43:
527:, including the Kaw. However, amidst the gloom of a tribe that seemed likely to disintegrate came one colorful moment. The Kaw and the Cheyenne had long been enemies. On June 1, 1868, about one hundred Cheyenne warriors descended on the Kaw reservation. Terrified white settlers took refuge in Council Grove. The Kaw men painted their faces, donned their finery, and sallied forth on horseback to meet the Cheyenne. The two Indian armies put on a military pageant featuring horsemanship, fearsome howls and curses, and volleys of bullets and arrows. After four hours, the Cheyenne retired with a few stolen horses and a peace offering of coffee and sugar by the Council Grove merchants. Nobody was hurt on either side.
616:(Little Deer) was elected principal chief along with a council of eight members, and was the first and only female chief, but in 1928 the government agency to the Kaw was abolished and the buildings sold. Thereafter, the Kaw had no recognized government until federal recognition and reorganization of the tribe in 1959. The last Chief of the Kaw, Ernest Emmett Thompson, was elected in 1934. According to Dorothy Roberts full-blooded Kaw women were subject to sterilization by the Indian Health Service in the 1970s. In 1990, the Kaw ratified a new tribal constitution and created a tribal court in 1992. In 2000, the tribe purchased lands on their pre-1873 reservation near
477:
418:
152:
277:
operates the Kanza Health Clinic, Kanza
Wellness Center, Kaw Nation School Age Enrichment Center, Kanza Museum, Kaw Nation Environmental Department, Kaw Nation Police Department, Kaw Nation Social Service and Educational Department, Kaw Nation Emergency Management Department, Kaw Language Department, and the Kaw Nation Judicial Branch. The Kaw Nation Judicial Branch includes a domestic violence program. The Kaw Nation operates its own Housing Authority, library, Title VI Food Services, and issues its own tribal vehicle tags. The
457:, their traditional enemies. In 1825, the Kaw ceded a huge area of land in Missouri and Kansas to the United States in exchange for a promise of an annuity of $ 3,500 annually for twenty years. The promised annuity—to be paid in goods and services—was often late in arriving or found its way into the pockets of unscrupulous government officials and merchants. The Kaw were indifferent to the pleas of government agents and missionaries that they take up farming as their sole livelihood.
516:
1468:
671:(1929–1933)). His Congressional career was perhaps even more consequential than his term as vice president. Curtis served long terms in both the House and Senate, where he served as Minority Whip and Majority Leader respectively, reflecting his ability to manage legislation and build agreements. Curtis's mother Ellen Pappan Curtis was one-quarter each of Kaw,
574:
496:. The first Kaw arriving there were beaten up by traders. The flourishing whiskey trade in Council Grove also proved to be deleterious. Whites invaded Indian lands and sporadic efforts by soldiers to force them off the reservation were ineffective. In 1860, the Kaw reservation, overrun by white settlers, was reduced to 80,000 acres (320 km).
405:
bison herds they hunted annually, and it removed them from other tribes that visited the trading posts along the
Missouri River. This new settlement was distanced from the sometimes antagonistic relations with tribes from east of the Missouri River, but was closer to the Pawnee, with whom they were often in conflict.
732:
Mark Branch, two-time NCAA-champion wrestler and
University of Wyoming wrestling coach (2008–present). Branch won NCAA championships in the 167-pound weight class in 1994 and 1997 and placed second in 1995 and 1996. Branch won four straight Western Wrestling Conference titles as the coach of Wyoming.
492:. Council Grove is a beautiful area of forests, water, and tall grass prairie, but it was probably the worst location that could have been selected for the already weakened and demoralized tribe. It was a favorite stopping place for the rough-hewn teamsters and traders and voracious merchants on the
404:
The primary village of the Kanza between about 1790 and 1828 was along the Kansas River near the confluence with the Big Blue River of Kansas. The Kaw had camped and hunted along the Kansas River for at least a century. Moving its primary village to the Kansas River valley put the Kaw closer to the
600:
of tribal lands to their members. In 1902, at Curtis's urging, Congress abolished the Kaw tribal government and reservation and divided tribal lands among members. Each of 247 Kaw tribal members received 405 acres (1.6 km), of which 160 acres (0.6 km) were for a personal homestead. Curtis
368:
The
Dhegiha may have migrated westward in the early to mid-17th century. The reason for leaving the traditional home may have been due to the mass displacement westward of Indian tribes caused by European settlement on the Atlantic Coast of the United States. The first certain record of the Dhegiha
587:
The Kaws found security from white harassment on their Indian
Territory lands, but the tribe continued to decline, especially the full bloods. By 1888 they numbered only 188 persons and the Kaws seemed on the road to extinction. However, they slowly acculturated and their numbers increased, mostly
276:
The estimated annual economic impact of the tribe is $ 200 million. Kaw Nation owns the Kanza Travel Plaza; Woodridge Market; Smoke Shop I, and II; SouthWind Casino; including a bingo hall, and an off-track wagering facility; and SouthWind Casino Braman, which opened
September 2014. The tribe also
560:
The Kaw continued their decline in
Oklahoma. In 1879, their agent reported that nearly half of their number had died of contagious diseases in the previous seven years. In the 1880s and 1890s, the Kaw derived much of their income from leasing their land to white ranchers for grazing. In 1884, to
144:
1250:
As
Dorothy Roberts notes in Killing the Black Body: In four Indian Health Service hospitals alone, doctors performed more than 3,000 sterilizations without adequate consent between 1973 and 1976. For small Indian tribes, this policy was literally genocidal. One physician reported that: all the
503:
in 1861, the Kaw and other
Indians in Kansas suddenly became an asset as the state recruited them as soldiers and scouts to stave off invasions by slave-holding tribes and Confederate supporters in Indian Territory. Seventy young Kaw men were persuaded—or forced—to join Company L,
467:
in 1827–1828 and 1831–1832, which killed about 500. During the same period the tribe split into four different competing groups living in different villages, a consequence of rivalry between three groups of conservatives, who favored retaining traditional ways, and one group under
472:
which favored accommodation with the United States. Important in the latter group were 23 mixed bloods, the sons and daughters of French traders who had taken Kaw wives. The French influence among the Kaw is still seen in common surnames such as Pappan, Bellmard, and
Chouteau.
444:
in 1803 led to disastrous impacts on the Kaw. They were increasingly hemmed in, first, by Eastern Indians forced to migrate west and, secondly, by White settlers who coveted the "beautiful aspects" and "rich and exuberant soils" of Kaw lands. West of the Kaw lived the warlike
561:
manage grazing leases, they elected a government with a Chief Councilor and a representative from each of the four Kaw bands: the Picayune, Koholo, Rock Creek, and Half-breed. Washungah was elected as the Chief Councilor in 1885 and the tribal headquarters was later named
487:
A disastrous flood in 1844 destroyed most of the land the Kaw had planted and left the tribe destitute. In 1846, the Kaw sold most of their remaining 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km) of land for $ 202,000 plus a 256,000 acres (1,040 km) reservation centered on
601:
and his son and two daughters thus received 1,620 acres (6.6 km) of land. Most Kaws sold or lost their land. By 1945, only 13 percent of the land of the former Kaw Reservation was owned by Kaws. Much former Kaw land was inundated by the creation of
595:
expanded the powers of the federal government over Indian affairs. The author of the act was Charles Curtis, now a Congressman. Curtis believed that the Indians should be assimilated and he supported the break-up of tribal governments and the
534:(more commonly known as Jojim or Joe Jim) galloped 60 miles to Topeka to request assistance from the Governor. Riding along with Jojim was an eight-year-old, part-Indian boy named
588:
through intermarriage as the number of full-bloods continued to decline. By 1910, only one old woman in the tribe could not speak English and more than 80 percent were literate.
1456:
396:
ascended the Missouri, they noted passing the site of the French post and Kansa village on July 2, 1804, and the "old village of the Kanzas" of 1724 on July 2, 1804.
1872:
698:
William A. Mehojah, the last Kaw full blood, died on April 23, 2000. The Allegawaho Memorial Heritage Park (AMHP) was dedicated in his name on June 19, 2005, near
1434:
1409:
549:
to a new reservation. Two weeks later, 533 men, women, and children arrived at the junction of the Arkansas River and Beaver Creek in what would become
268:. The elected chairwoman is Lynn Williams currently serving a four-year term. Of the 3,126 enrolled members, 1,428 live within the state of Oklahoma.
380:
was the first European to document his visit to the Kaws in 1724. He found them living in a single large village near the future site of the town of
1449:
1095:
42:
334:
left the main group in central Missouri; the Kaw halted upstream on the Missouri River in northwestern Missouri and northeastern Kansas; the
545:
White pressure finally forced the Kaw out of Kansas. On June 4, 1873, they packed up their meager possessions in wagons and headed south to
409:
noted that their numbers were "reduced by war with their neighbors". They estimated the Kaw to number 300 men—about 1,500 persons in all.
1882:
1857:
1442:
1374:
902:
1472:
1877:
1671:
612:
After the death of Washunga in 1908, the Kaw people had no formal organization for many years. In 1922, Washunga's adopted daughter
377:
1251:
pureblood women of the Kaw tribe of Oklahoma have now been sterilized. At the end of the generation the tribe will cease to exist.
689:(Kaw) b. 1888, adopted daughter of Washunga. Elected Chief of Kaw in 1920s and attempted to get federal recognition for the tribe.
318:
separated from the other Dhegiha at the mouth of the Ohio, going down the Mississippi River to live in what is today the state of
1243:
785:
627:, Walter Kekahbah, died in 1983. As of 2012, the Kaw Nation offers online language learning for Kansa second language speakers.
1124:
538:
or "Indian Charley". Curtis would later become a jockey, a lawyer, a politician, and Vice President of the United States under
1417:
976:
175:
1464:
987:
868:
1691:
554:
512:) and Arkansas during the war and 21 of them never came home—a large loss to the already diminished numbers of the tribe.
1611:
1484:
664:
1631:
1263:
692:
531:
1556:
1501:
1496:
1191:
1425:
1327:
392:, but the ruins of their earlier villages and Fort Cavagnial were a landmark for travelers in the early 1800s. When
1862:
307:
807:
1093:
1766:
1646:
1521:
505:
1581:
1531:
172:
557:. They preserved the buffalo meat by jerking it and sold the buffalo robes for five thousand dollars.
365:
the Akansea River, because, as they told French explorers, the Akansea (Quapaw) formerly dwelt there.
1551:
1536:
620:
to create a park commemorating their history in Kansas named the Allegawaho Memorial Heritage Park.
1796:
1661:
1651:
1616:
1223:
828:
190:
17:
949:
1591:
476:
1867:
1566:
1561:
965:
112:
1378:
900:
553:. The Kaw made their last successful buffalo hunt that winter, journeying on horseback to the
699:
654:
617:
489:
1576:
550:
265:
8:
1801:
481:
441:
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in the 1960s, including their Council House and cemetery at Washunga which was moved to
417:
1852:
1751:
1731:
1641:
716:
592:
562:
500:
261:
134:
1776:
1761:
1746:
1726:
1721:
1187:
1069:
Mixed Bloods and Tribal Dissolution: Charles Curtis and the Quest for Indian Identity
758:
606:
422:
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323:
151:
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1821:
1816:
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1741:
1736:
1706:
1701:
1681:
1526:
1302:
686:
680:
613:
546:
381:
226:
96:
1349:
373:, drew a crude map which showed the Dhegiha tribes near their historic locations.
1811:
1791:
1716:
1601:
1546:
1516:
1429:
1181:
1136:
906:
872:
865:
811:
789:
406:
393:
193:. They have also been called the "People of the South wind", "People of water",
1831:
1786:
1781:
1711:
1676:
668:
660:
624:
539:
535:
524:
519:
Allegawaho, head chief of the Kaws in the 1860s and 1870s, in a photo from 1867
493:
354:
327:
303:
222:
100:
1289:
1846:
1656:
1626:
1621:
1506:
1099:
454:
68:
248:
meaning "a good place to grow potatoes". The Kaw are closely related to the
1771:
1606:
1596:
1336:, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1997, accessed 10 Aug 208"
736:
726:
709:
672:
389:
362:
347:
335:
331:
249:
116:
1055:
1422:
753:
722:
480:
Engraving of Fool Chief's village of the 1840s along the Kansas River by
469:
433:
358:
715:
Washunga, principal chief of the Kaw from 1873 until his death in 1908.
740:
708:, the U.S. jazz saxophonist, singer, and composer, was of both Kaw and
705:
676:
515:
311:
1153:
Finney, Frank F. "The Kay Indians and their Indian Territory Agency."
1111:
Finney, Frank F. "The Kaw Indians and their Indian Territory Agency."
804:
597:
464:
1246:
Truthout: The last time the US wanted a wall 70,000 were sterilized.
1541:
1476:
1467:
1186:(2nd ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 184.
602:
509:
461:
450:
446:
388:(1744-1764). By the late 1700s, the Kanza took up residence on the
343:
319:
179:
143:
75:
1666:
295:
1806:
1636:
315:
299:
237:
233:
183:
80:
653:), Kaw Chief, 1867–1873. Allegawaho Heritage Memorial Park in
1586:
1511:
1166:
Chapman, Berlin B. "Charles Curtis and the Kaw Reservation."
339:
130:
573:
369:
is 1673 when the French explorer of the Mississippi River,
1403:
1046:
National Archives, Record Group M-234, Tape 467, page 476
783:
Kaw Nation population as officially rallied at top right.
695:(Joe Jim or Jojim), 19th century interpreters and guides.
523:
After the war, European-Americans in Kansas agitated for
384:. The Kaw later lived farther downstream near the French
782:
630:
The last full-blood Kaw, William Mehojah, died in 2000.
281:, the newsletter of Kaw Nation, is published quarterly.
918:
Dorsey, James Owen, "Migration of the Siouan Tribes,"
889:
Kansa Indians: A History of the Wind People, 1673–1873
399:
1303:"Allegawaho - Kansapedia - Kansas Historical Society"
852:
Connelley, William E. "Origin of the Name of Topeka"
412:
240:, capital city of Kansas, is said to be the Kaw word
147:
Water tower of the Kaw nation, along I-35 in Oklahoma
1350:"Washungah - Kansapedia - Kansas Historical Society"
891:, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971: 12-14.
733:
He has been named WWC Coach of the Year three times.
530:
During the battle, the mixed-blood Kaw interpreter,
854:Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society
353:This tradition is reinforced by the fact that the
310:west from the east, possibly somewhere around the
189:The Kaw people historically lived in the central
1873:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
1844:
1071:, Norman: University of Okla Press, 1971: 72-75.
833:The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
1423:WebKanza: The Online Home of the Kanza Language
1334:Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993
264:, and the tribal jurisdictional area is within
1264:"Researchers try to preserve Indian languages"
1137:"Accessed Feb 22,2010. Reddy, Marlita A., ed.
933:Bourgmont, Explorer of the Missouri, 1698–1725
1450:
1139:Statistical Record of Native North Americans
935:. Lincoln: University of Neb Press, 1988, 51
242:
1457:
1443:
1320:
1224:"Accessed Nov 25, 2017. Douglas, Crystal.
1058:(website of the Kansas Historical Society)
947:
41:
27:Federally recognized Native American tribe
663:, the only Native American to be elected
1173:
943:
941:
572:
514:
475:
416:
252:, with whom members often intermarried.
150:
142:
1056:http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/208389
14:
1845:
1261:
827:Unrau, William E. (January 15, 2010).
236:was named for this tribe. The name of
1438:
1179:
938:
826:
778:
776:
774:
723:White Plume, also known as Monchousia
683:ancestry; Curtis was enrolled as Kaw.
440:The purchase by the United States of
322:. The other Dhegiha proceeded up the
1226:A timeline history of the Kaw Nation
859:
260:The Kaw Nation's headquarters is in
63:Regions with significant populations
1141:, Detroit: Gale Research, 166, 189"
795:2011: 17. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
793:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission.
665:Vice President of the United States
508:. They served in Indian Territory (
400:Traditional culture and subsistence
24:
1883:Native American tribes in Missouri
1858:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
1772:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
981:
820:
798:
771:
725:, Kaw Chief who visited President
693:Joseph James and Joseph James, Jr.
421:Chief Monchousia (White Plume) by
413:Interaction with the United States
25:
1894:
1397:
805:"Constitution of the Kaw Nation."
633:
361:tribes called the lower Ohio and
1878:Native American tribes in Kansas
1466:
1332:, US Senate.gov, reprinted from
955:. Kansas History. pp. 2–31.
308:the five Dhegiha tribes migrated
306:indicates that the ancestors of
289:
1367:
1342:
1295:
1282:
1262:Ranney, Dave (August 1, 2005).
1255:
1237:
1216:
1207:
1170:Vol XV, No. 4. Nov 1947, p. 351
1160:
1157:. Vol. 35. No. 4, 1957, 416-422
1147:
1129:
1118:
1105:
1087:
1074:
1061:
1049:
1040:
1027:
1018:
1005:
992:
970:
959:
623:The last fluent speaker of the
568:
47:Three Kaw Nation chiefs in 1908
1330:U.S. Senate: Art & History
1290:"The Kansas/Kanza/Kaw Nation."
925:
912:
894:
881:
846:
817:2011. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
13:
1:
950:"Visit to Blue Earth Village"
764:
647:
640:
578:
426:
342:continued north to settle in
255:
119:, traditional tribal religion
1168:Kansas Historical Quarterly.
453:, and to the north were the
7:
948:Ritterbush, Lauren (2015).
747:
577:Chief Washunga of the Kaw,
506:9th Kansas Cavalry Regiment
294:The Kaw is a member of the
221:. Their tribal language is
10:
1899:
729:in 1822 in Washington D.C.
284:
271:
1690:
1483:
1228:, Kaw City: Kanza Museum"
1183:Indian Tribes of Oklahoma
878:(retrieved 29 April 2012)
460:Meanwhile, the Kaw faced
155:KnoShr, Kansa Chief, 1853
128:
123:
111:
106:
95:
90:
67:
62:
57:
52:
40:
1270:. Lawrence Journal World
1115:Vol. 35, 1957–58, p. 418
978:, Accessed, Feb 23, 2010
922:, Vol XX, Mar 1886, 214.
191:Midwestern United States
1737:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
1244:Accessed Feb 15, 2019.
1125:Accessed, Feb 22, 2010.
1113:Chronicles of Oklahoma.
1102:Accessed, Aug 12, 1999.
967:, Accessed, Ce 12, 2020
920:The American Naturalist
866:Kanza Cultural History.
499:With the coming of the
243:
1863:Dhegiha Siouan peoples
1473:Native American tribes
1155:Chronicles of Oklahoma
989:Accessed, Feb 23, 2010
909:Accessed, Feb 21, 2010
584:
520:
484:
437:
156:
148:
113:Native American Church
1418:Rootsweb Kaw article.
700:Council Grove, Kansas
655:Council Grove, Kansas
618:Council Grove, Kansas
576:
518:
490:Council Grove, Kansas
479:
420:
154:
146:
124:Related ethnic groups
1767:Mescalero-Chiricahua
1522:Cheyenne and Arapaho
1381:on February 28, 2013
1292:Accessed 30 Nov 2011
1180:Clark, Blue (2020).
1143:. February 19, 2015.
1024:Unrau, ibid, 159-161
551:Kay County, Oklahoma
432:. On display in the
376:The French explorer
266:Kay County, Oklahoma
173:federally recognized
657:is named after him.
482:Pierre-Jean De Smet
442:Louisiana Territory
37:
1537:Citizen Potawatomi
1428:2014-05-22 at the
1406:, official website
1067:Unrau, William E.
905:2010-06-20 at the
887:Unrau, William E.
871:2009-04-14 at the
856:, Vol 27, 589-593.
810:2019-08-03 at the
788:2012-05-12 at the
719:was named for him.
717:Washunga, Oklahoma
593:Curtis Act of 1898
585:
525:removal of Indians
521:
501:American Civil War
485:
438:
262:Kaw City, Oklahoma
225:, classified as a
157:
149:
35:
1840:
1839:
1762:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
1502:Alabama-Quassarte
1328:"Charles Curtis,
759:Manhattan, Kansas
607:Newkirk, Oklahoma
555:Great Salt Plains
532:Joseph James, Jr.
423:Charles Bird King
386:Fort de Cavagnial
302:language family.
141:
140:
16:(Redirected from
1890:
1692:Tribal languages
1672:United Keetoowah
1602:Muscogee (Creek)
1562:Fort Sill Apache
1497:Absentee Shawnee
1471:
1470:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1377:. Archived from
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1259:
1253:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1177:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1133:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1003:
996:
990:
985:
979:
974:
968:
963:
957:
956:
954:
945:
936:
929:
923:
916:
910:
898:
892:
885:
879:
863:
857:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
824:
818:
802:
796:
780:
687:Lucy Tayiah Eads
652:
649:
645:
642:
614:Lucy Tayiah Eads
583:
580:
547:Indian Territory
431:
428:
382:Doniphan, Kansas
246:
53:Total population
45:
38:
34:
21:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1694:
1686:
1557:Eastern Shawnee
1547:Delaware Nation
1488:
1486:
1479:
1465:
1463:
1430:Wayback Machine
1400:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1260:
1256:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1006:
997:
993:
986:
982:
975:
971:
964:
960:
952:
946:
939:
931:Norall, Frank.
930:
926:
917:
913:
907:Wayback Machine
899:
895:
886:
882:
876:The Kaw Nation.
873:Wayback Machine
864:
860:
851:
847:
837:
835:
825:
821:
812:Wayback Machine
803:
799:
790:Wayback Machine
781:
772:
767:
750:
650:
643:
636:
581:
571:
429:
415:
407:Lewis and Clark
402:
394:Lewis and Clark
328:Missouri Rivers
292:
287:
274:
258:
227:Siouan language
176:Native American
99:, historically
85:
48:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1896:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
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536:Charles Curtis
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1642:Sac and Fox
1359:February 9,
1312:February 9,
1268:LJWorld.com
815:Kaw Nation.
754:Kaw Mission
651: 1897
644: 1820
582: 1900
470:White Plume
434:White House
430: 1822
324:Mississippi
1847:Categories
1802:Potawatomi
1487:recognized
1404:Kaw Nation
765:References
706:Jim Pepper
677:Potawatomi
279:Kanza News
256:Government
244:Tó Ppà Kˀé
161:Kaw Nation
36:Kaw Nation
1853:Kaw tribe
1732:Chickasaw
1682:Wyandotte
1527:Chickasaw
1485:Federally
1385:March 11,
1015:, 149-150
712:ancestry.
598:allotment
465:epidemics
378:Bourgmont
178:tribe in
91:Languages
1777:Muscogee
1752:Delaware
1747:Comanche
1727:Cheyenne
1722:Cherokee
1647:Seminole
1582:Kickapoo
1577:Kialegee
1542:Comanche
1517:Cherokee
1477:Oklahoma
1426:Archived
1413:Memorial
1096:Archived
903:Archived
869:Archived
808:Archived
786:Archived
748:See also
603:Kaw Lake
563:Washunga
510:Oklahoma
462:smallpox
451:Comanche
447:Cheyenne
355:Illinois
344:Nebraska
320:Arkansas
180:Oklahoma
137:peoples
135:Dhegihan
107:Religion
76:Oklahoma
18:Kaw OTSA
1827:Wyandot
1822:Wichita
1817:Shawnee
1757:Koasati
1742:Choctaw
1707:Arapaho
1702:Alabama
1677:Wichita
1667:Tonkawa
1657:Shawnee
1532:Choctaw
1274:May 21,
1080:Unrau,
1033:Unrau,
1011:Unrau,
998:Unrau,
667:(under
296:Dhegiha
285:History
272:Economy
171:) is a
97:English
1812:Seneca
1807:Quapaw
1792:Pawnee
1787:Ottawa
1717:Cayuga
1637:Quapaw
1627:Peoria
1622:Pawnee
1617:Ottawa
1507:Apache
1489:tribes
1190:
727:Monroe
681:French
455:Pawnee
330:. The
316:Quapaw
300:Siouan
238:Topeka
234:Kansas
217:, and
184:Kansas
131:Siouan
129:other
81:Kansas
1832:Yuchi
1797:Ponca
1782:Osage
1712:Caddo
1632:Ponca
1607:Osage
1597:Modoc
1592:Miami
1587:Kiowa
1512:Caddo
1231:(PDF)
1002:, 105
953:(PDF)
710:Creek
673:Osage
359:Miami
340:Ponca
336:Omaha
332:Osage
223:Kansa
211:Quans
207:Conza
203:Konza
195:Kansa
169:Kansa
165:Kanza
101:Kansa
58:3,559
1567:Iowa
1387:2013
1361:2019
1314:2019
1276:2022
1201:2024
1188:ISBN
1084:, 92
840:2024
679:and
591:The
449:and
357:and
346:and
338:and
326:and
312:Ohio
219:Kasa
215:Kosa
199:Kaza
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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