754:
454:
42:
1269:. In the story, Ardashir makes off with much Ardavan's treasure, as well as Ardavan's favourite concubine, and is being chased by Ardavan and his troops. On the road, Ardavan and his contingent are overtaken by an enormous ram, which is also following Ardashir. Ardavan's religious advisors explain that the ram is the manifestation of the
535:
concept literally denoting "glory" or "splendour" but understood as a divine mystical force or power projected upon and aiding the appointed. The neuter noun thus also connotes "(divine) royal glory", reflecting the perceived divine empowerment of kings. The term also carries a secondary meaning of
1117:
60.2, the family priest is seen to request joy and blessings for the righteous, good nature, truth, prosperity, power, and glory for the house in which he offers prayers. The hymn to Mithra speaks of the divinity as the "dispenser of
1386:"The fundamental motif of Iranian kingship, a hereditary dynastic charisma , which, could however be lost, was at the root of ideas that were widespread in the Hellenistic and Roman periods." For example, as the
1323:
by placing the crown on the head of a false ruler. Another ubiquitous motif in
Sassanian art is the symbol of a boar, which is a representation of the protection of the
1425:
circulated in the same areas and have many characteristics in common, it is possible that the
Mesopotamian concept influenced the Zoroastrian one. On the other hand,
730:
and its loss usually led to the monarch's imminent death or overthrow in
Georgian kingship. Many of the monarchs had names based on this etymological root like
1341:. This is also the case for the ring held by the bearded figure in the Achaemenid winged sun-disk symbol that is traditionally considered to represent a
482:
197:
1527:
Rapp, S. H. Jr. (2016) The
Sasanian World Through Georgian Eyes, Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature,
1013:, that is, itself "worthy of worship." The same hymn includes a list of divinities and mortals who perform their duties due to the power of
622:
1308:
is also attested in the
Paikuli inscription of Narseh, which describes the punishment meted out to an individual who has been "driven by
1775:
1362:– in addition to its significance as "royal fortune" – also signified "fortune" in a general sense is demonstrated by the use of an
1228:
I.25, I.35-36), but its primary function is in its role as the divine glory of kings, the continuation of the
Avestan notion of the
1592:
1567:
1540:
1261:, includes (4.11.16 and 4.11.22-23) a tale in which Ardashir – who at that point in the story is still a vassal of the
890:, the oldest hymns of Zoroastrianism and considered to have been composed by the prophet himself. The one instance of Gathic
1559:
The
Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 BCE–642 CE
475:
543:-era inscriptions as well as in the 9th- to 12th-century texts of Zoroastrian tradition, the word appears as Zoroastrian
404:
1828:
820:
signified a "position of a Buddha," that is, with "dignity" or "high position." This meaning subsequently passed into
1823:
1731:
de Jong, Albert (2004), "Sub Specie
Maiestatis: Reflections on Sasanian Court Rituals", in Stausberg, Michael (ed.),
1351:). The Achaemenid winged sun-disk has in its entirety also been occasionally been interpreted as a representation of
1585:
The
Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature
468:
1800:
Sprache und Kultur. Akten der X. Fachtagung der
Indogermanischen Gesellschaft Innsbruck, 22.-28. September 1996
1249:
703:. The hypothesis has since been shown to be untenable, and the proto-Iranian form is today reconstructed as
1528:
739:
1106:, together with which it plays a seminal role in the legend of the birth of Zoroaster. In these passages,
434:
414:
1337:
The ring of kingship that appears in Sassanian investiture reliefs is often identified as representing
1262:
1273:
of the ancient Iranian kings, which is leaving Ardavan and the Parthians in favor of a new emperor.
389:
25:
1214:
3.75). In these later texts, the glory appears to be acquirable through learning and knowledge (
1798:
Lubotsky, Alexander (1998), "Avestan xᵛarənah-: the etymology and concept", in Meid, W. (ed.),
1437:
in which kingship is likewise associated with the bright splendor and power of light and fire.
152:
439:
342:
808:, though in these languages the word does not necessarily signify "glory" or "fortune": In
578:. These variants, which are assumed to be learned borrowings from the Avestan, are the only
1783:
394:
337:
8:
1087:
821:
735:
723:
629:
364:
1700:
900:
51.18, where the word appears to mean royal glory. The primary source of information on
870:
1762:
777:
536:"(good) fortune"; those who possess it are able to complete their mission or function.
277:
207:
753:
1766:
1588:
1563:
1553:
1536:
866:
784:
770:
743:
643:
579:
1094:
is also associated with the waters in other texts; with the world-sea Vourukasha in
1818:
1754:
1284:
also appears in Sassanian crowns as a bird with a pearl in its beak. Depictions of
791:
695:
form was believed to represent a specific Median sound-law change of proto-Iranian
513:
369:
192:
187:
1745:: lautliche, morphologische und etymologische Probleme. Zum Stand der Forschung",
1280:
as a ram reappears on Sassanid seals and as an ornament in Sassanid architecture.
1126:
10.16, 10.128, 10.141). Other texts describe Mithra as "most endowed with glory" (
832:
signified "luck" and was a designator of the "first luminary". Manichean Parthian
1445:
1374:
and post-Sassanid periods. The custom of using this Aramic ideogram to represent
1258:
673:
458:
1465:
film "ФАРН" (en:Farn) produced for North Ossetian Television by Murat Dzhusoyty.
1429:
may also be a facet of Zoroastrianism's Indo-Iranian cultural inheritance since
1110:
has a seminal and germinal implication, being both fiery fluid and living seed.
1074:
13.14, the waters flow, the plants spring forth, and the winds blow through the
1758:
1403:
1194:
719:
655:
613:
551:
544:
532:
292:
287:
237:
177:
33:
1812:
1407:
1040:
849:
409:
202:
107:
769:
In the Iranian languages of the Middle Period, the word is also attested as
582:
forms with an initial 'xᵛ-'. In all other dialects, the word has an initial
1309:
856:
825:
635:"to shine". Other proposals suggest a linguistic relationship with Avestan
297:
282:
242:
172:
167:
132:
1390:
the saving grace (luck) of fortune of a king; and probably also the royal
1327:
1301:
1300:(MP: Jamshid), a metamorphosis similar to that of the yazata of victory,
1266:
1036:
980:
969:
677:
662:
572:
327:
182:
57:
1254:
1206:
1144:
1056:
841:
621:
with the same meaning, and together descending from Proto-Indo-Iranian
272:
162:
72:
1170:
At the final renovation of the world, the royal glory will follow the
1532:
1171:
1160:
837:
731:
322:
317:
82:
62:
41:
1480:
1399:
1371:
1343:
1132:
1079:
1060:
809:
758:
540:
453:
227:
222:
127:
1782:, vol. 9, Costa Mesa: Mazda, pp. 312–316, archived from
1557:
1475:
1462:
1363:
1297:
1067:
assumes the shape of a bird when leaving Yima. (19.35-36, 19.82)
1048:
961:
874:, but with a greater range of meaning than in Iranian languages.
798:
561:
528:
347:
267:
247:
87:
1156:
1052:
1044:
1009:
990:
911:
887:
399:
357:
352:
212:
157:
112:
1200:) is a spiritual force that exists before the creation of the
1313:
1103:
985:
923:
906:
896:
845:
232:
217:
122:
117:
1147:, the demon of "evil purpose" attempts (but fails) to seize
1025:
s) – who are rulers through the grace of, and empowered by,
952:), glory that both divinities and mortals should strive for.
914:
collection of 21 hymns dedicated to individual divinities.
77:
67:
1265:– escapes from the court of the last Arsacid king,
1000:
1452:) in the culture, philosophy and epics of Islamic Iran.
1017:. Among these are the mythological Kayanian kings – the
983:
and that is "full of milk and pastures," vanquishes the
668:
then derives. In other Iranian dialects the word has an
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1189:
In the 9th-12th century texts of Zoroastrian tradition
1632:
1630:
1628:
1642:
522:
1672:
1448:, and remained a central motif (for instance as the
1625:
1509:
1497:
1253:, a collection of hagiographic legends related to
862:signified "peace, happiness, abundance, fortune."
1810:
1601:
587:
1613:
1562:. University of California Press. p. 114.
1288:as a bird are allusions to the Avestan myth of
1224:continues to be identified with astral bodies (
964:, is a short 9-verse ode to a third variant of
1098:19.51 and 19.56-57; with the Helmand river in
593:
1659:
1657:
1378:is probably inherited from Achaemenid times.
476:
1741:Gnoli, Gherardo (1996), "Über das iranische
1735:, Numen 102, Leiden: Brill, pp. 345–365
1232:. New in tradition is an identification of
646:in which the word is attested, the initial
1654:
1090:are invoked to bestow radiance and glory.
1035:is however also glory held by divinities:
483:
469:
40:
1444:survived the 7th century downfall of the
1398:of the various Hellenistic rulers of the
1797:
1607:
1240:-bestowing force of the pure religion" (
865:The term also appears as a borrowing in
752:
1730:
1648:
1381:
1330:(MP: Wahram) given to rulers that hold
1296:takes the shape of a bird as it leaves
1163:- the demoness of "sloth" – powerless (
602:is probably derived from Proto-Avestan
16:Divine mystical power in Zoroastrianism
1811:
1552:
1773:
1740:
1720:
1687:
1666:
1636:
1619:
1515:
1503:
683:, from which Middle- and New Persian
1582:
1433:appears to have a parallel in Indic
1159:, the hypostasis of prayer, render
1102:19.66ff. It is also identified with
999:19, which is nominally dedicated to
960:18, although nominally dedicated to
1370:in the Middle Persian texts of the
517:
405:Zoroastrianism in the United States
13:
1802:, Innsbruck: IBS, pp. 479–488
14:
1840:
742:. The word was borrowed into the
606:"to shine", nominalized with the
1587:. Routledge. pp. 151, 228.
1236:with religion, as in "the great
617:is in turn related to Old Indic
452:
1693:
1304:. The crown as a repository of
1184:
877:
1733:Zoroastrian Rituals in Context
1576:
1546:
1521:
1388:tyche basileos, fortuna regia,
1043:have it (19.14-20), the other
691:derive. For many decades, the
1:
1486:
1455:
886:is only attested once in the
1747:Altorientalische Forschungen
1725:, vol. 1, Leiden: Brill
1583:Rapp, Stephen H. Jr (2014).
1529:Sam Houston State University
1051:loses it thrice, in turn to
836:again signifies "glory." In
765:("ΦΑΡΡΟ"). Circa 152-192 CE.
650:is evident only as Avestan
628:"to shine", ultimately from
7:
1469:
715:in other Iranian dialects.
594:Etymology and related terms
523:
435:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
415:Persecution of Zoroastrians
10:
1845:
1759:10.1524/aofo.1996.23.1.171
1406:periods as well as of the
1003:"Earth", further typifies
707:, preserved in Avestan as
567:"fortune". Middle Persian
1829:Iranian words and phrases
1723:History of Zoroastrianism
1440:The concept of the royal
1292:19.35-36, 19.82 in which
1824:Ancient Iranian religion
1774:Gnoli, Gherardo (1999),
1413:Because the concepts of
188:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
726:were divinely assigned
539:In 3rd- to 7th-century
1276:The representation of
1039:has it (19.9-13), the
938:), the fortune of the
917:Two distinct forms of
766:
672:form, for instance as
610:suffix. Proto-Avestan
153:Zoroastrian literature
1780:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1257:, the founder of the
1086:68.11, the waters of
979:) that is created by
942:s, the Kayanian kings
757:Coin of Kushan ruler
756:
440:Zoroastrian cosmology
390:Zoroastrians in India
146:Scripture and worship
1721:Boyce, Mary (1975),
1382:Syncretic influences
1250:Kar-namag i Ardashir
1047:as well (19.21-24).
946:akhvaretem khvarenah
711:and dissimilated as
550:, rendered with the
395:Zoroastrians in Iran
261:Accounts and legends
1204:, the mortal body (
921:are discernible in
724:Pharnavazid dynasty
654:and as Zoroastrian
630:Proto-Indo-European
586:(see details under
459:Religion portal
311:History and culture
1554:Canepa, Matthew P.
977:airiianəm xᵛarənah
950:axᵛarətəm xᵛarənah
767:
278:Book of Arda Viraf
208:Cypress of Kashmar
1705:www.kino-teatr.ru
1622:, pp. 66–68.
1594:978-1-4724-2552-2
1569:978-0-520-96436-5
1541:978-1-4724-2552-2
1263:Arsacid Parthians
744:Georgian language
644:Iranian languages
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1242:Dadistan-i Denig
1226:Dadistan-i Denig
936:kauuaēm xᵛarənah
642:Of the numerous
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1446:Sassanid Empire
1384:
1259:Sassanid Empire
1230:kavam khvarenah
1187:
932:kavam khvarenah
910:s, the younger
904:comes from the
880:
687:and adjectival
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1624:
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1195:Middle Persian
1186:
1183:
1167:10.97, 13.4).
1151:. The Iranian
1041:Amesha Spentas
954:
953:
943:
879:
876:
816:and Khotanese
720:Georgian kings
718:Pre-Christian
656:Middle Persian
595:
592:
545:Middle Persian
519:𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵
500:(also spelled
491:
490:
488:
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428:Related topics
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308:
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258:
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209:
206:
204:
203:Adur Gushnasp
201:
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48:
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43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
1799:
1788:, retrieved
1784:the original
1779:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1722:
1714:Bibliography
1704:
1695:
1663:
1649:de Jong 2004
1644:
1615:
1603:
1584:
1578:
1558:
1548:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1450:farr-e elahi
1449:
1441:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:and Aramaic
1418:
1414:
1412:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1342:
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1336:
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1324:
1320:
1314:
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1289:
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1275:
1270:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1185:In tradition
1178:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1152:
1148:
1140:
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1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1004:
996:
995:
984:
976:
972:
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945:
939:
935:
931:
922:
918:
916:
905:
901:
895:
891:
883:
881:
878:In scripture
869:
864:
859:
857:Iron-Ossetic
852:
833:
829:
826:Manicheanism
817:
813:
805:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
768:
762:
747:
727:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
669:
665:
658:
651:
647:
641:
636:
632:
624:
618:
611:
607:
603:
599:
597:
583:
575:
568:
564:
555:
547:
538:
508:
507:
502:
501:
496:
495:
494:
298:Frashokereti
243:The Rivayats
198:Adur Farnbag
183:Fire Temples
173:Yenghe hatam
168:Ahuna Vairya
133:Angra Mainyu
18:
1753:: 171–180,
1328:Verethragna
1319:" to steal
1302:Verethragna
1088:Aredvi Sura
1037:Ahura Mazda
991:Un-Iranians
981:Ahura Mazda
882:Bisyllabic
740:Pharasmanes
678:Old Persian
663:New Persian
652:khvar(e)nah
573:New Persian
533:Zoroastrian
531:word for a
328:Khurramites
78:Persia/Iran
63:Zarathustra
58:Ahura Mazda
1813:Categories
1790:2007-08-04
1776:"Farr(ah)"
1743:*hu̯arnah-
1688:Gnoli 1999
1667:Gnoli 1999
1637:Gnoli 1999
1620:Boyce 1975
1516:Gnoli 1996
1504:Gnoli 1999
1487:References
1456:In culture
1216:Bundahishn
1207:Bundahishn
1145:Akem Manah
1057:Thraetaona
989:s and the
956:Similarly
894:occurs in
828:, Sogdian
812:, Sogdian
639:"to eat".
590:, below).
348:Initiation
163:Ashem Vohu
73:Vohu Manah
1767:163727744
1533:Routledge
1492:Citations
1461:The 1995
1431:khvarenah
1427:khvarenah
1415:khvarenah
1376:khvarenah
1366:ideogram
1353:khvarenah
1294:khvarenah
1218:II.9ff).
1191:khvarenah
1173:Saoshyant
1161:Bushyasta
1153:khvarenah
1149:khvarenah
1120:khvarenah
1108:khvarenah
1092:Khvarenah
1080:Fravashis
1076:khvarenah
1065:Khvarenah
1061:Keresaspa
1033:Khvarenah
1027:khvarenah
1015:khvarenah
1005:khvarenah
973:khvarenah
966:khvarenah
919:khvarenah
902:khvarenah
892:khvarenah
884:khvarenah
848:culture,
842:Sarmatian
822:Tocharian
778:Khotanese
736:Pharnajom
732:Pharnavaz
600:khvarenah
554:ideogram
509:xwarra(h)
503:khwarenah
497:Khvarenah
383:Adherents
343:Festivals
323:Mazdakism
318:Zurvanism
273:Bundahišn
83:Faravahar
1556:(2018).
1481:Shekinah
1470:See also
1463:Ossetian
1442:khwarrah
1419:khwarrah
1400:Seleucid
1372:Sassanid
1360:khwarrah
1344:fravashi
1339:khwarrah
1332:khwarrah
1321:khwarrah
1312:and the
1306:khwarrah
1286:khwarrah
1282:Khwarrah
1278:khwarrah
1271:khwarrah
1255:Ardashir
1238:khwarrah
1234:khwarrah
1222:Khwarrah
1212:Zadspram
1210:II.7ff,
1202:tan-gohr
1198:khwarrah
1181:19.89).
1136:19.15).
1133:Vendidad
912:Avesta's
867:Armenian
810:Buddhism
785:Parthian
771:Bactrian
759:Huvishka
728:kxwarrah
685:farr(ah)
659:khwarrah
598:Avestan
576:k(h)orra
569:khwarrah
548:khwarrah
541:Sassanid
527:) is an
524:xᵛarənah
365:Marriage
338:Calendar
228:Visperad
223:Vendidad
128:Fravashi
26:a series
24:Part of
1819:Yazatas
1476:Senmurv
1410:kings.
1404:Arsacid
1394:in the
1364:Aramaic
1349:fravahr
1310:Ahriman
1267:Ardavan
1143:19.46,
1130:19.35,
1078:of the
1045:yazatas
970:Iranian
962:Arshtat
799:Ossetic
792:Sogdian
774:far(r)o
722:of the
689:farrokh
681:farnah-
562:Aramaic
552:Pahlavi
529:Avestan
514:Avestan
268:Dēnkard
248:Ab-Zohr
113:Yazatas
88:Avestan
1765:
1591:
1566:
1539:
1531:, US,
1435:tejas,
1408:Kushan
1392:farrah
1325:yazata
1244:I.36)
1157:Dahman
1053:Mithra
1010:yazata
968:; the
888:Gathas
871:pʿarkʿ
838:Scytho
818:pharra
797:, and
795:f(a)rn
781:pharra
763:Pharro
674:Median
666:khorra
410:Iranis
400:Parsis
370:Burial
358:Sedreh
353:Kushti
233:Yashts
213:Gathas
158:Avesta
123:Daevas
118:Ahuras
1763:S2CID
1423:gd(y)
1396:tyche
1358:That
1347:(MP:
1290:Yasht
1179:Yasht
1165:Yasht
1141:Yasht
1128:Yasht
1124:Yasht
1115:Yasna
1104:Haoma
1100:Yasht
1096:Yasht
1084:Yasna
1082:. In
1072:Yasht
1023:kauui
1007:as a
997:Yasht
986:daeva
958:Yasht
924:Yasht
907:Yasht
897:Yasna
853:farnæ
824:. In
802:farnæ
637:xᵛar-
633:*sóhr
625:súHr̥
604:*hvar
218:Yasna
1589:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1402:and
1298:Yima
1247:The
1155:and
1059:and
1049:Yima
1019:kavi
940:kavi
927:19:
860:farn
855:and
846:Alan
844:and
834:farh
814:farn
806:farn
804:and
788:farh
748:p'ar
738:and
705:*hu̯
676:and
619:svar
614:hvar
608:-nah
565:gada
68:Asha
1755:doi
1664:cf.
1368:GDE
1315:dev
1193:(→
1139:In
1122:" (
1113:In
1021:s (
1001:Zam
830:frn
746:as
709:xᵛ-
699:to
697:xᵛ-
648:xᵛ-
557:GDE
506:or
1815::
1778:,
1761:,
1751:23
1749:,
1703:,
1674:^
1656:^
1627:^
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1355:.
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1029:.
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1757::
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1417:/
1317:s
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