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century

11076: 3811:

and employed samurai as bureaucrats. The emperor in Kyoto was funded lavishly by the government but was allowed no political power.

3461:

exchange between Japan and the West, the first map made of Japan in the west was represented in 1568 by the Portuguese cartographer

5000:

in 1972. The US continues to operate military bases throughout the Japanese archipelago, mostly on Okinawa, under the terms of the

2856:

defeated the Minamoto clan. Kiyomori used his victory to accumulate power for himself in Kyoto and even installed his own grandson

2852:) hired the Taira and Minamoto clans in the hopes of securing the throne by military force. During this war, the Taira clan led by 1680:

in the first millennium BC when new inventions were introduced from Asia. During this period, the first known written reference to

10691: 5049: 5030: 4747:. Japan then successfully invaded the Asian colonies of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, including the 13789: 10834: 5308: 4196: 4017: 3109:

in structure, in contrast with the earlier ritsuryō state. Yoritomo selected the provincial governors, known under the titles of

11266: 3825:

of 1638, the religion was completely outlawed. To prevent further foreign ideas from sowing dissent, the third Tokugawa shogun,

2868:, a member of the Minamoto clan whom Kiyomori had exiled to Kamakura. Though Taira no Kiyomori died in 1181, the ensuing bloody 13850: 12242: 11190: 5757: 5181:. Although the protests ultimately failed to stop revision of the treaty, they did succeed in forcing unpopular prime minister 5170: 4969: 4791:

and fighting almost to the last man against overwhelming odds. In 1944 the Imperial Japanese Navy began deploying squadrons of

4635: 3190:

to quell the revolt, but Takauji and his men instead joined forces with Emperor Go-Daigo and overthrew the Kamakura shogunate.

2618: 1142: 5936:

Ono, Akira (2014). "Modern hominids in the Japanese Islands and the early use of obsidian", pp. 157–159 in Sanz, Nuria (ed.).

2228: 12817: 12331: 12124: 12037:

Garon, Sheldon (May 1994). "Rethinking Modernization and Modernity in Japanese History: A Focus on State-Society Relations".

12012: 11965: 11937: 11880: 11850: 11823: 11785: 11721: 11646: 11589: 11564: 11539: 11516: 11491: 11033: 9569: 8842: 8194: 6600: 6483: 6437: 6404: 6383:

Kaner, Simon (2011) 'The Archeology of Religion and Ritual in the Prehistoric Japanese Archipelago,' in Timothy Insoll (ed.),

6368: 6340: 6300: 6264: 6231: 6123: 5747: 5702: 4528: 4244: 3431: 2077:

The Jōmon period of prehistoric Japan spans from roughly 13,000 BC to about 1,000 BC. Japan was inhabited by a predominantly

1529: 921: 778: 703: 12691: 5370: 5323: 2614:

was compiled in the latter half of the eighth century, which is widely considered the finest collection of Japanese poetry.

2168:

from the Asian mainland brought fundamental transformations to the Japanese archipelago. The millennial achievements of the

598: 13914: 12928: 11234: 10677: 10218: 5763: 5461: 4760: 4595: 10639: 9055: 6055:"Geology and Quaternary Environments of the Tategahana Paleolithic Site in Nojiri-ko (Lake Nojiri), Nagano, Central Japan" 6022:"Pleistocene human remains from Shiraho-Saonetabaru Cave on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, and their radiocarbon dating" 4678: 4032:

The shogunate's failure to oppose the Western powers angered many Japanese, particularly those of the southern domains of

2821:. The court thus temporarily reasserted its authority in northern Japan. Following another civil war – the 2505:

and students were dispatched to China to learn about Chinese writing, politics, art, and religion. After the reforms, the

2107: 13764: 12987: 10750: 10558: 10249: 5355: 5269: 3530:. Thus Portuguese became the first Western language to have such a dictionary when it was published in Nagasaki in 1603. 2653:, but after her death in 770 he lost all his power and was exiled. The Fujiwara clan furthermore consolidated its power. 2332:

played an important role in transmitting continental technologies and administrative skills to Japan during this period.

219: 10849: 4108:

desired Japan to become a modern nation-state that could stand equal to the Western imperialist powers. Among them were

2418:-inspired code of conduct for officials and citizens, and attempted to introduce a merit-based civil service called the 13311: 12935: 11695: 11404: 9928: 5768: 5378: 4912: 4272: 3695:. Despite this, almost immediately after Hideyoshi's death, war broke out between Hideyori's allies and those loyal to 2759:

state decayed as various noble families and religious orders succeeded in securing tax-exempt status for their private

1077: 376: 351: 11113: 10812: 5893: 5150:

on Taiwan as the legitimate government of China after World War II, though Japan switched its recognition to the

5044:

in 1946–1947 and 1948–1954, and played a key role in guiding Japan through the occupation. His policies, known as the

4300: 3907:

puppet theater became widely popular. These new forms of entertainment were (at the time) accompanied by short songs (

15045: 13951: 13809: 12950: 12714: 12189: 11984: 11918: 11899: 11804: 11758: 11611: 10375: 10178: 10057: 9771: 9690: 9641: 9038: 8791: 8543: 8393: 8360: 8302: 8241: 8057: 7663: 7608: 7517: 6983: 6920: 6823: 6667: 6624: 6590: 6006: 5446: 5400: 4735:, decided to break the US-led embargo through force of arms. On 7 December 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched 4590:

govern Japan in the pre-World War II era. In February 1936 young radical officers of the Imperial Japanese Army

4235:

and the emperor was declared a living god. Schools nationwide instilled patriotic values and loyalty to the emperor.

603: 4907:

Japan experienced dramatic political and social transformation under the Allied occupation in 1945–1952. US General

4096:

The emperor was restored to nominal supreme power, and in 1869, the imperial family moved to Edo, which was renamed

4050:, struggled to maintain power as civil unrest continued. The Chōshū and Satsuma domains in 1868 convinced the young 3760:

of what became a long dynasty. Nevertheless, it took time for the Tokugawas to consolidate their rule. In 1609, the

2036:. Evidence has been found suggesting that Japan's Paleolithic inhabitants interacted with and butchered now extinct 15252: 15139: 13007: 12918: 12060: 5796: 5779: 5752: 5688: 5418: 5057: 4997: 4430:

opened the period with mass protests and riots organized by Japanese political parties, which succeeded in forcing

4220: 4199:, a grassroots campaign demanding greater popular participation in politics. The leaders of this movement included 4080: 4058:

calling for an end to the Tokugawa shogunate. The armies of Chōshū and Satsuma soon marched on Edo and the ensuing

2645:. There was also a serious attempt to overthrow the Imperial house during the middle Nara period. During the 760s, 2419: 2267:, Japan gradually unified under a single territory. The symbol of the growing power of Japan's new leaders was the 1954: 726: 434: 5942: 5606:, such as leatherworkers and those who handled the dead, developed in the 15th and 16th centuries into hereditary 4634:

and the war descended into a bloody stalemate that lasted until 1945. Japan's stated war aim was to establish the

15664: 15055: 14093: 13907: 13069: 12945: 12777: 12266: 12255: 4748: 4347: 668: 2281:

that took huge teams of laborers fifteen years to complete. It is commonly accepted that the tomb was built for

13014: 11674: 11483: 7636: 5477:

said these missiles were "serious threats to Japan's national security and the safety of the Japanese people."

4605:

Japanese experts inspect the scene of the alleged railway sabotage on South Manchurian Railway that led to the

4451: 4363: 4359: 4283:, who was born a samurai in the Chōshū Domain, was a key force behind the modernization and enlargement of the 3105:

The regime that Yoritomo had established, and which was kept in place by his successors, was decentralized and

2411: 2033: 1889: 1640: 1315: 821: 481: 401: 12632: 5303:

of 1995, inadequate or insincere. Nationalist politics in Japan sometimes exacerbated these tensions, such as

4481: 2538:, commissioned by Prince Shōtoku and completed in 607 AD. It is now the oldest wooden structure in the world. 439: 15786: 15277: 14807: 14067: 13507: 12772: 12326: 10519: 5742: 5151: 4188:, who wrote satirical, autobiographical, and psychological novels combining both the older and newer styles. 3414:

Amid this on-going anarchy, a trading ship was blown off course and landed in 1543 on the Japanese island of

2453: 1435: 902: 693: 14135: 12113:

A History of Japanese Literature, Vol. 3: Dawn to the West – Japanese Literature of the Modern Era (Fiction)

4996:

were restored to Japanese sovereignty and Japanese citizens were allowed to return. Okinawa was the last to

2123: 15272: 14812: 14285: 13599: 12955: 12767: 12314: 5801: 5724: 5173:. A wave of protests in Japan against US military bases and nuclear testing culminated in the massive 1960 4854: 4842: 4652: 4405: 1927: 1916: 1179: 802: 792: 736: 721: 678: 13961: 10777:["China launches 9 ballistic missiles, 5 of which are in Japan's EEZ," says Ministry of Defense]. 4319:, Japan's highly motivated and well-led forces defeated the more numerous and better-equipped military of 4156:, Western clothing, and Western hairstyles. One leading advocate of Westernization was the popular writer 4040:. Many samurai there, inspired by the nationalist doctrines of the kokugaku school, adopted the slogan of 3890:

art, the latter of which were often woodblock prints that progressed to greater sophistication and use of

14238: 13845: 12578: 9919:

Edstrom, Bert (2016). "Japan's Foreign Policy and the Yoshida Legacy Revisited". In Edstrom, Bert (ed.).

6332: 5709: 5465: 5438: 5112: 5053: 4968:

came into effect in 1947 and guaranteed civil liberties, labor rights, and women's suffrage, and through

4834: 4287:, especially the introduction of national conscription. The new army was put to use in 1877 to crush the 3400:, rebellious peasants and "warrior monks" affiliated with Buddhist temples also raised their own armies. 2674: 2402:

took over the government in the 580s and controlled Japan from behind the scenes for nearly sixty years.

1174: 911: 631: 561: 12053: 3596: 3158:

respectively. The shogunate further consolidated its political power relative to the Kyoto aristocracy.

15791: 15540: 15341: 13804: 13709: 13204: 12874: 12747: 12719: 12503: 12235: 11508: 9056:"Diagnosis of Ginza Line Subway Tunnel, the Oldest in Asia, by Acquiring Data on Deterioration Indices" 6495:

Maher, Kohn C. (1996). "North Kyushu Creole: A Language Contact Model for the Origins of Japanese", in

6475: 6429: 6360: 6256: 5411: 5235: 4846: 4826: 3591: 2406:, an advocate of Buddhism and of the Soga cause, who was of partial Soga descent, served as regent and 2172:

took hold of the islands in a relatively short span of centuries, particularly with the development of

1539: 1497: 773: 626: 381: 240: 6176:

Kuzmin, Yaroslav V. (2015). "Chronology of the earliest pottery in East Asia: progress and pitfalls".

4427: 4164:

established the Institute for Infectious Diseases, which would soon become world-famous, and in 1913,

2641:

site. Japan nevertheless entered a phase of population decline that continued well into the following

2527:

state, a system of Chinese-style centralized government that remained in place for half a millennium.

2085:

and cultural complexity. The name Jōmon, meaning "cord-marked", was first applied by American scholar

1801:. Over the course of the late 16th century, Japan was reunified under the leadership of the prominent 15781: 15776: 15346: 15161: 13384: 13098: 12980: 12940: 12862: 12812: 12674: 12644: 12563: 12461: 12336: 12321: 12116: 11872: 11777: 11713: 8531: 5791: 5673: 5166: 5017: 4668: 4248: 4105: 3162: 2818: 2530:

The art of the Asuka period embodies the themes of Buddhist art. One of the most famous works is the

1950: 1780: 1633: 1549: 1544: 1236: 931: 897: 814: 748: 731: 683: 556: 511: 406: 186: 148: 22: 6053:

Kondo, Y.; Takeshita, Y.; Watanabe, T.; Seki, M.; Nojiri-ko Excavation Research Group (April 2018).

4502: 2383:. Since then, Buddhism has coexisted with Japan's native Shinto religion, in what is today known as 466: 15535: 14627: 14172: 13814: 13531: 13500: 13199: 13110: 12908: 12891: 12797: 12782: 12686: 12654: 12627: 12200: 11994: 11604:

The War of the Rising Sun and the Tumbling Bear—A Military History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–5

11165: 10166: 5737: 5335: 4933: 4800: 4615: 4566: 4461: 3613:

During the second half of the 16th century, Japan gradually reunified under two powerful warlords:

3434:, which soon came to have a substantial following in Japan reaching 350,000 believers. In 1549 the 3257: 3224: 2777:

warriors. Two powerful noble families that had descended from branches of the imperial family, the

2379:

began as early as 538 AD with the introduction of the Buddhist religion from the Korean kingdom of

2273:

burial mounds they constructed from around 250 AD onwards. Many were of massive scale, such as the

1893: 1581: 1137: 588: 506: 471: 429: 14699: 14694: 6320: 5548:, ruled by dividing the people into four main categories. Older scholars believed that there were 5103:

in 1985 to depreciate the US dollar against the yen and other currencies. By the end of 1987, the

4498: 3082:

After Yoritomo's death in 1199, the office of shogun weakened. Behind the scenes, Yoritomo's wife

15652: 15562: 14734: 14501: 14320: 14253: 13985: 13759: 13724: 13679: 13074: 13002: 12992: 12869: 12802: 12601: 11928:

Tonomura, Hitomi (2009). "Women and Sexuality in Premodern Japan". In Tsutsui, William M. (ed.).

11338: 10772: 10722:"Shooting of Former Prime Minister Abe a Shock to Japan, Which Saw Just One Gun Fatality in 2021" 6396: 6054: 5683: 5304: 5162: 5139: 5041: 4976: 4900: 4447: 4328: 4316: 4308: 4259: 4212: 3004: 2793:

During the early Heian period, the imperial court successfully consolidated its control over the

2561: 2329: 2220:, published in 111 AD, states that one hundred kingdoms comprised Japan, which is referred to as 1942: 1707: 1184: 1035: 926: 713: 531: 361: 346: 11339:"The Evolution of Income Concentration in Japan, 1886–2005: Evidence from Income Tax Statistics" 8070: 4334: 4161: 2671:, moved the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). Heian (平安) means "peace" in Japanese. 15740: 15614: 15220: 15111: 15099: 14795: 14536: 14375: 14012: 13946: 13930: 13649: 13644: 13539: 13349: 13059: 12896: 12807: 12787: 12508: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12152: 8648:

The New Cambridge Modern History Volume 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems 1870–1898

5087: 4937: 4744: 4736: 4455: 4393: 4284: 4224: 2873: 2806: 2601: 2211:

of society and tribal warfare, indicated by segregated gravesites and military fortifications.

2042: 1905: 1897: 1273: 1040: 936: 753: 516: 308: 7696:"João Rodrigues's Account of Sixteenth Century Japan. The Hakluyt Society, 3rd series, vol. 7" 6384: 6354: 4494: 4219:, which was promulgated in 1889. The new constitution established an elected lower house, the 4136:

The Meiji government abolished the Edo class structure and replaced the feudal domains of the

15479: 15415: 15289: 14982: 14908: 14682: 14677: 14615: 14554: 14491: 14439: 14432: 13978: 13769: 13744: 13659: 13639: 13589: 13559: 13549: 13427: 13359: 13251: 13189: 13155: 13125: 13054: 12884: 12879: 12847: 12399: 12228: 10563: 6463: 6417: 6290: 6244: 5339: 5330: 5169:(JSDF), though some Japanese insisted that the very existence of the JSDF was a violation of 5127: 4965: 4941: 4779: 4764: 4465: 4401: 4104:, oversaw the dramatic changes Japan would experience during this period. The leaders of the 2732: 2722: 2712: 2208: 2177:

initially imported from China and the Korean peninsula, the Yayoi radiated out from northern

1938: 1576: 1534: 1507: 1482: 1268: 1147: 1106: 941: 887: 366: 14864: 12486: 9251:"The Massacre of Koreans in Yokohama in the Aftermath of the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923" 6440:

pp. 81–82, referring to the two sub-styles of houses introduced from the Korean peninsular:

6211: 5620:

backgrounds, discrimination in employment and education has lingered into the 21st century.

4837:, killing over 70,000 people. This was the first nuclear attack in history. On 9 August the 4688: 4192:, a leading female author, took inspiration from earlier literary models of the Edo period. 3867:

for the slightest insult and were widely feared by the Japanese population. Edo period, 1798

3859: 3462: 3316: 2629:

in 752. The funds to build this temple were raised in part by the influential Buddhist monk

15745: 15696: 15691: 15674: 15669: 15647: 15437: 15151: 15004: 14896: 14800: 14593: 14278: 14077: 14020: 13855: 13734: 13729: 13609: 13442: 13184: 12923: 12792: 12752: 12369: 11860: 6419:

The Archaeology of Japan: From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State,

6316: 6066: 5972: 5915: 5732: 5665: 5427: 5421:

began, Japan condemned and levied sanctions on Russia for its actions. Ukrainian President

5407: 5281: 5276:. The economic bubble popped in 1989, and stock and land prices plunged as Japan entered a 5226:(comic books), video games, and other forms Japanese pop culture. Japanese authors such as 5190: 5108: 5075:(1950–1953) was a major boon to Japanese business. In 1949 the Yoshida cabinet created the 4957: 4591: 4473: 4228: 4141: 4004: 3704: 3605: 3486: 3323:

rule in the provinces, but these men increasingly styled themselves as feudal lords—called

3143: 3095: 3075: 3067: 3058:

Legitimacy was conferred on the shogunate by the Imperial court, but the shogunate was the

3047:("tent government")), referring to the tents where his soldiers encamped. The English term 3000: 2987:

Minamoto no Yoritomo was the founder of the Kamakura shogunate in 1192. This was the first

2877: 2865: 2845: 2826: 2689: 2481: 2384: 2169: 2071: 1989: 1979: 1946: 1754: 1665: 1661: 1502: 1445: 1440: 1221: 636: 491: 396: 257: 153: 60: 14248: 5204:

Among cultural developments, the immediate post-occupation period became a golden age for

4979:

of 1951 officially normalized relations between Japan and the United States, although the

4655:

by occupying the southern half of the country, further increasing tension in the Pacific.

4601: 2434:, established itself as the official name of the nation, which has persisted to this day. 978: 8: 15735: 15400: 15205: 15038: 14571: 14444: 14325: 14300: 13829: 13799: 13749: 13704: 13684: 13674: 13574: 13432: 13364: 13354: 13237: 13115: 12997: 12967: 12664: 11088: 6649: 5716: 5422: 5198: 4871: 4866: 4570: 4507: 4291:

of discontented samurai in southern Japan led by the former Meiji leader Saigo Takamori.

3822: 3672: 3649: 3636:

Japan in 1582, showing territory conquered by Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi in gray

3330: 2988: 1934: 1673: 1492: 1487: 1415: 1329: 541: 496: 461: 371: 6070: 5976: 4426:, Japan developed stronger democratic institutions and grew in international power. The 4109: 3749: 3449:

Japan (Iapam) and Korea, in the 1568 Portuguese map of the cartographer João Vaz Dourado

2798: 2184: 1025: 15686: 15589: 15491: 15304: 14486: 14216: 14182: 13774: 13689: 13669: 13554: 13544: 13374: 13286: 13209: 13162: 13135: 13130: 13079: 12852: 12762: 12735: 12606: 12558: 12536: 12481: 12454: 12076: 12042: 11621: 11581: 11527: 11454: 11446: 11361: 10699: 9878: 9278: 8212: 6755: 6747: 6653: 6286: 6193: 5862: 5824: 5678: 5541: 5495: 5300: 4850: 4821: 4813: 4469: 4435: 4355: 4351: 4216: 4153: 4047: 4033: 3773: 3741: 3686:

As Hideyoshi's power expanded, he dreamed of conquering China and launched two massive

3618: 3575: 3308: 3282: 3203: 3175: 3087: 2552: 2501: 2493: 2029: 1919: 1909: 1821: 1809: 1776: 1521: 1198: 1152: 1125: 1067: 1020: 1002: 708: 536: 391: 288: 283: 6285: 4443: 4204: 3186:

in the hope of restoring full power to the imperial court. The shogunate sent General

2841: 1837: 15728: 15718: 15708: 15657: 15314: 15232: 14526: 14511: 14496: 14476: 14367: 14346: 14157: 14000: 13884: 13819: 13754: 13719: 13654: 13634: 13624: 13584: 13569: 13564: 13296: 13194: 13167: 13140: 12831: 12588: 12573: 12471: 12299: 12167: 12120: 12008: 11980: 11961: 11933: 11914: 11895: 11876: 11865: 11846: 11819: 11800: 11781: 11770: 11754: 11717: 11691: 11670: 11642: 11607: 11585: 11560: 11535: 11512: 11487: 11458: 11400: 11393: 11276: 11240: 11200: 11029: 10513: 10371: 10174: 10053: 9924: 9767: 9686: 9637: 9565: 9282: 9270: 9034: 8838: 8787: 8539: 8389: 8356: 8298: 8237: 8200: 8190: 8053: 7659: 7632: 7604: 7513: 7246: 6979: 6916: 6819: 6663: 6620: 6596: 6479: 6433: 6400: 6364: 6336: 6296: 6260: 6227: 6119: 6082: 6002: 5866: 5854: 5363: 5227: 5147: 5080: 4993: 4985: 4908: 4876: 4817: 4768: 4756: 4619: 4579: 4477: 4312: 4288: 3959: 3692: 3656: 3545: 3304: 3211: 3194: 2944: 2905: 2853: 2830: 2740: 2610: 2335:

Historians agree that there was a big struggle between the Yamato federation and the

2252: 1861: 1849: 1735: 1727: 1477: 1472: 1263: 1255: 1241: 1211: 1129: 1092: 1062: 1015: 1010: 892: 882: 758: 741: 688: 673: 356: 318: 196: 11814:

Neary, Ian (2009). "Class and Social Stratification". In Tsutsui, William M. (ed.).

11658:

A History Of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century

10159: 6759: 6197: 4485: 4423: 4189: 4185: 4113: 3523: 3311:, who did appoint him shogun. Go-Daigo responded by fleeing to the southern city of 2457: 2403: 1722:, which lasted until 1185. The Heian period is considered a golden age of classical 15723: 15630: 15373: 15156: 14956: 14876: 14832: 14632: 14454: 14305: 14265: 13860: 13779: 13739: 13714: 13694: 13604: 13594: 13579: 13437: 13276: 13229: 13214: 13150: 13032: 12975: 12857: 12476: 12271: 12214: 11835: 11596: 11438: 11365: 11353: 10857: 9870: 9262: 9063: 7754: 6737: 6729: 6185: 6074: 6033: 5980: 5844: 5836: 5786: 5607: 5562: 5545: 5517: 5450: 5045: 4949: 4880: 4809: 4775: 4627: 4280: 4177: 4157: 4125: 4090: 4013: 3990: 3939: 3935: 3680: 3664: 3510: 3477: 3470: 3435: 3292: 3274: 3187: 3180: 3161:

The samurai armies of the whole nation were mobilized in 1274 and 1281 to confront

3083: 2939: 2834: 2744: 2325: 2257: 1993: 1958: 1853: 1784: 1783:, but in 1333 it was toppled by a rival claimant to the shogunate, ushering in the 1723: 1703: 1601: 1563: 1365: 1166: 1072: 968: 874: 854: 303: 212: 15215: 15171: 12404: 9067: 7579: 5189:, successfully diverted popular attention away from political struggles with his " 2650: 2622: 2098: 2094: 1885: 15604: 15574: 15336: 15264: 15242: 15200: 15095: 15065: 14930: 14925: 14576: 14459: 14030: 13699: 13664: 13619: 13614: 13523: 13301: 13271: 13266: 13179: 13145: 13064: 12757: 12649: 12568: 12548: 12449: 12309: 12093: 12032:

From Prejudice to Tolerance. A Study of the Japanese Image of the West, 1826–1864

11998: 11957: 11951: 11842: 11685: 11636: 11575: 11550: 11502: 11477: 10596: 9555: 8832: 7653: 7598: 6472: 6426: 6393: 6329: 6253: 6220: 6113: 6078: 5984: 5946: 5312: 5205: 5143: 5095: 5091: 5037: 5026: 4783: 4693: 4648: 4631: 4606: 4586: 4358:, which was another victory for Japan's new navy. Japan thus laid claim to Korea 4339: 4324: 4200: 4101: 3998: 3994: 3864: 3740:

was characterized by relative peace and stability under the tight control of the

3696: 3626: 3559: 3445: 3147: 3131: 2978: 2934: 2925: 2861: 2748: 2531: 2356: 2299: 2282: 2086: 2078: 1908:. Japan's forces soon became overextended, but the military held out in spite of 1877: 1869: 1813: 1420: 1347: 1305: 1111: 988: 963: 955: 916: 698: 501: 486: 476: 386: 174: 12374: 11244: 10613: 5997:

Hudson, Mark (2009). "Japanese Beginnings", p. 15 In Tsutsui, William M. (ed.).

5061: 4438:

increased the power of Japan's political parties over the ruling oligarchy. The

4431: 4350:

was the first time in decades that an Asian power defeated a western power. The

4208: 3966: 3924: 3793: 3499:

port. The engagement led the Portuguese traders to find a safe harbor for their

3303:

Takauji and many other samurai soon became dissatisfied with Emperor Go-Daigo's

3287: 3012: 2929: 2638: 2514: 2145: 2114: 2061: 1884:. Although democracy developed and modern civilian culture prospered during the 1699: 1669: 72: 15713: 15640: 15462: 15427: 15358: 15247: 15119: 14827: 14412: 14402: 14223: 14204: 13481: 13417: 13369: 13326: 13219: 13120: 12498: 12304: 12068: 11556: 9683:

Power across the Pacific: A Diplomatic History of American Relations with Japan

8828: 8181: 6615:

Carter, William R. (1983). "Asuka period". In Reischauer, Edwin et al. (eds.).

6459: 5637: 5182: 5119: 5094:

slowed growth to a still-rapid average annual rate of just over 4% until 1991.

4919:

leader and played a central role in implementing reforms, many inspired by the

4752: 4304: 4276: 4268: 4165: 4145: 4117: 4042: 4037: 4026: 3980: 3777: 3769: 3645: 3439: 3385: 3381: 3369: 3278: 3135: 3099: 2857: 2849: 2573: 2473: 2364: 1798: 1459: 1410: 1402: 1361: 1206: 1030: 845: 763: 293: 224: 181: 12142:

The Political History of Modern Japan: Foreign Relations and Domestic Politics

10758: 9071: 9053: 7758: 7244:

Encyclopedia of Japan : Japanese history and culture, from abacus to zori

6189: 5959:

Takashi, Tsutsumi (2012). "MIS3 edge-ground axes and the arrival of the first

3880: 3703:

and a former ally of Hideyoshi. Tokugawa Ieyasu won a decisive victory at the

3376:

fought among themselves for control of the country. Some of the most powerful

2697: 2510: 15770: 15599: 15584: 15530: 15508: 15405: 15393: 15309: 15178: 15060: 15021: 15009: 14997: 14709: 14620: 14549: 14290: 14233: 14211: 14120: 14052: 14047: 14025: 13878: 13379: 13291: 13280: 13049: 12913: 12669: 11947: 11120: 11083: 10154: 9274: 9250: 8204: 6659: 6086: 5858: 5351: 5231: 5174: 5131: 5013: 4953: 4891: 4788: 4562: 4512: 4051: 4022: 3785: 3781: 3708: 3622: 3608:. It began on 21 October 1600, with a total of 160,000 men facing each other. 3481: 3368:, who now ruled hundreds of independent states throughout Japan. During this 3312: 3170: 3151: 2957: 2782: 2668: 2535: 2485: 2477: 2392: 2360: 2066: 2048: 1750: 1742: 1571: 1231: 983: 551: 546: 14140: 12622: 12394: 8182: 5060:(LDP), which went on to dominate Japanese politics for the remainder of the 4417: 3938:, which led the government to divide society into four classes based on the 3251:

Samurai Mitsui Sukenaga (right) defeating the Mongolian invasion army (left)

2518: 1856:

in 1853–54 more completely ended Japan's seclusion; this contributed to the

422: 15518: 15474: 15455: 15410: 15210: 15134: 14891: 14886: 14842: 14469: 14351: 14315: 14295: 14147: 14125: 14037: 13471: 13447: 13390: 13256: 13084: 12903: 12428: 12416: 12411: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12108: 11705: 11125: 10433: 9561: 8971: 8384:

Collcutt, Martin C. (1983). "Bushidō". In Reischauer, Edwin et al. (eds.).

7680: 5881: 5651: 5359: 5277: 5239: 5186: 5100: 5068: 4961: 4896: 4838: 4816:. These destroyed over half of the total area of Japan's major cities. The 4740: 4346:

Japan next clashed with Russia, which was expanding its power in Asia. The

4232: 4121: 3614: 3555: 3454: 3409: 2822: 2662: 2642: 2585: 2489: 2465: 2376: 2278: 2264: 2189: 2165: 2159: 1962: 1805: 1719: 1694: 1677: 1621: 1292: 583: 247: 141: 113: 99: 85: 15567: 12639: 12466: 12196: 11442: 11357: 10692:"Japan's former PM Abe Shinzo shot, confirmed dead | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News" 9266: 6733: 4524: 4181: 3183: 2701: 2679: 2588:. During this period, the first two books produced in Japan appeared: the 1711: 1383: 454: 191: 15557: 15547: 15503: 15498: 15450: 15388: 15351: 15324: 15225: 15195: 15070: 14992: 14913: 14901: 14662: 14647: 14637: 14608: 14566: 14481: 14449: 14397: 14330: 14167: 14042: 13899: 13888: 12659: 12423: 12210: 12206: 11160: 8048:

Chaiklin, Martha (2013). "Sakoku (1633–1854)". In Perez, Louis G. (ed.).

5474: 5350:, expanding worldwide, especially among young people. In March 2011, the 5292: 4732: 4664: 4267:

In December 1871, a Ryukyuan ship was shipwrecked on Taiwan and the crew

3527: 3415: 3166: 3155: 3139: 3106: 3074:

ruler of northern Honshu. In 1189, after Hidehira's death, his successor

2864:

in 1160. In 1180, Taira no Kiyomori was challenged by an uprising led by

2596: 2581: 2565: 2547: 2506: 2449:(horizontal placement of characters). The text means "Japan" in Japanese. 2216: 2173: 2101:

is generally accepted to be among the oldest in East Asia and the world.

2020: 1901: 1881: 1686: 1337: 1216: 973: 521: 127: 12493: 12086: 11450: 10751:"China's missle [sic] landed in Japan's Exclusive Economic Zone" 6751: 6246:

To the Ends of Japan: Premodern Frontiers, Boundaries, and Interactions,

5500: 4956:. The Emperor was permitted to remain on the throne, but was ordered to 4926:

The occupation sought to decentralize power in Japan by breaking up the

4739:

on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This brought the US into

4439: 4012:

The arrival in 1853 of a fleet of American ships commanded by Commodore

3724: 3357: 3239:

Ancient drawing depicting a samurai battling forces of the Mongol Empire

2914: 2747:

but continued to exercise political power, establishing the practice of

2626: 2600:, which contain chronicles of legendary accounts of early Japan and its 2557: 2523: 15701: 15594: 15552: 15368: 15331: 15294: 15190: 14777: 14689: 14516: 14417: 14390: 14310: 14108: 14062: 13973: 13941: 13316: 12681: 12583: 12531: 12444: 12046: 9882: 9653: 6742: 6441: 6038: 6021: 5937: 5537: 5523: 5442: 5434: 5318: 5251: 5194: 5177:

that saw millions of citizens take to the streets in opposition to the

5104: 5072: 5022: 4630:. The Japanese military failed to defeat the Chinese government led by 4540: 4476:

and enjoyed good international relations through its membership in the

4385: 4320: 4059: 3737: 3652:, his army defeated a force several times its size led by the powerful 3632: 3601: 3579: 3458: 3336: 2983: 2961: 2920: 2892: 2869: 2778: 2646: 2577: 2309: 2274: 2221: 1865: 1833: 1762: 1758: 1054: 593: 576: 323: 272: 158: 11426: 11395:

The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895–1910

8351:

Crihfield, Liza (1983). "Geisha". In Reischauer, Edwin et al. (eds.).

6213:

Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan: Language, Genes and Civilisation,

5849: 4771:. In the early stages of the war, Japan scored victory after victory. 3756:, and Ieyasu abdicated two years later to groom his son as the second 3344: 2765:

manors. By the eleventh century, more land in Japan was controlled by

1087: 15609: 15378: 15363: 14961: 14946: 14871: 14854: 14772: 14657: 14598: 14588: 14583: 14506: 14385: 14273: 14199: 13966: 13956: 13406: 12709: 12553: 12543: 10368:

Critical readings on the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan Volume One

10170: 6223: 5612: 5390: 4731:

In late 1941, Japanese government, led by Prime Minister and General

4639: 4575: 4076: 3955: 3891: 3807: 3430:

were using about 300,000 muskets in their armies. The Europeans also

2833:, controlled northern Honshu for the next century from their capital 2415: 2399: 2082: 2037: 1873: 1857: 1430: 619: 339: 313: 10366:

Pekkanen, Robert (2018). "Introduction". In Pekkanen, Robert (ed.).

9874: 5573: 5374: 3491: 3469:

domains. Initially, the Portuguese stayed on the lands belonging to

3325: 3317:

period of conflict between the Northern Court and the Southern Court

3031: 2717: 2468:, and considered to be the first major sponsor of Buddhism in Japan. 2363:

is the oldest wooden structure in the world. It was commissioned by

2203:

annual immigrant influx from the continent range from 350 to 3,000.

2194: 1789: 1771: 15383: 15319: 15166: 15124: 14859: 14767: 14642: 14464: 14427: 14407: 12004: 8538:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 55–56. 7695: 6486:

pp. 79–81. The Jōmon component is estimated at somewhere under 25%.

5840: 5825:"On the Pleistocene Population History in the Japanese Archipelago" 5591: 5470: 5396: 5273: 5158: 4928: 4920: 4884: 4793: 4534: 4458:

also passed, prescribing harsh penalties for political dissidents.

4389: 4380: 4296: 4169: 4055: 3985: 3913: 3848: 3840: 3504: 3419: 3207: 3008: 2814: 2368: 1984: 1913: 1766: 1226: 38: 13492: 13400: 12149:

Foreign Images and Experiences of Japan: 1: First Century AD-1841.

11911:

Japan's Foreign Policy 1945–2003: The Quest for a Proactive Policy

10018: 8105: 8103: 4673: 3315:, where he set up a rival government. This ushered in a prolonged 3199: 3086:

became the true power behind the government. In 1203, her father,

3066:

Yoritomo soon turned on Yoshitsune, who was initially harbored by

2761: 2685: 2630: 2492:. The Reform began with land reform, based on Confucian ideas and 2352: 1101: 15445: 15237: 15183: 15129: 14951: 14757: 14667: 14521: 14422: 14380: 14243: 14162: 14115: 14103: 13412: 13339: 13334: 12220: 12084:

Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security

11892:

Japanese Political History since the Meiji Restoration, 1868–2000

10497: 10050:

The Political Economy of East Asia: Striving for Wealth and Power

9535: 9062:(Information Technology in Geo-Engineering). IOS Press: 190–198. 7390: 7388: 7386: 5582: 5265: 4623: 4173: 3975: 3943: 3903: 3886: 3826: 3817: 3668: 3550: 3500: 3123: 3091: 2992: 2774: 2727: 2233: 1746: 1310: 10809:"Japan approves major defense overhaul in dramatic policy shift" 10806: 9861:

Klein, Thomas M. (1972). "The Ryukyus on the Eve of Reversion".

8428: 6818:. New York: Rizzoli International Publications. pp. 19–20. 6150:

Kidder, J. Edward (1993). "The Earliest Societies in Japan", in

5157:

Japan remained a close ally of the United States throughout the

4480:

and participation in international disarmament conferences. The

3117: 2141: 1876:(1868–1912) transformed the isolated feudal island country into 863: 15513: 15050: 15028: 14881: 14817: 14762: 14152: 14130: 14098: 14072: 13422: 13344: 13321: 13306: 13261: 12595: 12184: 11740:

Large, Stephen S. (2007). "Oligarchy, Democracy, and Fascism".

11336: 10590:"Reiwa: Japan Prepares to Enter New Era of 'Fortunate Harmony'" 9393: 9391: 8988: 8986: 8608: 8187:

A history of the global economy : from 1500 to the present

8100: 7078:

McCullough, William H. (1999). "The Heian Court, 794–1070," in

6976:

A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective

5603: 5587: 5578: 5505: 5256: 4085: 3928: 3898: 3836: 3831: 3564: 3496: 3423: 3037: 2810: 2794: 2634: 2590: 2461: 2380: 2291: 2237: 2178: 1841: 1731: 1378: 1300: 1278: 1082: 298: 10548:[Press release no. 162 of the 2011 Tohuku earthquake] 9889: 8627: 8625: 8623: 7383: 6386:

The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion,

4972:, Japan renounced its right to go to war with another nation. 4565:, a Japanese army stationed in China along the Japanese-owned 3648:. He burst onto the scene suddenly, in 1560, when, during the 2805:("Great Barbarian Subduing General"). In 802, seii tai-shōgun 2731:, which could rule in the place of an adult reigning emperor. 2572:

In 710, the government constructed a grandiose new capital at

15579: 15299: 15033: 14987: 14849: 14704: 14652: 14228: 14194: 13396: 13246: 13242: 12251: 9602: 8596: 8536:

A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present

8406: 8404: 8402: 7981: 7979: 7918: 7916: 7275: 6915:. Chichester, West Sussex : Wiley Blackwell. pp. 63-64. 5347: 5343: 5288: 5287:

Issues relating to war memory led to strained relations with

5222: 5216: 5210: 5201:, which heralded Japan's return to international prominence. 5090:

expanded at an annual rate of nearly 10% from 1956 until the

4195:

Government institutions developed rapidly in response to the

4097: 3919: 3874: 3389: 3111: 2705: 2497: 2446: 2423: 2303: 2269: 2090: 1829: 1715: 1681: 1425: 1373: 1342: 1097: 12000:

Giants of Japan: The Lives of Japan's Greatest Men and Women

11638:

The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero

11634: 10969: 10957: 10526: 10393: 10348: 10336: 10300: 10288: 10087: 10006: 9982: 9970: 9958: 9801: 9777: 9696: 9663: 9523: 9511: 9499: 9451: 9439: 9427: 9403: 9388: 9146: 8983: 8977: 8552: 8234:

Japan in the 21st Century: Environment, Economy, and Society

7681:"História Portugal-Japão (o comércio entre Macau e o Japão)" 7443: 7441: 7439: 7223: 7221: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6533: 6531: 6529: 5939:

Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Asia

4327:

to renegotiate the "unequal treaties". In 1902 Japan signed

3707:

in 1600, ushering in 268 years of uninterrupted rule by the

2488:. Their government devised and implemented the far-reaching 2316: 2295:

clay sculptures, often in the shape of warriors and horses.

1912:

that inflicted severe damage on population centers. Emperor

1832:), presided over a prosperous and peaceful era known as the 15525: 15486: 14966: 14822: 14752: 14672: 14544: 14057: 12207:"Japan as It Was and Is": A Handbook of Old Japan, Volume 1 11687:

Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo

10993: 10935: 10933: 10918: 10906: 9206: 9086: 9054:

Yamamoto Tsutomu; Matsukawa Shunsuke; Hisawa Haruo (2010).

8998: 8809: 8620: 7512:(2nd ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 161-162. 6978:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. 5358:

in the world at 634 metres (2,080 ft), displacing the

4271:. In 1874, using the incident as a pretext, Japan launched 3582:

or "Temple of the Golden Pavilion" built in Kyoto in 1397.

2952: 2948:, often considered the masterpiece of Japanese literature. 2605: 11042: 10981: 10075: 9636:. New York: Ticknor & Fields. pp. 558, 578, 597, 600. 9487: 9463: 9316: 9289: 9170: 9110: 9098: 8959: 8947: 8923: 8887: 8752: 8701: 8665: 8586: 8584: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8464: 8416: 8399: 8163: 8127: 8115: 7996: 7994: 7976: 7928: 7913: 7865: 7817: 7805: 7783: 7781: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6572: 6570: 6555: 6052: 4369: 4008:

Samurai of the Satsuma Domain during the Boshin War, 1860s

3621:. The period takes its name from Nobunaga's headquarters, 3495:

Matsura Takanobu attacked two Portuguese trade vessels at

2903:, illustrating a scene from the "Bamboo River" chapter of 2320:

Territorial extent of Yamato court during the Kofun period

14837: 14603: 14561: 11215: 10670:"Japan edges from pacifism to more robust defense stance" 10264: 9732: 9708: 9590: 9376: 9306: 9304: 9158: 9010: 8899: 7964: 7465: 7436: 7400: 7371: 7359: 7347: 7323: 7299: 7287: 7263: 7218: 7134: 7122: 7097: 6950: 6688: 6526: 6514: 6018: 4952:

became responsible not to the Emperor but to the elected

4857:

by Emperor Hirohito on national radio the following day.

4833:

However, on 6 August 1945, the US dropped an atomic bomb

3745: 3570: 3515: 3215: 3098:. Henceforth, the Minamoto shoguns became puppets of the 3055:. Japan remained largely under military rule until 1868. 1825: 1388: 12101:

Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia

11669:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard U. 11399:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 21. 10945: 10930: 10896: 10894: 10881: 10879: 10444: 10434:"United Nations Statistics Division - National Accounts" 10405: 10381: 10199: 10135: 10123: 10111: 9946: 9825: 9813: 9720: 9578: 9364: 9230: 9218: 8851: 8740: 8512: 8476: 8333: 8308: 8275: 7940: 7766: 7170: 6588: 6465:

Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands,

6356:

Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia

4454:

was passed.. However, in the same year the far-reaching

4184:, although the most famous of the Meiji era writers was 3360:

broke out over who would succeed the ruling shogun. The

2437: 10864: 9415: 9033:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 3. 8875: 8797: 8689: 8677: 8581: 8564: 8500: 8488: 8452: 8366: 8236:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 60. 8151: 8088: 8030: 7991: 7877: 7841: 7793: 7778: 7726: 7523: 7412: 7311: 7021: 6992: 6881: 6869: 6766: 6676: 6630: 6567: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6132: 4468:

sparked unprecedented economic growth and earned Japan

4238: 3934:

The Tokugawas sponsored and were heavily influenced by

11054: 10324: 10276: 10030: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9789: 9744: 9614: 9475: 9328: 9301: 9134: 8764: 8728: 8724:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 421. 8653: 8006: 7952: 7853: 7829: 7702: 7547: 7535: 7424: 7194: 7146: 7115:

Takeuchi, Rizo (1999). "The Rise of the Warriors", in

7033: 6893: 6857: 6845: 6157: 4812:, which allowed the United States to begin widespread 3989:

or "national learning", developed by scholars such as

3942:. The samurai class claimed to follow the ideology of 2604:, which describes the imperial line as descendants of 2410:

leader of Japan from 594 to 622. Shōtoku authored the

2232:, states that by 240 AD, the powerful kingdom of 1765:. After seizing power, Yoritomo set up his capital in 12160:

A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations

11479:

Population, Disease, and Land in Early Japan, 645–900

11372: 11315: 11303: 11291: 10891: 10876: 10807:

Jesse Johnson, Gabriel Dominguez (16 December 2022).

10546:"平成23年（2011年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第162報）（令和4年3月8日）" 10464:"Japan Finishes World's Tallest Communications Tower" 10423:

Japan Statistical Agency monthly Population Estimate.

10312: 9994: 9934: 9901: 9194: 9182: 9122: 8935: 8911: 8185:; International Economic History Association (2016). 7559: 7251: 7206: 7158: 6700: 6292:

A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations

5146:. In accordance with US policy, Japan recognized the 4824:

would be even bloodier. The Japanese superbattleship

4472:

seized from Germany. After the war, Japan signed the

4258:

Chinese generals surrendering to the Japanese in the

3585: 3063:"simple warrior rule" of the later Muromachi period. 2633:, and once completed it was used by the Chinese monk 1892:

in 1931, and from 1937 the conflict escalated into a

1761:

of 1180–85, defeating their rival military clan, the

1745:— and then to the military clans and their armies of 11526:

Gao, Bai (2009). "The Postwar Japanese Economy". In

10187: 9352: 8863: 8440: 8263: 8139: 8052:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 356–357. 8018: 7901: 7889: 7714: 7335: 7057: 7045: 7009: 6938: 6926: 6795: 6783: 6543: 6502: 6270: 5627: 4541:

Manchurian Incident and the Second Sino-Japanese War

3949: 3340:

Kinkaku-ji was built in 1397 by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.

1941:

was enacted in 1947 that transformed Japan into the

12137:. Pearson Education. 215pp; brief history textbook. 10827:"A plea and a promise for 2023: No more 'pacifism'" 10248:. About Japan: A Teacher's Resource. Archived from 10242:"Japan's Rebirth at the 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics" 10099: 10063: 9837: 9634:

Tennozan: The Battle of Okinawa and the Atomic Bomb

9340: 8646:Beasley, WG (1962). "Japan". In Hinsley, FH (ed.). 8295:

Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan

8071:"Dejima Nagasaki | JapanVisitor Japan Travel Guide" 7477: 7453: 7182: 7085: 6911:Deal, William E and Ruppert, Brian Douglas (2015). 6118:. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Press. pp. 3, 258. 6093: 5916:"'Jomon woman' helps solve Japan's genetic mystery" 5695:

Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History

5322:Wreckage at a railway station destroyed during the 5050:

longest serving prime ministers in Japanese history

4830:was sunk en route to aid in the Battle of Okinawa. 4774:The tide began to turn against Japan following the 4515:, began writing popular mystery and crime stories. 2649:tried to establish his own dynasty with the aid of 1965:of the 1990s, Japanese economic growth has slowed. 11864: 11834: 11769: 11392: 10158: 7119:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 675-677 6289:; Miranda Brown; David Lurie; Suzanne Gay (2012). 5886:Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology 5882:"A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy" 4845:and other territories, and Nagasaki was struck by 4797:pilots who crashed their planes into enemy ships. 3927:(1644–1694), also rose as a major form of poetry. 3923:, whose greatest master is generally agreed to be 3784:in 1615. Soon after the shogunate promulgated the 2289:were often surrounded by and filled with numerous 1880:that closely followed Western models and became a 9557:Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire 8256:Hirschmeier, Johannes and Yui, Tsunehiko (1975). 6718: 4396:opened and it is the oldest subway line in Asia. 3514:The Black Ship Portuguese traders that came from 2801:was the first man the court granted the title of 1842:cut off almost all contact with the outside world 15768: 11577:A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower 11071: 11069: 10802: 10800: 9766:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 121. 7082:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–31 6497:Multicultural Japan: Palaeolithic to Postmodern. 5473:which is near Taiwan. Japanese Defense Minister 5007: 4853:was communicated to the Allies on 14 August and 3222:The Illustrated Account of the Mongol Invasion ( 3218:Buddhism spread widely among the samurai class. 2032:and up to 20,000 years ago on Ishigaki Island's 1968: 11145: 11143: 8650:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 472 8258:The Development of Japanese Business, 1600-1973 5549: 4946:International Military Tribunal of the Far East 4626:, the Japanese military committed the infamous 4131: 3800:to spend every other year in Edo. Even so, the 3268: 3007:. Though Yoritomo set up his own government in 1787:. During this period, regional warlords called 1730:from this time and onwards was a mix of native 11753:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 11744:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. 6315:Crawford, Gary W. "Japan and Korea:Japan", in 5556: 5384: 3042: 3020: 2972: 2809:subjugated the Emishi people, who were led by 2621:that killed over a quarter of the population. 2081:culture that reached a considerable degree of 13915: 13508: 12236: 11794: 11108: 11106: 11066: 10847: 10797: 9660:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368 9608: 9031:Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History 8837:. New York: Harper Collins. pp. 27, 30. 8602: 7074: 7072: 6840:Foreigners in Japan: A Historical Perspective 5311:, and visits by some Japanese politicians to 3142:, along with two other emperors, the retired 2880:. Yoritomo and his retainers thus became the 1641: 822: 11795:Morton, W Scott; Olenike, J Kenneth (2004). 11504:Japan to 1600: A Social and Economic History 11140: 11026:Nemesis : The Battle for Japan, 1944–45 10667: 10211: 8250: 7495:Turnbull, Stephen and Hook, Richard (2005). 6154:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 59 5879: 5245: 5115:, stock and real-estate loans grew rapidly. 5083:, which assured their employees a safe job. 5077:Ministry of International Trade and Industry 4411: 3878:("floating world"). This lifestyle inspired 3574:theater. Though the eighth Ashikaga shogun, 2721:("regent") to the underage emperor. His son 2560:. This Buddhist temple was sponsored by the 2328:. Craftsmen and scholars from China and the 2247: 1836:(1600–1868). The Tokugawa shogunate imposed 12157: 12073:Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan (first series) 11932:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 351–371. 11818:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 389–406. 11690:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 11601: 11534:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 299–314. 11431:Social Research: An International Quarterly 11115:第35回教科書から『士農工商』が消えたー後編ー令和3年広報うき「ウキカラ」8月号 10745: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10500:. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012 10468:Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 8953: 8642: 8640: 6595:. Cambridge University Press. p. 529. 6499:New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 40 5379:damaged the nuclear facilities in Fukushima 5122:in 1956, successfully normalized relations 4518: 4070: 2500:. It nationalized all land in Japan, to be 13929: 13922: 13908: 13515: 13501: 12243: 12229: 11626:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11424: 11337:Moriguchi, Chiaki; Saez, Emmanuel (2008). 11332: 11330: 11275:(in Japanese). 6 June 2023. Archived from 11103: 8345: 8217:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7600:Portugal and the Japan: The Namban Century 7238: 7236: 7069: 6658:(1st ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: 4434:to resign as prime minister. This and the 3728:Tokugawa Ieyasu was the founder and first 3388:. One enduring symbol of this era was the 2656: 2070:Reconstruction of a Jōmon family from the 1648: 1634: 829: 815: 11420: 11418: 11416: 11259: 11017: 10360: 9658:The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 6. 8713: 8378: 8231: 8042: 7651: 7508:Hane, Mikiso and Perez, Louis G. (2015). 7117:The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 2. 7080:The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 2. 6741: 6152:The Cambridge History of Japan: Volume 1. 6037: 5848: 5775:Japanese foreign policy on Southeast Asia 4609:and the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. 4462:Japan's participation in World War I 3854: 3719: 2876:, scored a decisive victory at the naval 2430:). By 670, a variant of this expression, 2347: 2015:black outline indicates present-day Japan 1924:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 11927: 11655: 11573: 11236:結婚は主君の許可が必要だが、離婚するときはどうだった？江戸時代「武士」の一生行事 11023: 11011: 10975: 10963: 10951: 10939: 10870: 10736: 10582: 10532: 10450: 10411: 10399: 10387: 10354: 10342: 10306: 10294: 10153: 10093: 10024: 10012: 9988: 9976: 9964: 9952: 9913: 9831: 9819: 9807: 9783: 9726: 9702: 9669: 9584: 9541: 9529: 9517: 9505: 9457: 9445: 9433: 9409: 9397: 9236: 9224: 9152: 9004: 8992: 8965: 8881: 8815: 8803: 8746: 8719: 8695: 8683: 8671: 8637: 8631: 8614: 8590: 8575: 8558: 8506: 8410: 8157: 8094: 8036: 7985: 7934: 7922: 7883: 7823: 7787: 7772: 7738: 7626: 7541: 7489: 7447: 7430: 7377: 7365: 7305: 7227: 7200: 7152: 7140: 7128: 7109: 7039: 6961: 6899: 6863: 6851: 6694: 6642: 6561: 6537: 6520: 6163: 5822: 5610:communities. These people, later called 5522: 5317: 5255: 5111:became the largest in the world. During 5021: 4890: 4887:, at their first meeting, September 1945 4870: 4799: 4687: 4672: 4600: 4544: 4333: 4275:to Taiwan to assert their claims to the 4252: 4084: 4003: 3858: 3788:, which imposed tighter controls on the 3723: 3631: 3595: 3509: 3444: 3343: 3335: 3286: 3027:Eastern Barbarian Subduing Great General 2982: 2891: 2684: 2673: 2556:The Daibutsu-den, within the complex of 2551: 2541: 2452: 2436: 2351: 2315: 2251: 2183: 2065: 1983: 1850:introducing firearms to Japanese warfare 12516:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 12103:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 12098: 11767: 11327: 11183: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10657: 10239: 9756: 9675: 9626: 9421: 9022: 8834:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 8524: 8434: 8386:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan Volume 1 8353:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan Volume 3 7970: 7744: 7233: 6913:A Cultural History of Japanese Buddhism 6905: 6832: 6813: 6807: 6617:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan Volume 1 6352: 6012: 5958: 5504:system, which introduced a patrilineal 5107:stock market index had doubled and the 5031:longest serving PMs in Japanese history 4370:Economic modernization and labor unrest 3780:that ended with the destruction of the 3744:, which ruled from the eastern city of 3522:In 1571, Dom Bartolomeu, also known as 3392:, skilled spies and assassins hired by 3035:. Yoritomo's government was called the 2842:a dispute over succession to the throne 2678:Miniature model of the ancient capital 2226:. A later Chinese work of history, the 1949:it is today. After 1955, Japan enjoyed 15769: 11993: 11974: 11946: 11859: 11664: 11500: 11475: 11413: 11227: 11060: 11048: 10999: 10987: 10924: 10912: 10900: 10885: 10819: 10614:"Tokyo Olympics to start in July 2021" 10330: 10282: 10081: 10036: 9854: 9795: 9750: 9620: 9547: 9493: 9481: 9469: 9334: 9322: 9310: 9295: 9212: 9140: 9116: 9104: 9092: 9028: 8893: 8776: 8770: 8758: 8734: 8707: 8659: 8530: 8470: 8422: 8320: 8225: 8175: 8169: 8133: 8121: 8109: 8012: 7958: 7871: 7859: 7835: 7811: 7708: 7652:Hesselink, Reinier (7 December 2015). 7622: 7620: 7565: 7471: 7406: 7394: 7353: 7341: 7293: 7269: 7257: 7212: 7164: 7103: 7063: 7051: 7003: 6973: 6967: 6944: 6932: 6887: 6801: 6789: 6777: 6706: 6682: 6609: 6576: 6549: 6508: 6295:. Cengage Learning. pp. 138–143. 6175: 6169: 6144: 6138: 6099: 5952: 5758:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 5602:Populations of workers in professions 5453:while campaigning two days before the 5433:On 8 July 2022, former Prime Minister 4860: 4814:bombing raids on the Japanese mainland 4636:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 3946:, literally "the way of the warrior". 2735:, an exceptional statesman who became 15093: 14732: 13998: 13903: 13496: 12224: 12162:. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. 12107: 11832: 11813: 11748: 11739: 11704: 11683: 11378: 11321: 11309: 11297: 11221: 10318: 10270: 10219:"Shinkansen – Bullet Trains in Japan" 10205: 10193: 10000: 9940: 9907: 9895: 9860: 9848: 9738: 9714: 9647: 9596: 9553: 9382: 9346: 9248: 9200: 9188: 9176: 9164: 9128: 9016: 8941: 8929: 8917: 8905: 8869: 8494: 8458: 8372: 8287: 8145: 8024: 8000: 7907: 7847: 7799: 7732: 7720: 7693: 7596: 7553: 7529: 7483: 7459: 7418: 7329: 7317: 7281: 7188: 7176: 7091: 7027: 7015: 6875: 6648: 6636: 6489: 5991: 5873: 5748:History of Japanese foreign relations 5703:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 5142:over the ownership of the islands of 4782:, in which Allied troops wrested the 4529:History of Japanese foreign relations 4245:History of Japanese foreign relations 3714: 3348:Map showing the territories of major 2844:erupted and the two rival claimants ( 2696:In 784, the capital moved briefly to 2387:. The period draws its name from the 2019:Hunter-gatherers arrived in Japan in 1973: 15094: 12055:Introduction to the History of Japan 11908: 11889: 11733:Okinawa: History of an Island People 11730: 11552:Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey 11548: 11390: 11028:. London: HarperPress. p. 379. 10714: 10654: 10417: 10147: 10141: 10129: 10117: 10052:. Washington, DC: CQ Press. p. 156. 10042: 9370: 9358: 8857: 8821: 8786:. Rutland, Vermont: Tuttle. p. 315. 8518: 8482: 8446: 8339: 8314: 8281: 8269: 7946: 7895: 7510:Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey 7502: 6712: 6322:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, 6111: 6105: 5823:Nakazawa, Yuichi (1 December 2017). 5818: 5816: 5581:, with 80% of peasants under the 5% 5484: 5462:2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan 5242:and other culture from the country. 4849:, killing around 40,000 people. The 4684:preparing the attack on Pearl Harbor 4596:Imperial Rule Assistance Association 4239:Rise of imperialism and the military 4197:Freedom and People's Rights Movement 3533: 3134:instigated what became known as the 3121:, from among his close vassals, the 2298:The center of the unified state was 1793:grew in power at the expense of the 13522: 11735:. Rutland, Vermont: Tuttle Company. 11525: 10841: 10559:Fire and Disaster Management Agency 10426: 10105: 10069: 8827: 8297:. New York: Facts on File. p. 296. 7617: 7577: 5926:from the original on 26 April 2020. 5406:In 2020, Tokyo was due to host the 4354:of 1904–05 ended with the dramatic 3979:or "Dutch learning". The physician 3070:, the grandson of Kiyohira and the 1797:. Eventually, Japan descended into 1660:The first human inhabitants of the 13: 12692:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 12250: 12135:Japan in Transformation, 1952–2000 12023: 11346:Review of Economics and Statistics 10848:Jennifer Lind (23 December 2022). 10785:from the original on 4 August 2022 9921:Turning Points in Japanese History 9685:. Basingstoke: Macmillan. p. 177. 8782:Mason, RHP and Caiger, JG (1997). 8260:. London: Allen & Unwin. p. 32 5930: 5896:from the original on 1 August 2019 5769:History of Sino-Japanese relations 5455:2022 House of Councillors election 5403:, Emperor Akihito, on 1 May 2019. 4913:Supreme Commander of Allied Powers 4062:led to the fall of the shogunate. 3586:Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1600) 3539:with China and Korea. Because the 3418:, just south of Kyushu. The three 3003:chose to rule in concert with the 2995:were the de facto rulers of Japan. 2509:of 672, a bloody conflict between 2342: 2339:centuries before written records. 1812:. After Toyotomi's death in 1598, 1668:, around 38–39,000 years ago. The 14: 15803: 15046:Megalithic architectural elements 12559:Imperial Constitution (1890–1947) 12177: 11427:"Burakumin at the End of History" 11243:. 31 January 2022. Archived from 10811:. The Japan Times. Archived from 10632:"Tokyo 2021: Olympic Medal Count" 8978:Schimmelpenninck van der Oye 2005 7678: 7629:Samurai: The World of the Warrior 5908: 5813: 5447:Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force 5185:to step down. Kishi's successor, 5171:Article 9 of Japan's constitution 4960:, which had been a pillar of the 4804:Atomic cloud over Hiroshima, 1945 4470:new colonies in the South Pacific 3950:Decline and fall of the shogunate 3917:, a new import to Japan in 1600. 2999:Upon the consolidation of power, 2829:took full power; his family, the 2785:, acquired large armies and many 1922:on 15 August 1945, following the 14733: 13883: 13874: 13873: 13477: 13476: 13465: 12195: 12183: 12115:(paperback ed.). New York: 11712:(paperback ed.). New York: 11468: 11384: 11005: 10833:. 3 January 2023. Archived from 10774:"中国が弾道ミサイル9発発射うち5発は日本のEEZ内に"防衛省 10765: 10684: 10624: 10606: 10588:McCurry, Justin (1 April 2019). 10538: 10486: 10456: 10233: 9242: 9047: 8722:Science & Technology Almanac 8063: 7687: 7672: 7645: 6842:. Kathmandu: Rabin Gurung. p. 29 5797:List of prime ministers of Japan 5764:History of Japan–Korea relations 5753:Foreign relations of Meiji Japan 5689:Bibliography of Japanese history 5658: 5644: 5630: 5532:, higher than most court nobles. 5419:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 5238:contributed to a steady flow of 5002:revised US-Japan Security Treaty 4778:in June 1942 and the subsequent 4233:Shinto became the state religion 4081:Foreign relations of Meiji Japan 3625:, and Hideyoshi's headquarters, 3256: 3244: 3232: 2924:, both associated with the poet 2887: 2367:and represents the beginning of 2134: 2122: 2106: 1816:came to power and was appointed 1718:), marking the beginning of the 1615: 942:Post-Japanese occupation history 862: 37: 15665:Evolutionary origin of religion 12166:Tames, Richard, et al. (2008). 11930:A Companion to Japanese History 11816:A Companion to Japanese History 11742:A Companion to Japanese History 11532:A Companion to Japanese History 11268:江戸時代の武家の結婚は簡単じゃなかった。幕府の許可も必要だった 10757:. 5 August 2022. Archived from 7655:The Dream of Christian Nagasaki 7590: 7584:Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo 7571: 6974:Alchon, Suzanne Austin (2003). 6582: 6453: 6410: 6377: 6346: 6309: 6237: 6204: 5999:A Companion to Japanese History 5297:Japanese officials and emperors 5295:on several occasions. Although 4958:renounce his claims to divinity 4936:were granted independence, the 4658: 4301:Hokkaidō Development Commission 4065: 3671:, Kyushu, and the lands of the 3403: 2967: 2153: 2055: 1693:Around the 3rd century BC, the 13841:British Indian Ocean Territory 13045:Agriculture, forestry, fishing 12169:A Traveller's History of Japan 12082:Hook, Glenn D. et al. (2011). 11979:. Cambridge University Press. 11797:Japan: Its History and Culture 11501:Farris, William Wayne (2009). 11484:Harvard University Asia Center 11476:Farris, William Wayne (1995). 11078:「士農工商」や「四民平等」の用語が使われていないことについて 10781:(in Japanese). 4 August 2022. 10668:Martin Fritz (28 April 2022). 10470:. 1 March 2012. Archived from 10240:Droubie, Paul (31 July 2008). 9656:(1988). "The Pacific War", in 7631:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 13. 6592:The Cambridge History of Japan 6046: 5963:in the Japanese archipelago". 5720:, Japanese studies, in English 5571:), craftsmen, and merchants" ( 5377:region. The resulting tsunami 5305:denial of the Nanjing Massacre 4452:Universal Manhood Suffrage Law 4329:an important military alliance 4025:imposed what became known as " 4016:threw Japan into turmoil. The 3295:who was the founder and first 2412:Seventeen-article constitution 2236:, ruled by the female monarch 1862:return of power to the emperor 1: 15278:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 14808:British megalith architecture 11660:. Cambridge University Press. 11199:(in Japanese). Archived from 11164:(in Japanese). Archived from 11124:(in Japanese). Archived from 11087:(in Japanese). Archived from 10728:. 8 July 2022. Archived from 9923:. London: Routledge. p. 216. 9068:10.3233/978-1-60750-617-1-190 8330:. New York: Tuttle. pp. 14–15 8050:Japan at War: An Encyclopedia 7580:"Atlas de Fernão Vaz Dourado" 6319:, Alexander A. Bauer (eds.), 5743:History of Japanese Americans 5309:revisionist history textbooks 5197:line, and the widely praised 5118:Japan became a member of the 5008:Postwar growth and prosperity 4150:advisers from Western nations 3202:(1133–1212), who established 2991:in which the shogun with the 2897: 2584:, the capital of the Chinese 2001: regions above sea level 1969:Prehistoric and ancient Japan 15273:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 14813:Nordic megalith architecture 12203:travel guide from Wikivoyage 12158:Schirokauer, Conrad (2013). 11482:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 7747:The Journal of Asian Studies 6079:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.12.012 5985:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.01.030 5807: 5802:Timeline of Japanese history 5780:Japan–Soviet Union relations 5725:Social Science Japan Journal 5373:struck Japan's northeastern 5362:. It is currently the third 5056:merged in 1955 into the new 4653:invasion of French Indochina 4132:Political and social changes 4054:and his advisors to issue a 3786:Laws for the Military Houses 3269:Muromachi period (1333–1568) 3102:, who wielded actual power. 2932:'s collection of miscellany 2896:A handscroll painting dated 2743:ceded the throne to his son 2619:smallpox epidemic in 735–737 1953:under the governance of the 1928:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 1757:emerged victorious from the 1684:was recorded in the Chinese 7: 12633:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 12579:Abolition of the han system 12140:Kitaoka, Shin’ichi (2019). 12034:. Tokyo, Sophia University. 11602:Connaughton, R. M. (1988). 10246:aboutjapan.japansociety.org 9681:Nester, William R. (1996). 8388:. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 222. 7499:. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 53–54 6619:. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 107. 6333:Oxford University Press USA 5710:Journal of Japanese Studies 5623: 5550: 5385:Reiwa period (2019–present) 5324:2011 earthquake and tsunami 5113:the ensuing economic bubble 4556:The Empire of Japan in 1937 4215:, responded by writing the 3794:alternate attendance system 2973:Kamakura period (1185–1333) 2797:people of northern Honshu. 2773:set up their own armies of 2472:In 645, the Soga clan were 2279:keyhole-shaped burial mound 2129:Middle Jōmon vase (2000 BC) 1937:until 1952, during which a 10: 15808: 15421:British Isles and Brittany 15342:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 12133:Kingston, Jeffrey (2001). 12030:Chang, Richard T. (1970). 11977:A Concise History of Japan 11867:A History of Japan to 1334 11778:W. W. Norton & Company 11768:McClain, James L. (2002). 11667:The Making of Modern Japan 11656:Holcombe, Charles (2017). 11574:Henshall, Kenneth (2012). 11509:University of Hawaii Press 8355:. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 15. 8328:Little Songs of the Geisha 8189:. Cambridge. p. 177. 7627:Turnbull, Stephen (2006). 6814:Akiyama, Terukazu (1977). 6476:University of Hawaii Press 6430:Cambridge University Press 6361:University of Hawaii Press 6257:University of Hawaii Press 5388: 5249: 5152:People's Republic of China 5130:over the ownership of the 5033:(1946–1947 and 1948–1954). 5011: 4977:San Francisco Peace Treaty 4901:Treaty of Peace with Japan 4864: 4841:declared war on Japan and 4822:invasion of mainland Japan 4679:Japanese aircraft carrier 4662: 4522: 4422:During the short reign of 4415: 4242: 4074: 3953: 3911:) and music played on the 3732:of the Tokugawa shogunate. 3589: 3407: 3272: 2976: 2813:. By 1051, members of the 2660: 2545: 2157: 2059: 1977: 1902:war with the United States 15623: 15436: 15263: 15110: 15106: 15089: 14975: 14939: 14788: 14745: 14741: 14728: 14535: 14366: 14339: 14264: 14190: 14181: 14086: 14011: 14007: 13999: 13994: 13937: 13869: 13828: 13788: 13530: 13460: 13228: 13106: 13097: 13040: 13031: 12966: 12843: 12839: 12830: 12743: 12734: 12702: 12645:Japan during World War II 12615: 12524: 12462:Mongol invasions of Japan 12437: 12362: 12289: 12280: 12262: 12117:Columbia University Press 11873:Stanford University Press 11799:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 11749:Meyer, Milton W. (2009). 11714:Columbia University Press 10518:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 10027:, pp. 162, 166, 182. 9609:Morton & Olenike 2004 8603:Morton & Olenike 2004 8232:Pradyumna, Karan (2010). 7759:10.1017/S0021911804001950 7603:. Portuguese State Mint. 7242:Perkins, Dorothy (1991). 6190:10.1017/S0003598X00093686 5792:List of Emperors of Japan 5674:Economic history of Japan 5557: 5426:Russia's trade status as 5246:Heisei period (1989–2019) 5167:Japan Self-Defense Forces 5018:Japanese economic miracle 4948:tried war criminals. The 4669:Japan during World War II 4412:Taishō period (1912–1926) 4404:of 1910, after which the 4249:Military history of Japan 4116:from Satsuma, as well as 4089:Emperor Meiji, the 122nd 3897:Forms of theater such as 3774:invade the Ryukyu Kingdom 3752:declared Tokugawa Ieyasu 3748:(modern Tokyo). In 1603, 3644:of the small province of 3299:of the Ashikaga shogunate 3210:(1222–1282), who founded 3043: 3021: 2248:Kofun period (c. 250–538) 2040:, including the elephant 1951:very high economic growth 1690:in the first century AD. 377:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 352:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 13590:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 12919:House of Representatives 12715:2019 imperial transition 12687:Great Hanshin earthquake 12655:Second Sino-Japanese War 12628:Japan during World War I 12041:53#2, pp. 346–366. 12039:Journal of Asian Studies 11833:Perez, Louis G. (1998). 11751:Japan: A Concise History 11267: 11235: 11191: 11151: 11114: 11077: 10773: 10579:Page 31 of the PDF file. 10167:Cambridge, Massachusetts 9898:, pp. 156–157, 162. 9764:Feminism in Modern Japan 9544:, pp. 131–132, 135. 9249:Kenji, Hasegawa (2020). 8437:, pp. 123–124, 128. 8293:Deal, William E (2006). 8112:, pp. 237, 252–253. 7397:, pp. 141–142, 149. 7284:, pp. 892–893, 897. 6059:Quaternary International 6001:. Malden MA: Blackwell. 5965:Quaternary International 5401:abdication of his father 5399:'s reign began upon the 5336:Japanese popular culture 5268:'s reign began upon the 5179:US-Japan Security Treaty 5058:Liberal Democratic Party 4981:US-Japan Security Treaty 4944:were abolished, and the 4725:Acquisitions (1930–1942) 4715:Acquisitions (1895–1930) 4616:Second Sino-Japanese War 4567:South Manchuria Railroad 4519:Shōwa period (1926–1989) 4450:was introduced when the 4221:House of Representatives 4168:proved the link between 4071:Meiji period (1868–1912) 3554:flower arrangement, the 3163:two full-scale invasions 2034:Shiraho Saonetabaru Cave 1955:Liberal Democratic Party 1894:prolonged war with China 1840:on Japanese society and 1775:. In 1274 and 1281, the 1664:have been traced to the 589:Great Hanshin earthquake 507:Second Sino-Japanese War 15653:Evolutionary musicology 15056:Oldest extant buildings 14983:Archaeological features 14502:Prepared-core technique 13851:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 12602:First Sino-Japanese War 12099:Imamura, Keiji (1996). 11909:Togo, Kazuhiko (2005). 11772:Japan: A Modern History 11665:Jansen, Marius (2000). 10370:. Leiden: Brill. p. 3. 10157:; Hoshi, Takeo (1992). 9632:Feifer, George (1992). 9554:Frank, Richard (1999). 8720:Lauerman, Lynn (2002). 6838:Kshetry, Gopal (2008). 6471:5 December 2022 at the 6425:5 December 2022 at the 6416:Mizoguchi, Koji (2013) 6397:Oxford University Press 6392:5 December 2022 at the 6353:Imamura, Keiji (1996). 6328:5 December 2022 at the 6252:5 December 2022 at the 6219:5 December 2022 at the 6026:Anthropological Science 5738:History of Japanese art 5684:Historiography of Japan 5567:of "samurai, peasants ( 4592:attempted a coup d'état 4448:universal male suffrage 4428:Taishō political crisis 4364:full annexation in 1910 4317:First Sino-Japanese War 4260:First Sino-Japanese War 4213:Prime Minister of Japan 3892:multiple printed colors 3480:attacked the castle in 3442:disembarked in Kyushu. 3352:families around 1570 CE 3079:idealized tragic hero. 3005:Imperial Court in Kyoto 2951:The development of the 2700:, then again in 794 to 2657:Heian period (794–1185) 2395:, in the Kinai region. 2330:Three Kingdoms of Korea 2198:) of the 3rd century AD 1996:about 20,000 years ago 1947:parliamentary democracy 1943:constitutional monarchy 1870:new national leadership 1728:Japanese religious life 907:Science, and Technology 435:Intervention in Siberia 362:First Sino-Japanese War 15615:Unchambered long cairn 15463:Mound Builders culture 14796:Neolithic architecture 13931:Prehistoric technology 13070:Science and technology 12509:Council of Five Elders 12504:Azuchi–Momoyama period 12092:1 October 2021 at the 12052:Hara, Katsuro (2010). 11975:Walker, Brett (2015). 11894:. New York: Palgrave. 11890:Sims, Richard (2001). 11641:. Vol. I. BRILL. 11024:Hastings, Max (2007). 10225:. 2020. Archived from 9029:Hunter, Janet (1984). 8617:, pp. 75–76, 217. 6115:Ancient Jomon of Japan 5533: 5371:2011 Tōhoku earthquake 5369:On 11 March 2011, the 5326: 5307:and other war crimes, 5261: 5034: 4938:Peace Preservation Law 4904: 4895:US Secretary of State 4888: 4805: 4728: 4685: 4610: 4557: 4482:Great Kantō earthquake 4456:Peace Preservation Law 4394:Tokyo Metro Ginza Line 4343: 4285:Imperial Japanese Army 4264: 4148:and hired hundreds of 4093: 4009: 3868: 3855:Culture and philosophy 3796:, which required each 3733: 3720:Edo period (1600–1868) 3637: 3610: 3592:Azuchi–Momoyama period 3519: 3450: 3353: 3341: 3300: 2996: 2909: 2874:Minamoto no Yoshitsune 2819:Former Nine Years' War 2807:Sakanoue no Tamuramaro 2725:created the office of 2693: 2682: 2569: 2469: 2450: 2426:characters for Japan ( 2372: 2348:Asuka period (538–710) 2321: 2263:During the subsequent 2260: 2199: 2113:A vase from the early 2074: 2043:Palaeoloxodon naumanni 2016: 1898:attack on Pearl Harbor 1824:, which governed from 1769:and took the title of 1676:, was followed by the 1041:Japanese Sign Language 769:Science and technology 517:Attack on Pearl Harbor 440:Great Kantō earthquake 382:Colonization of Taiwan 309:Convention of Kanagawa 149:Former Nine Years' War 92:1000 BC – 300 AD 78:14,000 – 1000 BC 15290:List of Stone Age art 14492:Microblade technology 14440:Langdale axe industry 14038:Ard / plough 13015:Deputy Prime Minister 12400:Asuka Kiyomihara Code 12147:McOmie, William, ed. 12061:registration required 11731:Kerr, George (1958). 11549:Hane, Mikiso (1991). 11443:10.1353/sor.2003.0019 11358:10.1162/rest.90.4.713 10562:]. Archived from 9762:Mackie, Vera (2003). 9267:10.1353/mni.2020.0002 6734:10.1353/asi.2007.0016 5880:Shinya Shōda (2007). 5526: 5321: 5259: 5124:with the Soviet Union 5071:ended inflation. The 5025: 4942:Special Higher Police 4894: 4874: 4803: 4780:Battle of Guadalcanal 4705:Territory (1870–1895) 4691: 4676: 4604: 4598:was founded in 1940. 4555: 4402:High Treason Incident 4362:in 1905, followed by 4337: 4315:. During the ensuing 4273:a military expedition 4256: 4243:Further information: 4088: 4014:Matthew C. Perry 4007: 3862: 3727: 3635: 3604:screen depicting the 3599: 3518:and Macau once a year 3513: 3476:In 1561 forces under 3448: 3370:Warring States period 3347: 3339: 3290: 3150:, who were exiled to 3130:In 1221, the retired 2986: 2895: 2733:Fujiwara no Michinaga 2723:Fujiwara no Mototsune 2715:had himself declared 2713:Fujiwara no Yoshifusa 2688: 2677: 2555: 2542:Nara period (710–794) 2484:, the founder of the 2460:was a semi-legendary 2456: 2440: 2355: 2319: 2255: 2187: 2144:figurine of the late 2069: 2046:, and the giant deer 1987: 1957:, and became a world 1935:Allies occupied Japan 1858:fall of the shogunate 1838:a strict class system 1799:a period of civil war 1316:Pottery and porcelain 482:Invasion of Manchuria 407:Colonization of Korea 367:Treaty of Shimonoseki 106:300 AD – 538 AD 15787:Japanese nationalism 15697:Prehistoric medicine 15692:Prehistoric counting 15675:Prehistoric religion 15670:Paleolithic religion 15648:Behavioral modernity 15005:Causewayed enclosure 14897:Abri de la Madeleine 14021:Neolithic Revolution 13765:United Arab Emirates 12924:House of Councillors 12818:World Heritage Sites 12192:at Wikimedia Commons 11958:Blackwell Publishing 11837:The History of Japan 11684:Kapur, Nick (2018). 11391:Duus, Peter (1995). 11002:, pp. 159, 160. 10927:, pp. 152, 157. 10915:, pp. 152, 181. 10860:on 23 December 2022. 10815:on 16 December 2022. 10595:4 April 2019 at the 10161:The Japanese Economy 9215:, pp. 384, 428. 9179:, pp. 179, 193. 9095:, pp. 312, 335. 8932:, pp. 115, 121. 8326:Dalby, Liza (2010). 8075:www.japanvisitor.com 7694:Hesselink, Reinier. 7597:Costa, João (1993). 7332:, pp. 672, 831. 6407:pp. 457–468, p. 462. 6363:. pp. 165–178. 6317:Neil Asher Silberman 6112:Habu, Junko (2004). 5829:Current Anthropology 5733:History of East Asia 5666:Ancient Japan portal 5546:neo-Confucian theory 5236:U.S. troops in Japan 5191:Income Doubling Plan 5109:Tokyo Stock Exchange 4915:, served as Japan's 4847:a second atomic bomb 4696:at its peak in 1942: 4474:Treaty of Versailles 4348:Battle of Yalu River 4229:Japanese nationalism 4162:Kitasato Shibasaburō 3705:Battle of Sekigahara 3606:Battle of Sekigahara 3487:Battle of Fukuda Bay 3432:brought Christianity 3184:launched a rebellion 3144:Emperor Tsuchimikado 3096:Minamoto no Sanetomo 3092:regent to the shogun 3068:Fujiwara no Hidehira 3001:Minamoto no Yoritomo 2878:Battle of Dan-no-ura 2866:Minamoto no Yoritomo 2846:Emperor Go-Shirakawa 2827:Fujiwara no Kiyohira 2823:Later Three-Year War 2692:in the 11th century 2690:Later Three-Year War 2482:Fujiwara no Kamatari 2474:overthrown in a coup 2277:, a 486 m-long 2170:Neolithic Revolution 2072:Sannai-Maruyama Site 1990:Last Glacial Maximum 1980:Japanese Paleolithic 1820:by the emperor. The 1755:Minamoto no Yoritomo 1662:Japanese archipelago 1530:World Heritage Sites 1478:Association football 1436:Mobile phone culture 779:World Heritage Sites 492:February 26 incident 397:Treaty of Portsmouth 258:Battle of Sekigahara 154:Later Three-Year War 15736:Prehistoric warfare 14482:Magdalenian culture 14445:Levallois technique 14376:Earliest toolmaking 13792:limited recognition 12941:Self-Defense Forces 11528:Tsutsui, William M. 11425:Neary, Ian (2003). 11091:on 30 November 2023 11051:, pp. 614–615. 10990:, pp. 162–163. 10978:, pp. 354–355. 10966:, pp. 353–354. 10535:, pp. 187–188. 10402:, pp. 199–201. 10357:, pp. 189–190. 10345:, pp. 182–183. 10309:, pp. 185–187. 10297:, pp. 181–182. 10273:, pp. 177–178. 10144:, pp. 126–128. 10132:, pp. 162–163. 10120:, pp. 234–235. 10096:, pp. 160–161. 10084:, pp. 466–467. 10015:, pp. 161–162. 9991:, pp. 159–160. 9979:, pp. 156–157. 9967:, pp. 154–155. 9810:, pp. 147–148. 9786:, pp. 145–146. 9741:, pp. 150–151. 9717:, pp. 151–152. 9705:, pp. 142–143. 9672:, pp. 136–137. 9599:, pp. 147–148. 9532:, pp. 132–133. 9520:, pp. 129–130. 9508:, pp. 124–126. 9496:, pp. 442–443. 9472:, pp. 201–203. 9460:, pp. 123–124. 9448:, pp. 122–123. 9436:, pp. 119–120. 9412:, pp. 115–116. 9400:, pp. 114–115. 9385:, pp. 139–140. 9373:, pp. 179–180. 9325:, pp. 413–414. 9298:, pp. 411–412. 9255:Monumenta Nipponica 9167:, pp. 135–136. 9155:, pp. 108–109. 9119:, pp. 353–354. 9107:, pp. 342–344. 9019:, pp. 102–103. 8995:, pp. 101–102. 8908:, pp. 118–119. 8896:, pp. 328–331. 8860:, pp. 356–360. 8761:, pp. 254–255. 8710:, pp. 359–360. 8561:, pp. 71, 236. 8521:, pp. 214–215. 8485:, pp. 168–169. 8473:, pp. 149–151. 8425:, pp. 280–281. 8342:, pp. 213–214. 8317:, pp. 171–172. 8284:, pp. 201–202. 8172:, pp. 163–164. 8136:, pp. 116–117. 8124:, pp. 238–240. 7949:, pp. 162–167. 7874:, pp. 116–117. 7814:, pp. 141–143. 7474:, pp. 170–171. 7409:, pp. 144–145. 7356:, pp. 441–442. 7296:, pp. 137–138. 7272:, pp. 135–136. 7179:, pp. 477–478. 7106:, pp. 249–250. 6343:pp. 153–157 p. 155. 6287:Schirokauer, Conrad 6071:2018QuInt.471..385K 5977:2012QuInt.248...70T 5945:17 May 2021 at the 5717:Monumenta Nipponica 5466:Ministry of Defense 5423:Volodymyr Zelenskyy 5331:population of Japan 5278:deflationary spiral 5270:death of his father 5199:1964 Tokyo Olympics 5081:lifetime employment 4867:Occupation of Japan 4861:Occupation of Japan 4743:on the side of the 4624:the Chinese capital 4571:Manchurian Incident 4508:Some Prefer Nettles 4503:Jun'ichirō Tanizaki 4495:Ryūnosuke Akutagawa 4464:on the side of the 4303:) and annexing the 3884:popular novels and 3823:Shimabara Rebellion 3650:Battle of Okehazama 3528:Japanese dictionary 3331:Ashikaga Yoshimitsu 3225:Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba 2989:military government 2502:distributed equally 2420:Cap and Rank System 2049:Sinomegaceros yabei 1959:economic powerhouse 1808:and his successor, 1674:cord-marked pottery 1545:Cultural Properties 1540:Cultural Landscapes 1143:Legendary creatures 893:Historical currency 604:Imperial transition 542:Occupation of Japan 532:Soviet–Japanese War 497:Anti-Comintern Pact 372:Triple Intervention 15687:Origin of language 15680:Spiritual drug use 15590:Rectangular dolmen 15492:Dartmoor kistvaens 15305:Carved stone balls 15017:Circular enclosure 14976:Other architecture 14919:Alp pile dwellings 14507:Solutrean industry 14418:Gravettian culture 14068:Secondary products 13075:Telecommunications 12607:Russo-Japanese War 12537:Tokugawa shogunate 12487:Nanboku-chō period 12482:Ashikaga shogunate 12455:Kamakura shogunate 12172:. Popular history. 12077:Bernhard Tauchnitz 11953:A History of Japan 11582:Palgrave Macmillan 11224:, p. 390-391. 10837:on 4 January 2023. 10761:on 12 August 2022. 10252:on 15 January 2010 10208:, pp. 98–105. 10048:Wan, Ming (2008). 9564:. pp. 28–29. 9007:, pp. 99–100. 8818:, pp. 91, 92. 8784:A History of Japan 8634:, pp. 79, 89. 7532:, pp. 39, 41. 7497:Samurai Commanders 7421:, pp. 32, 33. 7320:, pp. 28, 29. 7030:, pp. 25, 26. 6878:, pp. 85, 89. 6722:Asian Perspectives 6655:Japan Encyclopedia 6639:, pp. 16, 18. 6564:, pp. 16, 22. 6243:Bruce Loyd Batten, 6210:Kumar, Ann (2009) 6039:10.1537/ase.091214 5835:(S17): S539–S552. 5679:Higashiyama period 5604:considered unclean 5542:Tokugawa shogunate 5534: 5496:Meiji Constitution 5327: 5301:Murayama Statement 5262: 5214:(monster) movies, 5140:an ongoing dispute 5128:an ongoing dispute 5035: 4905: 4903:, 8 September 1951 4889: 4851:surrender of Japan 4806: 4729: 4686: 4611: 4558: 4436:rice riots of 1918 4356:Battle of Tsushima 4352:Russo-Japanese War 4344: 4331:with the British. 4309:Ryūkyū Disposition 4265: 4217:Meiji Constitution 4154:Gregorian calendar 4094: 4048:Tokugawa Yoshinobu 4010: 3869: 3829:, implemented the 3742:Tokugawa shogunate 3734: 3715:Early modern Japan 3688:invasions of Korea 3638: 3619:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 3611: 3560:Japanese gardening 3520: 3503:that took them to 3463:Fernão Vaz Dourado 3453:Initiating direct 3451: 3354: 3342: 3301: 3283:Higashiyama period 3204:Pure Land Buddhism 3029:), abbreviated as 2997: 2910: 2825: – 2694: 2683: 2570: 2470: 2451: 2391:imperial capital, 2373: 2322: 2261: 2200: 2164:The advent of the 2075: 2017: 1974:Paleolithic period 1910:Allied air attacks 1822:Tokugawa shogunate 1810:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1777:Kamakura shogunate 1672:, named after its 1550:National Treasures 1237:Cultural festivals 669:Capital punishment 645:2019–present 562:Asset price bubble 537:Surrender of Japan 402:Japan–Korea Treaty 392:Russo-Japanese War 347:Ryūkyū Disposition 289:Invasion of Ryukyu 284:Tokugawa shogunate 220:Nanboku-chō period 15792:Politics of Japan 15764: 15763: 15760: 15759: 15756: 15755: 15709:Prehistoric music 15658:music archaeology 15315:Cup and ring mark 15140:Clothing/textiles 15085: 15084: 15081: 15080: 14724: 14723: 14720: 14719: 14527:Yubetsu technique 14512:Striking platform 14477:Lithic technology 14362: 14361: 14347:Game drive system 14266:Projectile points 14158:Mortar and pestle 13897: 13896: 13834:other territories 13490: 13489: 13456: 13455: 13205:Sexual minorities 13093: 13092: 13027: 13026: 13023: 13022: 12936:Political parties 12875:Foreign relations 12826: 12825: 12730: 12729: 12720:COVID-19 pandemic 12589:Satsuma Rebellion 12574:Meiji Restoration 12472:Kenmu Restoration 12332:Foreign relations 12188:Media related to 12126:978-0-231-11435-6 12014:978-0-9882259-4-7 11967:978-1-119-02235-0 11939:978-1-4051-9339-9 11913:. Boston: Brill. 11882:978-0-8047-0523-3 11852:978-0-313-30296-1 11825:978-1-4051-9339-9 11787:978-0-393-04156-9 11723:978-0-231-11441-7 11648:978-90-474-0704-1 11591:978-0-230-34662-8 11566:978-0-8133-4970-1 11541:978-1-4051-9339-9 11518:978-0-8248-3379-4 11493:978-0-674-69005-9 11241:The Asahi Shimbun 11128:on 30 August 2023 11035:978-0-00-726816-0 10569:on 27 August 2022 10229:on 21 March 2020. 9571:978-0-14-100146-3 8968:, pp. 96–97. 8844:978-0-06-186047-8 8674:, pp. 84–85. 8497:, pp. 84–85. 8461:, pp. 79–80. 8413:, pp. 68–69. 8375:, pp. 57–59. 8196:978-1-107-10470-9 8003:, pp. 62–63. 7988:, pp. 57–58. 7973:, pp. 26–27. 7937:, pp. 54–55. 7925:, pp. 53–54. 7850:, pp. 51–52. 7826:, pp. 47–48. 7802:, pp. 48–49. 7735:, pp. 43–45. 7578:Dourado, Fernão. 7556:, pp. 46–47. 7450:, pp. 43–44. 7380:, pp. 40–41. 7368:, pp. 39–40. 7308:, pp. 35–36. 7230:, pp. 34–35. 7143:, pp. 33–34. 7131:, pp. 31–32. 7006:, pp. 91–93. 6964:, pp. 29–30. 6890:, pp. 74–75. 6816:Japanese Painting 6780:, pp. 55–57. 6697:, pp. 18–19. 6685:, pp. 54–55. 6602:978-0-521-22352-2 6579:, pp. 52–53. 6540:, pp. 15–16. 6523:, pp. 14–15. 6484:978-0-824-82156-2 6438:978-0-521-88490-7 6405:978-0-199-23244-4 6370:978-0-824-81852-4 6341:978-0-199-73578-5 6302:978-0-495-91322-1 6265:978-0-824-82447-1 6232:978-0-710-31313-3 6141:, pp. 12–15. 6125:978-0-521-77670-7 5485:Social conditions 5412:COVID-19 pandemic 5364:tallest structure 5228:Yasunari Kawabata 5163:US–Japan alliance 5148:Republic of China 5138:in 1965, despite 5126:in 1956, despite 4994:Ogasawara Islands 4909:Douglas MacArthur 4877:Douglas MacArthur 4843:invaded Manchukuo 4818:Battle of Okinawa 4769:Dutch East Indies 4741:World War II 4737:a surprise attack 4580:League of Nations 4553: 4497:and the novelist 4478:League of Nations 4360:as a protectorate 4313:Donghak Rebellion 4289:Satsuma Rebellion 3960:Meiji Restoration 3693:Toyotomi Hideyori 3657:Imagawa Yoshimoto 3640:Nobunaga was the 3546:ink wash painting 3534:Muromachi culture 3305:Kenmu Restoration 3212:Nichiren Buddhism 3094:, Yoritomo's son 2960:built in 1053 in 2906:The Tale of Genji 2884:rulers of Japan. 2854:Taira no Kiyomori 2831:Northern Fujiwara 2741:Emperor Shirakawa 2478:Prince Naka no Ōe 2256:Daisenryō Kofun, 2089:, who discovered 2007: unvegetated 1920:Japan's surrender 1890:invaded Manchuria 1872:of the following 1658: 1657: 1498:American football 1242:Japanese New Year 1222:Buddha's Birthday 1212:Coming of Age Day 979:Ōbeikei Islanders 922:Foreign relations 839: 838: 704:Foreign relations 649: 648: 632:Abe assassination 627:COVID-19 pandemic 599:Tōhoku earthquake 357:Satsuma Rebellion 319:Meiji Restoration 197:Kenmu Restoration 15799: 15782:Culture of Japan 15777:History of Japan 15724:Divje Babe flute 15631:Archaeoastronomy 15374:Petrosomatoglyph 15108: 15107: 15091: 15090: 14940:Water management 14743: 14742: 14730: 14729: 14633:Denticulate tool 14455:Lithic reduction 14188: 14187: 14009: 14008: 13996: 13995: 13924: 13917: 13910: 13901: 13900: 13887: 13877: 13876: 13846:Christmas Island 13532:Sovereign states 13517: 13510: 13503: 13494: 13493: 13480: 13479: 13472:Japan portal 13470: 13469: 13468: 13385:National symbols 13104: 13103: 13038: 13037: 12841: 12840: 12837: 12836: 12741: 12740: 12675:Economic miracle 12477:Muromachi period 12287: 12286: 12245: 12238: 12231: 12222: 12221: 12215:Richard Hildreth 12201:Pre-modern Japan 12199: 12190:History of Japan 12187: 12163: 12130: 12104: 12064: 12018: 11990: 11971: 11943: 11924: 11905: 11886: 11871:. Stanford, CA: 11870: 11856: 11841:. Westport, CT: 11840: 11829: 11810: 11791: 11775: 11764: 11745: 11736: 11727: 11701: 11680: 11661: 11652: 11631: 11625: 11617: 11595: 11570: 11545: 11522: 11507:. Honolulu, HI: 11497: 11463: 11462: 11422: 11411: 11410: 11398: 11388: 11382: 11376: 11370: 11369: 11343: 11334: 11325: 11319: 11313: 11307: 11301: 11295: 11289: 11288: 11286: 11284: 11263: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11231: 11225: 11219: 11213: 11212: 11210: 11208: 11187: 11181: 11180: 11178: 11176: 11170: 11157: 11147: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11110: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11096: 11073: 11064: 11058: 11052: 11046: 11040: 11039: 11021: 11015: 11009: 11003: 10997: 10991: 10985: 10979: 10973: 10967: 10961: 10955: 10949: 10943: 10937: 10928: 10922: 10916: 10910: 10904: 10898: 10889: 10883: 10874: 10868: 10862: 10861: 10856:. Archived from 10850:"Japan Steps Up" 10845: 10839: 10838: 10823: 10817: 10816: 10804: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10747: 10734: 10733: 10718: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10698:. Archived from 10688: 10682: 10681: 10676:. Archived from 10665: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10638:. Archived from 10628: 10622: 10621: 10620:. 30 March 2020. 10610: 10604: 10586: 10580: 10578: 10576: 10574: 10568: 10551: 10542: 10536: 10530: 10524: 10523: 10517: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10494:"Tokyo Sky Tree" 10490: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10479: 10460: 10454: 10448: 10442: 10441: 10430: 10424: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10391: 10385: 10379: 10364: 10358: 10352: 10346: 10340: 10334: 10328: 10322: 10316: 10310: 10304: 10298: 10292: 10286: 10280: 10274: 10268: 10262: 10261: 10259: 10257: 10237: 10231: 10230: 10215: 10209: 10203: 10197: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10164: 10151: 10145: 10139: 10133: 10127: 10121: 10115: 10109: 10103: 10097: 10091: 10085: 10079: 10073: 10067: 10061: 10046: 10040: 10034: 10028: 10022: 10016: 10010: 10004: 9998: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9974: 9968: 9962: 9956: 9950: 9944: 9938: 9932: 9917: 9911: 9905: 9899: 9893: 9887: 9886: 9858: 9852: 9846: 9835: 9829: 9823: 9817: 9811: 9805: 9799: 9793: 9787: 9781: 9775: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9736: 9730: 9724: 9718: 9712: 9706: 9700: 9694: 9679: 9673: 9667: 9661: 9651: 9645: 9630: 9624: 9618: 9612: 9606: 9600: 9594: 9588: 9582: 9576: 9575: 9551: 9545: 9539: 9533: 9527: 9521: 9515: 9509: 9503: 9497: 9491: 9485: 9479: 9473: 9467: 9461: 9455: 9449: 9443: 9437: 9431: 9425: 9419: 9413: 9407: 9401: 9395: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9368: 9362: 9356: 9350: 9344: 9338: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9314: 9308: 9299: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9246: 9240: 9234: 9228: 9222: 9216: 9210: 9204: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9070:. Archived from 9051: 9045: 9044: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9008: 9002: 8996: 8990: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8954:Connaughton 1988 8951: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8848: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8807: 8801: 8795: 8780: 8774: 8768: 8762: 8756: 8750: 8744: 8738: 8732: 8726: 8725: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8644: 8635: 8629: 8618: 8612: 8606: 8600: 8594: 8588: 8579: 8573: 8562: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8397: 8382: 8376: 8370: 8364: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8306: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8216: 8208: 8179: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8113: 8107: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8067: 8061: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8022: 8016: 8010: 8004: 7998: 7989: 7983: 7974: 7968: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7920: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7762: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7624: 7615: 7614: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7506: 7500: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7445: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7249: 7240: 7231: 7225: 7216: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7076: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6990: 6989: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6787: 6781: 6775: 6764: 6763: 6745: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6493: 6487: 6457: 6451: 6414: 6408: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6350: 6344: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6283: 6268: 6241: 6235: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6184:(308): 362–371. 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6016: 6010: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5956: 5950: 5949:. Paris: UNESCO. 5934: 5928: 5927: 5922:. 10 July 2019. 5912: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5852: 5820: 5787:History of Tokyo 5668: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5654: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5566: 5563:four occupations 5560: 5559: 5553: 5451:Tetsuya Yamagami 5136:with South Korea 5046:Yoshida Doctrine 4966:new constitution 4964:system. Japan's 4881:Emperor of Japan 4776:Battle of Midway 4726: 4723: 4721: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4677:Planes from the 4628:Nanjing Massacre 4554: 4281:Yamagata Aritomo 4178:Futabatei Shimei 4158:Fukuzawa Yukichi 4126:Yamagata Aritomo 4110:Ōkubo Toshimichi 4106:Meiji government 4091:Emperor of Japan 4027:unequal treaties 3991:Motoori Norinaga 3940:four occupations 3936:Neo-Confucianism 3750:Emperor Go-Yōzei 3665:Akechi Mitsuhide 3471:Matsura Takanobu 3380:of the era were 3293:Ashikaga Takauji 3275:Muromachi period 3260: 3248: 3236: 3188:Ashikaga Takauji 3181:Emperor Go-Daigo 3090:, was appointed 3046: 3045: 3024: 3023: 2940:Murasaki Shikibu 2902: 2899: 2799:Ōtomo no Otomaro 2745:Emperor Horikawa 2337:Izumo Federation 2326:Five kings of Wa 2174:rice cultivation 2138: 2126: 2110: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994:Late Pleistocene 1939:new constitution 1854:Perry Expedition 1785:Muromachi period 1781:Mongol invasions 1724:Japanese culture 1708:imperial dynasty 1704:Emperor of Japan 1650: 1643: 1636: 1622:Japan portal 1620: 1619: 1618: 969:Zainichi Koreans 932:Military history 917:Imperial history 898:Economic history 866: 857: 855:Culture of Japan 841: 840: 831: 824: 817: 661: 557:Economic miracle 472:Nanking incident 467:Financial crisis 304:Perry Expedition 278: 187:Mongol invasions 66:before 14,000 BC 56: 55: 51: 41: 31:History of Japan 18: 17: 15807: 15806: 15802: 15801: 15800: 15798: 15797: 15796: 15767: 15766: 15765: 15752: 15619: 15605:Stone box grave 15575:Megalithic tomb 15480:Cotswold-Severn 15432: 15337:Guardian stones 15265:Prehistoric art 15259: 15102: 15077: 15066:Timber trackway 14971: 14935: 14931:Wattle and daub 14784: 14763:Standing stones 14737: 14716: 14531: 14358: 14335: 14260: 14177: 14087:Food processing 14082: 14031:New World crops 14003: 13990: 13933: 13928: 13898: 13893: 13865: 13833: 13824: 13805:Northern Cyprus 13791: 13784: 13526: 13524:History of Asia 13521: 13491: 13486: 13466: 13464: 13452: 13272:Class S (genre) 13224: 13200:Sex trafficking 13175:Life expectancy 13111:Anti-monarchism 13089: 13019: 12962: 12929:List of members 12909:Law enforcement 12822: 12726: 12698: 12650:Mukden Incident 12611: 12569:Meiji oligarchy 12549:Empire of Japan 12520: 12450:Kamakura period 12433: 12358: 12276: 12258: 12249: 12180: 12175: 12151:(Brill, 2021). 12127: 12094:Wayback Machine 12069:Hearn, Lafcadio 12058: 12026: 12024:Further reading 12021: 12015: 11987: 11968: 11940: 11921: 11902: 11883: 11853: 11843:Greenwood Press 11826: 11807: 11788: 11761: 11724: 11698: 11677: 11649: 11619: 11618: 11614: 11592: 11567: 11555:. Boulder, CO: 11542: 11519: 11494: 11471: 11466: 11423: 11414: 11407: 11389: 11385: 11377: 11373: 11341: 11335: 11328: 11320: 11316: 11308: 11304: 11296: 11292: 11282: 11280: 11279:on 7 March 2024 11269: 11265: 11264: 11260: 11250: 11248: 11247:on 7 March 2024 11239:(in Japanese). 11237: 11233: 11232: 11228: 11220: 11216: 11206: 11204: 11203:on 7 March 2024 11193: 11189: 11188: 11184: 11174: 11172: 11168: 11155: 11153: 11149: 11148: 11141: 11131: 11129: 11116: 11112: 11111: 11104: 11094: 11092: 11079: 11075: 11074: 11067: 11059: 11055: 11047: 11043: 11036: 11022: 11018: 11010: 11006: 10998: 10994: 10986: 10982: 10974: 10970: 10962: 10958: 10950: 10946: 10938: 10931: 10923: 10919: 10911: 10907: 10899: 10892: 10884: 10877: 10869: 10865: 10854:Foreign Affairs 10846: 10842: 10825: 10824: 10820: 10805: 10798: 10788: 10786: 10775: 10771: 10770: 10766: 10749: 10748: 10737: 10732:on 8 July 2022. 10720: 10719: 10715: 10705: 10703: 10690: 10689: 10685: 10680:on 9 July 2022. 10666: 10655: 10645: 10643: 10642:on 15 July 2021 10630: 10629: 10625: 10612: 10611: 10607: 10597:Wayback Machine 10587: 10583: 10572: 10570: 10566: 10549: 10544: 10543: 10539: 10531: 10527: 10511: 10510: 10503: 10501: 10492: 10491: 10487: 10477: 10475: 10474:on 19 June 2016 10462: 10461: 10457: 10449: 10445: 10432: 10431: 10427: 10422: 10418: 10410: 10406: 10398: 10394: 10386: 10382: 10365: 10361: 10353: 10349: 10341: 10337: 10329: 10325: 10317: 10313: 10305: 10301: 10293: 10289: 10281: 10277: 10269: 10265: 10255: 10253: 10238: 10234: 10223:Trainspread.com 10217: 10216: 10212: 10204: 10200: 10192: 10188: 10181: 10152: 10148: 10140: 10136: 10128: 10124: 10116: 10112: 10104: 10100: 10092: 10088: 10080: 10076: 10068: 10064: 10047: 10043: 10035: 10031: 10023: 10019: 10011: 10007: 9999: 9995: 9987: 9983: 9975: 9971: 9963: 9959: 9951: 9947: 9939: 9935: 9918: 9914: 9906: 9902: 9894: 9890: 9875:10.2307/2755258 9863:Pacific Affairs 9859: 9855: 9847: 9838: 9830: 9826: 9818: 9814: 9806: 9802: 9794: 9790: 9782: 9778: 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8638: 8630: 8621: 8613: 8609: 8601: 8597: 8589: 8582: 8574: 8565: 8557: 8553: 8546: 8529: 8525: 8517: 8513: 8505: 8501: 8493: 8489: 8481: 8477: 8469: 8465: 8457: 8453: 8449:, pp. 8–9. 8445: 8441: 8433: 8429: 8421: 8417: 8409: 8400: 8383: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8350: 8346: 8338: 8334: 8325: 8321: 8313: 8309: 8292: 8288: 8280: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8255: 8251: 8244: 8230: 8226: 8210: 8209: 8197: 8180: 8176: 8168: 8164: 8156: 8152: 8144: 8140: 8132: 8128: 8120: 8116: 8108: 8101: 8093: 8089: 8079: 8077: 8069: 8068: 8064: 8047: 8043: 8035: 8031: 8023: 8019: 8011: 8007: 7999: 7992: 7984: 7977: 7969: 7965: 7957: 7953: 7945: 7941: 7933: 7929: 7921: 7914: 7906: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7870: 7866: 7858: 7854: 7846: 7842: 7834: 7830: 7822: 7818: 7810: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7786: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7743: 7739: 7731: 7727: 7719: 7715: 7707: 7703: 7692: 7688: 7679:Silva, Samuel. 7677: 7673: 7666: 7650: 7646: 7639: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7595: 7591: 7576: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7552: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7528: 7524: 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In 1968, the 4869: 4863: 4784:Solomon Islands 4727: 4724: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4699: 4698: 4694:Empire of Japan 4671: 4663:Main articles: 4661: 4649:Tripartite Pact 4632:Chiang Kai-shek 4618:in 1937. After 4607:Mukden Incident 4587:Tsuyoshi Inukai 4585:Prime Minister 4545: 4543: 4531: 4523:Main articles: 4521: 4420: 4414: 4372: 4340:Japanese Empire 4325:Mutsu Munemitsu 4263: 4251: 4241: 4205:Ōkuma Shigenobu 4201:Itagaki Taisuke 4134: 4102:Meiji oligarchs 4083: 4075:Main articles: 4073: 4068: 3999:Age of the Gods 3995:Hirata Atsutane 3962: 3954:Main articles: 3952: 3865:kill a commoner 3857: 3722: 3717: 3697:Tokugawa Ieyasu 3627:Momoyama Castle 3609: 3594: 3588: 3536: 3426:. By 1556, the 3412: 3406: 3285: 3273:Main articles: 3271: 3264: 3261: 3252: 3249: 3240: 3237: 3195:double-cropping 3148:Emperor Juntoku 3132:Emperor Go-Toba 3017:seii tai-shōgun 2981: 2979:Kamakura period 2975: 2970: 2935:The Pillow Book 2926:Ki no Tsurayuki 2900: 2890: 2862:Heiji rebellion 2803:seii tai-shōgun 2749:cloistered rule 2665: 2659: 2651:Empress Shōtoku 2550: 2544: 2532:Buddhist temple 2513:and his nephew 2385:Shinbutsu-shūgō 2357:Buddhist temple 2350: 2345: 2343:Classical Japan 2283:Emperor Nintoku 2275:Daisenryō Kofun 2250: 2162: 2156: 2149: 2139: 2130: 2127: 2118: 2117:(11000–7000 BC) 2111: 2087:Edward S. Morse 2079:hunter-gatherer 2064: 2058: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1982: 1976: 1971: 1900:in 1941 led to 1852:. The American 1814:Tokugawa Ieyasu 1654: 1616: 1614: 1607: 1606: 1597: 1596: 1587: 1586: 1582:National anthem 1567: 1566: 1555: 1554: 1525: 1524: 1513: 1512: 1463: 1462: 1451: 1450: 1406: 1405: 1394: 1393: 1369: 1368: 1366:performing arts 1353: 1352: 1333: 1332: 1321: 1320: 1296: 1295: 1284: 1283: 1259: 1258: 1247: 1246: 1202: 1201: 1190: 1189: 1170: 1169: 1158: 1157: 1133: 1132: 1117: 1116: 1058: 1057: 1046: 1045: 1006: 1005: 994: 993: 959: 958: 947: 946: 878: 877: 853: 835: 785: 784: 783: 663: 662: 659: 651: 650: 642: 641: 637:Noto earthquake 612:1989–2019 609: 608: 569:1926–1989 566: 527:Atomic bombings 502:Tripartite Pact 487:May 15 incident 477:Mukden Incident 448:1912–1926 445: 444: 415:1868–1912 412: 411: 387:Boxer Rebellion 332:1603–1868 329: 328: 276: 266:1573–1603 263: 262: 241:Azuchi–Momoyama 233:1336–1573 230: 229: 205:1185–1333 202: 201: 164: 163: 134:710 – 794 131: 120:538 – 710 117: 103: 89: 53: 52: 49: 12: 11: 5: 15805: 15795: 15794: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15762: 15761: 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15250: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15229: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15193: 15188: 15187: 15186: 15176: 15175: 15174: 15169: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15148: 15147: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15116: 15114: 15112:Material goods 15104: 15103: 15087: 15086: 15083: 15082: 15079: 15078: 15076: 15075: 15074: 15073: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15042: 15041: 15031: 15026: 15025: 15024: 15014: 15013: 15012: 15002: 15001: 15000: 14990: 14985: 14979: 14977: 14973: 14972: 14970: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14943: 14941: 14937: 14936: 14934: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14922: 14921: 14911: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14868: 14867: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14846: 14845: 14835: 14830: 14828:Cliff dwelling 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14804: 14803: 14792: 14790: 14786: 14785: 14783: 14782: 14781: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14760: 14755: 14749: 14747: 14739: 14738: 14726: 14725: 14722: 14721: 14718: 14717: 14715: 14714: 14713: 14712: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14686: 14685: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14624: 14623: 14613: 14612: 14611: 14606: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14580: 14579: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14558: 14557: 14547: 14541: 14539: 14533: 14532: 14530: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14473: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14436: 14435: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14413:Fire hardening 14410: 14405: 14403:Clovis culture 14400: 14395: 14394: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14372: 14370: 14364: 14363: 14360: 14359: 14357: 14356: 14355: 14354: 14343: 14341: 14337: 14336: 14334: 14333: 14328: 14326:Manis Mastodon 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14282: 14281: 14270: 14268: 14262: 14261: 14259: 14258: 14257: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14226: 14221: 14220: 14219: 14209: 14208: 14207: 14205:throwing stick 14197: 14191: 14185: 14179: 14178: 14176: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14144: 14143: 14138: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14112: 14111: 14101: 14096: 14090: 14088: 14084: 14083: 14081: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14034: 14033: 14028: 14017: 14015: 14005: 14004: 13992: 13991: 13989: 13988: 13983: 13982: 13981: 13971: 13970: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13938: 13935: 13934: 13927: 13926: 13919: 13912: 13904: 13895: 13894: 13892: 13891: 13881: 13870: 13867: 13866: 13864: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13837: 13835: 13826: 13825: 13823: 13822: 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13796: 13794: 13786: 13785: 13783: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13712: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13536: 13534: 13528: 13527: 13520: 13519: 13512: 13505: 13497: 13488: 13487: 13485: 13484: 13474: 13461: 13458: 13457: 13454: 13453: 13451: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13403: 13394: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13329: 13327:Henohenomoheji 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13240: 13234: 13232: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13171: 13170: 13160: 13159: 13158: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13107: 13101: 13095: 13094: 13091: 13090: 13088: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13041: 13035: 13029: 13028: 13025: 13024: 13021: 13020: 13018: 13017: 13012: 13011: 13010: 13003:Prime Minister 13000: 12995: 12993:Foreign policy 12990: 12985: 12984: 12983: 12972: 12970: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12938: 12933: 12932: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12900: 12899: 12889: 12888: 12887: 12877: 12872: 12870:Imperial House 12867: 12866: 12865: 12855: 12850: 12844: 12834: 12828: 12827: 12824: 12823: 12821: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12778:Extreme points 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12744: 12738: 12732: 12731: 12728: 12727: 12725: 12724: 12723: 12722: 12717: 12706: 12704: 12700: 12699: 12697: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12689: 12679: 12678: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12637: 12636: 12635: 12630: 12619: 12617: 12613: 12612: 12610: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12593: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12540: 12539: 12528: 12526: 12522: 12521: 12519: 12518: 12513: 12512: 12511: 12506: 12499:Sengoku period 12496: 12491: 12490: 12489: 12484: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12458: 12457: 12447: 12441: 12439: 12438:Post-Classical 12435: 12434: 12432: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12420: 12419: 12409: 12408: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12366: 12364: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12318: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12293: 12291: 12284: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12274: 12269: 12263: 12260: 12259: 12248: 12247: 12240: 12233: 12225: 12219: 12218: 12204: 12193: 12179: 12178:External links 12176: 12174: 12173: 12164: 12155: 12145: 12138: 12131: 12125: 12105: 12096: 12080: 12066: 12050: 12035: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12019: 12013: 11991: 11985: 11972: 11966: 11956:. Malden, MA: 11948:Totman, Conrad 11944: 11938: 11925: 11919: 11906: 11900: 11887: 11881: 11861:Sansom, George 11857: 11851: 11830: 11824: 11811: 11805: 11792: 11786: 11765: 11759: 11746: 11737: 11728: 11722: 11702: 11697:978-0674984424 11696: 11681: 11675: 11662: 11653: 11647: 11632: 11612: 11599: 11590: 11571: 11565: 11557:Westview Press 11546: 11540: 11523: 11517: 11498: 11492: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11464: 11437:(1): 269–294. 11412: 11406:978-0520213616 11405: 11383: 11381:, p. 397. 11371: 11352:(4): 713–734. 11326: 11324:, p. 393. 11314: 11312:, p. 392. 11302: 11300:, p. 391. 11290: 11258: 11226: 11214: 11182: 11171:on 6 June 2023 11139: 11102: 11065: 11063:, p. 193. 11053: 11041: 11034: 11016: 11004: 10992: 10980: 10968: 10956: 10954:, p. 351. 10944: 10942:, p. 352. 10929: 10917: 10905: 10890: 10875: 10863: 10840: 10818: 10796: 10764: 10735: 10713: 10702:on 8 July 2022 10683: 10674:Deutsche Welle 10653: 10623: 10605: 10581: 10537: 10525: 10485: 10455: 10453:, p. 204. 10443: 10438:unstats.un.org 10425: 10416: 10414:, p. 191. 10404: 10392: 10390:, p. 199. 10380: 10359: 10347: 10335: 10333:, p. 547. 10323: 10321:, p. 250. 10311: 10299: 10287: 10285:, p. 539. 10275: 10263: 10232: 10210: 10198: 10186: 10179: 10155:Ito, Takatoshi 10146: 10134: 10122: 10110: 10108:, p. 305. 10098: 10086: 10074: 10072:, p. 303. 10062: 10041: 10039:, p. 459. 10029: 10017: 10005: 10003:, p. 169. 9993: 9981: 9969: 9957: 9955:, p. 163. 9945: 9943:, p. 163. 9933: 9929:978-1138986268 9912: 9910:, p. 159. 9900: 9888: 9853: 9836: 9834:, p. 145. 9824: 9822:, p. 150. 9812: 9800: 9798:, p. 455. 9788: 9776: 9755: 9753:, p. 454. 9743: 9731: 9729:, p. 144. 9719: 9707: 9695: 9674: 9662: 9646: 9625: 9623:, p. 448. 9613: 9611:, p. 188. 9601: 9589: 9587:, p. 134. 9577: 9570: 9546: 9534: 9522: 9510: 9498: 9486: 9484:, p. 248. 9474: 9462: 9450: 9438: 9426: 9424:, p. 454. 9414: 9402: 9387: 9375: 9363: 9361:, p. 139. 9351: 9339: 9337:, p. 465. 9327: 9315: 9313:, p. 416. 9300: 9288: 9241: 9239:, p. 110. 9229: 9227:, p. 111. 9217: 9205: 9203:, p. 138. 9193: 9191:, p. 160. 9181: 9169: 9157: 9145: 9143:, p. 345. 9133: 9131:, p. 134. 9121: 9109: 9097: 9085: 9074:on 25 May 2021 9046: 9039: 9021: 9009: 8997: 8982: 8970: 8958: 8946: 8944:, p. 122. 8934: 8922: 8920:, p. 120. 8910: 8898: 8886: 8874: 8862: 8850: 8843: 8829:Bix, Hebert P. 8820: 8808: 8796: 8775: 8773:, p. 365. 8763: 8751: 8749:, p. 103. 8739: 8737:, p. 363. 8727: 8712: 8700: 8688: 8676: 8664: 8662:, p. 310. 8652: 8636: 8619: 8607: 8605:, p. 171. 8595: 8580: 8563: 8551: 8544: 8532:Gordon, Andrew 8523: 8511: 8499: 8487: 8475: 8463: 8451: 8439: 8427: 8415: 8398: 8377: 8365: 8344: 8332: 8319: 8307: 8286: 8274: 8272:, p. 200. 8262: 8249: 8242: 8224: 8195: 8174: 8162: 8150: 8138: 8126: 8114: 8099: 8087: 8062: 8041: 8029: 8017: 8015:, p. 229. 8005: 7990: 7975: 7963: 7961:, p. 220. 7951: 7939: 7927: 7912: 7900: 7898:, p. 133. 7888: 7876: 7864: 7862:, p. 193. 7852: 7840: 7838:, p. 192. 7828: 7816: 7804: 7792: 7777: 7775:, p. 162. 7765: 7753:(3): 799–800. 7737: 7725: 7713: 7711:, p. 152. 7701: 7686: 7671: 7664: 7644: 7637: 7616: 7609: 7589: 7570: 7568:, p. 166. 7558: 7546: 7534: 7522: 7501: 7488: 7476: 7464: 7452: 7435: 7423: 7411: 7399: 7382: 7370: 7358: 7346: 7334: 7322: 7310: 7298: 7286: 7274: 7262: 7260:, p. 139. 7250: 7232: 7217: 7215:, p. 120. 7205: 7193: 7181: 7169: 7167:, p. 123. 7157: 7145: 7133: 7121: 7108: 7096: 7084: 7068: 7056: 7044: 7032: 7020: 7018:, p. 306. 7008: 6991: 6984: 6966: 6949: 6937: 6925: 6904: 6892: 6880: 6868: 6856: 6844: 6831: 6824: 6806: 6794: 6782: 6765: 6728:(2): 404–459. 6711: 6709:, p. 127. 6699: 6687: 6675: 6668: 6662:. p. 59. 6641: 6629: 6608: 6601: 6581: 6566: 6554: 6542: 6525: 6513: 6501: 6488: 6452: 6409: 6376: 6369: 6345: 6308: 6301: 6269: 6236: 6203: 6168: 6156: 6143: 6131: 6124: 6104: 6092: 6045: 6032:(3): 173–183. 6011: 5990: 5951: 5929: 5907: 5872: 5841:10.1086/694447 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5761: 5755: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5721: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5655: 5641: 5638:History portal 5625: 5622: 5486: 5483: 5428:favored nation 5389:Main article: 5386: 5383: 5366:in the world. 5250:Main article: 5247: 5244: 5183:Nobusuke Kishi 5120:United Nations 5042:prime minister 5009: 5006: 4990:Ryukyu Islands 4923:of the 1930s. 4865:Main article: 4862: 4859: 4835:over Hiroshima 4789:banzai charges 4697: 4660: 4657: 4542: 4539: 4520: 4517: 4486:Kantō Massacre 4424:Emperor Taishō 4416:Main article: 4413: 4410: 4371: 4368: 4305:Ryukyu Kingdom 4277:Ryukyu Islands 4269:were massacred 4257: 4240: 4237: 4225:House of Peers 4190:Ichiyō Higuchi 4186:Natsume Sōseki 4166:Hideyo Noguchi 4146:Westernization 4133: 4130: 4118:Kido Takayoshi 4114:Saigō Takamori 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4023:Western powers 3981:Sugita Genpaku 3951: 3948: 3863:Samurai could 3856: 3853: 3778:Siege of Osaka 3772:permission to 3770:Satsuma Domain 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3600: 3590:Main article: 3587: 3584: 3535: 3532: 3524:Ōmura Sumitada 3440:Francis Xavier 3408:Main article: 3405: 3402: 3386:Takeda Shingen 3382:Uesugi Kenshin 3279:Sengoku period 3270: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3263:Shiraishi clan 3262: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3231: 3229: 3206:in Japan, and 3051:refers to the 2977:Main article: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2889: 2886: 2850:Emperor Sutoku 2783:Minamoto clans 2661:Main article: 2658: 2655: 2562:Imperial Court 2546:Main article: 2543: 2540: 2458:Prince Shōtoku 2404:Prince Shōtoku 2365:Prince Shotoku 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2249: 2246: 2209:stratification 2158:Main article: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2140: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2121: 2119: 2112: 2105: 2060:Main article: 2057: 2054: 2030:Yamashita Cave 2009: 2003: 1997: 1978:Main article: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1779:withstood two 1734:practices and 1656: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1645: 1638: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1134: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1059: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1036:Writing system 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1007: 1001: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 992: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 960: 954: 953: 952: 949: 948: 945: 944: 939: 934: 929: 927:Historiography 924: 919: 914: 909: 900: 895: 890: 885: 879: 873: 872: 871: 868: 867: 859: 858: 850: 849: 837: 836: 834: 833: 826: 819: 811: 808: 807: 806: 805: 800: 795: 787: 786: 782: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 745: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 716: 714:Historiography 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 665: 664: 658: 657: 656: 653: 652: 647: 646: 643: 640: 639: 634: 629: 623: 617: 614: 613: 610: 607: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 580: 574: 571: 570: 567: 565: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 458: 450: 449: 446: 443: 442: 437: 432: 426: 420: 417: 416: 413: 410: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 343: 337: 334: 333: 330: 327: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 294:Siege of Osaka 291: 286: 280: 271: 268: 267: 264: 261: 260: 255: 250: 244: 238: 235: 234: 231: 228: 227: 225:Sengoku period 222: 216: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 199: 194: 189: 184: 178: 172: 169: 168: 167:794–1185 165: 162: 161: 156: 151: 145: 139: 136: 135: 132: 125: 122: 121: 118: 111: 108: 107: 104: 97: 94: 93: 90: 83: 80: 79: 76: 68: 67: 64: 54: 48: 47: 46: 43: 42: 34: 33: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15804: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15774: 15772: 15747: 15744: 15743: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15711: 15710: 15707: 15703: 15700: 15699: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15685: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15667: 15666: 15663: 15659: 15656: 15655: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15633: 15632: 15629: 15628: 15626: 15622: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15600:Simple dolmen 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15585:Passage grave 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15560: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15533: 15532: 15531:Gallery grave 15529: 15527: 15524: 15520: 15517: 15516: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15493: 15490: 15489: 15488: 15485: 15481: 15478: 15477: 15476: 15473: 15469: 15466: 15465: 15464: 15461: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15448: 15447: 15446:Burial mounds 15444: 15443: 15441: 15439: 15435: 15429: 15426: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15413: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15406:Statue menhir 15404: 15402: 15399: 15395: 15394:Stone carving 15392: 15390: 15387: 15386: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15344: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15326: 15323: 15322: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15284: 15281: 15280: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15270: 15268: 15266: 15262: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15245: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15233:Sewing needle 15231: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15198: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15185: 15182: 15181: 15180: 15177: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15164: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15146: 15143: 15142: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15117: 15115: 15113: 15109: 15105: 15101: 15097: 15092: 15088: 15072: 15069: 15068: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15061:Timber circle 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15040: 15037: 15036: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15023: 15020: 15019: 15018: 15015: 15011: 15010:Tor enclosure 15008: 15007: 15006: 15003: 14999: 14998:fulacht fiadh 14996: 14995: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14980: 14978: 14974: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14944: 14942: 14938: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14920: 14917: 14916: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14889: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14866: 14863: 14862: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14844: 14841: 14840: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14802: 14799: 14798: 14797: 14794: 14793: 14791: 14787: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14765: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14750: 14748: 14744: 14740: 14736: 14731: 14727: 14711: 14708: 14707: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14684: 14681: 14680: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14622: 14619: 14618: 14617: 14614: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14601: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14578: 14575: 14574: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14556: 14553: 14552: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14542: 14540: 14538: 14534: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14457: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14434: 14431: 14430: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14378: 14377: 14374: 14373: 14371: 14369: 14365: 14353: 14350: 14349: 14348: 14345: 14344: 14342: 14338: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14280: 14277: 14276: 14275: 14272: 14271: 14269: 14267: 14263: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14234:spear-thrower 14232: 14231: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14218: 14215: 14214: 14213: 14212:Bow and arrow 14210: 14206: 14203: 14202: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14192: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14180: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14133: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14121:Grinding slab 14119: 14117: 14114: 14110: 14107: 14106: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14091: 14089: 14085: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14053:Domestication 14051: 14049: 14048:Digging stick 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14026:Founder crops 14024: 14023: 14022: 14019: 14018: 14016: 14014: 14010: 14006: 14002: 13997: 13993: 13987: 13984: 13980: 13977: 13976: 13975: 13972: 13968: 13967:New Stone Age 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13944: 13943: 13940: 13939: 13936: 13932: 13925: 13920: 13918: 13913: 13911: 13906: 13905: 13902: 13890: 13886: 13882: 13880: 13872: 13871: 13868: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13838: 13836: 13831: 13827: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13815:South Ossetia 13813: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13797: 13795: 13793: 13787: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13537: 13535: 13533: 13529: 13525: 13518: 13513: 13511: 13506: 13504: 13499: 13498: 13495: 13483: 13475: 13473: 13463: 13462: 13459: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13408: 13404: 13402: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13392: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13350:LGBTQ culture 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13282: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13235: 13233: 13231: 13227: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13169: 13166: 13165: 13164: 13161: 13157: 13154: 13153: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13108: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13096: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13060:Manufacturing 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13042: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13030: 13016: 13013: 13009: 13006: 13005: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12988:Fiscal policy 12986: 12982: 12979: 12978: 12977: 12974: 12973: 12971: 12969: 12965: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12943: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12916: 12915: 12914:National Diet 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12898: 12897:Supreme Court 12895: 12894: 12893: 12890: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12864: 12861: 12860: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12845: 12842: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12829: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12745: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12733: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12711: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12701: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12684: 12683: 12680: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12642: 12641: 12638: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12625: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12614: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12597: 12594: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12556: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12538: 12535: 12534: 12533: 12530: 12529: 12527: 12523: 12517: 12514: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12501: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12436: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12418: 12415: 12414: 12413: 12410: 12406: 12405:Hakuhō period 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12392: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12367: 12365: 12361: 12353: 12352:Imperial Navy 12350: 12348: 12347:Imperial Army 12345: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12297: 12295: 12294: 12292: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12279: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12264: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12246: 12241: 12239: 12234: 12232: 12227: 12226: 12223: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12205: 12202: 12198: 12194: 12191: 12186: 12182: 12181: 12171: 12170: 12165: 12161: 12156: 12154: 12150: 12146: 12143: 12139: 12136: 12132: 12128: 12122: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12109:Keene, Donald 12106: 12102: 12097: 12095: 12091: 12088: 12085: 12081: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12056: 12051: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12033: 12029: 12028: 12016: 12010: 12006: 12002: 12001: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11986:9781107004184 11982: 11978: 11973: 11969: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11954: 11949: 11945: 11941: 11935: 11931: 11926: 11922: 11920:9789004147966 11916: 11912: 11907: 11903: 11901:9780312239152 11897: 11893: 11888: 11884: 11878: 11874: 11869: 11868: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11848: 11844: 11839: 11838: 11831: 11827: 11821: 11817: 11812: 11808: 11806:9780071460620 11802: 11798: 11793: 11789: 11783: 11779: 11774: 11773: 11766: 11762: 11760:9780742557932 11756: 11752: 11747: 11743: 11738: 11734: 11729: 11725: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11706:Keene, Donald 11703: 11699: 11693: 11689: 11688: 11682: 11678: 11672: 11668: 11663: 11659: 11654: 11650: 11644: 11640: 11639: 11633: 11629: 11623: 11615: 11613:0-415-00906-5 11609: 11605: 11600: 11598: 11593: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11578: 11572: 11568: 11562: 11558: 11554: 11553: 11547: 11543: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11524: 11520: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11505: 11499: 11495: 11489: 11485: 11481: 11480: 11474: 11473: 11469:Cited sources 11460: 11456: 11452: 11448: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11428: 11421: 11419: 11417: 11408: 11402: 11397: 11396: 11387: 11380: 11375: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11340: 11333: 11331: 11323: 11318: 11311: 11306: 11299: 11294: 11278: 11274: 11273:Livedoor News 11270: 11262: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11230: 11223: 11218: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11186: 11167: 11163: 11162: 11154: 11146: 11144: 11127: 11123: 11122: 11121:Uki, Kumamoto 11117: 11109: 11107: 11090: 11086: 11085: 11084:Tokyo Shoseki 11080: 11072: 11070: 11062: 11057: 11050: 11045: 11037: 11031: 11027: 11020: 11013: 11008: 11001: 10996: 10989: 10984: 10977: 10976:Tonomura 2009 10972: 10965: 10964:Tonomura 2009 10960: 10953: 10952:Tonomura 2009 10948: 10941: 10940:Tonomura 2009 10936: 10934: 10926: 10921: 10914: 10909: 10903:, p. 96. 10902: 10897: 10895: 10888:, p. 26. 10887: 10882: 10880: 10873:, p. 13. 10872: 10871:Henshall 2012 10867: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10844: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10822: 10814: 10810: 10803: 10801: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10768: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10717: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10687: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10664: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10627: 10619: 10615: 10609: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10591: 10585: 10565: 10561: 10560: 10555: 10547: 10541: 10534: 10533:Henshall 2012 10529: 10521: 10515: 10499: 10495: 10489: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10459: 10452: 10451:Henshall 2012 10447: 10439: 10435: 10429: 10420: 10413: 10412:Henshall 2012 10408: 10401: 10400:Henshall 2012 10396: 10389: 10388:Henshall 2012 10384: 10377: 10376:9789004380523 10373: 10369: 10363: 10356: 10355:Henshall 2012 10351: 10344: 10343:Henshall 2012 10339: 10332: 10327: 10320: 10315: 10308: 10307:Henshall 2012 10303: 10296: 10295:Henshall 2012 10291: 10284: 10279: 10272: 10267: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10236: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10214: 10207: 10202: 10196:, p. 33. 10195: 10190: 10182: 10180:9780262090292 10176: 10172: 10168: 10163: 10162: 10156: 10150: 10143: 10138: 10131: 10126: 10119: 10114: 10107: 10102: 10095: 10094:Henshall 2012 10090: 10083: 10078: 10071: 10066: 10059: 10058:9781483305325 10055: 10051: 10045: 10038: 10033: 10026: 10025:Henshall 2012 10021: 10014: 10013:Henshall 2012 10009: 10002: 9997: 9990: 9989:Henshall 2012 9985: 9978: 9977:Henshall 2012 9973: 9966: 9965:Henshall 2012 9961: 9954: 9953:Henshall 2012 9949: 9942: 9937: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9916: 9909: 9904: 9897: 9892: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9857: 9850: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9833: 9832:Henshall 2012 9828: 9821: 9820:Henshall 2012 9816: 9809: 9808:Henshall 2012 9804: 9797: 9792: 9785: 9784:Henshall 2012 9780: 9773: 9772:9780521527194 9769: 9765: 9759: 9752: 9747: 9740: 9735: 9728: 9727:Henshall 2012 9723: 9716: 9711: 9704: 9703:Henshall 2012 9699: 9692: 9691:9780230378759 9688: 9684: 9678: 9671: 9670:Henshall 2012 9666: 9659: 9655: 9650: 9643: 9642:9780395599242 9639: 9635: 9629: 9622: 9617: 9610: 9605: 9598: 9593: 9586: 9585:Henshall 2012 9581: 9573: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9558: 9550: 9543: 9542:Henshall 2012 9538: 9531: 9530:Henshall 2012 9526: 9519: 9518:Henshall 2012 9514: 9507: 9506:Henshall 2012 9502: 9495: 9490: 9483: 9478: 9471: 9466: 9459: 9458:Henshall 2012 9454: 9447: 9446:Henshall 2012 9442: 9435: 9434:Henshall 2012 9430: 9423: 9418: 9411: 9410:Henshall 2012 9406: 9399: 9398:Henshall 2012 9394: 9392: 9384: 9379: 9372: 9367: 9360: 9355: 9348: 9343: 9336: 9331: 9324: 9319: 9312: 9307: 9305: 9297: 9292: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9261:(1): 91–122. 9260: 9256: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9237:Henshall 2012 9233: 9226: 9225:Henshall 2012 9221: 9214: 9209: 9202: 9197: 9190: 9185: 9178: 9173: 9166: 9161: 9154: 9153:Henshall 2012 9149: 9142: 9137: 9130: 9125: 9118: 9113: 9106: 9101: 9094: 9089: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9050: 9042: 9040:9780520045576 9036: 9032: 9025: 9018: 9013: 9006: 9005:Henshall 2012 9001: 8994: 8993:Henshall 2012 8989: 8987: 8980:, p. 83. 8979: 8974: 8967: 8966:Henshall 2012 8962: 8956:, p. 86. 8955: 8950: 8943: 8938: 8931: 8926: 8919: 8914: 8907: 8902: 8895: 8890: 8884:, p. 80. 8883: 8882:Henshall 2012 8878: 8872:, p. 98. 8871: 8866: 8859: 8854: 8846: 8840: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8824: 8817: 8816:Henshall 2012 8812: 8806:, p. 89. 8805: 8804:Henshall 2012 8800: 8793: 8792:9780804820974 8789: 8785: 8779: 8772: 8767: 8760: 8755: 8748: 8747:Henshall 2012 8743: 8736: 8731: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8704: 8698:, p. 83. 8697: 8696:Henshall 2012 8692: 8686:, p. 81. 8685: 8684:Henshall 2012 8680: 8673: 8672:Henshall 2012 8668: 8661: 8656: 8649: 8643: 8641: 8633: 8632:Henshall 2012 8628: 8626: 8624: 8616: 8615:Henshall 2012 8611: 8604: 8599: 8593:, p. 78. 8592: 8591:Henshall 2012 8587: 8585: 8578:, p. 75. 8577: 8576:Henshall 2012 8572: 8570: 8568: 8560: 8559:Henshall 2012 8555: 8547: 8545:9780195339222 8541: 8537: 8533: 8527: 8520: 8515: 8509:, p. 70. 8508: 8507:Henshall 2012 8503: 8496: 8491: 8484: 8479: 8472: 8467: 8460: 8455: 8448: 8443: 8436: 8431: 8424: 8419: 8412: 8411:Henshall 2012 8407: 8405: 8403: 8395: 8394:9780870116216 8391: 8387: 8381: 8374: 8369: 8362: 8361:9780870116230 8358: 8354: 8348: 8341: 8336: 8329: 8323: 8316: 8311: 8304: 8303:9780195331264 8300: 8296: 8290: 8283: 8278: 8271: 8266: 8259: 8253: 8245: 8243:9780813127637 8239: 8235: 8228: 8220: 8214: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8171: 8166: 8160:, p. 64. 8159: 8158:Henshall 2012 8154: 8148:, p. 67. 8147: 8142: 8135: 8130: 8123: 8118: 8111: 8106: 8104: 8097:, p. 61. 8096: 8095:Henshall 2012 8091: 8076: 8072: 8066: 8059: 8058:9781598847413 8055: 8051: 8045: 8039:, p. 60. 8038: 8037:Henshall 2012 8033: 8027:, p. 60. 8026: 8021: 8014: 8009: 8002: 7997: 7995: 7987: 7986:Henshall 2012 7982: 7980: 7972: 7967: 7960: 7955: 7948: 7943: 7936: 7935:Henshall 2012 7931: 7924: 7923:Henshall 2012 7919: 7917: 7910:, p. 72. 7909: 7904: 7897: 7892: 7886:, p. 50. 7885: 7884:Henshall 2012 7880: 7873: 7868: 7861: 7856: 7849: 7844: 7837: 7832: 7825: 7824:Henshall 2012 7820: 7813: 7808: 7801: 7796: 7790:, p. 46. 7789: 7788:Henshall 2012 7784: 7782: 7774: 7773:Holcombe 2017 7769: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7729: 7723:, p. 40. 7722: 7717: 7710: 7705: 7697: 7690: 7682: 7675: 7667: 7665:9780786499618 7661: 7658:. McFarland. 7657: 7656: 7648: 7640: 7634: 7630: 7623: 7621: 7612: 7610:9789722705677 7606: 7602: 7601: 7593: 7585: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7562: 7555: 7550: 7544:, p. 45. 7543: 7542:Henshall 2012 7538: 7531: 7526: 7519: 7518:9780813349657 7515: 7511: 7505: 7498: 7492: 7486:, p. 46. 7485: 7480: 7473: 7468: 7462:, p. 37. 7461: 7456: 7449: 7448:Henshall 2012 7444: 7442: 7440: 7433:, p. 41. 7432: 7431:Henshall 2012 7427: 7420: 7415: 7408: 7403: 7396: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7379: 7378:Henshall 2012 7374: 7367: 7366:Henshall 2012 7362: 7355: 7350: 7344:, p. 96. 7343: 7338: 7331: 7326: 7319: 7314: 7307: 7306:Henshall 2012 7302: 7295: 7290: 7283: 7278: 7271: 7266: 7259: 7254: 7248: 7245: 7239: 7237: 7229: 7228:Henshall 2012 7224: 7222: 7214: 7209: 7203:, p. 30. 7202: 7201:Henshall 2012 7197: 7191:, p. 44. 7190: 7185: 7178: 7173: 7166: 7161: 7155:, p. 28. 7154: 7153:Henshall 2012 7149: 7142: 7141:Henshall 2012 7137: 7130: 7129:Henshall 2012 7125: 7118: 7112: 7105: 7100: 7094:, p. 62. 7093: 7088: 7081: 7075: 7073: 7066:, p. 87. 7065: 7060: 7054:, p. 94. 7053: 7048: 7042:, p. 31. 7041: 7040:Henshall 2012 7036: 7029: 7024: 7017: 7012: 7005: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6987: 6985:9780826328717 6981: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6962:Henshall 2012 6958: 6956: 6954: 6947:, p. 99. 6946: 6941: 6935:, p. 59. 6934: 6929: 6922: 6921:9781118608319 6918: 6914: 6908: 6902:, p. 26. 6901: 6900:Henshall 2012 6896: 6889: 6884: 6877: 6872: 6866:, p. 56. 6865: 6864:Henshall 2012 6860: 6854:, p. 24. 6853: 6852:Henshall 2012 6848: 6841: 6835: 6827: 6825:9780847801329 6821: 6817: 6810: 6804:, p. 68. 6803: 6798: 6792:, p. 57. 6791: 6786: 6779: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6715: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6695:Henshall 2012 6691: 6684: 6679: 6671: 6669:9780674017535 6665: 6661: 6660:Belknap Press 6657: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6626: 6625:9780870116216 6622: 6618: 6612: 6604: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6585: 6578: 6573: 6571: 6563: 6562:Henshall 2012 6558: 6552:, p. 51. 6551: 6546: 6539: 6538:Henshall 2012 6534: 6532: 6530: 6522: 6521:Henshall 2012 6517: 6511:, p. 25. 6510: 6505: 6498: 6492: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6380: 6372: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6349: 6342: 6338: 6335:, Vol.1 2012 6334: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6312: 6304: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6207: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6172: 6166:, p. 88. 6165: 6164:Holcombe 2017 6160: 6153: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6127: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6108: 6102:, p. 64. 6101: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6040: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6015: 6008: 6007:9781405193399 6004: 6000: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5817: 5812: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771:, China-Japan 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5698:, in Japanese 5697: 5696: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5656: 5653: 5642: 5639: 5628: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5552: 5551:Shi-nō-kō-shō 5547: 5543: 5539: 5531: 5528:near-highest 5525: 5521: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5491: 5482: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5430:was revoked. 5429: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5356:tallest tower 5353: 5352:Tokyo Skytree 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5260:Tokyo in 2010 5258: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5232:Yukio Mishima 5229: 5225: 5224: 5220:(animation), 5219: 5218: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5175:Anpo protests 5172: 5168: 5164: 5161:, though the 5160: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5132:Kuril Islands 5129: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5054:Liberal Party 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5014:Postwar Japan 5005: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4954:National Diet 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4802: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4695: 4690: 4683: 4682: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4620:their victory 4617: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4569:. During the 4568: 4564: 4563:Kwantung Army 4538: 4536: 4530: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4513:Edogawa Ranpo 4510: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4376: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4299:(through the 4298: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4261: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4128:from Chōshū. 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4052:Emperor Meiji 4049: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4018:US government 4015: 4006: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3967:Tenpō famines 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3876: 3866: 3861: 3852: 3850: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3782:Toyotomi clan 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3726: 3712: 3710: 3709:Tokugawa clan 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3623:Azuchi Castle 3620: 3616: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3309:Emperor Kōmyō 3306: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3259: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3171:Mongol Empire 3168: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3152:Tosa Province 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3088:Hōjō Tokimasa 3085: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3061: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2945:Tale of Genji 2941: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2928:, as well as 2927: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2916: 2908: 2907: 2894: 2888:Heian culture 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2669:Emperor Kammu 2664: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623:Emperor Shōmu 2620: 2615: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2602:creation myth 2599: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2580:) modeled on 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490:Taika Reforms 2487: 2486:Fujiwara clan 2483: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2398:The Buddhist 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2340: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2266: 2259: 2254: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2212: 2210: 2204: 2197: 2196: 2192:bronze bell ( 2191: 2186: 2182: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2148:(1000–400 BC) 2147: 2143: 2137: 2132: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2099:Jōmon pottery 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 1995: 1991: 1988:Japan at the 1986: 1981: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886:Taishō period 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1868:in 1868. The 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751:Minamoto clan 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1595:Organisations 1591: 1590: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1274:New religions 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1232:Shichi-Go-San 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1148:Urban legends 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1004: 998: 997: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 961: 957: 951: 950: 943: 940: 938: 937:Naval history 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 880: 876: 870: 869: 865: 861: 860: 856: 852: 851: 847: 843: 842: 832: 827: 825: 820: 818: 813: 812: 810: 809: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 790: 789: 788: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 719: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 666: 655: 654: 644: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 624: 622: 621: 616: 615: 611: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 581: 579: 578: 573: 572: 568: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 552:Anpo protests 550: 548: 547:Postwar Japan 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 459: 457: 456: 452: 451: 447: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 427: 425: 424: 419: 418: 414: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 342: 341: 336: 335: 331: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 279: 275: 270: 269: 265: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 243: 242: 237: 236: 232: 226: 223: 221: 218: 217: 215: 214: 209: 208: 204: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 177: 176: 171: 170: 166: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 144: 143: 138: 137: 133: 130: 129: 124: 123: 119: 116: 115: 110: 109: 105: 102: 101: 96: 95: 91: 88: 87: 82: 81: 77: 75: 74: 70: 69: 65: 63: 62: 58: 57: 45: 44: 40: 36: 35: 32: 29: 28: 24: 20: 19: 16: 15541:wedge-shaped 15526:Funeral pyre 15519:Great dolmen 15475:Chamber tomb 15456:Round barrow 15411:Stone circle 15283:Blombos Cave 15211:Grooved ware 15135:Chalcolithic 15039:Thornborough 14957:Flush toilet 14892:Blombos Cave 14887:Rock shelter 14843:Quiggly hole 14735:Architecture 14710:illustration 14352:Buffalo jump 14173:Storage pits 14136:Aşıklı Höyük 14126:Ground stone 13962:Subdivisions 13830:Dependencies 13760:Turkmenistan 13725:Saudi Arabia 13629: 13428:Tea ceremony 13405: 13399: / 13391:No-pan kissa 13389: 13360:Martial arts 13252:Architecture 13245: / 13190:Prostitution 13156:Homelessness 13126:Demographics 13050:Central bank 12880:Human rights 12848:Constitution 12703:Contemporary 12525:Early Modern 12429:Heian period 12417:Monmu period 12412:Taika Reform 12390:Asuka period 12385:Kofun period 12380:Yayoi period 12375:Jōmon period 12281: 12217:(1807–1865). 12168: 12159: 12148: 12144:. Routledge. 12141: 12134: 12112: 12100: 12083: 12072: 12054: 12038: 12031: 12003:. New York: 11999: 11995:Weston, Mark 11976: 11952: 11929: 11910: 11891: 11866: 11836: 11815: 11796: 11776:. New York: 11771: 11750: 11741: 11732: 11709: 11686: 11666: 11657: 11637: 11603: 11576: 11551: 11531: 11503: 11478: 11434: 11430: 11394: 11386: 11374: 11349: 11345: 11317: 11305: 11293: 11281:. Retrieved 11277:the original 11272: 11261: 11249:. Retrieved 11245:the original 11229: 11217: 11205:. Retrieved 11201:the original 11196: 11185: 11173:. Retrieved 11166:the original 11159: 11130:. Retrieved 11126:the original 11119: 11093:. Retrieved 11089:the original 11082: 11056: 11044: 11025: 11019: 11007: 10995: 10983: 10971: 10959: 10947: 10920: 10908: 10866: 10858:the original 10853: 10843: 10835:the original 10830: 10821: 10813:the original 10787:. Retrieved 10778: 10767: 10759:the original 10754: 10730:the original 10725: 10716: 10704:. Retrieved 10700:the original 10695: 10686: 10678:the original 10673: 10644:. Retrieved 10640:the original 10635: 10626: 10617: 10608: 10601:The Guardian 10600: 10584: 10573:23 September 10571:. Retrieved 10564:the original 10557: 10554:総務省消防庁災害対策本部 10553: 10540: 10528: 10502:. Retrieved 10488: 10476:. Retrieved 10472:the original 10458: 10446: 10437: 10428: 10419: 10407: 10395: 10383: 10367: 10362: 10350: 10338: 10326: 10314: 10302: 10290: 10278: 10266: 10254:. Retrieved 10250:the original 10245: 10235: 10227:the original 10222: 10213: 10201: 10189: 10160: 10149: 10137: 10125: 10113: 10101: 10089: 10077: 10065: 10049: 10044: 10032: 10020: 10008: 9996: 9984: 9972: 9960: 9948: 9936: 9920: 9915: 9903: 9891: 9866: 9862: 9856: 9851:, p. 1. 9827: 9815: 9803: 9791: 9779: 9763: 9758: 9746: 9734: 9722: 9710: 9698: 9682: 9677: 9665: 9657: 9649: 9633: 9628: 9616: 9604: 9592: 9580: 9562:Random House 9560:. New York: 9556: 9549: 9537: 9525: 9513: 9501: 9489: 9477: 9465: 9453: 9441: 9429: 9422:McClain 2002 9417: 9405: 9378: 9366: 9354: 9349:, p. 1. 9342: 9330: 9318: 9291: 9258: 9254: 9244: 9232: 9220: 9208: 9196: 9184: 9172: 9160: 9148: 9136: 9124: 9112: 9100: 9088: 9076:. Retrieved 9072:the original 9059: 9049: 9030: 9024: 9012: 9000: 8973: 8961: 8949: 8937: 8925: 8913: 8901: 8889: 8877: 8865: 8853: 8833: 8823: 8811: 8799: 8783: 8778: 8766: 8754: 8742: 8730: 8721: 8715: 8703: 8691: 8679: 8667: 8655: 8647: 8610: 8598: 8554: 8535: 8526: 8514: 8502: 8490: 8478: 8466: 8454: 8442: 8435:McClain 2002 8430: 8418: 8385: 8380: 8368: 8352: 8347: 8335: 8327: 8322: 8310: 8294: 8289: 8277: 8265: 8257: 8252: 8233: 8227: 8186: 8177: 8165: 8153: 8141: 8129: 8117: 8090: 8078:. Retrieved 8074: 8065: 8049: 8044: 8032: 8020: 8008: 7971:McClain 2002 7966: 7954: 7942: 7930: 7903: 7891: 7879: 7867: 7855: 7843: 7831: 7819: 7807: 7795: 7768: 7750: 7746: 7740: 7728: 7716: 7704: 7689: 7674: 7654: 7647: 7628: 7599: 7592: 7583: 7573: 7561: 7549: 7537: 7525: 7509: 7504: 7496: 7491: 7479: 7467: 7455: 7426: 7414: 7402: 7373: 7361: 7349: 7337: 7325: 7313: 7301: 7289: 7277: 7265: 7253: 7243: 7208: 7196: 7184: 7172: 7160: 7148: 7136: 7124: 7116: 7111: 7099: 7087: 7079: 7059: 7047: 7035: 7023: 7011: 6975: 6969: 6940: 6928: 6912: 6907: 6895: 6883: 6871: 6859: 6847: 6839: 6834: 6815: 6809: 6797: 6785: 6725: 6721: 6714: 6702: 6690: 6678: 6654: 6644: 6632: 6616: 6611: 6591: 6584: 6557: 6545: 6516: 6504: 6496: 6491: 6464: 6460:Hudson, Mark 6455: 6447: 6442: 6418: 6412: 6385: 6379: 6355: 6348: 6321: 6311: 6291: 6245: 6239: 6212: 6206: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6159: 6151: 6146: 6134: 6114: 6107: 6095: 6062: 6058: 6048: 6029: 6025: 6014: 5998: 5993: 5968: 5964: 5961:Homo sapiens 5960: 5954: 5938: 5932: 5919: 5910: 5898:. Retrieved 5889: 5885: 5875: 5832: 5828: 5723: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5693: 5652:Japan portal 5617: 5611: 5601: 5597: 5577:) under the 5572: 5568: 5535: 5515: 5511: 5499: 5492: 5488: 5479: 5459: 5439:assassinated 5432: 5416: 5405: 5394: 5368: 5360:Canton Tower 5338:, including 5328: 5286: 5263: 5240:martial arts 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5195:bullet train 5187:Hayato Ikeda 5156: 5117: 5101:Plaza Accord 5085: 5069:Joseph Dodge 5066: 5062:Shōwa period 5052:. Yoshida's 5036: 4974: 4962:State Shinto 4934:its colonies 4927: 4925: 4916: 4906: 4899:signing the 4897:Dean Acheson 4839:Soviet Union 4832: 4825: 4807: 4792: 4773: 4730: 4680: 4659:World War II 4645: 4612: 4584: 4559: 4532: 4506: 4491: 4460: 4432:Katsura Tarō 4421: 4398: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4345: 4293: 4266: 4231:under which 4211:, the first 4209:Itō Hirobumi 4194: 4137: 4135: 4122:Ito Hirobumi 4095: 4066:Modern Japan 4041: 4031: 4011: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3963: 3933: 3925:Matsuo Bashō 3918: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3845: 3830: 3816: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3735: 3729: 3700: 3685: 3676: 3661: 3653: 3641: 3639: 3615:Oda Nobunaga 3612: 3569: 3563: 3556:tea ceremony 3549: 3540: 3537: 3521: 3490: 3475: 3467: 3452: 3427: 3413: 3410:Nanban trade 3404:Nanban trade 3397: 3393: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3324: 3321: 3302: 3296: 3291:Portrait of 3223: 3192: 3174: 3165:launched by 3160: 3129: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3100:Hōjō regents 3081: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3013:Kantō region 2998: 2968:Feudal Japan 2950: 2943: 2933: 2930:Sei Shōnagon 2919: 2913: 2911: 2904: 2881: 2839: 2802: 2792: 2786: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2736: 2726: 2716: 2710: 2695: 2666: 2663:Heian period 2643:Heian period 2616: 2609: 2595: 2589: 2586:Tang dynasty 2571: 2529: 2522: 2515:Prince Ōtomo 2494:philosophies 2476:launched by 2471: 2466:Asuka period 2442: 2431: 2427: 2407: 2397: 2388: 2377:Asuka period 2374: 2334: 2323: 2308: 2297: 2290: 2286: 2268: 2265:Kofun period 2262: 2241: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2193: 2190:Yayoi period 2166:Yayoi people 2163: 2160:Yayoi period 2154:Yayoi period 2146:Jōmon period 2115:Jōmon period 2076: 2062:Jōmon period 2056:Jōmon period 2047: 2041: 2026:Homo sapiens 2025: 2018: 1961:. Since the 1932: 1846: 1817: 1806:Oda Nobunaga 1802: 1794: 1788: 1770: 1740: 1720:Heian period 1700:Jōmon people 1695:Yayoi people 1692: 1685: 1678:Yayoi period 1670:Jōmon period 1659: 1577:Coat of arms 1535:Architecture 1483:Martial arts 1269:Christianity 1175:Food history 1107:Tea ceremony 1100: / 888:Demographics 797: 727:Christianity 618: 584:Lost Decades 575: 512:World War II 453: 421: 338: 273: 248:Nanban trade 239: 211: 173: 140: 126: 112: 98: 84: 71: 59: 30: 15: 15563:unchambered 15558:Long barrow 15548:Grave goods 15504:Court cairn 15499:Clava cairn 15451:Bowl barrow 15389:Rock cupule 15332:Golden hats 15325:Hill figure 15226:Unstan ware 15206:Cord-marked 15071:Sweet Track 14993:Burnt mound 14914:Stilt house 14902:Sibudu Cave 14695:Tally stick 14663:Quern-stone 14648:Hammerstone 14638:Fire plough 14609:Pesse canoe 14567:Bannerstone 14537:Other tools 14450:Lithic core 14398:Aurignacian 14286:Bare Island 14168:Quern-stone 13889:Asia portal 13790:States with 13710:Philippines 13650:South Korea 13645:North Korea 13540:Afghanistan 13443:Video games 13185:Pornography 12793:Prefectures 12773:Environment 12768:Earthquakes 12753:Archipelago 12660:Pacific War 12616:Late Modern 12424:Nara period 12370:Paleolithic 12075:. Leipzig, 11161:Shimonoseki 11152:人権意識のアップデート 11061:Farris 1995 11049:Totman 2005 11000:Farris 1995 10988:Farris 1995 10925:Farris 1995 10913:Farris 1995 10901:Farris 1995 10886:Farris 1995 10831:Japan Times 10331:Totman 2005 10283:Totman 2005 10082:Totman 2005 10037:Totman 2005 9796:Totman 2005 9751:Totman 2005 9654:Coox, Alvin 9621:Totman 2005 9494:Totman 2005 9482:Walker 2015 9470:Weston 2002 9335:Totman 2005 9323:Totman 2005 9311:Totman 2005 9296:Totman 2005 9213:Totman 2005 9141:Totman 2005 9117:Totman 2005 9105:Totman 2005 9093:Totman 2005 9060:Stand Alone 8894:Totman 2005 8771:Totman 2005 8759:Weston 2002 8735:Totman 2005 8708:Totman 2005 8660:Totman 2005 8471:Walker 2015 8423:Totman 2005 8183:Baten, Jörg 8170:Jansen 2000 8134:Jansen 2000 8122:Totman 2005 8110:Totman 2005 8013:Totman 2005 7959:Totman 2005 7872:Walker 2015 7860:Farris 2009 7836:Farris 2009 7812:Weston 2002 7709:Farris 2009 7566:Farris 2009 7472:Totman 2005 7407:Farris 2009 7395:Farris 2009 7354:Sansom 1958 7342:Totman 2005 7294:Weston 2002 7270:Weston 2002 7258:Weston 2002 7213:Totman 2005 7165:Totman 2005 7104:Sansom 1958 7064:Farris 2009 7052:Totman 2005 7004:Totman 2005 6945:Sansom 1958 6933:Farris 2009 6888:Totman 2005 6802:Sansom 1958 6790:Sansom 1958 6778:Totman 2005 6743:10125/17273 6707:Weston 2002 6683:Totman 2005 6577:Totman 2005 6550:Totman 2005 6509:Farris 1995 6448:Teppyong’ni 6139:Walker 2015 6100:Totman 2005 6065:: 385–395. 5900:16 February 5760:, 1930–1945 5530:court ranks 5475:Nobuo Kishi 5449:serviceman 5354:became the 5340:video games 5293:South Korea 5282:Lost Decade 4998:be returned 4749:Philippines 4733:Hideki Tojo 4665:Pacific War 4262:(1894–1895) 4142:prefectures 3881:ukiyo-zōshi 3673:Hōjō family 3478:Ōtomo Sōrin 3438:missionary 3416:Tanegashima 3167:Kublai Khan 3156:Sado Island 3107:feudalistic 3084:Hōjō Masako 2901: 1130 2698:Nagaoka-kyō 2597:Nihon Shoki 2566:Nara period 2564:during the 2548:Nara period 2511:Prince Ōama 2507:Jinshin War 2445:written in 2242:Book of Wei 2229:Book of Wei 2217:Book of Han 2021:Paleolithic 1963:Lost Decade 1882:great power 1864:during the 1687:Book of Han 1666:Paleolithic 1503:Rugby union 1446:Pornography 1441:Video games 1338:Light novel 1217:Hinamatsuri 1180:Ingredients 679:Earthquakes 522:Pacific War 430:World War I 61:Paleolithic 15771:Categories 15702:trepanning 15595:Ring cairn 15553:Jar burial 15536:transepted 15468:U.S. sites 15369:Petroglyph 15295:Bird stone 15253:wine press 14926:Stone roof 14909:Roundhouse 14801:long house 14778:Stonehenge 14746:Ceremonial 14690:Stone tool 14517:Tool stone 14487:Metallurgy 14391:Mousterian 14368:Toolmaking 14306:Cumberland 14279:Transverse 14249:Schöningen 14141:Qesem cave 14109:Earth oven 14063:Irrigation 13974:Technology 13942:Prehistory 13770:Uzbekistan 13745:Tajikistan 13660:Kyrgyzstan 13640:Kazakhstan 13560:Bangladesh 13550:Azerbaijan 13433:Television 13355:Literature 13317:Hikikomori 13238:Aesthetics 13116:Censorship 12998:Ministries 12968:Government 12682:Heisei era 12665:Occupation 12623:Taishō era 12584:Boshin War 12564:Government 12532:Edo period 12445:Genpei War 12395:Taihō Code 11676:0674009916 11606:. 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London: 11379:Neary 2009 11322:Neary 2009 11310:Neary 2009 11298:Neary 2009 11222:Neary 2009 10726:Nippon.com 10646:26 October 10319:Meyer 2009 10271:Perez 1998 10256:10 January 10206:Kapur 2018 10194:Kapur 2018 10001:Perez 1998 9941:Perez 1998 9908:Perez 1998 9896:Perez 1998 9849:Kapur 2018 9739:Perez 1998 9715:Perez 1998 9597:Perez 1998 9383:Perez 1998 9347:Large 2007 9201:Perez 1998 9189:Large 2007 9177:Meyer 2009 9165:Perez 1998 9129:Perez 1998 9017:Perez 1998 8942:Perez 1998 8930:Perez 1998 8918:Perez 1998 8906:Perez 1998 8870:Perez 1998 8495:Perez 1998 8459:Perez 1998 8373:Perez 1998 8146:Perez 1998 8025:Perez 1998 8001:Perez 1998 7908:Perez 1998 7848:Perez 1998 7800:Perez 1998 7733:Perez 1998 7721:Perez 1998 7638:1841769517 7554:Perez 1998 7530:Perez 1998 7484:Perez 1998 7460:Perez 1998 7419:Perez 1998 7330:Keene 1999 7318:Perez 1998 7282:Keene 1999 7247:pp. 19, 20 7189:Meyer 2009 7177:Keene 1999 7092:Meyer 2009 7028:Perez 1998 7016:Keene 1999 6876:Keene 1999 6637:Perez 1998 6446:(松菊里) and 6443:Songguk’ni 5850:2115/72078 5538:Edo period 5460:After the 5445:by former 5435:Shinzo Abe 5272:, Emperor 5252:Heisei era 5073:Korean War 5040:served as 4767:, and the 4499:Haruo Satō 4418:Taishō era 4386:Mitsubishi 4384:, such as 4321:Qing China 4060:Boshin War 3792:, and the 3738:Edo period 3602:Edo period 3580:Kinkaku-ji 3455:commercial 3420:Portuguese 3140:Oki Island 2921:Tosa Diary 2870:Genpei War 2647:monk Dōkyō 2639:ordination 2519:Taihō Code 1906:its allies 1896:. Japan's 1866:Boshin War 1834:Edo period 1759:Genpei War 1493:Ice hockey 1488:Basketball 1416:Television 1330:Literature 1055:Traditions 989:Ryukuyuans 912:Healthcare 594:Cool Japan 462:Militarism 324:Boshin War 277:(Tokugawa) 159:Genpei War 15746:symbolism 15610:Tor cairn 15568:Grønsalen 15509:Cremation 15401:Sculpture 15379:Pictogram 15364:Petroform 15184:amber use 15152:Cosmetics 14962:Reservoir 14947:Check dam 14877:Pueblitos 14872:Pit-house 14855:Longhouse 14789:Dwellings 14658:Microlith 14589:Bow drill 14584:Bone tool 14577:prismatic 14386:Acheulean 14301:Cresswell 14274:Arrowhead 14200:Boomerang 14116:Granaries 14078:Terracing 13957:Stone Age 13856:Hong Kong 13810:Palestine 13735:Sri Lanka 13730:Singapore 13610:Indonesia 13407:Otokonoko 13375:Mythology 13287:Festivals 13210:Sexuality 13163:Languages 13136:Etiquette 13131:Education 13080:Transport 12892:Judiciary 12853:Elections 12763:Districts 12748:Addresses 12736:Geography 12710:Reiwa era 12640:Shōwa era 12554:Meiji era 12544:Bakumatsu 12467:Genkō War 12327:Education 12290:Overviews 12111:(1998) . 11708:(1999) . 11622:cite book 11459:142516741 10696:NHK WORLD 10171:MIT Press 10142:Togo 2005 10130:Togo 2005 10118:Togo 2005 9869:(1): 20. 9371:Sims 2001 9359:Sims 2001 9283:241681897 9275:1880-1390 9078:22 August 8858:Kerr 1958 8519:Hane 1991 8483:Hane 1991 8447:Sims 2001 8340:Hane 1991 8315:Hane 1991 8282:Hane 1991 8270:Hane 1991 8213:cite book 8205:914156941 7947:Kerr 1958 7896:Hane 1991 6224:Routledge 6178:Antiquity 6087:1040-6182 5971:: 70–78. 5920:NHK World 5867:149000410 5859:0011-3204 5808:Citations 5618:burakumin 5613:burakumin 5544:, citing 5417:When the 5391:Reiwa era 5154:in 1972. 4986:Ogasawara 4970:Article 9 4855:broadcast 4761:Singapore 4757:Hong Kong 4640:pan-Asian 4638:, a vast 4576:Manchukuo 4525:Shōwa era 4182:Mori Ōgai 4077:Meiji era 4043:sonnō jōi 3956:Bakumatsu 3764:gave the 3576:Yoshimasa 3136:Jōkyū War 3049:shogunate 2840:In 1156, 2835:Hiraizumi 2702:Heian-kyō 2680:Heian-kyō 2611:Man'yōshū 2574:Heijō-kyō 2441:The word 2416:Confucian 2400:Soga clan 2371:in Japan. 2083:sedentism 2038:megafauna 2013: sea 1917:announced 1878:an empire 1874:Meiji era 1712:Heian-kyō 1522:Monuments 1431:Media mix 1384:Kayōkyoku 1199:Festivals 1153:Folktales 1126:Mythology 1068:Etiquette 1003:Languages 903:Education 883:Era names 718:Religion 709:Geography 694:Education 689:Era names 314:Bakumatsu 253:Imjin War 213:Muromachi 192:Genkō War 182:Jōkyū War 15384:Rock art 15347:painting 15320:Geoglyph 15145:timeline 15125:Beadwork 14865:Mehrgarh 14860:Mudbrick 14768:megalith 14643:Fire-saw 14465:debitage 14460:analysis 14428:Hand axe 14408:Cupstone 13986:Glossary 13947:Timeline 13879:Category 13800:Abkhazia 13750:Thailand 13705:Pakistan 13685:Mongolia 13680:Maldives 13675:Malaysia 13575:Cambodia 13482:Category 13297:Folklore 13195:Religion 13168:Japanese 13141:Gambling 12951:Maritime 12832:Politics 12813:Villages 12494:Ōnin War 12337:Military 12322:Economic 12256:articles 12211:Volume 2 12090:Archived 12071:(1894). 12005:Kodansha 11997:(2002). 11950:(2005). 11863:(1958). 11451:40971613 11197:Kotobank 11012:Tonomura 10789:5 August 10783:Archived 10779:NHK News 10636:Olympics 10593:Archived 10514:cite web 10106:Gao 2009 10070:Gao 2009 8831:(2000). 8534:(2009). 6760:56131755 6752:42928724 6652:(2002). 6469:Archived 6423:Archived 6390:Archived 6326:Archived 6250:Archived 6217:Archived 6198:17316841 5943:Archived 5924:Archived 5894:Archived 5624:See also 5592:hatamoto 5569:hyakushō 5501:ritsuryō 5471:Hateruma 5397:Naruhito 5395:Emperor 5274:Hirohito 5264:Emperor 5159:Cold War 4929:zaibatsu 4921:New Deal 4917:de facto 4885:Hirohito 4875:General 4794:kamikaze 4535:Hirohito 4533:Emperor 4444:Minseitō 4440:Seiyūkai 4390:Sumitomo 4381:zaibatsu 4297:Hokkaido 4170:syphilis 4056:rescript 3986:kokugaku 3914:shamisen 3849:numeracy 3841:Nagasaki 3505:Nagasaki 3459:cultural 3358:Ōnin War 3208:Nichiren 3176:kamikaze 3076:Yasuhira 3072:de facto 3060:de facto 3009:Kamakura 2958:Byōdō-in 2918:and the 2915:Kokinshū 2882:de facto 2815:Abe clan 2757:ritsuryō 2711:In 858, 2704:(modern 2627:Tōdai-ji 2606:the gods 2582:Chang'an 2576:(modern 2558:Tōdai-ji 2536:Hōryū-ji 2524:ritsuryō 2408:de facto 2389:de facto 2369:Buddhism 2361:Hōryū-ji 1926:and the 1914:Hirohito 1860:and the 1828:(modern 1767:Kamakura 1743:Fujiwara 1736:Buddhism 1714:(modern 1508:Olympics 1473:Baseball 1264:Buddhism 1256:Religion 1227:Tanabata 1130:folklore 1093:Marriage 1073:Funerals 1063:Clothing 1021:Ryukyuan 1016:Japanese 964:Japanese 846:a series 844:Part of 803:Timeline 793:Glossary 764:Post-war 759:Politics 749:Military 722:Buddhism 674:Currency 175:Kamakura 23:a series 21:Part of 15741:Symbols 15352:pigment 15238:Weaving 15201:Cardium 15196:Pottery 15191:Mirrors 15179:Jewelry 15120:Baskets 15100:culture 14952:Cistern 14758:Pyramid 14700:Weapons 14678:Scraper 14668:Racloir 14628:Cleaver 14616:Chopper 14522:Uniface 14433:Grooves 14423:Hafting 14381:Oldowan 14340:Systems 14291:Cascade 14254:woomera 14244:harpoon 14217:history 14183:Hunting 14163:Pottery 14104:Cooking 14013:Farming 13979:history 13952:Outline 13775:Vietnam 13690:Myanmar 13670:Lebanon 13600:Georgia 13555:Bahrain 13545:Armenia 13438:Theatre 13413:Origami 13340:Irezumi 13335:Ikebana 13302:Gardens 13277:Cuisine 13230:Culture 13215:Smoking 13151:Housing 13099:Society 13033:Economy 12976:Cabinet 12858:Emperor 12798:Regions 12783:Islands 12670:Postwar 12598:(noble) 12363:Ancient 12310:Shoguns 12282:History 12272:Outline 12087:excerpt 12047:2059838 11530:(ed.). 11366:8976082 11283:7 March 11251:7 March 11207:7 March 11175:7 March 11132:7 March 11095:7 March 10504:2 March 10498:Emporis 10478:2 March 9883:2755258 6462:(1999) 6259:, 2003 6067:Bibcode 5973:Bibcode 5608:outcast 5583:samurai 5536:In the 5266:Akihito 4950:cabinet 4681:Shōkaku 4342:in 1939 4174:paresis 4138:daimyōs 4038:Satsuma 3976:rangaku 3944:bushido 3904:bunraku 3887:ukiyo-e 3827:Iemitsu 3818:seppuku 3802:daimyōs 3790:daimyōs 3768:of the 3677:daimyōs 3669:Shikoku 3551:ikebana 3541:daimyōs 3428:daimyōs 3398:daimyōs 3394:daimyōs 3378:daimyōs 3374:daimyōs 3362:daimyōs 3326:daimyōs 3313:Yoshino 3169:of the 3124:gokenin 3011:in the 2993:samurai 2775:samurai 2737:kampaku 2728:kampaku 2464:of the 2302:in the 2234:Yamatai 2095:pottery 1992:in the 1747:samurai 1602:Museums 1564:Symbols 1311:Ikebana 1306:Gardens 1167:Cuisine 1138:Deities 1088:Wasōbon 1026:Hachijō 1011:Japonic 875:History 798:History 737:Judaism 684:Economy 50:Periods 15719:flutes 15514:Dolmen 15438:Burial 15248:winery 15221:Linear 15051:Midden 15029:Cursus 15022:Goseck 14882:Pueblo 14833:Dugout 14818:Burdei 14497:Mining 14321:Lamoka 14316:Folsom 14296:Clovis 14153:Metate 14131:Hearth 14099:Basket 14073:Sickle 13820:Taiwan 13755:Turkey 13720:Russia 13655:Kuwait 13635:Jordan 13625:Israel 13585:Cyprus 13570:Brunei 13565:Bhutan 13423:Shinto 13345:Kawaii 13322:Hanami 13307:Geisha 13267:Cinema 13262:Bonsai 13180:People 13146:Health 13065:Energy 12946:Ground 12803:Rivers 12758:Cities 12596:Kazoku 12296:Lists 12254: 12153:online 12123: 12045: 12011: 11983: 11964: 11936: 11917: 11898: 11879: 11849: 11822: 11803: 11784: 11757: 11720: 11694: 11673: 11645: 11610: 11597:online 11588: 11563: 11538: 11515: 11490: 11457: 11449: 11403: 11364: 11032: 11014:, 360. 10706:8 July 10374: 10177: 10056: 9927: 9881: 9770: 9689: 9640: 9568: 9281: 9273: 9037: 8841: 8790: 8542: 8392: 8359: 8301: 8240: 8203: 8193: 8056: 7662: 7635: 7607: 7516: 6982: 6919: 6822: 6758: 6750: 6666: 6623: 6599: 6482: 6450:(大坪里). 6436: 6403: 6367: 6339: 6299: 6267:p. 60. 6263: 6230: 6196: 6122: 6085: 6005: 5865: 5857: 5588:daimyo 5579:daimyo 5574:chōnin 5540:, the 5518:slaves 5375:Tōhoku 5346:, and 5134:, and 5105:Nikkei 4911:, the 4827:Yamato 4810:Saipan 4753:Malaya 4745:Allies 4722: 4720: 4712: 4710: 4702: 4700: 4466:Allies 4307:(the " 4124:, and 4034:Chōshū 3929:Geisha 3899:kabuki 3837:Dejima 3832:sakoku 3798:daimyō 3766:daimyō 3762:shōgun 3758:shōgun 3754:shōgun 3730:shōgun 3701:daimyō 3681:slaves 3654:daimyō 3642:daimyō 3568:, and 3565:bonsai 3497:Hirado 3492:daimyō 3489:, the 3436:Jesuit 3424:musket 3366:daimyō 3350:daimyō 3297:shōgun 3281:, and 3053:bakufu 3038:bakufu 3032:shōgun 2938:, and 2858:Antoku 2811:Aterui 2795:Emishi 2718:sesshō 2637:as an 2635:Ganjin 2608:. The 2591:Kojiki 2462:regent 2428:Nippon 2381:Baekje 2300:Yamato 2292:haniwa 2285:. The 2238:Himiko 2195:dōtaku 2179:Kyūshū 2091:shards 2011: 2005: 1999: 1818:shōgun 1803:daimyō 1795:shōgun 1790:daimyō 1772:shōgun 1753:under 1749:. The 1732:Shinto 1706:. The 1421:Cinema 1379:Anison 1348:Poetry 1301:Bonsai 1279:Shinto 1185:Dishes 1112:Values 1083:Geisha 984:Yamato 956:People 848:on the 774:Sports 742:Shinto 699:Empire 660:Topics 577:Heisei 423:Taishō 299:Sakoku 25:on the 15636:sites 15580:Mummy 15300:Cairn 15216:Jōmon 15167:shoes 15162:Hides 15034:Henge 14988:Broch 14850:Jacal 14705:Wheel 14653:Knife 14599:Canoe 14594:Burin 14572:Blade 14470:flake 14331:Plano 14239:baton 14229:Spear 14195:Arrow 14148:Manos 14001:Tools 13861:Macau 13780:Yemen 13740:Syria 13715:Qatar 13695:Nepal 13630:Japan 13605:India 13595:Egypt 13580:China 13418:Sport 13401:Sentō 13397:Onsen 13380:Names 13370:Music 13365:Media 13331:Icons 13312:Games 13247:Manga 13243:Anime 13220:Women 13121:Crime 13055:Labor 12885:LGBTQ 12808:Towns 12788:Lakes 12342:Naval 12305:Clans 12267:Index 12252:Japan 12213:, by 12043:JSTOR 11455:S2CID 11447:JSTOR 11362:S2CID 11342:(PDF) 11169:(PDF) 11156:(PDF) 10755:Asahi 10567:(PDF) 10556:[ 10550:(PDF) 9879:JSTOR 9279:S2CID 8080:6 May 6756:S2CID 6748:JSTOR 6194:S2CID 5863:S2CID 5348:manga 5344:anime 5289:China 5223:manga 5217:anime 5211:kaiju 4765:Burma 4406:Tokkō 4140:with 4098:Tokyo 3920:Haiku 3909:kouta 3875:ukiyo 3646:Owari 3501:ships 3390:ninja 3200:Hōnen 3112:shugo 3022:征夷大将軍 2787:shōen 2779:Taira 2771:shōen 2767:shōen 2762:shōen 2706:Kyoto 2631:Gyōki 2498:China 2496:from 2447:kanji 2443:Nihon 2432:Nihon 2424:kanji 2393:Asuka 2304:Kinai 2287:kofun 2270:kofun 2258:Osaka 1830:Tokyo 1763:Taira 1716:Kyoto 1682:Japan 1460:Sport 1426:Anime 1411:Radio 1403:Media 1374:J-pop 1362:Music 1343:Manga 1102:Sentō 1098:Onsen 1078:Games 754:Naval 732:Islam 620:Reiwa 455:Shōwa 340:Meiji 142:Heian 114:Asuka 100:Kofun 86:Yayoi 73:Jōmon 15729:gudi 15487:Cist 15416:list 15243:Wine 15172:Ötzi 15157:Glue 15130:Beds 15098:and 15096:Arts 14967:Well 14823:Cave 14753:Kiva 14683:side 14673:Rope 14621:tool 14555:bone 14545:Adze 14311:Eden 14224:Nets 14094:Fire 14058:Goad 14043:Celt 13700:Oman 13665:Laos 13620:Iraq 13615:Iran 13292:Flag 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