Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

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was driving a wedge between the ulama of the JUS and the Khudai Khidmatgars, irrespective of the commitments of mutual support between the JUH and Congress leaderships. In trying to highlight the separateness and vulnerability of Muslims in a religiously diverse public space, the directives of the NWFP ulama began to veer away from simple religious injunctions to take on a communalist tone. The ulama highlighted 'threats' posed by Hindus to Muslims in the province. Accusations of improper behaviour and molestation of Muslim women were levelled against 'Hindu shopkeepers' in Nowshera. Sermons given by two JUS-connected maulvis in Nowshera declared the Hindus the 'enemies' of Islam and Muslims. Posters were distributed in the city warning Muslims not to buy or consume food prepared and sold by Hindus in the bazaars. In 1936, a Hindu girl was abducted by a Muslim in Bannu and then married to him. The government demanded the girl's return, But popular Muslim opinion, supported by a resolution passed by the Jamiyatul Ulama Bannu, demanded that she stay, stating that she had come of her free will, had converted to Islam, and was now lawfully married and had to remain with her husband. Government efforts to retrieve the girl led to accusations of the government being anti-Muslim and of encouraging apostasy, and so stirred up strong anti-Hindu sentiment across the majority Muslim NWFP.

5215: 832: 8473: 2546: 215: 5443: 5147: 8035: 8443: 1869: 200: 1708: 188: 166: 15289: 14660: 2897: 2071: 136: 8072: 122: 1731:, establishing the Mauryan Empire. A while after, Alexander's general Seleucus had attempted to once again invade the subcontinent from the Khyber pass hoping to take lands that Alexander had conquered, but never fully absorbed into this empire. Seleucus was defeated and the lands of Aria, Arachosia, Gandhara, and Gedrosia were ceded to the Mauryans in exchange for a matrimonial alliance and 500 elephants. With the defeat of the Greeks, the land was once more under Hindu rule. Chandragupta's son 15106: 1779: 10320:

including Hindko, Seraiki, and Khowar-speakers. A deadlock over the name continued, with an array of alternative names proposed as a compromise. While some reflected more neutral geographical areas (Khyber, Neelab and Abaseen) and historical references (Gandhara, the old Buddhist-era name of the region), other noteworthy runner-ups included Afghania, the clandestine 'A' in "Pakistan," coined by one of the earliest proponents of the Pakistani state, Chaudhry Rehmat Ali in 1933.

3004: 152: 2850: 8463: 7245: 7119: 6592: 17727: 15049: 8062: 7203: 6496: 833: 5315: 15154: 10898:, pp.130–143: "Gandhara was not cut off from the heartland of early Hinduism in the Gangetic Valley. The two regions shared cultural and political connections and trade relations and this facilitated the adoption and exchange of religious ideas. It is during the Kushan Era that flowering of religious imagery occurred. Gandhara often introduced its own idiosyncratic expression upon the Buddhist and Hindu imagery it had initially come in contact with." 9131: 2272: 17737: 76: 266: 9142: 8453: 6909: 6304: 1152:"North-West Frontier Province" is semantically non-descript and socially wrongful. It is non-descript because it merely indicates their geographical situation as a province of old "British India" . It is wrongful because it suppresses the social entity of these people. In fact, it suppresses that entity so completely that when composing the name "Pakistan" for our homelands, I had to call the North-West Frontier Province the Afghan Province. 8264: 7035: 6448: 2395: 8025: 7077: 6640: 1999: 5375: 92: 15059: 8538:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has a huge gap in literacy rate between sexes – for men it is 66.67% while the female literacy rate is 34.58%, just over half the male literacy rate. This gap is particularly prominent in the overwhelmingly-Pashto rural areas, where traditional gender norms have generally limited education of women. As of 2021, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) has the highest literacy growth rate in the whole country (

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a case of abduction and forced conversion. The ruling was based on the fact that the girl was a minor and was asked to make her decision of conversion and marriage after she reaches the age of majority, till then she was asked to live with a third party. After the girl's family filed a case, the court ruled in the family's favour, angering the local Muslims who had later gone on to lead attacks against the

13664:"Peshawar underground: It's difficult to be a rock star in the land the epitomises conservatism, yet something shocking is happening. There is a rock scene waiting to burst out of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Rahim Shah was just the beginning, Sajid and Zeeshan were proof that originality can spring out of unlikely places and there are others who are making their riffs and ragas heard... slowly, but surely" 7161: 6544: 5083: 106: 6993: 6400: 2726: 8430:. Khowar folk music is popular in Chitral and northern Swat. The tunes of Khowar music are very different from those of Pashto, and the main instrument is the Chitrali sitar. A form of band music composed of clarinets (Surnai) and drums is popular in Chitral. It is played at polo matches and dances. The same form of band music is played in the neighbouring 6951: 6352: 2468:. Shah Shujah was then himself proclaimed king in 1803, and recaptured Peshawar while Mahmud Shah was imprisoned at Bala Hissar fort until his eventual escape. In 1809, the British sent an emissary to the court of Shah Shujah in Peshawar, marking the first diplomatic meeting between the British and Afghans. Mahmud Shah allied himself with the 5034:. As in central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the seasonality of precipitation shows a very sharp gradient from west to east, but the whole region very rarely receives significant monsoon rainfall. Even at high elevations, annual rainfall is less than 400 millimetres (16 in) and in some places as little as 200 millimetres (8 in). 7549:. Restrictions on public musical performances were introduced, as well as a ban prohibiting music to be played in public places as part of the "Prohibition of Dancing and Music Bill, 2005" – which led to the creation of a thriving underground music scene in Peshawar. The Islamist government also attempted to enforce compulsory 9370: 4041:, although short, is generally powerful. As a result, the southern slopes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are the wettest part of Pakistan. Annual rainfall ranges from around 500 millimetres (20 in) in the most sheltered areas to as much as 1,750 millimetres (69 in) in parts of Abbottabad and Mansehra Districts. 8275:

provincial economy in Pakistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa's share of Pakistan's GDP has historically comprised 10.5%, although the province accounts for 11.9% of Pakistan's total population. The part of the economy that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa dominates is forestry, where its share has historically ranged from a

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Bacha Khan pledged allegiance to the new state of Pakistan in 1947, and thereafter abandoned his goals of an independent Pashtunistan and a united India in favour of supporting increased autonomy for the NWFP within Pakistan. He was subsequently arrested several times for his opposition to the strong

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There were other tensions in the area as well, particularly those that involved agitations by Pashtun tribesmen against the Imperial government. For example, in 1936, a British Indian court ruled against the marriage of a Hindu girl allegedly converted to Islam in Bannu, after the girl's family filed

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and other Pashtun tribes, who resisted any foreign occupation until Pakistan was created. By the late 19th century, the official boundaries of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region still had not been defined as the region was still claimed by the Kingdom of Afghanistan. It was only in 1893 The British demarcated

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Besides Pukhtoonkhwa, five other names are under consideration. The ANP has suggested Pukhtoonistan and Afghania. And, the PML(N) Gandhara, Khyber and Abbasin (Pushto for the river Indus). Senior ANP leader Zahid Khan was hopeful of a compromise on the issue and suggested that the leaderships of the

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Temperatures in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are extremely hot: Dera Ismail Khan in the southernmost district of the province is known as one of the hottest places in the world with temperatures known to have reached 50 °C (122 °F). In the cooler months, nights can be cold and frosts remain

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The seasonality of rainfall in central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa shows very marked gradients from east to west. At Dir, March remains the wettest month due to frequent frontal cloud bands, whereas in Hazara more than half the rainfall comes from the monsoon. This creates a unique situation characterized by

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Movement, a secessionist movement that failed to gain substantial support amongst the tribes of the North-West Frontier Province. Afghanistan's refusal to recognize the Durrand Line, and its subsequent support for the Pashtunistan Movement has been cited as the main cause of tensions between the two

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The stance of the central JUH was pro-Congress, and accordingly the JUS supported the Congressite Khudai Khidmatgars through to the elections of 1937. However the secular stance of Ghaffar Khan, leader of the Khudai Khidmatgars, disparaging the role of religion in government and social leadership,

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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has traditionally had a very low literacy rate, although this is changing in recent times. As of the 2017 census, the literacy rate for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (including FATA) is 51.66%. In rural areas, the literacy rate is 48.44% of the population while in urban areas it is 66.86%.

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on women, and wished to enforce gender segregation in the province's educational institutions. The coalition further tried to prohibit male doctors from performing ultrasounds on women, and tried to close the province's cinemas. In 2005, the coalition successfully passed the "Prohibition of Use of

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during the winter blocks passes and isolates the region. In the valleys, however, summers can be hotter than on the windward side of the mountains due to lower cloud cover: Chitral can reach 40 °C (104 °F) frequently during this period. However, the humidity is extremely low during these

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to suggest another "non-controversial" name. PML (N) members noted that Sarhad was a good name for the province but, if a change was needed, then it should be named Khyber or Abasin. The NWFP chief minister, Sardar Mehtab Ahmed Khan, called for a referendum on the issue as a way of determining the

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Some manufacturing and high-tech investments in Peshawar have helped improve job prospects for many locals, while trade in the province involves nearly every product. The bazaars in the province are renowned throughout Pakistan. Unemployment has been reduced due to the establishment of industrial

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was appointed an administrator of Peshawar in 1838, and is remembered for having unleashed a reign of fear there. The city's famous Mahabat Khan, built in 1630 in the Jeweller's Bazaar, was badly damaged and desecrated by the Sikhs, who also rebuilt the Bala Hissar fort during their occupation of

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By 1947 the majority of NWFP ulama supported the Muslim League idea of Pakistan. Because of the now long-standing relations between JUS ulama and the Muslim League, and the strong communalist tone in the NWFP, the move away from the pro-Congress and anti-Pakistan party line of the central JUH to

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to allow voters to choose between joining India or Pakistan. The polling began on 6 July 1947 and the referendum results were made public on 20 July 1947. According to the official results, there were 572,798 registered voters, out of which 289,244 (99.02%) votes were cast in favour of Pakistan,

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refused to comply with the demand of this resolution, as their departure from the region required regions under their control to choose either to join India or Pakistan, with no third option. By 1947 Pashtun nationalists were advocating for a united India, and no prominent voices advocated for a

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But the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), a mainstream conservative political party with its stronghold in Punjab province, staunchly opposed this label, (officially calling for a referendum last September), claiming the title marginalized other ethnic and linguistic groups in the province,

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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is divided into seven Divisions – Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Hazara, Kohat, Malakand, Mardan, and Peshawar. Each division is split up into anywhere between two and nine districts, and there are 36 districts in the entire province. Below you can find a list showing each district

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British campaigns to subdue tribesmen along the Durand Line, as well as three Anglo-Afghan wars, made travel between Afghanistan and the densely populated heartlands of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa increasingly difficult. The two regions were largely isolated from one another from the start of the Second

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to Ahmad Shah in order to save his capital from the Durrani attack. Ahmad Shah invaded the remnants of the Mughal Empire a third time, and then a fourth, consolidating control over the Kashmir and Punjab regions. In 1757, he captured Delhi and sacked Mathura, but permitted the Mughal dynasty to

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At Independence there was a Congress-led ministry in the North West Frontier...The Congress-supported government of the North West Frontier led by the secular Pashtun leaders, the Khan brothers, wanted to join India and not Pakistan. If joining India was not an option, then the secular Pashtun

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region of the province announced it might oppose the name change because of it "being on ethnic grounds" because of opposition by its provincial leadership, yet the party fails to explain the fact that the names of the other three provinces (Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan) represent the ethnic

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demanded the reallocation of resources from British India to the European war fronts, some tribesmen from Afghanistan crossed the Durand Line in 1917 to attack British posts in an attempt to gain territory and weaken the legitimacy of the border. The validity of the Durand Line, however, was

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The Hindu Śāhis were therefore neither Bhattis, or Janjuas, nor Brahmans. They were simply Uḍis/Oḍis. It can now be seen that the term Hindu Śāhi is a misnomer and, based as it is merely upon religious discrimination, should be discarded and forgotten. The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Śāhi

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centralized rule. He later claimed that "Pashtunistan was never a reality". The idea of Pashtunistan never helped Pashtuns and it only caused suffering for them. He further claimed that the "successive governments of Afghanistan only exploited the idea for their own political goals".

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Initially, a number of names were proposed for the province. These ranged from its ancient names, Gandhara and Afghania, to the controversial Pakhtunistan and Pashtunistan and the absurd Pathanistan, and from Abaseen denoting the River Indus passing through it to the meaningless

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of 1949 declared the Durand Line invalid. This led to border tensions with Pakistan. Afghanistan's governments have periodically refused to recognize Pakistan's inheritance of British treaties regarding the region. As had been agreed to by the Afghan governments following the

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The Shahi Afghanistan and Punjab, 1973, pp 1, 45–46, 48, 80, Dr D. B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan – Indo-Scythians; Country, Culture and Political life in early and medieval India, 2004, p 34, Daud

1348:, said, "This has actually opened a Pandora's box, because of Pakistan's very tenuous polity. Now, on one side, there are identity issues and ethnic issues and provincial autonomy issues. The other side is religious issues and terrorism. It's a very explosive situation." 2133:

Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles. Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity. Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more. Jayapala however, lost control of the entire region between the Kabul Valley and

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In 2010, the name of the province changed to "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa". Protests arose among the locals of the Hazara division due to this name change, as they began to demand their own province. Seven people were killed and 100 injured in protests on 11 April 2011.

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Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa could gain the Pashto-speaking areas of Balochistan but would lose the Hindko-speaking parts to the Hazara Province, the Siraiki-speaking areas to the Siraiki province and the Khowar and other smaller language areas to yet another

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is one of the hottest places in South Asia while in the mountains to the north the weather is mild in the summer and intensely cold in the winter. The air is generally very dry; consequently, the daily and annual range of temperature is quite large.

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now appeared as a political factor. At the close of the fourteenth century they were firmly established in their present-day demographics south of Kohat, and in 1451 Bahlol Lodi's accession to the throne of Delhi gave them a dominant position in

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has one of the largest Pashtun populations in the world—around 7 million by some estimates. In the 2008 election, the ANP won two Sindh assembly seats in Karachi. The Awami National Party has been instrumental in fighting the Taliban. In

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and ANP, in a constitutional amendment but wanted to name the province something other than which does not carry only the Pashtun identity in it as they argued that there were other minor communities living in the province especially the

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10914:, Harvard University Press: "The earliest figures of Shiva which show him in purely human form come from the area of ancient Gandhara" (p.84) and "Coins from Gandhara of the first century BC show Lakshmi four-armed, on a lotus." (p.176) 2784:

Their appeal for boycott had an effect, as according to an estimate, the total turnout for the referendum was 15% lower than the total turnout in the 1946 elections, although over half of all eligible voters backed merger with Pakistan.

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officially named the province "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" with 80 senators in favour and 12 opposed. The MMA, who until the elections of 2008 had a majority in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government, had proposed "Afghania" as a compromise name.

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The name Pakhtunkhwa was approved by the democratically elected constitutional assembly of the province in 1997 by majority vote. However, the PML (N) parliamentary party of NWFP rejected the ANP demand but called for Prime Minister

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were ethnically neutral, most proposals emphasised the province's Pashtun ethnic identity. The renaming issue was an emotional one which often crossed party lines and not all supporters of a renaming agreed on the name Pakhtunkhwa.

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Timur Shah transferred the Durrani capital from Qandahar during the period of 1775 and 1776. Kabul and Peshawar then shared time as the dual capital cities of Durrani, the former during the summer and the latter during the winter

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low of 34.9% to a high of 81%, giving an average of 61.56%. Currently, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa accounts for 10% of Pakistan's GDP, 20% of Pakistan's mining output and, since 1972, it has seen its economy grow in size by 3.6 times.

13018:"Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province" 2168:, who along with other succeeding generations of the Shahiya dynasty took part in various unsuccessful campaigns against the advancing Ghaznvids but were unsuccessful. The Hindu rulers eventually exiled themselves to the 6155:

while there is a significant amount of shia Muslims in areas such as Kurram, Kohat, Hangu, Orakzai, Dera Ismail khan, Mardan, and many other districts throughout central-southern kpk. Apart from Twelver Shias there are

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Significantly higher humidity when the monsoon is active means that heat discomfort can be greater. However, even during the most humid periods the high altitudes typically allow for some relief from the heat overnight.

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Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1954, pp 112 ff; The Shahis of Afghanistan and Punjab, 1973, p 46, Dr D. B. Pandey; The Úakas in India and Their Impact on Indian Life and Culture, 1976, p 80, Vishwa Mitra Mohan –

14022: 2822:, no option was available to cede the territory to the Afghans, even though Afghanistan continued to claim the entire region as it was part of the Durrani Empire prior the conquest of the region by the Sikhs in 1818. 2658:

further cemented British rule in the region. In 1901, the British carved out the northwest portions of Punjab Province to create the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), which was renamed "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" in 2010.

2837:. The province has been reported to struggle with the issues of crumbling schools, non-existent healthcare, and lack of any sound infrastructure while areas such as Islamabad and Rawalpindi receive priority funding. 5005:

remains very frequent at high altitudes but rarely lasts long on the ground in the major towns and agricultural valleys. Outside of winter, temperatures in central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are not so hot as in Chitral.

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and the Kabul valley. Their dates are still a matter of dispute, but it is beyond question that they reigned early in the Christian era. To this period may be ascribed the fine statues and bas-reliefs found in

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but he contended that the term Pashtunistan had become controversial and was being politicized by Afghanistan. Ghaffar Khan suggested Pakhtunkhwa, but Zia-ul-Haq asked Ghaffar Khan to suggest an alternative.

1892:(Scythians) who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century BCE. They displaced the Indo-Greeks and ruled a kingdom that stretched from Gandhara to 1859:

Local Greek rulers still exercised a feeble and precarious power along the borderland, but the last vestige of the Greco-Indian rulers were finished by a people known to the old Chinese as the Yeuh-Chi.

14134: 2694:, demanding that the Pashtuns be given a choice to have an independent state of Pashtunistan composing all Pashtun majority territories of British India, instead of being made to join the new state of 2923:

The northern zone is cold and snowy in winters with heavy rainfall and pleasant summers with the exception of the Peshawar basin, which is hot in summer and cold in winter. It has moderate rainfall.

1499:-speakers are dominant as compared to the Pashto-speakers elsewhere in the province), and others said the name should not be changed since the people were accustomed to North-West Frontier Province. 2593:. Several princely states within the boundaries of the region were allowed to maintain their autonomy under the terms of maintaining friendly ties with the British. As the British war effort during 2494:

After Ranjit Singh's departure from the region, Khattak's rule was undermined and power seized by Yar Muhammad Khan. In 1823, Ranjit Singh returned to capture Peshawar, and was met by the armies of

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ordered by alphabetical order. A full list showing different characteristics of each district, such as their population, area, and a map showing their location can be found at the main article.

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He said that PML-N had also suggested the name 'Gandhara but half of the Gandhara population was living in Punjab, therefore, would Punjab agree to include that part in the NWFP, he questioned.

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In 2011 the provincial government approved in principle the introduction of Pashto, Saraiki, Hindko, Khowar and Kohistani as compulsory subjects for schools in the areas where they are spoken.

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which also witnessed the resignation of President Musharraf in 2008. The ANP government eventually led the initiatives to repeal the major Islamist's social programs, with the backing of the

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Pashtun leadership was also of the view that if joining India was not an option then they should espouse the cause of an independent ethnic Pashtun state rather than Pakistan. In June 1947,

1000:", while according to some scholars, it refers to "Pashtun culture and society". The province has had various names throughout history. Other names used or proposed for the province include 1202:

In May 2008, to accommodate a demand by the people of NWFP who voted for the ANP, the PPP proposed that the name of the North-West Frontier Province be changed to Pakhtunkhwa, however the

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to the west. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has a varied landscape ranging from rugged mountain ranges, valleys, plains surrounded by hills, undulating submontane areas and dense agricultural farms.

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When the British established it as a province, they called it "North West Frontier Province" (abbreviated as NWFP) until 2010 due to its relative location being in the northwest of the

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Rainfall also varies widely. Although large parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are typically dry, the province also contains the wettest parts of Pakistan in its eastern fringe especially in

10047: 8851: 8476: 2295:. The Mughal Empire noted the importance of the region as a weak point in their empire's defences, and determined to hold Peshawar and Kabul at all cost against any threats from the 1663:

and other chiefs joined him. Alexander then dispatched part of his force through the valley of the Kabul River, while he himself advanced into Bajaur and Swat with his light troops.

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of the country, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the fourth largest province of Pakistan by land area and the third-largest province by population. It is bordered by the Pakistani provinces of

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It is during this period that the fusion of Hellenistic and South Asian mythological, artistic and religious elements becomes most apparent, especially in the region of Gandhara.

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and laid siege to Massaga, which he took by storm. Ora and Bazira (possibly Bazar) soon fell. The people of Bazira fled to the rock Aornos, but Alexander made Embolima (possibly

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legislature, which consists of 145 members elected to serve for a constitutionally bounded term of five years. Historically, the province perceived to be a stronghold of the

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As one moves further away from the foothills of the Himalaya and Karakoram ranges, the climate changes from the humid subtropical climate of the foothills to the typically

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of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa varies immensely for a region of its size, encompassing most of the many climate types found in Pakistan. The province stretching southwards from the

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while 2,874 (0.98%) were cast in favour of India. The Muslim League declared the results as valid since over half of all eligible voters backed the merger with Pakistan.

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in 1939 when conflict along the Afghan frontier largely dissipated. Concurrently, the British continued their large public works projects in the region, and extended the

14451: 13983: 12522: 5903:, who historically have been living in the areas for centuries. It has been estimated that nearly a third of the province's population is non-Pashtun, mainly made up of 2049:: Kanishka, Huvishka, and Vasushka or Vasudeva, of whom the first reigned over a territory which extended as far east as Benares, far south as Malwa, and also including 2797:

There had been tensions between Pakistan and Afghanistan ever since Afghanistan voted against Pakistan's inclusion in the United Nations in 1948. After the creation of

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Such controversies stirred up anti-Hindu sentiments amongst the province's Muslim population. By 1947 the majority of the ulama in the province began supporting the

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Mughal suzerainty over the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region was partially established after Babar, the founder of the Mughal Empire, invaded the region in 1505 CE via the

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Pashtuns, and amassed an army in 1809, and captured Peshawar from his half-brother, Shah Shujah, establishing Mahmud Shah's second reign, which lasted under 1818.

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Agriculture remains important and the main cash crops include wheat, maize, tobacco (in Swabi), rice, sugar beets, as well as fruits are grown in the province.

7946: 5214: 2506:, Ranjit Singh re-captured Peshawar. Rather than re-appointing Jehandad Khan of Khattak, Ranjit Singh selected Yar Muhammad Khan to once again rule the region. 1327:

fired at unarmed protesters, leaving 7 dead and dozens injured. Allegedly, the firing was ordered by the coalition government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, led by the

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Peshawar is the capital and largest city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The city is the most populous and comprises more than one-eighth of the province's population.

2568:, local Pashtun tribes throughout the region generally remained neutral or supportive of the British as they detested the Sikhs, in contrast to other parts of 954: 346: 14144: 10148: 11858: 9550: 9170: 5001:

loses its chilling capacity upon crossing the vast Karakoram and Himalaya ranges, winters in central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are somewhat milder than in Chitral.

11284:... Jaypala of Waihind saw danger in the consolidation of the kingdom of Ghazna and decided to destroy it. He therefore invaded Ghazna, but was defeated ... 9606: 1356:

Many alternative names were proposed for the province. Many of these alternatives were designed to avoid or balance the ethnic connotations of Pakhtunkhwa.

13663: 13369: 1300: 946: 934:). The region's history is characterized by frequent invasions by various empires, largely due to its geographical proximity to the historically important 336: 4064:). However, accurate data for altitudes above 2,000 metres (6,560 ft) are practically nonexistent here, in Chitral, or in the south of the province. 17831: 15670: 14648: 14322:"Pakistan: where and who are the world's illiterates?; Background paper for the Education for all global monitoring report 2006: literacy for life; 2005" 8903: 8897: 8891: 8879: 8845: 7954: 214: 13957: 12837: 6090:

in the far south of the province. Kohistani languages is an umbrella term encompassing several languages spoken in the north of the province, including

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remain in nominal control of the city as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad Shah's suzerainty over Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir. Leaving his second son

17801: 13794: 13402: 9165: 8885: 8014: 7999: 7982: 7939: 4078: 3106: 9253:(both administrative divisions later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018), as religious data was not collected in the latter region at the time. 7396:(both administrative divisions later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018), as religious data was not collected in the latter region at the time. 6815:(both administrative divisions later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018), as religious data was not collected in the latter region at the time. 16468: 12080:

Haroon, Sana (2008). "The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996".

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Haroon, Sana (2008). "The Rise of Deobandi Islam in the North-West Frontier Province and Its Implications in Colonial India and Pakistan 1914–1996".

10889:, p.120: "In addition to being a center of religion for Buddhists, as well as Hindus, Taxila was a thriving center for art, culture, and learning." 14656: 13768: 10645: 14202: 14078: 13935: 17084: 10332: 9506: 2981: 13636: 10615: 9815: 9492: 9341: 15088: 13613: 9305: 9180: 8863: 8823: 8472: 6180:, a faith once dominant in the mountainous upper northeast of the district. There are very small numbers of residents who are the adherents of 2183:

After the battle of Peshawar, Mahmud of Ghazni had secured controlled over southern regions of Pakhtunkhwa. He also (1024 and 1025) raided the

228: 12586: 2447:, who ruled over the region following the 1758 Battle of Peshawar for eleven months till early 1759 when the Durrani rule was re-established. 17218: 15226: 11635: 2767: 2379: 2045:

valley. His son Kadphises II conquered North-Western India, which he governed through his generals. His immediate successors were the fabled

14048: 10971:"The Buddha accompanied by Vajrapani, who has the characteristics of the Greek Heracles" Description of the same image on the cover page in 9925: 9465: 2965:

The major rivers that criss-cross the province are Kabul, Swat, Chitral, Kunar, Siran, Panjkora, Bara, Kurram, Dor, Haroo, Gomal, and Zhob.

16588: 14695: 13870: 13848: 13826: 2759: 2371:

actively participated in the revolt against the Mughals and became renowned for his poems that celebrated the rebellious Pashtun warriors.

1461:

which is influenced by the classical Hellenistic styles, Gandhara attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century CE under the

1103: 306: 14572: 12299: 2662:

During this period, North-West Frontier Province was a "scene of repeated outrages on Hindus." During the independence period there was a

2545: 16366: 14916: 14364: 13200: 11176: 8919: 8833: 7620: 16865: 12182: 10823: 1199:

The lack of support for a name change by the PML (N) was defended as opposition to the nationalistic politics being pursued by the ANP.

16597: 16513: 14967: 8963: 8867: 8418:

Pashto folk music is popular in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and has a rich tradition going back hundreds of years. The main instruments are the

2926:

The southern zone is arid with hot summers and relatively cold winters and scanty rainfall. The Sheikh Badin Hills, a spur of clay and

17145: 14328: 7619:; the province now serves as the stronghold of the PTI and is perceived as one of the more right wing areas of the country. After the 2626:

into the region, which connected the modern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region to the plains of India to the east. Other projects, such as the

2344:

tribes rose against Mughals during the Yusufzai Revolt of 1667, and engaged in pitched-battles with Mughal battalions in Peshawar and

17786: 16523: 15594: 15081: 14871: 14778: 14748: 13547: 9190: 8298:

The Sharmai Hydropower Project is a proposed power generation project located in the Upper Dir District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on the

7665: 7443: 7437: 966: 728: 442: 13581: 11572: 10991:

Also "Herakles found an independent life in India in the guise of Vajrapani, the bearded, club-wielding companion of the Buddha" in

2356:

in 1672 and shut the pass to lucrative trade routes. Following another massacre in the winter of 1673, Mughal armies led by Emperor

17826: 17781: 17694: 17669: 16417: 16311: 16171: 15219: 15062: 12746: 11761: 10746: 8286:

Workshops throughout the province support the manufacture of small arms and weapons. The province accounts for at least 78% of the

6070:, native to 81% of the population and spoken throughout the province. Other languages with significant numbers of speakers include 2360:

himself regained control of the entire area in 1674, and enticed tribal leaders with various awards in order to end the rebellion.

14304:

South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent. (Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 5). Routledge; Har/Com edition (November 1999).

10784: 9995: 8333:

In 2010 the announcement that the province would have a new name led to a wave of protests in the Hazara region. On 15 April 2010

4037:

are able to penetrate the region. When they collide with the mountain slopes, winter depressions provide heavy precipitation. The

1106:(abbreviated as NWFP) until 2010 due to its relative location being in the northwest of the nation. Unofficially, it was known as 16944: 16752: 16235: 15202: 15003: 14641: 14112: 11131: 11086: 9175: 7976: 1215:

identity of their majority populace, despite how they camouflage that fact with their version of the history of those provinces.

748: 199: 14392: 13146: 12636: 3083:

At elevations above 5,000 metres (16,400 ft), as much as a third of the snow which feeds the large Karakoram and Hindukush

2805:

to vote against Pakistan's accession to the UN because of Kabul's claim to the Pashtun territories on the Pakistani side of the

437: 17816: 17791: 16939: 16860: 16016: 14946: 12720: 11993: 2203:

Following the invasion by the Ghurids, five unrelated heterogeneous dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the

962: 14455: 12633:"Cold weather in upper areas & dry weather observed in almost all parts of the country | PaperPK News about Pakistan" 1191:

name. These offers were rejected by the ANP leadership and the ANP withdrew from both the federal and provincial governments.

17776: 17684: 17634: 16917: 16675: 16475: 16378: 16271: 14516: 14309: 13701: 13307: 12530: 12503: 12381: 12342: 11697: 11676:

Schofield, Victoria, "Afghan Frontier: Feuding and Fighting in Central Asia", London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks (2003), page 47

11485: 11338: 11277: 11170: 11004: 10984: 10856: 10817: 10573: 10489: 10470: 10449: 10419: 10389: 10357: 7504: 2781:, boycotted the referendum, citing that it did not have the options of the NWFP becoming independent or joining Afghanistan. 941:

Although it is colloquially known by a variety of other names, the name "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" was brought into effect for the

758: 14526: 14421: 13029: 12960: 12923: 12885: 12658: 12387: 12348: 11937: 11703: 11491: 10907: 8349:. The Awami National Party has its strongholds in the Pashtun areas of Pakistan, particularly in the Peshawar valley, while 3049:

Most precipitation falls as thunderstorms or snow during winter and spring, so that the climate at the lowest elevations is

16615: 16463: 14738: 13174: 11967: 9636: 8999: 8004: 7714: 7661: 1241:

based in the province demanded that the province name be changed to "Pakhtunkhwa". Their logic behind that demand was that

1043:

based in the province demanded that the province name be changed to "Pakhtunkhwa". Their logic behind that demand was that

413: 13459: 12838:"Table 1: Area, Population by Sex, Sex ratio, Population density, Urban Proportion, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate" 9777: 187: 17021: 16730: 16518: 16141: 15990: 13491: 11810: 11768: 9261: 9250: 9205: 8827: 8402: 7516: 7404: 7393: 6812: 3033:

that controls the weather in eastern Pakistan, owing to its relatively westerly location and the shielding effect of the

2572:

which rose up in revolt against the British. However, British control of parts of the region was routinely challenged by

958: 14245: 13343: 13224: 12552: 12212: 10678: 10255: 17140: 16573: 16301: 14634: 14555: 12825: 12033: 10132: 9902: 9680: 9436: 8272: 7786: 5047: 2454:, the Mughal practice of using Kabul as a summer capital and Peshawar as a winter capital was reintroduced, Peshawar's 426: 14481: 14275: 14166: 9840: 2352:

tribes resisted Aurangzeb rule during the Afridi Revolt of the 1670s. The Afridis massacred a Mughal battalion in the

17806: 17659: 17548: 16306: 14596: 13711: 13427: 12695: 12159: 12125: 12003: 11931: 11868: 11745: 11619: 11582: 11555: 11523: 11455: 11421: 11372: 10725: 8981: 7599:

swiftly shifted the province's leniency away from the left in 2012. In 2013, the provincial politics shifted towards

3061: 2611: 278: 13734: 13124: 12496:

Countering Global Terrorism and Insurgency: Calculating the Risk of State Failure in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq

12115: 11513: 11060:, p. 187 and Pl. V B., "the horseman is shown wearing a turban-like head-gear with a small globule on the top". 7642:

party, enjoys considerable public support over economical and public policy issues and has a substantial vote bank.

1128:

For most of the history of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), there were efforts to change its name. The name

17796: 17766: 17603: 16757: 16718: 16400: 16395: 16351: 16286: 16059: 15109: 14725: 14664: 11738:

History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century

9101:. Besides producing cricket players, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has the honour of being the birthplace of many world-class 8784: 7657: 7651: 7588: 5368: 2610:

in their resistance to British rule. The Wazirs and other tribes, taking advantage of instability on the frontier,

1344: 849: 478: 392: 56: 16071: 12472: 12438: 10030: 9542: 7541:

was introduced by the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal government the law was never fully enacted due to objections of the

3050: 17811: 17578: 17094: 17031: 16979: 16383: 16245: 16230: 16031: 15320: 15315: 15242: 15019: 14972: 14911: 14768: 14763: 10070: 9614: 9017: 8359: 8342: 8009: 7911: 7841: 7730: 7564: 7482: 3076:). Summers are extremely dry in the north of Chitral district and receive only a little rain in the south around 2561: 969:

subsequently approved the bill on 28 May 2018; it was signed into law on 31 May by erstwhile Pakistani president

738: 677: 13671: 13373: 10201: 2916:

Geographically the province could be divided into two zones: the northern zone extending from the ranges of the

1974:. These kings have traditionally been referred to as Indo-Parthians, as their coinage was often inspired by the 17821: 17639: 17528: 17071: 16922: 16902: 16892: 16855: 16762: 16276: 16166: 14733: 11652: 10477: 9720: 9581: 9530: 8397: 7560: 7542: 6146: 2623: 400: 13890: 13056:"The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory" 5930:, and other smaller groups. Despite having lived in the province for over two decades, they are registered as 17664: 17613: 17533: 17397: 17245: 17066: 16964: 16665: 16580: 16250: 15587: 14905: 14880: 14773: 14677: 12844: 9227:

KPK's contribution to national economy was 10.39%, or $ 152 billion (PPP) and $ 38 billion (nominal) in 2022.

9195: 9123: 8407: 8258: 7691:

assists the Chief Minister on executing its right to ensure the writ of the government and the constitution.

1565:

provided a route to other neighbouring empires and was used by merchants on trade excursions. From 1500 BCE,

1547: 950: 892: 718: 13802: 13395: 11445: 11411: 3046:

hot spells and, as a result, the summer climate is less torrid than in the rest of the Indian subcontinent.

1263:, the largest opposition party at the time was ready to change the province's name by supporting the ruling 1065:, the largest opposition party at the time was ready to change the province's name by supporting the ruling 17644: 17508: 17503: 17193: 17180: 17110: 17026: 16994: 16974: 16787: 16530: 16373: 16356: 16240: 16126: 15980: 15954: 15927: 15520: 14876: 12451:"Greater Afghanistan," an irredentist vision based on the extensive empire conquered by Ahmad Shah Durrani. 9522:

The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul, and Indus Valleys

9257: 9246: 9200: 9050: 8799: 8766: 8212: 7771: 7400: 7389: 6808: 5208: 2509:

The Sikh Empire annexed the lower parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region following advances from the armies of

2499: 942: 844: 285: 17089: 16146: 13509:"7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results Table-9 Population by sex, religion and rural/urban" 11474:(1996), "Imperial expansion under Aurangzeb 1658–1869. Testing the limits of the empire: the Northwest.", 7556:

Women in Photograph Bill, 2005," leading to the removal of all public advertisements that featured women.

2487:

based in Lahore did not immediately secure direct control of the Peshawar region, but rather paid nominal

1687:) his base, and attacked the rock from there, which was captured after a desperate resistance. Meanwhile, 17761: 17679: 17674: 17618: 17593: 17538: 17498: 17130: 16932: 16747: 16742: 16703: 16642: 16296: 16161: 16131: 16121: 16116: 15985: 15169: 15052: 14705: 14192: 13760: 9185: 8914: 8363: 8034: 6181: 5931: 2920:

to the borders of the Peshawar basin and the southern zone extending from Peshawar to the Derajat basin.

2901: 873: 326: 14568:

The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography

14354:"2017 census Final Results – TABLE- 13 POPULATION (10 YEARS AND ABOVE) BY LITERACY, SEX AND RURAL/URBAN" 14199: 13961: 12609: 11362: 17553: 17392: 17274: 16713: 16680: 16535: 16506: 16410: 16281: 16255: 16151: 16026: 15912: 15887: 15073: 14195: 14086: 13931: 10273: 10124: 9894: 9429:

South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

8993: 8778: 8456: 7688: 7673: 7635: 7546: 7531: 5308: 5249: 5146: 2947: 2631: 2553: 1975: 1939: 1369: 1260: 1203: 1062: 768: 192: 13088:"Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II" 5038:

frequent; snow is very rare, and daytime temperatures remain comfortably warm with abundant sunshine.

17649: 17598: 17568: 17337: 17135: 17059: 16870: 16625: 16620: 16136: 16054: 16036: 15932: 15650: 15561: 15305: 15297: 15278: 13640: 11923: 11147:

Rehman (2002: 41) makes a good case for calling the Hindu Śāhis by a more accurate name, "Uḍi Śāhis".

10458: 10303: 9484: 9330: 9041: 8754: 8145: 7866: 7781: 6087: 5650: 5487: 5256: 5140: 5125: 4057: 4045: 2935: 2158: 2150: 1616: 1580:, which was primarily based in the area of modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa features prominently in the 1558: 1324: 13609: 13236: 12986:"Census of India 1911. Vol. 13, North-west Frontier Province : part I, Report; part II, Tables" 12949:"Census of India 1921. Vol. 14, North-west Frontier Province : part I, Report; part II, Tables" 12099:

interest and participation in the creation of Pakistan by the NWFP Deobandis was not a dramatic one.

11306:. Shrewsbury : Printed for the editor by J. and W. Eddowes. 1794 – via Internet Archive. 9294: 2968:

Its snow-capped peaks and lush green valleys of unusual beauty have enormous potential for tourism.

2161:, he died because of regretting as his subjects brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty. 2101:

The first king Kallar had moved the capital into Udabandhapura from Kabul, in the modern village of

17699: 17588: 17385: 17324: 17309: 17294: 17252: 17004: 16725: 16698: 16335: 16046: 15871: 15722: 15675: 15580: 15396: 14846: 13878: 13856: 13834: 12582: 9666: 9090: 8951: 8795: 8545:

This is a chart of the education market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa estimated by the government in 1998.

8367: 8319: 7512: 7492:

in the province elected one of Pakistan's only religiously based provincial governments led by the

6005: 2518: 2338:

over 2000 miles to the east. Later, local rulers once again pledged loyalty to the Mughal emperor.

2153:

once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day

1699:) had submitted, and Nicanor, a Macedonian, was appointed satrap of the country west of the Indus. 1304: 1039:. After the creation of Pakistan, Pakistan continued with this name but a Pashtun political party, 896: 573: 501: 2946:. The highest peak in the range is the limestone Sheikh Badin Mountain, which is protected by the 17493: 17342: 17257: 16969: 16887: 16875: 16735: 16637: 15922: 15892: 15368: 15363: 10227:"Abbottabad firing incident: Tehreek Suba Hazara to request Khattak to order registration of FIR" 9933: 9457: 9295:"Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province)" 8427: 8323: 7926: 7836: 7596: 7496: 6059:

and Urdu are the second and third languages among communities that speak other ethnic languages.

4994:

a bimodal rainfall regime, which extends into the southern part of the province described below.

2833:

After the Afghan-Soviet War, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has become one of the areas of top focus for the

2815: 2748: 2711: 2663: 2590: 2117:. Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of 2098:(modern Swat) in Gandhara, although they are also variously stated to be Brāhmāns or Kshātriyas. 1877: 1443:. Gandhara was also a central location for the spread of Buddhism to Central Asia and East Asia. 1174: 1133: 826: 450: 11689:

Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation on a Colonial Frontier

9962: 9875: 7534:(PML(N)), whose chairmen and presidents having been barred from participation in the elections. 1222:

was mentioned for the first time in the United Nation's General Assembly by Pakistani President

17375: 17269: 17240: 17011: 16880: 16553: 16501: 16491: 16440: 16156: 15995: 15902: 15856: 15783: 15687: 15479: 15449: 14998: 14566: 11899: 10488:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFEggermont,_Alexander's_Campaigns_in_Sind_and_Baluchistan1975 (

9059: 9032: 9011: 9005: 8957: 8446: 8442: 8346: 7916: 7826: 7669: 7592: 7576: 7572: 7524: 7467: 6184: 6151:

The overwhelming majority of the residents of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa follows and professes the

5430:

The current province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had a population of 40.9 million at the time of the

5397: 5337: 5220: 5152: 5109: 3026: 3022: 2819: 2770: 2603: 2204: 1966:) as their residence, but during their last few years of existence the capital shifted between 1893: 1833:

area of Gandhara, mentioned on a 1st-century CE signet ring, bearing the Kharoṣṭhī inscription

1636: 1264: 1066: 565: 382: 17654: 14183:

Abbas, Hassan. "Peace in FATA: ANP Can Be Counted On." Statesman (Pakistan) (4 February 2007).

12306: 11160: 10846: 10563: 10439: 1868: 1380:

civilization centered in the present-day province. The core of the region of Gandhara was the

17488: 17478: 17347: 17225: 17213: 16927: 16779: 16767: 16670: 16660: 16632: 16607: 16458: 16405: 16098: 15866: 15836: 15768: 15712: 15635: 15273: 15127: 14715: 13196: 13151: 12912:"Census of India, 1931, vol. XV. North-west frontier province. Part I-Report. Part II-Tables" 12190: 11913: 11667:, Vol. VII The Old Regime 1713–63, ed. J.O. Lindsay, (Cambridge University Press, 1988), 564. 11020: 10994: 10807: 10588: 10409: 10379: 9520: 9145: 8804: 8789: 8760: 8466: 8071: 7821: 7677: 7471: 7463: 6063: 5447: 5431: 5027: 3087:

comes from the monsoon since these elevations are too high to be shielded from its moisture.

3053: 2943: 2573: 2557: 2455: 2398: 2244: 1947: 1388:, though the cultural influence of "Greater Gandhara" extended across the Indus river to the 1120:), derived from the province's Urdu name given to it by the Mughals, which means "frontier". 1036: 861: 707: 595: 17689: 13867: 13845: 13823: 13262:"My Language, My Identity: The Census Form Will Include Torwali, Gawri And Gujari Languages" 10974: 10483: 5442: 2374:

On 18 November 1738, Peshawar was captured from the Mughal governor Nawab Nasir Khan by the

17771: 17558: 17431: 17426: 17407: 17299: 17264: 17230: 16989: 16956: 16652: 16318: 16291: 15975: 15970: 15861: 15444: 15358: 14743: 14321: 10016: 9077:

is the main sport played in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It has produced world-class sportsmen like

8945: 8772: 8314:

sought to rename the province "Pakhtunkhwa", which translates to "Land of Pakhtuns" in the

8311: 7811: 7776: 7584: 7568: 7523:

in the Musharraff administration that barred the mainstream political parties, the leftist

7451: 6208: 6192: 5401: 5333: 5238: 5201: 5185: 5076: 2599: 2368: 2280: 1450: 1328: 1238: 1145: 1141: 1040: 10600: 8318:. This was opposed by some non-Pashtuns in the province and political parties such as the 7537:

Policy enforcement of a range of social restrictions, though the implementation of strict

2606:– a war in which Waziri tribesmen allied themselves with the forces of Afghanistan's King 2491:

to Jehandad Khan of Khattak, who was nominated by Ranjit Singh to be ruler of the region.

8: 17720: 17543: 17483: 17436: 17208: 17203: 17168: 17115: 17054: 17038: 16984: 16912: 16897: 16837: 16708: 16496: 16361: 16222: 16197: 16021: 15617: 15338: 14931: 14690: 13508: 12787: 10469:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFNeelis,_Early_Buddhist_Transmission_and_Trade_Networks2010 (

10044:"Pakistan renames North West Frontier Province to end 'colonial anachronism' - Telegraph" 9739: 9134: 8969: 8163: 7741: 7706: 7700: 7627: 7612: 6079: 5915: 5349: 5234: 5088: 4056:

in the east); whilst at higher elevations with a southerly aspect, it becomes classed as

2715: 2655: 2635: 2465: 2461: 2444: 1724: 1652: 1416: 1235: 1170: 455: 111: 16388: 12750: 12724: 11772: 10754: 8326:(MMA), due to the PML-N deriving its support in the province from primarily non-Pashtun 17608: 17452: 17402: 17380: 17332: 17288: 17016: 16999: 16814: 16809: 16565: 15949: 15697: 15474: 15454: 15348: 14659: 13091: 13059: 13021: 12989: 12952: 12915: 12877: 12430: 12089: 12058: 10776: 10528: 10520: 10378:

Kulke, Professor of Asian History Hermann; Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004).

10106: 8419: 8334: 7921: 7831: 7761: 7493: 6115: 5242: 5197: 4030: 4026: 2755: 2687: 2514: 2503: 2451: 2437: 2410: 2240: 1707: 1428: 1424: 919: 405: 11116: 11071: 10545: 10464: 9956: 9869: 9264:, both administrative divisions which later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018. 7407:, both administrative divisions which later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018. 1809:

His empire survived him in a fragmented manner until the last independent Greek king,

17736: 17730: 17520: 17473: 17421: 17359: 17314: 17235: 17198: 16328: 16323: 15942: 15937: 15917: 15763: 15665: 15530: 15525: 15512: 15459: 15426: 15373: 15034: 15029: 14993: 14592: 14551: 14512: 14305: 14219: 13707: 13303: 13291: 13225:

https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/kp/dcr/table_11.pdf

13156: 12798: 12691: 12499: 12422: 12377: 12338: 12155: 12121: 12029: 11999: 11995:

The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination

11927: 11864: 11741: 11693: 11648: 11615: 11578: 11551: 11519: 11481: 11451: 11417: 11368: 11334: 11301: 11273: 11166: 11000: 10980: 10852: 10813: 10721: 10569: 10532: 10445: 10415: 10385: 10353: 10326: 10128: 9980: 9898: 9785: 9716: 9676: 9526: 9500: 9432: 9160: 8217: 8181: 8061: 8052: 7906: 7881: 7871: 7851: 7846: 7240: 6142: 6099: 5554: 5530: 5472: 5462: 5380: 5341: 5320: 5117: 3069: 2778: 2719: 2586: 2094:. The Hindu Shahis are believed to belong to the Uḍi/Oḍi tribe, namely the people of 1446: 1377: 1336: 891:

While it is the third-largest Pakistani province in terms of both its population and

857: 672: 607: 418: 157: 141: 12826:

https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/kp/pcr/table_1.pdf

12254:"Everything in Afghanistan is done in the name of religion: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan" 2853:

Northern parts of the province feature forests and dramatic mountain scenery, as in

2322:, a direct Mughal rule was briefly challenged with the rise of the Pashtun Emperor, 17304: 17125: 16802: 16202: 15907: 15556: 15540: 15464: 15416: 15378: 15353: 15190: 15137: 14921: 14836: 14800: 14139: 12799:"Birds of Dera Ismail Khan District of the Northwest Frontier Province in Pakistan" 12300:"Pakistan-Afghanistan relations in the post-9/11 era, October 2006, Frédéric Grare" 11471: 10512: 10152: 9845: 8987: 8975: 8933: 8817: 8387: 8140: 7886: 7876: 7861: 7791: 7520: 7500: 7489: 7486: 7474:. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was thought to be another leftist region of the country after 6123: 6111: 6075: 6039: 6025: 5995: 5667: 5417: 5289: 5189: 5129: 5113: 5031: 4070: 2989: 2691: 2526: 2522: 2510: 2375: 2327: 2312: 2188: 2141:

In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the

2126: 2038: 1959: 1821:

invasion of Bactria and relocated to Gandhara, pushing the Indo-Greeks east of the

1640: 1454: 1332: 1292: 1223: 1140:

kistan". The need for a change was explained by the man who named Pakistan in his "

869: 865: 642: 165: 15288: 15211: 11612:

The Pashtun Question: The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan

2896: 2070: 1782:

Greco-Buddhist representation of the Buddha, seated to the left of a depiction of

1315:

The name change of the province was met with strong opposition from the people of

17740: 17583: 17076: 16690: 15793: 15682: 15535: 15497: 15489: 15434: 15411: 15330: 14926: 14896: 14886: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14206: 13874: 13852: 13830: 13095: 13087: 13063: 13055: 13025: 13017: 12993: 12985: 12956: 12948: 12919: 12911: 12881: 12873: 12371: 12332: 12149: 11917: 11893: 11687: 11644: 11475: 11267: 10911: 10902: 10893: 10884: 10347: 10259: 10094: 9670: 9074: 8857: 8378:

The following is a list of some of the major NGOs working in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa:

8315: 8091: 7856: 7816: 7801: 7751: 7631: 7616: 7591:

with the sounded allegations of corruption as well as popular opposition against

6119: 6095: 6091: 6083: 5602: 5578: 5467: 5457: 5413: 5409: 5393: 5357: 5345: 5297: 5269: 5177: 2905: 2862: 2533: 2517:

to re-occupy Peshawar failed when his army declined to engage in combat with the

2276: 2260: 2212: 2014: 1979: 1909: 1656: 1393: 1381: 970: 807: 799: 638: 634: 378: 316: 13290:(2016). "Language endangerment and documentation. Pakistan and Afghanistan". In 13170: 8024: 2315:, though the region was never considered to be fully subjugated to the Mughals. 1253:

have their provinces named after their ethnicities but that is not the case for

1055:

have their provinces named after their ethnicities but that is not the case for

17458: 17279: 15841: 15808: 15798: 15788: 15778: 15707: 15502: 15439: 15406: 15401: 15388: 15343: 15268: 15260: 15024: 14891: 14831: 14806: 14796: 14710: 10895:

Gandhara, The Buddhist Heritage of Pakistan: Legends, Monasteries, and Paradise

9102: 8431: 8299: 8199: 8127: 7891: 7806: 7796: 7766: 7756: 7746: 7684: 7156: 6539: 6107: 6103: 5674: 5626: 5482: 5477: 5361: 5301: 5193: 5181: 5133: 5121: 5101: 3041:

than South Asia. The winters are generally cold even in the valleys, and heavy

2882: 2870: 2802: 2733: 2565: 2458:

served as the residence of Durrani kings during their winter stay in Peshawar.

2424: 2414: 2402: 2323: 2232: 2216: 2208: 2102: 2006: 1885: 1471: 1436: 1432: 1420: 1254: 1242: 1056: 1044: 908: 667: 12914:. Peshawar, Printed by the manager, Government stationery and printing, 1933. 11515:

Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material, Volume 3

10516: 2363:

Referred to as the "Father of Pashto Literature" and hailing from the city of

2311:

but returned to defeat the Lodis in July 1526, when he captured Peshawar from

17755: 16907: 16797: 16792: 15831: 15717: 15692: 15655: 15469: 15310: 14941: 14901: 14856: 14851: 14841: 14253: 13703:

Pakistan's Stability Paradox: Domestic, Regional and International Dimensions

13347: 12426: 12219: 11263: 9789: 9106: 9086: 9078: 8345:, the Awami National Party formed a coalition provincial government with the 8327: 8235: 8109: 7901: 7896: 7683:

The provincial cabinet is then appointed by the Chief Minister who takes the

7447: 6165: 6157: 6052: 5405: 5353: 5230: 4998: 2886: 2854: 2834: 2741: 2627: 2594: 2569: 2428: 2364: 2192: 1873: 1842: 1660: 1608: 1566: 1512: 1492: 1484: 1462: 1440: 1412: 1316: 1273: 1250: 1246: 1211: 1111: 1075: 1052: 1048: 895:, it is geographically the smallest. The province is home to 17.9 percent of 812: 588: 243: 230: 171: 13574:"Political spectrum of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) – Part I: ANP, PPP & MMA" 10616:"Divided they stand: K-P Assembly passes two resolutions on Hazara province" 9816:"Divided they stand: K-P Assembly passes two resolutions on Hazara province" 2950:. Near the Indus River, the terminus of the Sheikh Badin Hills is a spur of 2549:

A colonial era lithograph of the Khyber Pass, made in 1848 by James Rattray.

2440:

to safeguard his interests, Ahmad Shah left India to return to Afghanistan.

1778: 135: 17120: 16212: 16000: 15803: 15738: 15660: 15185: 15105: 14977: 14866: 14861: 14200:

Pakistan: Karachi's Invisible Enemy City potent refuge for Taliban fighters

14170: 13919: 13295: 13287: 12659:"North-West Frontier Province – Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 19, p. 147" 11877: 10349:

The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate

9698:

The evolution and growth of communism in Afghanistan, 1917–79: an appraisal

9110: 8230: 7639: 7528: 7459: 7030: 6443: 6188: 5918:

also remain in the province, the majority of whom are Pashtuns followed by

5908: 5571: 5173: 5019: 4033:, rainfall is much heavier than further north because moist winds from the 4022: 3038: 3034: 2890: 2826: 2679: 2619: 2564:. While Peshawar was the site of a small revolt against British during the 2480: 2220: 2106: 2091: 2075: 2030: 1935: 1913: 1822: 1752: 1728: 1570: 1458: 1187: 997: 927: 877: 127: 97: 11447:

The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period

11019:

The Grandeur of Gandhara, Rafi-us Samad, Algora Publishing, 2011, p.64-67

7511:

contributed towards the electoral victory of the Islamic coalition led by

3003: 2988:

covers almost six degrees of latitude; it is mainly a mountainous region.

1986:

proper, and there is no evidence that all the kings who assumed the title

17188: 16187: 16041: 15897: 15851: 15758: 15753: 15748: 14951: 14826: 14700: 14109:"Protest in Hazara continues over renaming of NWFP to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" 14049:"KP govt to face Rs 48.5 bn annual loss due to flawed energy policy" 13116: 10674: 9984: 9094: 9082: 8844:

Gandhara Institute of Science & Technology, PGS Engineering College (

7604: 7508: 7455: 6152: 5938: 5937:

The Pashtuns of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa observe tribal code of conduct called

5293: 5273: 5105: 4034: 3011: 2931: 2878: 2806: 2699: 2639: 2582: 2484: 2464:

became king, and quickly sought to seize Peshawar from his half-brother,

2432: 2353: 2292: 2256: 2135: 2087: 1951: 1688: 1632: 1604: 1534: 1385: 1285: 1099: 1087: 985: 935: 885: 881: 151: 121: 15103: 13877:

in Chapter 3: The Provincial Governments, in Part IV: Provinces, of the

13833:

in Chapter 3: The Provincial Governments, in Part IV: Provinces, of the

12093: 12062: 11261: 10256:"Tensions over renamed Pakistan province overshadow government reforms." 8462: 2849: 2059: 17563: 17284: 16207: 16192: 16066: 15773: 14758: 12464: 12434: 12410: 9023: 8924: 8263: 8158: 7721:, interpreting the laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional. 7710: 7608: 7399:

Note2: 1951, 1998, and 2017 populations for religious data combine the

7244: 6850: 6235: 6173: 5595: 5314: 5277: 3098: 2985: 2917: 2909: 2874: 2866: 2810: 2774: 2729: 2683: 2577: 2419: 2383: 2335: 2331: 2165: 2146: 2142: 2122: 2046: 1908:

territories. The power of the Saka rulers declined after the defeat to

1905: 1803: 1795: 1692: 1562: 1320: 1319:

and protests erupted in the region with wheel and shutter jam strikes.

1269: 1136:

in 1933 and was at least partly chosen to represent the first "a" in "P

1071: 912: 904: 561: 81: 14527:"Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 19– Imperial Gazetteer of India" 10524: 9130: 7202: 6495: 3037:

massif. In many ways, they have more in common regarding climate with

2483:

invaded Peshawar in 1818 and captured it from the Durrani Empire. The

2271: 11303:

Ferishta's History of Dekkan from the first Mahummedan conquests(etc)

10644:

Khan, Riaz; Toosi, Nahal; Writers, Associated Press (31 March 2010).

9141: 8750:

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province has 9 government medical colleges:

8452: 7718: 7580: 6118:. Other combined 3.35% of the languages, overwhelmingly constituting 2959: 2951: 2927: 2877:. This situation has led to seismic activity in the past. The famous 2614:– even after Afghanistan had signed a peace treaty with the British. 2607: 2598:

re-affirmed in 1919 by the Afghan government with the signing of the

2495: 2357: 2300: 1932: 1826: 1814: 1810: 1783: 1735:

further expanded the empire. However, it was Chandragupta's grandson

1732: 1684: 1680: 1612: 1401: 931: 899:. The province is multiethnic, with the main ethnic groups being the 556: 15572: 10892:

Srinivasan, Doris Meth (2008). "Hindu Deities in Gandharan art," in

9573: 9273:

1951, 1998, 2017, 2023: Including Hindu (Jati) and Scheduled Castes.

7567:, and the religious coalition was swept out of power by the leftist 7420: 6908: 6303: 2417:, following a grand nine-day long assembly of leaders, known as the 1813:, disappeared around 10 CE. Around 125 BCE, the Greco-Bactrian king 17413: 15743: 15702: 15645: 15603: 15252: 15153: 15113: 14685: 13898: 13540:"Areas of political influence in Pakistan: right-wing vs left-wing" 13396:"CENSUS OF PAKISTAN, 1951 POPULATION ACCORDING TO RELIGION TABLE 6" 12023: 10848:

A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation

10441:

A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation

10174: 9711:

Barnes, Robert Harrison; Gray, Andrew; Kingsbury, Benedict (1995).

9098: 9063: 9054: 9045: 9036: 9027: 8928: 8539: 8176: 8047: 8029: 7623:, PTI increased their seat share and formed a majority government. 7600: 7470:(PPP) also enjoyed considerable support in the province due to its 7118: 7114: 6946: 6591: 6587: 6347: 5900: 5547: 2798: 2695: 2667: 2643: 2341: 2284: 2248: 2239:

tribes from the Kabul and Jalalabad valleys began migrating to the

2236: 2227: 2184: 2154: 2114: 2105:

for its new capital. At its zenith, the kingdom stretched over the

2095: 2055: 2010: 2002: 1971: 1963: 1929: 1799: 1787: 1767: 1756: 1744: 1740: 1696: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1577: 1466: 1373: 1323:

became the nerve center of the movement. On the 10th of April, the

989: 923: 900: 853: 583: 363: 271: 13300:

The languages and linguistics of South Asia: a comprehensive guide

11892:

Ali Shah, Sayyid Vaqar (1993). Marwat, Fazal-ur-Rahim Khan (ed.).

8852:

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

8477:

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

7034: 6447: 2529:

of 1837, in which prominent sikh commander Hari Singh was killed.

2394: 1950:

was ruled by the Gondopharid dynasty, named after its first ruler

75: 17573: 15640: 11966:. Center for International Policy. pp. 13–14. Archived from 8910:

Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar

8350: 8104: 8066: 7538: 7198: 7072: 6988: 6635: 6491: 6395: 6196: 6177: 6169: 6161: 6127: 5923: 5374: 5285: 5165: 4038: 3084: 3030: 3007: 2997: 2977: 2675: 2488: 2319: 2252: 2172: 2169: 2050: 2034: 1998: 1983: 1763: 1716: 1581: 1408: 13958:"Pakistan May Need Extra Bailouts as War Hits Economy (Update2)" 13932:"Pakistan's Taliban Fight Threatens Key Economic Zone - WSJ.com" 13302:. World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 639. 13173:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 30 April 2008. 11670: 10996:

The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks

10976:

The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks

9256:

1951, 1998, and 2017 populations for religious data combine the

7515:(JeI) whose social policies made the province a ground-swell of 7431: 7076: 6639: 2706:

The secular stance of Bacha Khan had driven a wedge between the

2037:. One group, known as the Kushan, took the lead, and its chief, 1954:. For most of their history, the leading Gondopharid kings held 973:, which officially completed the administrative merger process. 17465: 14393:"KPK Achieves Highest Literacy Growth Rate Among All Provinces" 14167:"MMA govt proposes new name for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (then NWFP)" 13323: 13321: 13319: 12151:

The Dust of Empire: The Race For Mastery In The Asian Heartland

9574:"KP Assembly approves landmark bill merging Fata with province" 8840:

City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar

8423: 8287: 8086: 8039: 6071: 6067: 6056: 6035: 5985: 5975: 5927: 5919: 5904: 5619: 2725: 2651: 2349: 2345: 2296: 2130: 2118: 2110: 2079: 2022: 1955: 1924: 1830: 1818: 1748: 1736: 1596: 1496: 1389: 1284:

was introduced with the name because it is the name of a major

1277: 1207: 1086:

was introduced with the name because it is the name of a major

1079: 630: 620: 91: 46: 14422:"KP Achieves Highest Literacy Rate Growth Among All Provinces" 13639:. Middle East Research and Information Project. Archived from 12874:"Census of India, 1941. Vol. 10, North-West Frontier Province" 9802:

two parties may settle for a hyphenated name that pleases all.

1623:. Gandhara was frequently mentioned in Vedic epics, including 15142: 14753: 13984:"Pakistan Balochistan Economic Report From Periphery to Core" 13567: 13565: 10484:

Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan 1975

9427:

Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah; Ann Mills, Margaret (2003).

8860:

Peshawar (Formerly Iqra University, Karachi (Peshawar Campus)

8393:

Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre

8354: 8194: 8122: 8076: 7551: 7475: 6904: 6299: 5691: 5643: 5281: 5169: 5082: 5023: 3077: 2707: 2671: 2647: 2560:

in 1849, and incorporated small parts of the region into the

2308: 2042: 2026: 1967: 1897: 1889: 1712: 1522: 1457:, acted as lingua franca of the region. Famed for its unique 1397: 1098:

For over a hundred years after its founding as a province of

13316: 7672:

in Islamabad, is appointed from the necessary advice of the

7160: 6543: 2443:

Their rule was interrupted by a brief invasion of the Hindu

2401:

in Peshawar. The fort was used as a royal residence for the

2074:

Horseman on a coin of Spalapati, i.e. the "War-lord" of the

17352: 15846: 13855:

in Chapter 1: The Governors, in Part IV: Provinces, of the

12553:"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (province, Pakistan) :: Geography" 10546:"Rigveda 1.126:7, English translation by Ralph TH Griffith" 10465:

Neelis, Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks 2010

10121:

Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan

9891:

Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan

7687:

from the Governor. In matters of civil administration, the

7388:

Note1: Pre-partition populations for religious data is for

6048: 6015: 5002: 3042: 3029:, due to their location, are completely sheltered from the 2930:

hills that stretch east from the Sulaiman Mountains to the

2830:

countries that have existed since Pakistan's independence.

2090:

ruled Gandhara until 870, when they were overthrown by the

1901: 1850: 611: 105: 35: 14387: 14385: 13562: 11310: 11230:, p. 2. Peshawar Museum Publications New Series, Peshawar. 6807:

Note: Pre-partition populations for religious data is for

1751:, the modern Hazara, as evidenced by rock-inscriptions at 922:, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the site of the ancient region of 13761:"Musicians in Pakistan's northwest long for better times" 12871: 11574:

A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14

9105:

players, including greats like Hashim Khan, Qamar Zaman,

7724: 7713:

of law whose judges are appointed by the approval of the

7668:

while the Governor, a ceremonial figure representing the

6992: 6399: 5385: 5325: 5261: 5157: 5093: 1978:

dynasty, but they probably belonged to a wider groups of

1291:

In early 2010, the process of renaming proceeded and the

14587: 14478:"Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan" 14452:"Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan" 12583:"It's wintertime in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | Newspaper" 10703: 10561: 10095:

PML-N may oppose NWFP renaming as Pakhtunkhwa - The News

9665: 8820:

of Information Technology and Emerging Science, Peshawar

6051:, being the national and official language, serves as a 4044:

This region's climate is classed at lower elevations as

2666:-led ministry in the province, which was led by secular 14621: 14614: 14382: 14016:"World Bank Pakistan Growth and Export Competitiveness" 13460:"TABLE 9 - POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN" 12778:; published 1972 by Climatic Data Press; 522 pp. 31 cm. 12523:"Anti-Pakhtunkhwa protest claims 7 lives in Abbottabad" 12243:

Abdul Ghaffar Khan(1958) Pashtun Aw Yoo Unit. Peshawar.

9841:"Renaming of NWFP: PML-N suggests 'Hazara Pakhtunkhwa'" 8874:

National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences

2033:, and were themselves forced southwards by the nomadic 1798:(reigned 155–130 BCE) drove the Greco-Bactrians out of 14220:"Pakistan's 'Gandhi' party takes on Taliban, Al Qaeda" 13580:. Islamabad: Rug Pandits, Yasir Sheikh. Archived from 13533: 13531: 13529: 12019: 12017: 12015: 11117:"The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North" 9637:"President signs amendment bill, merging FATA with KP" 8366:

and has now formed their government in coalition with

7519:. The electoral victory of MMA was also in context of 13795:"Rightwing Tsunami: PTI's rise in Pakistani politics" 13788: 13786: 13117:"Races and Tribes – Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa" 9426: 9171:

List of cultural heritage sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

6950: 6351: 6199:, mainly living in Peshawar and other urban centres. 2670:

leaders, including Bacha Khan, who preferred joining

1603:, the sixth most beautiful place on earth created by 14589:

Roadmap to the Regents: Global History and Geography

13700:

Clarke, Michael E.; Misra, Ashutosh (1 March 2013).

13661: 13546:. Karachi, Sindh: Rug Pandits, Yasir. Archived from 11860:

Explaining Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Escaping India

11843:

Why I killed the Mahatma: Uncovering Godse's defence

11072:"New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis" 10377: 10031:"ANP asks opponents not to raise Pakhtunkhwa issue." 9920: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9245:

Pre-partition populations for religious data is for

8904: