13045:
11291:
13035:
11284:
10662:
8047:
7999:
13586:
11652:
10630:
10748:
11084:
19649:
11410:
8850:
10724:
6083:
5931:
5898:
11659:
11066:
10854:
10640:
8318:
8308:
4356:
20174:
20154:
20125:
20083:
20047:
20018:
19989:
19953:
19911:
19875:
19846:
19817:
19781:
19759:
19723:
19694:
19665:
10714:
64:
10778:
sound quality, making the IPA well suited for use in all disciplines in which the representation of speech sounds is required". The second paragraph also said, " is a shorthand way of designating the intersection of the categories voiceless, bilabial, and plosive; is the intersection of the categories voiced, bilabial, and nasal; and so on", refining the previous, less clearly defined principle #2 with the application of the
10199:
20206:
19218:
18377:
10148:⟩, which were listed twice in both the fricative and frictionless continuant rows in the previous charts, now appeared as an approximant and a fricative, respectively, while the line between the rows was erased, indicating certain fricative letters may represent approximants and vice versa, with the employment of the raised and lowered diacritics if necessary. ⟨
10963:, the subsections were rearranged so that the left edge of the vowel chart appeared right beneath the palatal column, hinting at the palatal place of articulation for , as did in all pre-1989 charts, though the space did not allow the back vowels to appear beneath the velars. A tie bar placed below letters, as in ⟨
10777:
The six principles set out in 1888 were replaced by a much longer text consisting of seven paragraphs. The first two paragraphs established the alphabet's purpose, namely to be "a set of symbols for representing all the possible sounds of the world's languages" and "representing fine distinctions of
10782:
theory. Discouragement of diacritics was relaxed, though recommending their use be limited: "(i) For denoting length, stress and pitch. (ii) For representing minute shades of sounds. (iii) When the introduction of a single, diacritic obviates the necessity for designing a number of new symbols (as,
10233:
In addition to the revisions of the alphabet, two workgroups were set up, one on computer coding of IPA characters and computer representation of individual languages, and the other on pathological speech and voice quality. The former group concluded that each IPA character should be assigned a
2466:
In the August–September 1888 issue of its journal, the
Phonetic Teachers' Association published a standardized alphabet intended for transcription of multiple languages, reflecting its members' consensus that only one set of alphabet ought to be used for all languages, along with a set of six
10783:
for instance, in the representation of nasalized vowels)". The principles also adopted the recommendation of enclosing phonetic transcriptions in square brackets and phonemic ones in slashes / /, a practice that emerged in the 1940s. The principles were reprinted in the 1999
6495:, attended a conference in Copenhagen and proposed specifications for a standardized system of phonetic notation. The proposals were largely dismissed by the members of the IPA Council. Nonetheless, the following additions recommended by the Conference were approved in 1927:
6442:
and asked for suggestions. This number, however, was the last for some years because of the war. During this interval, Professor Daniel Jones himself invented the four letters, in consultation with Paul Passy and they were all four printed in the pamphlet
3946:
Throughout the first half of the 1900s, the
Association published a series of booklets outlining the specifications of the alphabet in several languages, the first being a French edition published in 1900. In the book, the chart appeared as follows:
11151:
developed by Rei Fukui, which was selected as best representing the IPA symbol set by the
Association's Alphabet, Charts and Fonts committee, established the previous year. The example of a "rising–falling" tone contour was again changed from
10143:
The name of the column "Dental and alveolar" was changed to "Dental, alveolar, or post-alveolar". "Pharyngeal", "trill", "tap or flap", and "approximant" replaced "pharyngal", "rolled", "flapped", and "frictionless continuants", respectively.
6447:
published in 1921. The letters were thus introduced in a somewhat unusual way, without the explicit consent of the whole
Council of the Association. They were, however, generally accepted from then on, and, as you say, were used by Professor
2492:
The principles would govern all future development of the alphabet, with the exception of #5 and in some cases #2, until they were revised drastically in 1989. #6 has also been loosened, as diacritics have been admitted for limited purposes.
5251:
Following 1904, sets of specifications in French appeared in 1905 and 1908, with little to no changes. In 1912, the second
English booklet appeared. For the first time, labial sounds were shown on the left and laryngeal ones on the right:
8367:⟩ and the hook for retroflex consonants approved by the IPA in 1927. Since its introduction in 1935, the letter was widely adopted by American linguists and the IPA had been asked to recognize it as part of the alphabet.
122:
The alphabet has undergone a number of revisions during its history, the most significant being the one put forth at the Kiel
Convention in 1989. Changes to the alphabet are proposed and discussed in the Association's organ,
10554:
Tone, which had been indicated with an iconic line preceding the syllable or above or below the vowel, was now written one of two ways: with a similar iconic line following the syllable and anchored to a vertical bar, as in
14752:
Association phonétique internationale (1927). "desizjɔ̃ dy kɔ̃sɛːj rəlativmɑ̃ o prɔpozisjɔ̃ d la kɔ̃ferɑ̃ːs də *kɔpnag" [Décisions du conseil relativement aux propositions de la conférence de
Copenhague].
160:("The English Teachers' Phonetic Association"), to promote an international phonetic alphabet, designed primarily for English, French, and German, for use in schools to facilitate acquiring foreign pronunciation.
4388:, were self-explanatory and could only be discerned in the notes following the chart, which redefined letters using the orthographies of languages wherein the sounds they represent occur. For example:
5678:'ssibilated' consonant groups, i. e. groups in which the two elements are so closely connected that the whole might be treated as a single sound", were noted as able to be represented with a
16719:
12982:
8262:⟩, etc. "to show that a nasal consonant is very short and that the intimate combination with the following plosive counts as a single sound", in parallel to use for non-syllabic vowels
10206:
By the 1980s, phonetic theories had developed so much since the inception of the alphabet that the framework of it had become outdated. To resolve this, at the initiative of IPA President
16755:
11120:
In 2016, three versions of a revised chart dated 2015 were released online, each with the characters rendered in a different typeface (IPA Kiel/LS Uni developed by
Linguist's Software,
4645:⟩ for more spread. It was also noted that a superscript letter may be used to indicate a tinge of that sound in the sound represented by the preceding letter, as in ⟨
8335:
recommended this alternation of the letters but did not mention their typographic equivalency in other languages. Nevertheless, the recommendation was hardly adopted, not even by
4660:. This allows us to dispense almost completely with the modifiers, and with a good many other signs, except in scientific works and in introductory explanations. We write English
6135:
The book also mentioned letters "already commonly used in special works", some of which had long been part of the IPA but others which "have not yet been definitively adopted":
2472:
There should be a separate sign for each distinctive sound; that is, for each sound which, being used instead of another, in the same language, can change the meaning of a word.
16729:
10870:⟩ were moved to the centerline of the vowel chart, indicating that they are not necessarily unrounded. The word "voiced" was removed from the definition for ⟨
11114:
10243:
16739:
16724:
2496:
The devised alphabet was as follows. The letters marked with an asterisk were "provisional shapes", which were meant to be replaced "when circumstances will allow".
6096:, but neither has appeared in any other IPA chart and the latter is not supported by Unicode. Also added were dedicated letters for the central vowels, ⟨
10567:), or with more abstract diacritics written over the vowel (acute = high, macron = mid, grave = low), which could be compounded with each other, as in ⟨
6745:, p. 9. For the Swedish and Norwegian compound tones he recommended "any arbitrarily chosen mark", with the illustration ("the spirit"). He used ⟨
5165:⟩ were removed from the chart and instead only mentioned as having "been suggested for a Circassian dental hiss and its voiced correspondent". ⟨
11042:⟩ for voiceless velar fricative release as part of the official IPA in the "Computer coding of IPA symbols" section. The section also included ⟨
16709:
10702:⟩, was no longer mentioned. The practice of placing a superscript letter to indicate the resemblance to a sound, previously illustrated by ⟨
10218:, in August 1989, to discuss revisions of both the alphabet and the principles it is founded upon. It was at this convention that it was decided that the
11054:⟩ "might be used" for "a secondary reduction of the lip opening accompanied by neither protrusion nor velar constriction". It abandoned the 1949
10812:
The non-pulmonic consonants (ejectives and implosives) were removed from the main table and set up with the clicks in a separate section, with ⟨
55:
6452:
in 1923. I have consulted
Professor Jones in this matter, and he accepts responsibility for their invention, during the period of the First World War.
5196:
Laryngeal consonants had also been moved around, reflecting little understanding about the mechanisms of laryngeal articulations at the time. ⟨
16686:
16676:
16336:
15530:
10797:
10239:
4538:⟩ may be used for "any vowel of obscure and intermediate quality found in weak syllables". A long sound was distinguished by trailing ⟨
125:
3943:
During the 1890s, the alphabet was expanded to cover sounds of Arabic and other non-European languages which did not easily fit the Latin alphabet.
11163:
In 2020, another set of charts was released, with the only changes being minor adjustments in the layout, and
Creative Commons icons replacing the
4652:
It was emphasized, however, that such details need not usually be repeated in transcription. The equivalent part of the 1904 English edition said:
15543:
10582:⟩ appeared at the same horizontal position as the other alveolars rather than slightly more back as did in the previous charts. ⟨
6403:
It recommended the use of a circumflex for the Swedish grave accent, as in ("the spirit"). It was mentioned that some authors prefer ⟨
4347:. Vowels and consonants were placed in a single chart, reflecting how sounds ranged in openness from stops (top) to open vowels (bottom). The
19578:
17624:
17370:
10698:⟩). The affricate ligatures were withdrawn. The tie bar below letters for affricates and doubly articulated consonants, as in ⟨
8331:⟩) for an advanced one in narrow transcription of a language where it is preferable to distinguish the two, such as Russian. The 1949
15521:
10238:, pp. 161–185. The latter devised a set of recommendations for the transcription of disordered speech based on the IPA known as the
2478:
The alphabet should consist as much as possible of the ordinary letters of the roman alphabet; as few new letters as possible being used.
15793:
15696:
17638:
17631:
17377:
15709:
Jones, Daniel; Camilli, Amerindo (1933). "Fondamenti di grafia fonetica secondo il sistema dell'Associazione fonetica internazionale".
12617:
15802:
17852:
17610:
17356:
2475:
When any sound is found in several languages, the same sign should be used in all. This applies also to very similar shades of sound.
10249:
A drastically renewed chart of the alphabet reflecting decisions made at the convention appeared later in the year. Additions were:
20260:
16621:
16561:
15821:
6761:⟩, these new specifications would be inherited in the subsequent charts and booklets. The diacritics for whispered, ⟨
19367:
17645:
17342:
15811:
15735:
Jones, Daniel; Dahl, Ivar (1944). "Fundamentos de escritura fonética según el sistema de la Asociación Fonética Internacional".
4339:
Initially, the charts were arranged with laryngeal sounds on the left and labial ones on the right, following the convention of
19540:
19470:
19406:
19329:
17617:
17363:
15556:
11128:). No character was added or withdrawn, but some notes and the shapes of a few were slightly modified. In particular, ⟨
6132:⟩ were still for obscure or indeterminate vowels, as opposed to the others, which would indicate clear pronunciations.
4546:⟩ before the stressed syllable, as necessary, and the Swedish and Norwegian 'compound tone' (double tone) with ⟨
20215:
19750:
19535:
19413:
19310:
19227:
18386:
18147:
18054:
16635:
16121:
15838:
15249:
15177:
12791:
11825:
6091:
10586:⟩ was specified as a trill rather than either a trill or flap. The alternative raised and lowered diacritics ⟨
19490:
19427:
19232:
18237:
18129:
18036:
17349:
16035:
Standard Alphabet for Reducing Unwritten Languages and Foreign Graphic Systems to a Uniform Orthography in European Letters
11368:
10841:
The right half of the cell for pharyngeal plosives was shaded, indicating the impossibility of a voiced pharyngeal plosive.
163:
Originally the letters had different phonetic values from language to language. For example, English was transcribed with
6464:⟩ would be included in all subsequent booklets, but not in the single-page charts. They would be replaced with the
19766:
19583:
19434:
19380:
19336:
18766:
18721:
18224:
18161:
18068:
17519:
17275:
16594:
12806:
11136:⟩, with a continuous, slanted stroke, and the example of a "rising–falling" tone contour was changed from ⟨
10754:
8375:
In 1979, a revised chart appeared, incorporating the developments in the alphabet which were made earlier in the decade:
10878:". "Other symbols" and diacritics were slightly rearranged. The outer stroke of the letter for a bilabial click ⟨
8220:
Inserting a hyphen between a plosive and a homorganic fricative to denote they are separately pronounced, as in ⟨
19788:
19563:
19348:
19317:
18732:
18684:
18670:
18612:
18598:
18246:
18154:
18061:
16666:
15282:
14744:
L'Ecriture phonétique internationale : exposé populaire avec application au français et à plusieurs autres langues
12833:
11857:
10401:
5223:⟩ is now mentioned, and it is noted that whispered sounds may be marked with a diacritical comma, as in ⟨
76:
19837:
19512:
19497:
19277:
18746:
18264:
18175:
18136:
18082:
18043:
17800:
16324:
16094:
15869:
15510:
15083:
15064:
15014:
14992:
12705:
11710:
11390:
10730:
10060:
10816:⟩ acknowledged as an independent modifier for ejective (therefore allowing combinations absent in the chart).
20009:
19263:
18739:
18391:
18318:
18255:
18168:
18075:
17582:
17526:
17491:
17282:
17247:
12744:
12679:
11765:
10286:
198:
79:
was established in the late 19th century. It was intended as an international system of phonetic transcription for
15259:
Heitner, Reese M. (2003). "Brackets and slashes, stars and dots: understanding the notation of linguistic types".
14969:
14636:
Association phonétique internationale (1900b). "Exposé des principes de l'Association phonétique internationale".
8099:⟩, approved in 1943 while condoning the use of the latter except in the Association's official publications
20265:
20074:
19853:
19808:
19373:
19355:
18300:
17568:
17324:
16630:
14699:
Association phonétique internationale (1908). "Exposé des principes de l'Association phonétique internationale".
14678:
Association phonétique internationale (1905). "Exposé des principes de l'Association phonétique internationale".
12765:
11735:
11422:
10822:
The central vowels of the 1921 chart were restored, bringing the total back to five: schwa plus open-mid ⟨
5624:
72:
37:
17:
15585:(1928). "Das System der Association Phonétique Internationale (Weltlautschriftverein)". In Heepe, Martin (ed.).
20025:
19980:
19866:
19283:
19222:
19217:
18649:
18577:
18381:
18376:
18182:
18089:
17735:
17694:
17430:
17097:
16081:
12587:
12572:
11795:
11638:
11320:
10891:
10740:
10622:
10068:
10011:
On the same occasion, the following letters and diacritics were removed because they had "fallen into disuse":
8193:
The word "plosives" in the description of ejectives and the qualifier "slightly" in the definitions of ⟨
15160:
Esling, John H. (2010). "Phonetic Notation". In Hardcastle, William J.; Laver, John; Gibbon, Fiona E. (eds.).
14657:
Association phonétique internationale (1904). "Aim and Principles of the International Phonetic Association".
20038:
19824:
19685:
19291:
19173:
19033:
19001:
18325:
17589:
17505:
17498:
17261:
17254:
17083:
15503:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
12987:
11666:
10124:", appeared slightly centered rather than simply midway between and as they did in the 1912 chart. ⟨
4680:
is formed much further back than the French. If we wanted to mark these differences, we should write English
20145:
19996:
19882:
19573:
19269:
19164:
19153:
19065:
18677:
18605:
18307:
17765:
17575:
17554:
17477:
17331:
17310:
17233:
16714:
16614:
14569:
12684:
11243:
11107:
10953:
10766:
10598:⟩. Diacritics for relative articulation placed next to, rather than below, a letter, namely ⟨
10076:
15534:
14720:
Association phonétique internationale (1912). "The Principles of the International Phonetic Association".
14047:
13580:
13567:
13563:
13339:
13268:
13264:
13251:
13027:
13010:⟩ for English is omitted in the key but nonetheless seen in transcriptions in the May 1887 article.
13007:
12954:
12938:
12922:
12906:
12888:
12870:
12853:
12840:
12813:
12798:
12780:
12757:
12736:
12715:
12694:
12674:
12653:
12636:
12612:
12594:
12567:
12546:
12495:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12439:
12434:
12429:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12393:
12388:
12375:
12364:
12351:
12346:
12333:
12328:
12318:
12313:
12308:
12303:
12298:
12283:
12278:
12263:
12255:
12240:
12235:
12230:
12225:
12220:
12215:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12172:
12167:
12162:
12150:
12145:
12140:
12130:
12117:
12112:
12104:
12094:
12081:
12076:
12068:
12058:
12050:
12042:
12032:
12027:
12019:
12009:
12004:
11999:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11966:
11961:
11892:
11887:
11882:
11877:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11850:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11830:
11818:
11813:
11805:
11800:
11788:
11780:
11775:
11770:
11758:
11750:
11745:
11740:
11728:
11720:
11715:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11681:
11676:
11671:
11643:
11589:
11584:
11574:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11534:
11529:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11473:
11468:
11459:
11450:
11435:
11430:
11415:
11403:
11398:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11361:
11356:
11337:
11332:
11313:
11308:
11296:
11270:
11265:
11253:
11248:
11236:
11231:
11226:
11157:
11153:
11141:
11137:
11133:
11129:
11103:
11092:
11072:
11051:
11043:
11039:
11035:
11031:
11000:
10996:
10992:
10988:
10984:
10980:
10976:
10972:
10968:
10964:
10945:
10941:
10933:
10929:
10925:
10919:
10915:
10899:
10895:
10879:
10871:
10867:
10863:
10846:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10823:
10813:
10806:
10762:
10758:
10734:
10703:
10699:
10695:
10691:
10683:
10679:
10672:
10668:
10654:
10646:
10618:
10614:
10607:
10599:
10595:
10591:
10587:
10583:
10579:
10575:
10568:
10556:
10538:
10531:
10524:
10517:
10510:
10500:
10488:
10480:
10466:
10459:
10447:
10440:
10432:
10425:
10417:
10407:
10397:
10390:
10383:
10365:
10355:
10339:
10335:
10331:
10314:
10307:
10300:
10293:
10282:
10275:
10267:
10257:
10173:
10167:
10163:
10159:
10153:
10149:
10145:
10137:
10133:
10129:
10125:
10111:
10107:
10096:
10088:
10080:
10072:
10064:
10056:
10048:
10044:
10037:
10030:
10023:
10016:
10004:
10000:
9996:
9986:
9976:
9966:
9955:
9948:
9944:
9936:
9929:
9914:
9903:
9899:
9895:
9891:
9887:
9883:
9879:
9875:
9867:
9852:
9846:
9841:
9837:
9832:
9819:
9814:
9810:
9805:
9801:
9796:
9792:
9785:
9781:
9774:
9758:
9755:
9747:
9744:
9736:
9728:
9725:
9717:
9711:
9703:
9700:
9697:
9637:
9634:
9626:
9623:
9618:
9615:
9607:
9599:
9596:
9582:
9574:
9571:
9568:
9545:
9539:
9532:
9526:
9519:
9513:
9506:
9500:
9490:
9486:
9480:
9473:
9469:
9463:
9453:
9443:
9436:
9430:
9420:
9407:
9401:
9394:
9388:
9381:
9375:
9368:
9362:
9355:
9349:
9342:
9336:
9329:
9323:
9316:
9310:
9303:
9295:
9291:
9284:
9278:
9271:
9265:
9261:
9254:
9248:
9244:
9226:
9220:
9216:
9209:
9203:
9196:
9188:
9181:
9175:
9168:
9162:
9155:
9149:
9142:
9136:
9129:
9123:
9116:
9110:
9103:
9097:
9074:
9050:
9043:
9034:
9020:
9011:
9002:
8982:
8973:
8964:
8943:
8938:
8931:
8915:
8906:
8888:
8881:
8874:
8843:
8821:
8814:
8807:
8800:
8791:
8784:
8777:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8737:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8580:
8575:
8568:
8561:
8552:
8547:
8529:
8522:
8515:
8508:
8499:
8492:
8485:
8364:
8356:
8344:
8340:
8328:
8324:
8300:
8285:
8278:
8270:
8266:
8259:
8255:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8194:
8186:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8103:
8096:
8092:
8085:
8078:
8071:
8067:
8060:
8053:
8037:
8033:
8013:
8005:
7991:
7987:
7972:
7966:
7960:
7956:
7950:
7946:
7936:
7930:
7924:
7918:
7912:
7906:
7900:
7894:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7866:
7860:
7856:
7850:
7844:
7840:
7834:
7828:
7824:
7818:
7812:
7808:
7802:
7796:
7792:
7782:
7778:
7772:
7766:
7762:
7756:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7668:
7658:
7648:
7642:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7614:
7600:
7591:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7567:
7553:
7539:
7533:
7527:
7521:
7515:
7509:
7491:
7481:
7471:
7461:
7451:
7441:
7435:
7425:
7415:
7395:
7385:
7371:
7367:
7359:
7322:
7319:
7311:
7308:
7303:
7300:
7292:
7284:
7281:
7273:
7270:
7267:
7260:
7252:
7244:
7236:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7059:
7046:
7041:
7023:
7008:
6986:
6977:
6972:
6942:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6880:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6854:
6849:
6842:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6738:
6734:
6726:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6637:
6633:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6607:
6595:
6591:
6584:
6567:
6563:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6522:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6500:
6461:
6457:
6423:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6340:
6333:
6317:
6313:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6262:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6241:
6234:
6227:
6214:
6207:
6197:
6187:
6183:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6140:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6097:
6075:
6071:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6028:
6020:
6012:
6003:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5927:
5922:
5915:
5910:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5866:
5857:
5843:
5838:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5710:
5695:
5683:
5668:
5664:
5656:
5652:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5620:
5595:
5592:
5584:
5581:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5565:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5546:
5543:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5525:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5443:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5403:
5394:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5328:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5291:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5101:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5074:
5071:
5066:
5063:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5016:
5013:
5008:
5005:
4993:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4897:
4888:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4594:
4590:
4582:
4578:
4570:
4566:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4504:
4500:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4464:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4424:
4416:
4404:
4400:
4392:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4291:
4288:
4283:
4280:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4222:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4104:
4095:
4090:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3992:
3927:
3917:
3911:
3901:
3895:
3885:
3879:
3870:
3864:
3855:
3849:
3837:
3831:
3821:
3793:
3773:
3748:
3724:
3698:
3674:
3644:
3615:
3591:
3571:
3538:
3509:
3478:
3448:
3418:
3389:
3361:
3341:
3317:
3281:
3262:
3234:
3194:
3165:
3138:
3114:
3090:
3063:
3036:
3008:
2988:
2955:
2919:
2883:
2854:
2823:
2795:
2767:
2735:
2706:
2677:
2648:
2619:
2587:
2558:
2526:
2449:
2441:
2434:
2423:
2416:
2404:
2397:
2385:
2378:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2342:
2335:
2323:
2316:
2304:
2297:
2286:
2279:
2267:
2260:
2248:
2241:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2205:
2198:
2186:
2179:
2168:
2161:
2149:
2142:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2049:
2037:
2030:
2019:
2012:
2004:
1997:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1903:
1892:
1885:
1873:
1866:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1706:
1698:
1691:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1657:
1650:
1638:
1631:
1620:
1613:
1602:
1595:
1583:
1573:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1515:
1508:
1496:
1489:
1477:
1470:
1458:
1451:
1439:
1432:
1420:
1413:
1401:
1394:
1382:
1375:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1321:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1272:
1261:
1254:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1201:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1167:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1125:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1012:
1004:
999:
960:
949:
942:
931:
924:
912:
905:
893:
886:
874:
867:
855:
848:
836:
829:
813:
806:
795:
788:
776:
769:
753:
745:
734:
726:
716:
709:
697:
690:
678:
671:
655:
645:
630:
623:
611:
604:
589:
582:
574:
567:
559:
552:
541:
534:
526:
519:
511:
504:
493:
486:
478:
471:
463:
456:
445:
440:
433:
422:
417:
410:
402:
395:
383:
376:
365:
358:
350:
343:
335:
328:
320:
313:
305:
298:
290:
283:
275:
268:
260:
253:
245:
238:
230:
223:
215:
51:
47:
20054:
19701:
19656:
19386:
19180:
18663:
18642:
18591:
18334:
17752:
17708:
17701:
17652:
17444:
17437:
17388:
17133:
17104:
16953:
16782:
16104:
MacMahon, Michael K. C. (2010). "The International Phonetic Alphabet". In Malmkjaer, Kirsten (ed.).
12726:
11688:
11344:
10474:
104:
11075:⟩ for ordinary and advanced velar plosives, and acknowledged both shapes as acceptable variants.
2484:
The new letters should be suggestive of the sounds they represent, by their resemblance to the old ones.
20210:
20205:
20116:
19714:
19297:
19194:
19116:
17994:
17887:
17774:
17680:
17596:
17512:
17416:
17268:
17115:
17090:
17069:
16589:
15582:
15568:
14910:
Association phonétique internationale (1952). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1951)".
14884:
Association phonétique internationale (1947). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1947)".
14863:
Association phonétique internationale (1938). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1938)".
14816:
Association phonétique internationale (1932). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1932)".
12290:
11303:
11047:
10801:, which were submitted to the Council of the IPA. In 1993, the Council approved the following changes:
10436:
9918:
7351:
6626:
6492:
6427:
5687:
15547:
10594:⟩, which could now be attached to consonants to denote fricative or approximant, as in ⟨
20165:
19902:
19672:
19568:
19187:
19107:
19096:
18698:
18656:
18626:
18584:
17958:
17666:
17561:
17484:
17402:
17317:
17240:
17147:
16998:
16969:
16556:
15998:
15904:
15467:
International Phonetic Association (1993b). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1993)".
15382:
International Phonetic Association (1989b). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1989)".
13589:, sometimes called "baby gamma", that would later be modified to prevent confusion with actual gamma.
12770:
12641:
11260:
11003:⟩ (1–3), respectively. The word "etc." was dropped from the list of contours, though the 1999
6779:
6089:
16042:
MacMahon, Michael K. C. (1986). "The International Phonetic Association: The first 100 years".
15968:
Ladefoged, Peter (1987b). "Proposed revision of the International Phonetic Alphabet: A conference".
15319:
International Phonetic Association (1978). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 1979)".
14581:
Albright, Robert W. (1958). "The International Phonetic Alphabet: Its backgrounds and development".
8359:⟩ as yet another alternative to an r-coloured , following its approval in 1950. Conceived by
6438:
Paul Passy recognized the need for letters for the various clicks in the July–August 1914 number of
20132:
19944:
19730:
19245:
19123:
18691:
18619:
18343:
17940:
17914:
17863:
17783:
17715:
17659:
17395:
17175:
17140:
16980:
16960:
16939:
16469:
14742:
13271:⟩, it was not corrected in the next edition of the IPA and so is more likely to derive from
12621:
10819:
It was noted that subdiacritics may be moved above a letter to avoid interference with a descender.
10687:
10271:
10092:
8009:
1728:
14842:
Association phonétique internationale (1937). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles].
14795:
Association phonétique internationale (1931). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles].
14774:
Association phonétique internationale (1928). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles].
11022:
was the first book outlining the specifications of the alphabet in 50 years, superseding the 1949
20181:
20094:
19918:
19137:
18533:
18001:
17834:
17825:
17808:
17687:
17603:
17423:
17161:
17122:
17076:
17012:
16607:
15698:
Cardinal Vowels Spoken by Daniel Jones: Text of Records with Explanatory Notes by Professor Jones
14594:
Association phonétique internationale (1895). "vɔt syr l alfabɛ" [Votes sur l'alphabet].
12699:
12646:
12599:
10987:⟩. The examples of "high rising" and "low rising" tone contours were changed from ⟨
6556:
6503:⟩ could now indicate full length when there is no need to distinguish half and full length
4340:
15861:
15849:
10003:⟩) to consonant letters to denote fricative and approximant, respectively, as in ⟨
9894:⟩ as alternatives for were proposed but the votes were inconclusive. Diacritics ⟨
19960:
19130:
18894:
18832:
18524:
18513:
18458:
17980:
17965:
17845:
17673:
17409:
17154:
17040:
17005:
16896:
16881:
16865:
16489:
16113:
13356:
11541:
11277:
10650:
10369:
4348:
33:
16276:
Phonetic Teachers' Association (1888b). "aur rivàizd ælfəbit" [Our revised alphabet].
15574:
Phonetic Transcription and Transliteration: Proposals of the Copenhagen Conference, April 1925
14395:
18956:
18883:
18863:
18821:
18801:
18540:
18437:
17947:
17921:
17896:
17870:
17182:
17026:
16987:
16946:
16876:
16837:
16681:
13044:
12667:
11290:
10918:⟩. However, the letter Catford had proposed for the value in 1990 was in fact ⟨
10261:
10179:
9871:
5655:⟩ was still designated as the "provisional" letter for the alveolar tap/flap. ⟨
5235:⟩. It is noted, in this edition only, that "shifted vowels" may be indicated: ⟨
141:
16105:
11147:
In 2018, another slightly modified chart in different fonts was released, this time also in
10334:⟩ for dental, (post)alveolar, alveolar lateral and palatal clicks, replacing ⟨
8016:⟩ for simultaneous and , which was approved in 1937. In the notes, the reference to
6647:
The following letters, which had appeared in earlier editions, were repeated or formalized:
19419:
18945:
18925:
18903:
18841:
18554:
18493:
17816:
17168:
17019:
16921:
16030:
13170:
12629:
10882:⟩ was modified from a circle with a uniform line width to the shape of uppercase O.
4598:
116:
16599:
16086:
14008:
8:
20220:
19483:
19087:
18974:
18965:
18874:
18812:
18561:
18547:
18465:
17987:
17047:
16901:
16858:
16509:
12959:
12551:
11953:
11445:
10779:
10761:⟩ for "the 'hissing-hussing' fricatives of some Caucasian languages", and ⟨
9940:
7347:
6449:
6324:(this would be called "velar" in later editions of the IPA, following Jones' terminology)
4562:
112:
8288:⟩ was defined as a velar click, whereas previously it had been identified as the
8028:
A new chart appeared in 1947, reflecting minor developments up to the point. They were:
6190:⟩ (alveolar or palatal) for labialized sibilants found in South African languages
19506:
18936:
18502:
18451:
18430:
17189:
17033:
16891:
16871:
16825:
16574:
16544:
16424:
16382:
16353:
16285:
16264:
16243:
16222:
16201:
16177:
16148:
16059:
16018:
15985:
15956:
15924:
15879:
15718:
15683:
15662:
15641:
15620:
15596:
15484:
15455:
15438:
International Phonetic Association (1993a). "Council actions on revisions of the IPA".
15399:
15370:
15362:
15328:
15294:
15228:
15199:
15148:
15116:
15054:
15041:
14956:
14919:
14893:
14872:
14851:
14825:
14804:
14783:
14762:
14729:
14708:
14687:
14666:
14645:
14624:
14603:
12557:
10875:
10318:
8360:
6128:⟩ was retained for where central vowels were not phonemically distinct. ⟨
4574:
15274:
14615:
Association phonétique internationale (1900a). "akt ɔfisjɛl" [Acte officiel].
14156:
13689:
13687:
13398:
13396:
13383:
13381:
13368:
13366:
13364:
13034:
11283:
10906:
had in mind when he proposed the central vowel changes ... in 1990", also citing
10182:, in keeping with the use for which it had been originally approved, "a sound between
5643:⟩, following their approval in 1909. Though not included in the chart, ⟨
2487:
Diacritic marks should be avoided, being trying for the eyes and troublesome to write.
19931:
19462:
18857:
18708:
18472:
18399:
18013:
16926:
16906:
16848:
16734:
16548:
16447:
16428:
16395:
16386:
16357:
16320:
16234:
Phonetic Teachers' Association (1887b). "lernərz kornər" [Learners' corner].
16213:
Phonetic Teachers' Association (1887a). "lernərz kornər" [Learners' corner].
16181:
16152:
16117:
16106:
16090:
16063:
16022:
15989:
15960:
15928:
15865:
15834:
15830:
15506:
15488:
15459:
15403:
15374:
15261:
15245:
15232:
15173:
15152:
15079:
15060:
15045:
15010:
14988:
14960:
14204:
13674:
13672:
13355:
The 1904 English edition describes these sounds as the "Circassian dental hiss". See
12720:
10455:
10377:
9990:
8289:
6730:
6603:
6346:
Tones could be indicated either before the syllable or on the nuclear vowel: ⟨
5648:
14385:
14383:
14269:
14235:
14233:
14231:
13815:
13813:
13640:
13601:
13599:
13597:
13595:
13322:
13320:
4658:
leave out everything self-evident, and everything that can be explained once for all
19741:
18795:
18486:
18444:
16916:
16886:
16853:
16843:
16570:
16536:
16524:
16456:
16416:
16374:
16345:
16169:
16140:
16072:
16051:
16010:
15977:
15948:
15916:
15891:
15826:
15778:
15762:
15476:
15447:
15424:
15391:
15354:
15308:
15270:
15220:
15165:
15140:
15108:
15033:
14980:
14948:
13752:
13750:
13684:
13532:
13520:
13496:
13393:
13378:
13361:
13225:
13109:
13107:
11096:
10373:
10234:
three-digit number for computer coding known as IPA Number, which was published in
8109:
5679:
152:
The International Phonetic Association was founded in Paris in 1886 under the name
16131:
McClure, J. Derrick (1972). "A suggested revision for the Cardinal Vowel system".
15345:
International Phonetic Association (1989a). "Report on the 1989 Kiel Convention".
14496:
14494:
14407:
14286:
14284:
14245:
13912:
13669:
13544:
13444:
13432:
13408:
13305:
13191:
13189:
13187:
13185:
13092:
10675:⟩ was added for rhoticity; the superscript rhotic diacritics were retired.
10661:
8046:
7998:
5725:
introduced new letters, some of which were never to be seen in any other booklet:
4365:⟩, which represents a plosive) since 1895 until it was replaced by ⟨
20065:
19799:
19256:
18786:
18479:
17908:
16911:
16777:
15936:
15853:
15099:
14431:
14419:
14380:
14228:
14216:
14168:
14144:
13972:
13900:
13864:
13852:
13840:
13810:
13786:
13592:
13484:
13472:
13317:
13293:
13272:
13160:
13158:
12179:
11148:
10795:
Following the 1989 revision, a number of proposals for revisions appeared in the
10606:⟩, were no longer mentioned. The diacritic for no audible release ⟨
10411:
10207:
9959:
9922:
8185:⟩) for advanced and retracted, respectively, officially replacing ⟨
6108:
from 1926 to 1927, though without the Council's approval. Of these, only ⟨
5691:
5174:
4519:
4512:
982:
16255:
Phonetic Teachers' Association (1888a). "aur alfəbits" [Our alphabets].
16160:
Nicolaidis, Katerina (2005). "Approval of new IPA sound: the labiodental flap".
13924:
13747:
13585:
13104:
11651:
10629:
10202:
The IPA in 1989 (recreated from the 2005 chart; some glyphs may not be accurate)
6112:⟩ were approved in the 1928 revision, with a different value for ⟨
19971:
16076:
15564:
15169:
14936:
14545:
14521:
14491:
14467:
14356:
14296:
14281:
14180:
13182:
11521:
11480:
11164:
9970:
8313:
were approved as typographic alternatives, while it was also acknowledged that
8251:⟩, etc. for "vowels pronounced with 'breathy voice' (h-coloured vowels)"
7355:
6488:
4344:
96:
16540:
16460:
16420:
16378:
16349:
16173:
16144:
16055:
16014:
15981:
15952:
15920:
15895:
15783:
15766:
15480:
15451:
15429:
15412:
15395:
15358:
15312:
15224:
15144:
15037:
14984:
14952:
14024:
13155:
13143:
13131:
13119:
10747:
10162:⟩ remained listed twice in the fricative and approximant rows. ⟨
8277:
None of these specifications were inherited in the subsequent charts. ⟨
6741:⟩ for a palatal ('velar') click, and the tonal notation system seen in
5227:⟩. A syllabic consonant is now marked by a vertical bar, as in ⟨
20254:
19630:
19147:
18989:
18403:
16407:
Whitley, M. Stanley (2003). "Rhotic representation: problems and proposals".
16331:
15819:
Kemp, Alan (2006). "Phonetic Transcription: History". In Brown, Keith (ed.).
15002:
12270:
12247:
11566:
10903:
10671:⟩ was no longer mentioned, and instead a right-hook diacritic ⟨
10560:
10470:
10421:
9980:
9917:⟩ for the rounded equivalent of (taken from the accompanying text to
9906:⟩ for indicating non-fricative continuant were proposed but rejected.
8293:
6321:
6217:⟩ for a sound between and found in African languages and in Japanese
6070:⟩, both of which would not officially be approved until 1928. ⟨
80:
13566:⟩, which was now sized as a full letter, was a question mark ⟨
11175:
11030:. In addition to what was seen in the 1996 chart, the book included ⟨
10140:⟩ appeared as the rounded counterpart to rather than between and .
4380:
Not all letters, especially those in the fricatives row which included both
2481:
In assigning values to the roman letters, international usage should decide.
19476:
17198:
16445:
Abel, James W. (1972). "Vowel-R symbolization: An historical development".
15187:
11496:
11221:
10645:("ram's horns"), with a rounded top, to better distinguish it from ⟨
10451:
10359:
10343:
10215:
10100:
6599:
6465:
6431:
6261:⟩, etc. for retroflex consonants, previously represented by ⟨
5131:
4674:; yet the English vowel is 'wide' and the French 'narrow', and the English
144:
for disordered speech were created in 1990, with a major revision in 2015.
108:
15674:
Jones, Daniel (1948). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles].
15653:
Jones, Daniel (1945). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles].
15632:
Jones, Daniel (1943). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles].
15611:
Jones, Daniel (1938). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles].
11050:, noting it was "not explicitly IPA approved". The book also said ⟨
10959:
In the updated chart, which was published in the front matter of the 1999
7346:
The vowels were now arranged in a right-angled trapezium as opposed to an
83:, originally for pedagogical purposes. The Association was established in
20228:
19642:
19625:
19399:
18919:
17723:
16792:
16770:
16297:
15298:
15128:
14939:; Howard, Sara J.; Miller, Kirk (2018). "Revisions to the extIPA chart".
12863:
11974:
11409:
11125:
10564:
10504:
8849:
4385:
100:
16289:
16268:
16247:
16226:
16205:
15722:
15687:
15666:
15645:
15624:
15600:
15366:
15332:
15203:
14923:
14897:
14876:
14855:
14829:
14808:
14787:
14766:
14733:
14712:
14691:
14670:
14649:
14628:
14607:
10210:, approximately 120 members of the IPA gathered at a convention held in
8273:⟩ for a Swedish or Norwegian compound tone, as in ("the spirit")
6124:⟩ regained the 1921 value in 1993. The old convention of ⟨
67:
The latest chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, revised to 2020
20107:
19635:
16933:
16787:
16189:
14192:
12983:
Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet
11121:
10723:
6540:⟩, with the arm moved under the letter, for retroflex consonants
6233:
Overlaying tilde for velarized and Arabic emphatic consonants: ⟨
88:
15572:
15120:
14977:
Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Phonetic Sciences
14635:
14614:
13387:
13372:
13311:
13231:
8212:
was the last installment in the series until it was superseded by the
6082:
5930:
5897:
19893:
19395:
18636:
18569:
17455:
17211:
16815:
16402:. Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London.
15825:. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 396–410.
14909:
14883:
14862:
14841:
14815:
14794:
14773:
14751:
14740:
14719:
14698:
14677:
14656:
14593:
13978:
13870:
13858:
13846:
13819:
13792:
13693:
13678:
13646:
13605:
13550:
13538:
13526:
13502:
13490:
13478:
13462:
13450:
13438:
13414:
13402:
13358:
for details on these sounds, which do not currently have IPA support.
13326:
13299:
12893:
12875:
12858:
12157:
11658:
11065:
10949:
10898:⟩, was a typographical error and should be changed to ⟨
10853:
10639:
10484:
8317:
8307:
8017:
6742:
6641:
5169:⟩ is suggested for the Bantu labialized sibilant, and ⟨
4381:
4355:
15285:(1949). "The Principles of the International Phonetic Association".
15024:
Catford, J. C. (1990). "A proposal concerning central vowels".
14257:
14046:
of the 1957 chart was replaced with reversed (mirror-image) ⟨
11083:
7358:
theory. A practically identical chart—with the exception of ⟨
20199:
19530:
19452:
19446:
19211:
18370:
17208:
16275:
16254:
16233:
16212:
15466:
15437:
15381:
15344:
15112:
14302:
14290:
14239:
14222:
14210:
14186:
14150:
13195:
13164:
13149:
13137:
13125:
12503:
10713:
10542:
5659:⟩ were defined as the Bantu sounds with "tongue position of
4692:. But we need not do so: we know, once for all, that English short
4617:⟩, and syllabic consonants by an acute below, as in ⟨
4586:
92:
43:
15554:
15541:
15528:
15519:
15500:
15410:
15318:
15281:
14551:
14527:
14500:
14473:
14437:
14425:
14413:
14401:
14389:
14362:
14275:
14251:
14174:
14162:
14030:
13930:
13918:
13906:
13756:
13250:) is not supported by Unicode. It may be substituted with ⟨
13176:
13113:
13098:
10235:
10223:
19303:
18507:
17063:
16765:
11026:. It consisted of just over 200 pages, four times as long as the
11007:
would continue to use contours that did not appear on the chart.
10975:⟩. A few illustrations in the chart were changed: ⟨
10971:⟩ was now attached to the preceding letter, as in ⟨
10198:
7599:
Affricates are normally represented by groups of two consonants (
63:
16319:, Volume V: European Languages II – Russian, London: Routledge,
16192:(1909). "desizjɔ̃ː dy kɔ̃ːsɛːj" [Décisions du conseil].
16001:(1986). "Revising the International Phonetic Alphabet: A plan".
13213:
11113:
In 2012, the IPA chart and its subparts were released under the
7986:
A new chart appeared in 1938, with a few modifications. ⟨
4935:ɹ, θ ð, ʃ ʒ, s z
4143:ɹ, θ ð, ʃ ʒ, s z
15056:
The Real Professor Higgins: The Life and Career of Daniel Jones
10546:
10386:⟩ for more and less rounded, now placed under the letter
9951:⟩ succeeding a plosive were mentioned in the 1979 chart)
7994:⟩, which was approved earlier in the year with the form
6482:
16470:"A critique of the IPA chart (revised to 1951, 1979 and 1989)"
15587:
Lautzeichen und ihre Anwendung in verschiedenen Sprachgebieten
9947:⟩, neither the latter diacritic nor the letter ⟨
9943:(though this was approved merely as an alternative to ⟨
6471:
The 1921 book was the first in the series to mention the word
6328:
It also introduced several new suprasegmental specifications:
5667:⟩ were still included though not in the chart. ⟨
19606:
16760:
16527:(1993). "Historiography of Phonetics: the State of the Art".
16071:
MacMahon, Michael K. C. (1996). "Phonetic Notation". In
13762:
11038:⟩ for voiceless dental fricative release, and ⟨
9898:⟩ (subscript, not attached) for retroflexion, ⟨
4610:
4523:
84:
16315:
Reprinted in Collins, Beverly; Mees, Inger M., eds. (2003),
15190:(1950). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles].
11115:
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
10244:
International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association
7695:(stress, placed at the beginning of the stressed syllable).
6510:⟩ for stress instead of the previous slanted ⟨
4747:
Aim and Principles of the International Phonetic Association
174:
As of May and November 1887, the alphabets were as follows:
16629:
15902:
14198:
13080:
11110:, but this was declined by the Council the following year.
10503:⟩, which had previously stood for non-syllabic, for
10211:
6460:⟩ would be approved by the Council in 1928. ⟨
4749:, the first of its kind in English, the chart appeared as:
15092:
14320:
14108:
14014:
13774:
13723:
13420:
10578:⟩ were listed alongside the postalveolars. ⟨
10242:
or extIPA, which was published in 1990 and adopted by the
8052:, the compromise form approved in 1938, replacing ⟨
15211:
Gimson, A. C. (1973). "The Association's Alphabet".
14084:
13798:
13699:
13247:
11176:
Values that have been represented by different characters
10940:
appeared in 1992, but the printed form was again ⟨
10323:
9932:⟩ representing "centralized" rather than "central"
8281:⟩ was defined as an indicator of "medium stress".
7410:
4431:
of Southern British, and can also be used for the simple
16595:
Historical charts of the International Phonetic Alphabet
14332:
13960:
13346:-- its use for English, though Arabic has no such sound.
10166:⟩, previously defined merely as "a sound between
14511:
14509:
14443:
13996:
13735:
13611:
10944:⟩ and the errata even acknowledged that ⟨
10520:⟩ for minor (foot) and major (intonation) groups
10226:) would be written and published to supersede the 1949
10132:⟩, were acknowledged as alternatives to ⟨
156:(The Phonetic Teachers' Association), a development of
137:, and then put to a vote by the Association's Council.
87:
in 1886 by French and British language teachers led by
14368:
14132:
14120:
10110:⟩, previously defined as "lowered varieties of
8381:
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (Revised to 1979)
8020:, p. 9, in regard to tonal notation was removed.
8004:
approved as a compromise. The use of tie bars ⟨
16365:
Wells, John C. (1976). "The Association's Alphabet".
15078:. Vol. VII: Selected Papers. London: Routledge.
14096:
13281:
10862:
The revised chart was now portrait-oriented. ⟨
10845:
On the same occasion, it was reaffirmed that ⟨
10809:⟩ for the voiceless implosives were withdrawn.
5647:⟩ was mentioned as an optional letter for the
179:
Early alphabets of the Phonetic Teachers' Association
18408:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
14533:
14506:
14479:
14455:
14074:
14072:
14070:
14068:
13830:
13828:
13630:
13628:
13626:
13267:⟩ may seem to be a typo for expected ⟨
10136:⟩ under the section "Other symbols". ⟨
10079:
were proposed but rejected. The proposal of ⟨
9874:
was approved in 1973. On the same occasion, ⟨
8363:, the letter was in itself a combination of ⟨
8210:
Principles of the International Phonetic Association
6547:⟩ for bilabial fricatives, replacing ⟨
5698:⟩, "suggesting the connexion with the sounds
4585:⟩. Consonants accompanied by a glottal stop (
42:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
15907:; Vossen, Rainer (1988). "The symbols for clicks".
15164:(2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 678–702.
14344:
13711:
13201:
10574:
The palato-alveolar column was removed and ⟨
15520:International Phonetic Association (1 July 2012).
14308:
14053:
13984:
11020:Handbook of the International Phonetic Association
7613:, etc.), but, when necessary, ligatures are used (
158:L'Association phonétique des professeurs d'Anglais
16590:History of the International Phonetic Association
16529:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
16409:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
16367:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
16337:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
16162:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
16133:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
16044:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
16003:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
15970:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
15941:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
15909:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
15771:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
15563:
15469:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
15440:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
15417:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
15384:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
15347:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
15321:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
15305:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
15213:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
15133:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
15026:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
14979:. The Hague and Paris: Mouton. pp. 281–293.
14941:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
14065:
13948:
13936:
13888:
13876:
13825:
13768:
13623:
13508:
10296:⟩ for voiced palatal and uvular implosives
10240:Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet
8036:⟩ for the glottal stop, replacing ⟨
126:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
20252:
15522:"IPA Chart now under a Creative Commons Licence"
14935:
13086:
13068:
12504:Characters that have been given different values
11034:⟩ for mid central vowel release, ⟨
10902:⟩, stating the latter was the form that "
10706:⟩, was no longer explicitly recommended.
8216:in 1999. It introduced some new specifications:
4451:, as often pronounced in the north of Germany .
95:. The Association based their alphabet upon the
56:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
16510:"A critique of the IPA chart (revised to 1996)"
16490:"A critique of the IPA chart (revised to 1993)"
15882:(1951). "Need of a uniform phonetic alphabet".
15794:"New versions of IPA chart - 3 different fonts"
15074:Collins, Beverly; Mees, Inger M., eds. (2003).
14975:. In Rigault, André; Charbonneau, René (eds.).
10890:In 1996, it was announced that the form of the
10103:were proposed but the votes were inconclusive.
7394:, etc. Velarized or pharyngealized consonants:
6737:⟩ for a dental or alveolar tap, ⟨
5239:⟩ for in-mixed or in-front, and ⟨
4601:were distinguished by acute and grave accents:
15996:
15903:Köhler, Oswin; Ladefoged, Peter; Snyman, Jan;
14741:Association phonétique internationale (1921).
14114:
10979:⟩ was added for rhoticity, and ⟨
10617:⟩ were eliminated in favour of ⟨
10590:⟩ were eliminated in favour of ⟨
10278:⟩ now standing for only the approximant
7408:, etc. Ejective consonants (plosives [
5663:, combined with strong lip-rounding". ⟨
5177:. It is noted that some prefer iconic ⟨
19579:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
16615:
16507:
16308:
15242:Phonetic Transcription in Theory and Practice
14970:"A Critical Investigation of Click Symbolism"
14583:International Journal of American Linguistics
13388:Association phonétique internationale (1900b)
13373:Association phonétique internationale (1900b)
13312:Association phonétique internationale (1900a)
13232:Association phonétique internationale (1900b)
10928:⟩), with an alternative being ⟨
10610:⟩ was finally mentioned in the chart.
9909:The following changes were approved in 1976:
8265:An "arbitrarily chosen mark" such as ⟨
6777:An updated chart appeared as a supplement to
6579:In 1928, the following letters were adopted:
6306:⟩ for the near-open vowels in English
6101:
16309:Trofimov, M. V.; Jones, Daniel (1923).
15850:"The 1847 Alphabet: an Episode of Phonotypy"
15708:
13979:Association phonétique internationale (1952)
13871:Association phonétique internationale (1947)
13859:Association phonétique internationale (1938)
13847:Association phonétique internationale (1937)
13820:Association phonétique internationale (1932)
13793:Association phonétique internationale (1927)
13729:
13694:Association phonétique internationale (1921)
13679:Association phonétique internationale (1921)
13647:Association phonétique internationale (1921)
13606:Association phonétique internationale (1928)
13551:Association phonétique internationale (1921)
13539:Association phonétique internationale (1912)
13527:Association phonétique internationale (1912)
13503:Association phonétique internationale (1912)
13491:Association phonétique internationale (1908)
13479:Association phonétique internationale (1905)
13463:Association phonétique internationale (1904)
13451:Association phonétique internationale (1904)
13439:Association phonétique internationale (1904)
13415:Association phonétique internationale (1904)
13403:Association phonétique internationale (1904)
13327:Association phonétique internationale (1931)
13300:Association phonétique internationale (1895)
12969:
12942:
12926:
12910:
12829:
12787:
12761:
12740:
12657:
12583:
12576:
12476:
12448:
12425:
12402:
12384:
12371:
12360:
12342:
12294:
12274:
12251:
12211:
12183:
12126:
12090:
12046:
12023:
11957:
11809:
11784:
11754:
11724:
11570:
11545:
11525:
11500:
11484:
11439:
11426:
11394:
11348:
11324:
11078:
10950:Association phonétique internationale (1921)
8323:may be used for a velar plosive and ⟨
8018:Association phonétique internationale (1921)
6743:Association phonétique internationale (1921)
6483:1925 Copenhagen Conference and 1927 revision
6415:⟩ and stronger aspiration as ⟨
6174:
6168:
5211:
5205:
4625:⟩ stood for advanced tongue, ⟨
2775:
2746:
2717:
2688:
2659:
2630:
2598:
2569:
2540:
91:. The prototype of the alphabet appeared in
15746:
15728:
15604:
15555:International Phonetic Association (2020).
15542:International Phonetic Association (2018).
15529:International Phonetic Association (2016).
15501:International Phonetic Association (1999).
15411:International Phonetic Association (1991).
15073:
15052:
14568:
14326:
13780:
13338:The 1904 English edition says that ⟨
13040:in the 1900, 1904, and 1912 charts, and to
13022:
13020:
13018:
13016:
10907:
10152:⟩, previously defined as "voiceless
10084:
6411:⟩. Aspiration was marked as ⟨
6299:⟩ for the near-close equivalents of
5219:In the notes, the half-length mark ⟨
5138:⟩ rather than a full letter ⟨
16622:
16608:
16159:
15967:
15935:
15767:"IPA Council votes against new IPA symbol"
15589:. Berlin: Reichsdruckerei. pp. 18–27.
14967:
14449:
14303:International Phonetic Association (1993b)
14291:International Phonetic Association (1993a)
14240:International Phonetic Association (1989a)
14223:International Phonetic Association (1989a)
14211:International Phonetic Association (1989a)
14187:International Phonetic Association (1989b)
14151:International Phonetic Association (1989a)
14138:
14126:
13705:
13342:⟩ is the Arabic and English voiced
13196:International Phonetic Association (1989a)
10534:⟩ for global rise and fall of pitch
7366:, p. 23. The substitution of ⟨
6210:⟩ for fricative of Bantu languages
6179:, "whose formation we do not yet agree on"
4542:⟩. Stress may be marked by ⟨
4373:⟩ too would be replaced by ⟨
16677:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
15782:
15752:
15734:
15557:"IPA charts and sub-charts in four fonts"
15544:"IPA charts and sub-charts in four fonts"
15428:
15307:40 (3), December 2010, pp. 299–358,
15239:
15053:Collins, Beverly; Mees, Inger M. (1998).
14552:International Phonetic Association (2020)
14528:International Phonetic Association (2018)
14501:International Phonetic Association (2016)
14474:International Phonetic Association (2012)
14438:International Phonetic Association (1999)
14426:International Phonetic Association (1999)
14414:International Phonetic Association (1999)
14402:International Phonetic Association (1999)
14390:International Phonetic Association (1999)
14363:International Phonetic Association (1991)
14276:International Phonetic Association (1999)
14252:International Phonetic Association (1999)
14175:International Phonetic Association (1999)
14163:International Phonetic Association (1999)
14031:International Phonetic Association (1978)
13966:
13931:International Phonetic Association (1949)
13919:International Phonetic Association (1949)
13907:International Phonetic Association (1999)
13757:International Phonetic Association (1949)
13741:
13652:
13426:
13177:International Phonetic Association (1949)
13114:International Phonetic Association (1999)
13099:International Phonetic Association (1999)
10527:⟩ for linking (absence of a break)
10491:⟩, which now stood for extra-short
10236:International Phonetic Association (1999)
10158:", was specified as a fricative. ⟨
9902:⟩ for palatalization, and ⟨
8336:
8012:in addition to affricates, as in ⟨
6765:⟩, and for tense and lax, ⟨
6203:⟩ for Circassian dental fricatives
5444:σ ƍ ʃ ʒ ɹ
4534:⟩, etc. It was noted that ⟨
3844:These modifications apply to all letters
16562:Transactions of the Philological Society
16559:(1987). "Rethinking phonetic taxonomy".
16487:
16467:
16304:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
16103:
16070:
16041:
15822:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
15803:"IPA Council establishes new committees"
15494:
15338:
14929:
14903:
14835:
14580:
13219:
13013:
11082:
10197:
10047:⟩ for r-colouring, as in ⟨
8292:click not found in Xhosa (that is, as a
8178:⟩ (or with serifs, as in ⟨
8081:⟩ for the Japanese syllabic nasal
4557:⟩ and a voiceless one by ⟨
62:
16523:
16406:
16130:
16029:
15860:. Edinburgh University Press. pp.
15856:; Henderson, Eugene J. A. (eds.).
15809:
15800:
15791:
15761:
15258:
15023:
15001:
14539:
14515:
14485:
14461:
14350:
14338:
14263:
14102:
12689:Centralized open front unrounded vowel
12604:Voiced uvular fricative or approximant
11826:Near-close (near-)front unrounded vowel
10967:⟩, was mentioned again. ⟨
10937:
10911:
10289:(proposed at least as far back as 1926)
10224:International Phonetic Association 1999
10193:
7414:] with simultaneous glottal stop):
6533:⟩ (recalling a tooth) for dental
4641:⟩ for more rounded, and ⟨
4629:⟩ for retracted tongue, ⟨
4609:. Non-syllabic vowels were marked by a
14:
20253:
16847:
16334:(1975). "The Association's alphabet".
16108:The Routledge Linguistics Encyclopedia
15878:
15792:Keating, Patricia (20 February 2016).
15210:
15186:
15159:
15127:
14374:
14314:
14059:
14002:
13990:
13617:
13287:
13165:Phonetic Teachers' Association (1888b)
13150:Phonetic Teachers' Association (1888a)
13138:Phonetic Teachers' Association (1887b)
13126:Phonetic Teachers' Association (1887a)
11102:In 2011, it was proposed that ⟨
10682:⟩ for palatalized and ⟨
10128:⟩, the predecessors to ⟨
6153:⟩ for the Czech fricative trill
5134:appeared as a modifier letter ⟨
93:Phonetic Teachers' Association (1888b)
19604:
19086:
18785:
18501:
16925:
16920:
16915:
16910:
16905:
16900:
16895:
16890:
16885:
16880:
16875:
16870:
16857:
16852:
16842:
16813:
16648:
16603:
16555:
16393:
16364:
16330:
16296:
16188:
15847:
15814:. International Phonetic Association.
15805:. International Phonetic Association.
15796:. International Phonetic Association.
15694:
15673:
15652:
15631:
15610:
15581:
14090:
14078:
13954:
13942:
13894:
13882:
13834:
13804:
13717:
13634:
13514:
13466:
13074:
13051:
12792:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel
12116:
12080:
10719:for a voiced labial–velar fricative,
10709:At the convention, proposals such as
9060:
9058:
9056:
9054:
8990:
8988:
8921:
8919:
8912:
8903:
8901:
8860:
8858:
8838:
8537:
7657:may occasionally be used in place of
7363:
7265:
7234:
7202:
6722:
5952:
5530:
5193:⟩ are unsatisfactory letters.
5130:In comparison to the 1900 chart, the
4971:
4656:t must remain a general principle to
4621:⟩. Following letters, ⟨
4553:A voiced sound was marked by ⟨
4188:
19615:
19556:
19249:
18459:
18420:
16829:
16444:
16112:(3rd ed.). Routledge. pp.
16085:. Oxford University Press. pp.
15818:
15753:Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969).
13207:
13026:To be precise, the shape of ⟨
11858:Near-close (near-)back rounded vowel
10983:⟩ were replaced with ⟨
10690:were withdrawn (now written ⟨
10635:("baby gamma"), with a flat top, to
8377:
7424:, etc. Implosive voiced consonants:
6769:⟩, were no longer mentioned.
6566:⟩ for more close and ⟨
6445:L'Écriture Phonétique Internationale
6381:Medium tones, as necessary: ⟨
6226:for palatalized consonants: ⟨
5204:⟩ were defined as the Arabic
4403:is a simple bilabial fricative ...
176:
46:. For the distinction between ,
19584:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
18438:
18398:Symbols to the right in a cell are
15812:"2018 IPA charts now posted online"
12807:Near-close near-front rounded vowel
12577:
11349:
11325:
11106:⟩ be added to represent the
10755:voiceless palatal lateral fricative
10246:, which now maintains it, in 1994.
9921:'s 1956 recording of the Secondary
8088:⟩ for a combination of and
7362:⟩—in German had appeared in
6487:In April 1925, 12 linguists led by
6175:
6169:
5713:⟩ were no longer mentioned.
5674:For the first time, affricates, or
5212:
5206:
24:
18494:
16667:International Phonetic Association
16575:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1987.tb00710.x
16437:
16394:Wells, John C. (6 November 2006).
15801:Keating, Patricia (14 June 2017).
15283:International Phonetic Association
13583:⟩ had the typographic form
12834:Near-close near-back rounded vowel
10952:, pp. 6–7, as pointed out by
10402:advanced and retracted tongue root
10310:⟩ for epiglottal fricatives
10033:⟩ for Japanese moraic nasal
8200:
7733:Écriture Phonétique Internationale
6316:⟩ for clicks, with ⟨
6244:⟩ for "dentalized palatals"
6120:⟩ were revived and ⟨
6100:⟩, which appeared again in
5723:Écriture phonétique internationale
147:
77:International Phonetic Association
25:
20277:
20180:
20164:
20144:
20131:
20115:
20093:
20073:
20053:
20037:
20024:
20008:
19995:
19979:
19959:
19943:
19930:
19917:
19901:
19881:
19865:
19852:
19836:
19823:
19807:
19787:
19765:
19749:
19729:
19713:
19700:
19684:
19671:
19655:
19511:
19496:
19489:
19469:
19445:
19433:
19426:
19412:
19405:
19379:
19366:
19354:
19347:
19335:
19328:
19316:
19309:
19290:
19276:
19262:
19193:
19186:
19179:
19172:
19163:
19152:
19136:
19129:
19122:
19115:
19106:
19095:
19064:
19032:
19000:
18973:
18964:
18955:
18944:
18935:
18924:
18902:
18893:
18882:
18873:
18862:
18840:
18831:
18820:
18811:
18800:
18765:
18745:
18738:
18731:
18720:
18697:
18690:
18683:
18676:
18669:
18662:
18655:
18648:
18641:
18625:
18618:
18611:
18604:
18597:
18590:
18583:
18576:
18560:
18553:
18546:
18539:
18532:
18523:
18512:
18466:
18342:
18333:
18324:
18317:
18306:
18299:
18263:
18254:
18245:
18236:
18223:
18181:
18174:
18167:
18160:
18153:
18146:
18135:
18128:
18088:
18081:
18074:
18067:
18060:
18053:
18042:
18035:
18000:
17993:
17986:
17979:
17964:
17957:
17946:
17939:
17920:
17913:
17895:
17886:
17869:
17862:
17851:
17844:
17833:
17824:
17815:
17799:
17782:
17773:
17764:
17751:
17734:
17714:
17707:
17700:
17693:
17686:
17679:
17672:
17665:
17658:
17651:
17644:
17637:
17630:
17623:
17616:
17609:
17602:
17595:
17588:
17581:
17574:
17567:
17560:
17553:
17525:
17518:
17511:
17504:
17497:
17490:
17483:
17476:
17443:
17436:
17429:
17422:
17415:
17408:
17401:
17394:
17387:
17376:
17369:
17362:
17355:
17348:
17341:
17330:
17323:
17316:
17309:
17281:
17274:
17267:
17260:
17253:
17246:
17239:
17232:
17197:
17188:
17181:
17174:
17167:
17160:
17153:
17146:
17139:
17132:
17121:
17114:
17103:
17096:
17089:
17082:
17075:
17068:
17046:
17039:
17032:
17025:
17018:
17011:
17004:
16997:
16986:
16979:
16968:
16959:
16952:
16945:
16938:
16922:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
16583:
15810:Keating, Patricia (18 May 2018).
15162:The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences
15007:Fundamental Problems in Phonetics
12785:Near-close front unrounded vowel
12752:Open-mid central unrounded vowel
12706:Near-open central unrounded vowel
11711:Close-mid central unrounded vowel
11391:Voiced alveolar lateral fricative
11132:⟩ was replaced by ⟨
10772:
10731:voiceless velar lateral fricative
10657:⟩ was revived in place of
10338:⟩ and obsolescent ⟨
10303:⟩ for voiceless implosives
10061:close-mid central unrounded vowel
7990:⟩ was replaced by ⟨
7887:lips more spread. Central vowels
6574:
6104:, p. 40 and in the chart in
4637:⟩ for more close, ⟨
103:, which in turn was based on the
20204:
20172:
20152:
20123:
20081:
20045:
20016:
19987:
19951:
19909:
19873:
19844:
19815:
19779:
19757:
19721:
19692:
19663:
19647:
19216:
18452:
18431:
18375:
16720:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
15939:(1987a). "Updating the Theory".
15704:. London: Linguaphone Institute.
15595:3, 6 (23), July–September 1928,
14050:⟩ of the Kiel convention.
13584:
13562:The typographic form of ⟨
13087:Ball, Howard & Miller (2018)
13043:
13033:
12963:
12823:
12817:
12775:Close-mid central rounded vowel
12745:Open-mid central unrounded vowel
12680:Open-mid central unrounded vowel
12259:
12108:
12072:
11766:Open-mid central unrounded vowel
11657:
11650:
11580:
11408:
11369:Voiceless labial–velar fricative
11289:
11282:
11064:
11010:
10852:
10830:⟩, and close-mid ⟨
10790:
10746:
10722:
10712:
10660:
10638:
10628:
10287:voiced velar lateral approximant
8848:
8327:⟩ (or preferably ⟨
8316:
8306:
8045:
7997:
6555:⟩ was repurposed for the
6343:⟩ for "reinforced accent"
6081:
5929:
5896:
5694:above the letter, as in ⟨
5690:consonants could be marked by a
5173:⟩ as a diacritic to mark
4633:⟩ for more open, ⟨
4354:
2461:
2445:
2120:
2105:
2090:
2075:
2060:
2008:
1929:
1914:
1839:
1824:
1809:
1794:
1779:
1764:
1749:
1702:
1579:
1347:
1332:
1298:
1283:
1227:
1212:
1151:
1136:
1098:
1083:
1068:
1053:
1038:
1023:
1008:
651:
634:
578:
563:
530:
515:
482:
467:
406:
354:
339:
324:
309:
294:
279:
264:
249:
234:
219:
20261:International Phonetic Alphabet
18473:
16631:International Phonetic Alphabet
16508:Akamatsu, Tsutomu (2003–2004).
14968:Breckwoldt, G. H. (1972).
14561:
14036:
13769:Jespersen & Pedersen (1926)
13573:
13556:
13456:
13349:
13332:
13257:
13237:
12803:Near-close front rounded vowel
12766:Close-mid central rounded vowel
11736:Close-mid central rounded vowel
11423:Voiced alveolar fricative trill
8473:(pulmonic air-stream mechanism)
7374:⟩ was approved in 1931.
6587:⟩ for lateral fricatives
6358:⟩ high falling, ⟨
5671:⟩ was removed entirely.
4435:of Spanish and Portuguese ...
73:International Phonetic Alphabet
38:International Phonetic Alphabet
19564:Nasal labial–velar approximant
18487:
18445:
16814:
16740:IPA chart for English dialects
16649:
15858:Towards a History of Phonetics
15831:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00015-8
15505:. Cambridge University Press.
15244:. Edinburgh University Press.
15009:. Edinburgh University Press.
13660:⟨𝼪 𝼥 𝼧 𝼦 𝼩⟩
13570:⟩ with the dot removed.
13000:
12827:Near-close back rounded vowel
12821:Near-close back rounded vowel
12588:Voiceless epiglottal fricative
12573:Voiceless pharyngeal fricative
11901:Modifiers and suprasegmentals
11796:Open-mid central rounded vowel
11639:Close-mid back unrounded vowel
11321:Voiceless pharyngeal fricative
11061:recommendation of alternating
10892:open-mid central rounded vowel
10885:
10859:are typographic alternatives.
10769:were discussed but dismissed.
10741:voiced velar lateral fricative
10623:close-mid back unrounded vowel
10069:open-mid central rounded vowel
6370:⟩ low falling, ⟨
6350:⟩ high rising, ⟨
6186:⟩ (dental) and ⟨
5889:(ƕ w) x ǥ
5455:(ʍ w) x ǥ
5231:⟩, rather than ⟨
4925:(ʍ w) x ǥ
4550:⟩ before the syllable.
4132:(ʍ w) x ǥ
154:Dhi Fonètik Tîtcerz' Asóciécon
13:
1:
18480:
16313:. Cambridge University Press.
15757:. Cambridge University Press.
15275:10.1016/S0388-0001(03)00003-2
15059:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
14576:. Edinburgh University Press.
14574:Elements of General Phonetics
13061:
12988:Americanist phonetic notation
12618:Voiced postalveolar fricative
11667:Close central unrounded vowel
10649:⟩, which represents a
10621:⟩. The letter for the
10513:⟩ for a syllable break
8370:
8355:The 1951 chart added ⟨
8350:
8106:⟩ as alternatives for
8023:
7981:
7377:The accompanying notes read:
6772:
6753:⟩. Apart from ⟨
6749:⟩ in place of ⟨
6529:) for labialized and ⟨
6518:⟩ for secondary stress
6407:⟩ in place of ⟨
6388:⟩ mid rising, ⟨
6362:⟩ low rising, ⟨
6354:⟩ high level, ⟨
6292:⟩, etc. for affricates
5716:
5246:
4740:
3938:
19574:Voiceless bidental fricative
16682:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
16317:Daniel Jones: Selected Works
16311:The Pronunciation of Russian
15076:Daniel Jones: Selected Works
14115:Ladefoged & Roach (1986)
12685:Open central unrounded vowel
11244:Voiceless bilabial fricative
11156:⟩ (3–4–3) to ⟨
11140:⟩ (4–5–4) to ⟨
11108:open central unrounded vowel
10767:open central unrounded vowel
10393:⟩ for mid-centralized
10077:open central unrounded vowel
7781:slight aspiration following
6395:⟩ mid level, ⟨
6374:⟩ rise-fall, ⟨
6366:⟩ low level, ⟨
5923:f v ꜰ ʋ
5911:ʃ ʒ s z
5439:θ ð s z
7:
16783:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
16082:The World's Writing Systems
15884:Quarterly Journal of Speech
15131:(1995). "News of the IPA".
14404:, pp. 167, 170–1, 179.
12976:
12727:Mid central unrounded vowel
11689:Close central rounded vowel
11345:Voiced pharyngeal fricative
11095:⟩ was added for the
10999:⟩ (3–5) and ⟨
10991:⟩ (4–5) and ⟨
10924:⟩ (a barred ⟨
10894:in the 1993 chart, ⟨
10106:In the 1979 chart, ⟨
10055:On the other hand, ⟨
10019:⟩ for palatalization
9779:ning of stressed syllable:
9425:Alveolo-palatal fricatives
8136:⟩, etc., or ⟨
8095:⟩ replacing ⟨
8070:⟩ replacing ⟨
6606:(by extension from ⟨
6468:in the 1989 Kiel revision.
6426:⟩ were conceived by
6102:Trofimov & Jones (1923)
5623:⟩ was added for the
5185:⟩, and that ⟨
75:was created soon after the
10:
20282:
19605:
16525:Koerner, E. F. Konrad
16488:Akamatsu, Tsutomu (1996).
16468:Akamatsu, Tsutomu (1992).
16400:John Wells's phonetic blog
15577:. Oxford University Press.
15170:10.1002/9781444317251.ch18
13730:Jones & Camilli (1933)
12332:
11304:Voiceless uvular fricative
11170:
11048:voiced retroflex implosive
10995:⟩ (1–2) to ⟨
10932:⟩, but not ⟨
9999:⟩ (but not ⟨
9960:absence of audible release
9080:
8463:
8243:⟩, etc. or ⟨
8074:⟩, approved in 1945
7384:.—Palatalized consonants:
6491:, including IPA Secretary
6422:The click letters ⟨
6336:⟩ for "half-accent"
6143:⟩ for a single-tap
6074:⟩ replaced ⟨
6064:⟩ replaced ⟨
6056:⟩ replaced ⟨
5639:⟩ replaced ⟨
5631:⟩ replaced ⟨
5154:⟩ replaced ⟨
5146:⟩ replaced ⟨
4415:, Romaic θ, Icelandic þ;
4369:⟩ in 1900. ⟨
2530:
20106:
20064:
19970:
19892:
19798:
19740:
19641:
19634:
19629:
19624:
19613:
19600:
19569:Nasal palatal approximant
19246:Co-articulated consonants
19146:
19091:
19054:
19022:
18987:
18918:
18856:
18794:
18755:
18707:
18635:
18568:
18506:
18492:
18485:
18478:
18471:
18464:
18457:
18450:
18443:
18436:
18429:
18427:
18279:
18201:
18108:
18012:
17907:
17807:
17722:
17549:
17453:
17305:
17207:
17062:
16932:
16864:
16836:
16822:
16809:
16748:
16702:
16659:
16655:
16644:
16541:10.1017/S0025100300004710
16519:. 21–22 (41–44): 135–149.
16461:10.1080/03637757209375735
16421:10.1017/S0025100303001166
16396:"Scenes from IPA history"
16379:10.1017/S0025100300001420
16350:10.1017/S0025100300001274
16174:10.1017/S0025100305002227
16145:10.1017/S0025100300000402
16056:10.1017/S002510030000308X
16015:10.1017/S0025100300003078
15982:10.1017/S0025100300003224
15953:10.1017/S0025100300003170
15921:10.1017/S0025100300003741
15896:10.1080/00335635109381671
15784:10.1017/S0025100312000114
15747:Collins & Mees (2003)
15729:Collins & Mees (2003)
15605:Collins & Mees (2003)
15481:10.1017/S0025100300004746
15452:10.1017/S002510030000476X
15430:10.1017/S0025100300005910
15396:10.1017/S002510030000387X
15359:10.1017/S0025100300003868
15313:10.1017/S0025100311000089
15240:Heselwood, Barry (2013).
15225:10.1017/S0025100300000773
15145:10.1017/S0025100300000207
15038:10.1017/S0025100300004230
14985:10.1515/9783110814750-017
14953:10.1017/S0025100317000147
13781:Collins & Mees (1998)
12966:
12958:
12948:
12945:
12932:
12929:
12916:
12913:
12900:
12897:
12892:
12882:
12879:
12874:
12862:
12857:
12847:
12844:
12832:
12820:
12805:
12802:
12790:
12784:
12771:Mid central rounded vowel
12769:
12764:
12748:
12725:
12723:(unroundedness implicit)
12719:
12704:
12702:(unroundedness implicit)
12698:
12688:
12683:
12678:
12666:
12660:
12645:
12642:Voiced bilabial fricative
12640:
12628:
12626:Postalveolar approximant
12616:
12606:
12603:
12598:
12586:
12571:
12561:
12555:
12550:
12484:
12479:
12456:
12451:
12438:
12433:
12428:
12415:
12410:
12405:
12392:
12387:
12374:
12350:
12345:
12327:
12317:
12307:
12282:
12277:
12262:
12239:
12229:
12214:
12201:
12196:
12186:
12171:
12161:
12149:
12144:
12111:
12103:
12075:
12067:
12057:
12049:
12041:
12031:
12026:
12018:
12008:
11998:
11988:
11978:
11965:
11960:
11891:
11866:
11849:
11834:
11829:
11799:
11787:
11769:
11757:
11749:
11739:
11727:
11714:
11702:
11692:
11680:
11670:
11656:
11649:
11642:
11578:
11573:
11548:
11533:
11528:
11503:
11487:
11472:
11467:
11449:
11434:
11429:
11414:
11407:
11382:
11372:
11360:
11355:
11336:
11331:
11312:
11307:
11295:
11281:
11269:
11264:
11261:Voiced bilabial fricative
11252:
11247:
11235:
11230:
11079:21st-century developments
10948:⟩ was included in
10319:voiced epiglottal plosive
9769:
9686:
9648:
9557:
9448:Alveolar fricative trill
9221: ͜
9217: ͡
9084:
9071:
9069:
9047:
9038:
9024:
9017:
9015:
9008:
9006:
8986:
8979:
8977:
8968:
8949:
8942:
8935:
8914:
8910:
8892:
8885:
8878:
8871:
8856:
8854:
8847:
8827:
8825:
8813:
8811:
8795:
8781:
8772:
8734:
8628:
8616:
8584:
8556:
8539:
8535:
8533:
8512:
8496:
8470:
8456:
8451:
8444:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8415:
8410:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8389:
8063:⟩ for palatalized
8008:⟩ was allowed for
7879:tongue slightly lowered.
7633: ͜
7629: ͡
7227:
7225:
7223:
7210:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7200:
7198:
7191:
7159:
7140:Frictionless Continuants
7072:
7040:
7036:
7007:
7003:
6971:
6967:
6941:
6937:
6899:
6889:
6848:
6841:
6833:
6798:
6790:
6788:
6088:was added for a devoiced
6010:
6008:
5950:
5948:
5940:
5756:
5730:
5505:
5498:
5496:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5470:
5282:
5257:
5081:
5079:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4957:
4779:
4754:
4589:) were marked by ⟨
4423:, Icelandic ð, Romaic δ.
4298:
4296:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4174:
3983:
3952:
3931:
3926:
3922:(or any other consonant)
3915:
3910:
3899:
3894:
3883:
3878:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2440:
2422:
2403:
2384:
2341:
2322:
2303:
2285:
2266:
2247:
2204:
2185:
2167:
2148:
2130:
2115:
2100:
2085:
2070:
2055:
2036:
2018:
2003:
1939:
1924:
1909:
1891:
1872:
1834:
1819:
1804:
1789:
1774:
1759:
1744:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1697:
1656:
1637:
1619:
1601:
1514:
1495:
1476:
1457:
1438:
1419:
1400:
1381:
1342:
1327:
1308:
1293:
1278:
1260:
1222:
1207:
1146:
1131:
1093:
1078:
1063:
1048:
1033:
1018:
981:
978:
975:
948:
930:
911:
892:
873:
854:
835:
812:
794:
775:
752:
733:
715:
696:
677:
610:
588:
573:
558:
540:
525:
510:
492:
477:
462:
401:
382:
364:
349:
334:
319:
304:
289:
274:
259:
244:
229:
214:
197:
194:
191:
15755:The Phonetics of Russian
14266:, p. 326 n. 6.
13666:for 'r', but not the 'z'
13254:⟩ (turned three).
13222:, pp. 35, 38 n. 20.
12993:
12710:Near-open central vowel
12607:Voiced uvular fricative
10688:alveolar fricative trill
10272:voiced palatal fricative
10093:voiced palatal fricative
10040:⟩ for labialized
9829:ligatures, or with slur
9827:written as digraphs, as
9790:level pitch, high tone:
9777:stress, placed at begin-
9272:e˕,e̞,e᪷ʁ᪷
8124:⟩, etc., ⟨
8010:synchronous articulation
7875:tongue slightly raised.
6320:⟩ for the common
6167:⟩ for the Arabic
6116:⟩, until ⟨
4569:⟩, as in ⟨
4475:is intermediate between
4384:in the modern sense and
18418:Non-pulmonic consonants
17550:Non-sibilant fricative
17306:Non-sibilant affricate
16672:History of the alphabet
14042:At some point, rotated
13967:Jones & Ward (1969)
13742:Jones & Dahl (1944)
12700:Near-open central vowel
12647:Labiodental approximant
12600:Voiced uvular fricative
12556:Voiced uvular trill or
10178:", was redefined as an
10087:, p. 161. ⟨
9995:Application of ⟨
9231:also under the heading
8337:Jones & Ward (1969)
8197:⟩ were removed.
7795:specially close vowel (
6557:labiodental approximant
5450:ç j (ɥ)
5243:⟩ for out-back.
4930:(ɥ) ç j
4577:were marked by ⟨
4565:were marked by ⟨
4361:(distinct from ⟨
4341:Alexander Melville Bell
4137:(ɥ) ç j
34:phonetic transcriptions
20266:History of linguistics
16730:Sinological extensions
15695:Jones, Daniel (1956).
15097:(1939). "A Petition".
13050:in the 1921 chart and
12664:A sound between and
12661:A sound between and
11542:Alveolar lateral click
11278:Voiced velar fricative
11088:
10874:⟩, now simply "
10651:voiced velar fricative
10203:
10083:⟩ was based on
9962:(omitted in the chart)
9886:⟩, and ⟨
9458:Alveolar lateral flap
7979:
7955:) syllabic consonant.
7811:specially open vowel (
7667:. Aspirated plosives:
7627:, etc.), or the marks
7552:(lowered varieties of
7354:'s development of the
6965:Lateral Non-fricative
6725:also included ⟨
6570:⟩ for more open
6525:⟩ (recalling a
6514:⟩, and ⟨
6454:
6434:wrote to a colleague:
6160:⟩ for a voiced
5150:⟩, and ⟨
5089:(ʊ ʏ)
4738:
4517:
4439:is found in German in
4349:voiced velar fricative
2776:
2747:
2718:
2689:
2660:
2631:
2599:
2570:
2541:
2490:
129:, previously known as
68:
31:This article contains
16302:A Primer of Phonetics
13030:⟩ is close to
12668:Alveolar lateral flap
11086:
11024:Principles of the IPA
10936:⟩. Errata for
10866:⟩ and ⟨
10834:⟩ and ⟨
10826:⟩ and ⟨
10694:⟩ and ⟨
10458:, augmenting ⟨
10262:voiced bilabial trill
10201:
10180:alveolar lateral flap
9872:retroflex approximant
8343:⟩ and ⟨
8174:⟩ and ⟨
8163:⟩, or ⟨
8151:R-coloured : ⟨
7843:dental articulation (
7681:Length, Stress, Pitch
7379:
7370:⟩ for ⟨
6757:⟩ and ⟨
6466:Lepsius/Bleek letters
6436:
6060:⟩ and ⟨
5916:ɹ θ ð
5635:⟩ and ⟨
5625:Czech fricative trill
5422:ʍ w ɥ
5200:⟩ and ⟨
5189:⟩ and ⟨
4951:ʍ w ɥ
4654:
4390:
4168:ʍ w ɥ
3906:(or any other vowel)
3890:(or any other vowel)
2469:
142:extensions to the IPA
66:
18202:Lateral approximant
16278:The Phonetic Teacher
16257:The Phonetic Teacher
16236:The Phonetic Teacher
16215:The Phonetic Teacher
16194:Le Maître Phonétique
15848:Kelly, John (1981).
15737:Le Maître Phonétique
15711:Le Maître Phonétique
15676:Le Maître Phonétique
15655:Le Maître Phonétique
15634:Le Maître Phonétique
15613:Le Maître Phonétique
15593:Le Maître Phonétique
15287:Le Maître Phonétique
15192:Le Maître Phonétique
14918:(97). Front matter.
14912:Le Maître Phonétique
14886:Le Maître Phonétique
14865:Le Maître Phonétique
14844:Le Maître Phonétique
14818:Le Maître Phonétique
14797:Le Maître Phonétique
14776:Le Maître Phonétique
14755:Le Maître Phonétique
14728:(9–10). Supplement.
14722:Le Maître Phonétique
14707:(9–10). Supplement.
14701:Le Maître Phonétique
14680:Le Maître Phonétique
14659:Le Maître Phonétique
14638:Le Maître Phonétique
14617:Le Maître Phonétique
14596:Le Maître Phonétique
14199:Köhler et al. (1988)
14165:, pp. 165, 185.
14093:, pp. 12–3, 15.
13807:, pp. 23, 25–7.
13465:, p. 9, citing
12630:Alveolar approximant
12562:Voiced uvular trill
12124:Lowered (consonant)
11446:Retroflex consonants
10487:, replacing ⟨
10439:, replacing ⟨
10424:, replacing ⟨
10194:1989 Kiel Convention
9890:⟩ or ⟨
9849:may occasionally be
9771:STRESS, TONE (PITCH)
9304:i̠,i˗, t̠
9255:e˔,e̝,ẹ ẉ
9193:Velarized or Pharyn-
8269:⟩ or ⟨
7703:(high level pitch);
7699:(secondary stress).
6780:Le Maître Phonétique
6440:Le Maître Phonétique
6399:⟩ mid falling
6106:Le Maître Phonétique
5928:ƕ w
5181:⟩ to ⟨
4599:Tense and lax vowels
4563:Retroflex consonants
4407:is the English hard
135:The Phonetic Teacher
131:Le Maître Phonétique
117:Alexander John Ellis
16826:Pulmonic consonants
15739:. Troisième série.
15713:. Troisième série.
15678:. Troisième série.
15657:. Troisième série.
15636:. Troisième série.
15615:. Troisième série.
15475:(1). Center pages.
15423:(1). Front matter.
15327:(1–2). Supplement.
15289:. Troisième série.
15194:. Troisième série.
15003:Catford, J. C.
14914:. Troisième série.
14888:. Troisième série.
14867:. Troisième série.
14846:. Troisième série.
14820:. Troisième série.
14799:. Troisième série.
14778:. Troisième série.
14757:. Troisième série.
14686:(6–7). Supplement.
12552:Voiced uvular trill
12088:Raised (consonant)
11902:
11599:
11182:
10961:Handbook of the IPA
10780:distinctive feature
10220:Handbook of the IPA
8339:, who used ⟨
8214:Handbook of the IPA
7959:consonantal vowel.
7883:lips more rounded.
7348:isosceles trapezium
6640:⟩, etc. for
6625:⟩, etc. for
6598:⟩, etc. for
6538:ʈ, ɖ, ɳ, ɭ, ɽ, ʂ, ʐ
4575:emphatic consonants
4522:were marked with a
4351:was represented by
1718:
972:
188:
181:
133:and before that as
105:Phonotypic Alphabet
18756:Lateral fricative
18402:, to the left are
18109:Lateral fricative
16897:Postalveolar
16882:Linguolabial
16725:Naming conventions
16688:Journal of the IPA
16037:. London: Seeleys.
15997:Ladefoged, Peter;
15717:(43). Supplement.
15293:(91). Supplement.
15188:Gimson, A. C.
14892:(88). Supplement.
14871:(62). Supplement.
14824:(37). Supplement.
14665:(11). Supplement.
14644:(11). Supplement.
14570:Abercrombie, David
14327:Abercrombie (1967)
14278:, pp. 159–60.
14213:, pp. 72, 74.
13664:⟨𝼨⟩
12731:Mid central vowel
11900:
11597:
11180:
11160:⟩ (3–4–2).
11144:⟩ (3–4–3).
11089:
10914:, who had ⟨
10908:Abercrombie (1967)
10904:J. C. Catford
10876:epiglottal plosive
10798:Journal of the IPA
10625:was modified from
10569:ə᷄, ə᷆, ə᷈, ə̋, ə̏
10204:
10085:Abercrombie (1967)
9882:⟩, ⟨
9878:⟩, ⟨
9825:AFFRICATES can be
9784:secondary stress:
8258:⟩, ⟨
8247:⟩, ⟨
8239:⟩, ⟨
8228:⟩, ⟨
8224:⟩, ⟨
8159:⟩, ⟨
8155:⟩, ⟨
8144:⟩, ⟨
8140:⟩, ⟨
8132:⟩, ⟨
8128:⟩, ⟨
8120:⟩, ⟨
8116:⟩, ⟨
6935:Lateral Fricative
6636:⟩, ⟨
6621:⟩, ⟨
6617:⟩, ⟨
6594:⟩, ⟨
6551:⟩ (⟨
6378:⟩ fall-rise
6288:⟩, ⟨
6284:⟩, ⟨
6280:⟩, ⟨
6276:⟩, ⟨
6272:⟩, ⟨
6255:⟩, ⟨
6251:⟩, ⟨
6126:ï, ü, ë, ö, ɛ̈, ɔ̈
5526:(ɔ ɔ̈ œ)
5158:⟩. ⟨
5142:⟩, ⟨
5102:(ɔ ɔ̈ œ)
4593:⟩: ⟨
4581:⟩: ⟨
4530:⟩, ⟨
4427:is the non-rolled
4377:⟩ in 1931.
4311:(ɔ ɔ̈ œ)
1716:
970:
186:
177:
69:
20248:
20247:
20244:
20243:
20239:
20238:
20191:
20190:
19596:
19595:
19592:
19591:
19549:
19548:
19374:Uvular–epiglottal
19241:
19240:
19203:
19202:
18414:
18413:
18362:
18361:
18280:Lateral tap/flap
16877:Labiodental
16805:
16804:
16801:
16800:
16735:World Orthography
16448:Speech Monographs
16123:978-0-415-42104-1
16073:Daniels, Peter T.
15854:Asher, R. E.
15840:978-0-08-044854-1
15763:Keating, Patricia
15743:(82). Supplement.
15390:(2). Centerfold.
15262:Language Sciences
15251:978-0-7486-4073-7
15179:978-1-4051-4590-9
14450:Nicolaidis (2005)
14341:, pp. 178–9.
14139:Ladefoged (1987b)
14127:Ladefoged (1987a)
14044:⟨ᴈ⟩
14005:, pp. 315–7.
13706:Breckwoldt (1972)
13658:Unicode supports
13620:, pp. 681–2.
13429:, pp. 112–3.
13275:⟨ä⟩
13263:Although ⟨
13101:, pp. 194–7.
12974:
12973:
12721:Mid central vowel
12501:
12500:
11898:
11897:
11595:
11594:
11091:In 2005, ⟨
10954:David Abercrombie
10686:⟩ for the
10456:pharyngealization
10091:⟩ for the
10075:⟩ for the
10067:⟩ for the
10059:⟩ for the
9991:velar approximant
9864:
9863:
9860:
9859:
9555:
9554:
9551:
9550:
9413:
9412:
9237:
9236:
8299:In 1948, ⟨
8110:R-coloured vowels
7731:(fall-rise). See
7584:(a vowel between
7514:(a sound between
7440:fricative trill.
7344:
7343:
7237:(y ʉ u)
6731:labiodental nasal
6604:pharyngealization
6506:Straight ⟨
6432:A. C. Gimson
6050:
6049:
6029:(ɔ ʚ œ)
6021:(o ɵ ø)
6013:(u ʉ y)
5649:labiodental nasal
5617:
5616:
5518:(o ö ø)
5508:(u ü y)
5128:
5127:
5094:(o ö ø)
5084:(u ü y)
4573:⟩. Arabic
4419:the English soft
4337:
4336:
4306:(o ö ø)
4301:(u ü y)
3936:
3935:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
1712:
1711:
966:
965:
169:⟨x⟩
167:and French with
165:⟨c⟩
16:(Redirected from
20273:
20232:
20208:
20185:
20184:
20176:
20175:
20169:
20168:
20156:
20155:
20149:
20148:
20136:
20135:
20127:
20126:
20120:
20119:
20098:
20097:
20085:
20084:
20078:
20077:
20058:
20057:
20049:
20048:
20042:
20041:
20029:
20028:
20020:
20019:
20013:
20012:
20000:
19999:
19991:
19990:
19984:
19983:
19964:
19963:
19955:
19954:
19948:
19947:
19935:
19934:
19922:
19921:
19913:
19912:
19906:
19905:
19886:
19885:
19877:
19876:
19870:
19869:
19857:
19856:
19848:
19847:
19841:
19840:
19828:
19827:
19819:
19818:
19812:
19811:
19792:
19791:
19783:
19782:
19770:
19769:
19761:
19760:
19754:
19753:
19734:
19733:
19725:
19724:
19718:
19717:
19705:
19704:
19696:
19695:
19689:
19688:
19676:
19675:
19667:
19666:
19660:
19659:
19651:
19650:
19620:
19619:
19616:
19602:
19601:
19554:
19553:
19515:
19500:
19493:
19473:
19449:
19437:
19430:
19416:
19409:
19383:
19370:
19358:
19351:
19342:Labial–retroflex
19339:
19332:
19320:
19313:
19294:
19284:Labial–retroflex
19280:
19266:
19250:
19220:
19197:
19190:
19183:
19176:
19167:
19156:
19140:
19133:
19126:
19119:
19110:
19099:
19070:
19038:
19006:
18977:
18970:
18961:
18950:
18941:
18930:
18908:
18899:
18888:
18879:
18868:
18846:
18837:
18826:
18817:
18806:
18792:bottom: uvular)
18769:
18749:
18742:
18735:
18724:
18701:
18694:
18687:
18680:
18673:
18666:
18659:
18652:
18645:
18629:
18622:
18615:
18608:
18601:
18594:
18587:
18580:
18564:
18557:
18550:
18543:
18536:
18527:
18516:
18496:
18489:
18482:
18475:
18468:
18461:
18454:
18447:
18440:
18433:
18425:
18424:
18421:
18409:
18379:
18346:
18337:
18328:
18321:
18310:
18303:
18267:
18258:
18249:
18240:
18227:
18185:
18178:
18171:
18164:
18157:
18150:
18139:
18132:
18092:
18085:
18078:
18071:
18064:
18057:
18046:
18039:
18004:
17997:
17990:
17983:
17968:
17961:
17950:
17943:
17924:
17917:
17899:
17890:
17873:
17866:
17855:
17848:
17837:
17828:
17819:
17803:
17786:
17777:
17768:
17755:
17738:
17718:
17711:
17704:
17697:
17690:
17683:
17676:
17669:
17662:
17655:
17648:
17641:
17634:
17627:
17620:
17613:
17606:
17599:
17592:
17585:
17578:
17571:
17564:
17557:
17529:
17522:
17515:
17508:
17501:
17494:
17487:
17480:
17447:
17440:
17433:
17426:
17419:
17412:
17405:
17398:
17391:
17380:
17373:
17366:
17359:
17352:
17345:
17334:
17327:
17320:
17313:
17285:
17278:
17271:
17264:
17257:
17250:
17243:
17236:
17201:
17192:
17185:
17178:
17171:
17164:
17157:
17150:
17143:
17136:
17125:
17118:
17107:
17100:
17093:
17086:
17079:
17072:
17050:
17043:
17036:
17029:
17022:
17015:
17008:
17001:
16990:
16983:
16972:
16963:
16956:
16949:
16942:
16834:
16833:
16830:
16811:
16810:
16657:
16656:
16646:
16645:
16639:
16624:
16617:
16610:
16601:
16600:
16578:
16552:
16520:
16514:
16504:
16494:
16484:
16474:
16464:
16432:
16403:
16390:
16361:
16314:
16305:
16293:
16272:
16251:
16230:
16209:
16185:
16156:
16127:
16111:
16100:
16067:
16038:
16026:
15993:
15964:
15937:Ladefoged, Peter
15932:
15899:
15875:
15844:
15815:
15806:
15797:
15788:
15786:
15758:
15744:
15726:
15705:
15703:
15691:
15670:
15649:
15628:
15590:
15578:
15569:Pedersen, Holger
15560:
15551:
15546:. Archived from
15538:
15537:on 5 March 2016.
15533:. Archived from
15531:"Full IPA Chart"
15525:
15516:
15492:
15463:
15434:
15432:
15407:
15378:
15336:
15302:
15278:
15255:
15236:
15207:
15183:
15156:
15124:
15089:
15070:
15049:
15020:
14998:
14974:
14964:
14927:
14901:
14880:
14859:
14833:
14812:
14791:
14770:
14748:
14737:
14716:
14695:
14674:
14653:
14632:
14611:
14590:
14577:
14555:
14549:
14543:
14537:
14531:
14525:
14519:
14513:
14504:
14498:
14489:
14483:
14477:
14471:
14465:
14459:
14453:
14447:
14441:
14435:
14429:
14423:
14417:
14411:
14405:
14399:
14393:
14387:
14378:
14372:
14366:
14360:
14354:
14348:
14342:
14336:
14330:
14324:
14318:
14312:
14306:
14300:
14294:
14288:
14279:
14273:
14267:
14261:
14255:
14254:, pp. 37–8.
14249:
14243:
14237:
14226:
14220:
14214:
14208:
14202:
14196:
14190:
14184:
14178:
14172:
14166:
14160:
14154:
14148:
14142:
14136:
14130:
14124:
14118:
14112:
14106:
14100:
14094:
14088:
14082:
14076:
14063:
14057:
14051:
14049:
14045:
14040:
14034:
14028:
14022:
14012:
14006:
14000:
13994:
13988:
13982:
13976:
13970:
13964:
13958:
13952:
13946:
13940:
13934:
13928:
13922:
13921:, pp. 15–9.
13916:
13910:
13904:
13898:
13892:
13886:
13880:
13874:
13868:
13862:
13856:
13850:
13844:
13838:
13832:
13823:
13817:
13808:
13802:
13796:
13790:
13784:
13778:
13772:
13766:
13760:
13754:
13745:
13739:
13733:
13727:
13721:
13715:
13709:
13703:
13697:
13691:
13682:
13676:
13667:
13665:
13661:
13656:
13650:
13644:
13638:
13632:
13621:
13615:
13609:
13603:
13590:
13588:
13582:
13577:
13571:
13569:
13565:
13560:
13554:
13548:
13542:
13536:
13530:
13524:
13518:
13512:
13506:
13500:
13494:
13488:
13482:
13476:
13470:
13460:
13454:
13448:
13442:
13436:
13430:
13427:Heselwood (2013)
13424:
13418:
13412:
13406:
13400:
13391:
13385:
13376:
13370:
13359:
13353:
13347:
13341:
13336:
13330:
13324:
13315:
13309:
13303:
13297:
13291:
13285:
13279:
13276:
13270:
13266:
13261:
13255:
13253:
13245:
13241:
13235:
13229:
13223:
13217:
13211:
13205:
13199:
13193:
13180:
13179:, back endpaper.
13174:
13168:
13162:
13153:
13147:
13141:
13135:
13129:
13123:
13117:
13111:
13102:
13096:
13090:
13084:
13078:
13072:
13055:
13049:
13047:
13039:
13037:
13029:
13024:
13011:
13009:
13004:
12956:
12940:
12924:
12908:
12890:
12872:
12855:
12842:
12815:
12800:
12782:
12759:
12738:
12717:
12696:
12676:
12655:
12638:
12614:
12596:
12580:
12579:
12569:
12548:
12508:
12507:
12497:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12469:
12464:
12459:
12454:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12418:
12413:
12408:
12395:
12390:
12377:
12369:
12367:
12353:
12348:
12335:
12330:
12320:
12315:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12285:
12280:
12265:
12257:
12242:
12237:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12217:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12174:
12169:
12164:
12152:
12147:
12142:
12132:
12119:
12114:
12106:
12101:Lowered (vowel)
12096:
12083:
12078:
12070:
12060:
12055:
12054:
12044:
12034:
12029:
12021:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11968:
11963:
11903:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11820:
11815:
11807:
11802:
11790:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11760:
11752:
11747:
11742:
11730:
11722:
11717:
11705:
11700:
11695:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11661:
11654:
11647:
11646:
11600:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11576:
11561:
11556:
11551:
11536:
11531:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11475:
11470:
11461:
11452:
11437:
11432:
11417:
11412:
11405:
11400:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11363:
11358:
11352:
11351:
11339:
11334:
11328:
11327:
11315:
11310:
11298:
11293:
11286:
11272:
11267:
11255:
11250:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11183:
11179:
11159:
11155:
11143:
11139:
11135:
11131:
11105:
11097:labiodental flap
11094:
11074:
11070:
11068:
11060:
11053:
11045:
11041:
11037:
11033:
11002:
10998:
10994:
10990:
10986:
10982:
10978:
10974:
10970:
10966:
10947:
10943:
10935:
10931:
10927:
10923:
10922:
10917:
10901:
10897:
10881:
10873:
10869:
10865:
10858:
10856:
10848:
10837:
10833:
10829:
10825:
10815:
10808:
10765:⟩ for an
10764:
10760:
10752:
10750:
10738:
10737:
10728:
10726:
10718:
10716:
10705:
10701:
10697:
10693:
10685:
10681:
10674:
10670:
10666:
10664:
10656:
10648:
10644:
10642:
10634:
10632:
10620:
10616:
10609:
10605:
10603:
10597:
10593:
10589:
10585:
10581:
10577:
10570:
10558:
10540:
10533:
10526:
10519:
10512:
10502:
10496:Suprasegmentals
10490:
10482:
10468:
10461:
10449:
10442:
10434:
10427:
10419:
10409:
10399:
10392:
10385:
10367:
10357:
10341:
10337:
10333:
10316:
10309:
10302:
10295:
10284:
10277:
10269:
10259:
10177:
10171:
10165:
10161:
10157:
10151:
10147:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10109:
10098:
10090:
10082:
10074:
10066:
10058:
10050:
10046:
10039:
10032:
10025:
10018:
10006:
10002:
9998:
9988:
9978:
9968:
9957:
9950:
9946:
9938:
9931:
9916:
9905:
9901:
9897:
9893:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9869:
9854:
9848:
9843:
9839:
9834:
9821:
9816:
9812:
9807:
9803:
9798:
9794:
9787:
9783:
9776:
9760:
9757:
9749:
9746:
9741:
9738:
9735:
9730:
9727:
9722:
9719:
9716:
9713:
9710:
9705:
9702:
9699:
9639:
9636:
9631:
9628:
9625:
9620:
9617:
9612:
9609:
9606:
9601:
9598:
9593:
9590:
9587:
9584:
9581:
9576:
9573:
9570:
9547:
9541:
9534:
9528:
9521:
9515:
9508:
9502:
9492:
9488:
9482:
9475:
9471:
9465:
9455:
9445:
9438:
9432:
9422:
9417:
9416:
9409:
9403:
9396:
9390:
9383:
9377:
9370:
9364:
9357:
9351:
9344:
9338:
9331:
9325:
9318:
9312:
9305:
9299:
9298:
9293:
9286:
9280:
9273:
9267:
9263:
9256:
9250:
9246:
9241:
9240:
9228:
9222:
9218:
9211:
9205:
9198:
9190:
9183:
9177:
9170:
9164:
9157:
9151:
9144:
9138:
9131:
9125:
9118:
9112:
9105:
9099:
9094:
9093:
9082:
9081:
9076:
9052:
9045:
9036:
9022:
9013:
9004:
8984:
8975:
8966:
8945:
8940:
8933:
8917:
8908:
8890:
8883:
8876:
8852:
8845:
8823:
8816:
8809:
8802:
8793:
8786:
8779:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8739:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8582:
8577:
8570:
8563:
8554:
8549:
8531:
8524:
8517:
8510:
8501:
8494:
8487:
8387:
8386:
8378:
8366:
8358:
8346:
8342:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8320:
8312:
8310:
8302:
8287:
8280:
8272:
8268:
8261:
8257:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8196:
8188:
8184:
8183:
8177:
8173:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8105:
8098:
8094:
8087:
8080:
8073:
8069:
8062:
8055:
8051:
8049:
8039:
8035:
8015:
8007:
8003:
8001:
7993:
7989:
7976:
7970:
7964:
7958:
7954:
7948:
7944:
7934:
7928:
7922:
7916:
7910:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7864:
7859:palatalization (
7858:
7854:
7848:
7842:
7838:
7832:
7826:
7822:
7817:= a rather open
7816:
7810:
7806:
7800:
7794:
7790:
7780:
7776:
7770:
7764:
7760:
7754:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7719:(high falling);
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7666:
7656:
7646:
7640:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7612:
7595:
7589:
7583:
7577:
7571:
7565:
7551:
7537:
7531:
7525:
7519:
7513:
7503:
7489:
7479:
7469:
7459:
7449:
7439:
7433:
7423:
7407:
7393:
7383:
7373:
7369:
7361:
7324:
7321:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7305:
7302:
7297:
7294:
7291:
7286:
7283:
7275:
7272:
7269:
7262:
7254:
7246:
7238:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7172:j (ɥ)
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:and Semi-vowels
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7061:
7048:
7043:
7025:
7010:
6988:
6979:
6974:
6944:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6882:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6856:
6851:
6844:
6786:
6785:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6740:
6736:
6728:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6639:
6635:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6609:
6597:
6593:
6586:
6569:
6565:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6539:
6532:
6524:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6502:
6463:
6459:
6425:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6398:
6394:
6392:
6387:
6385:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6319:
6315:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6264:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6201:
6193:As "suggested":
6189:
6185:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6159:
6152:
6142:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6099:
6098:ɨ, ʉ, ɘ, ɵ, ᴈ, ʚ
6095:
6087:
6085:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6030:
6022:
6014:
6005:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5962:
5959:
5956:
5935:
5933:
5924:
5917:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5868:
5859:
5845:
5840:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5728:
5727:
5712:
5697:
5685:
5682:, as in ⟨
5677:
5670:
5666:
5658:
5654:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5622:
5597:
5594:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5578:
5575:
5574:ɛ̈ ɔ̈
5572:
5567:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5548:
5545:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5527:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5405:
5396:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5330:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5293:
5266:Point and Blade
5255:
5254:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5199:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5175:click consonants
5172:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5103:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5076:
5073:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4899:
4890:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4752:
4751:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4613:, as in ⟨
4596:
4592:
4584:
4580:
4572:
4568:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4520:Nasalized vowels
4510:
4508:
4502:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4466:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4426:
4418:
4406:
4402:
4394:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4293:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4152:
4151:
4144:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4106:
4097:
4092:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3994:
3950:
3949:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3900:Long and narrow
3897:
3889:
3881:
3874:
3866:
3859:
3854:Strong stressed
3851:
3841:
3833:
3823:
3795:
3775:
3750:
3726:
3700:
3676:
3646:
3617:
3593:
3573:
3540:
3511:
3480:
3450:
3420:
3391:
3363:
3343:
3319:
3283:
3264:
3236:
3196:
3167:
3140:
3116:
3092:
3065:
3038:
3010:
2990:
2957:
2921:
2885:
2865:e (in the south)
2856:
2825:
2797:
2779:
2769:
2750:
2737:
2721:
2708:
2692:
2679:
2663:
2650:
2634:
2621:
2602:
2589:
2573:
2560:
2544:
2528:
2521:Other languages
2499:
2498:
2451:
2443:
2436:
2425:
2418:
2406:
2399:
2387:
2380:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2344:
2337:
2325:
2318:
2306:
2299:
2288:
2281:
2269:
2262:
2250:
2243:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2207:
2200:
2188:
2181:
2170:
2163:
2151:
2144:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2051:
2039:
2032:
2021:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1905:
1894:
1887:
1875:
1868:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1693:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1659:
1652:
1640:
1633:
1622:
1615:
1604:
1597:
1585:
1575:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1517:
1510:
1498:
1491:
1479:
1472:
1460:
1453:
1441:
1434:
1422:
1415:
1403:
1396:
1384:
1377:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1323:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1274:
1263:
1256:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1127:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1089:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1001:
973:
969:
962:
951:
944:
933:
926:
914:
907:
895:
888:
876:
869:
857:
850:
838:
831:
815:
808:
797:
790:
778:
771:
755:
747:
736:
728:
718:
711:
699:
692:
680:
673:
657:
647:
632:
625:
613:
606:
591:
584:
576:
569:
561:
554:
543:
536:
528:
521:
513:
506:
495:
488:
480:
473:
465:
458:
447:
442:
435:
424:
419:
412:
404:
397:
385:
378:
367:
360:
352:
345:
337:
330:
322:
315:
307:
300:
292:
285:
277:
270:
262:
255:
247:
240:
232:
225:
217:
189:
185:
182:
170:
166:
53:
49:
21:
20281:
20280:
20276:
20275:
20274:
20272:
20271:
20270:
20251:
20250:
20249:
20240:
20230:
20229:unrounded
20225:
20187:
20186:
20179:
20177:
20173:
20170:
20163:
20158:
20157:
20153:
20150:
20143:
20138:
20137:
20130:
20128:
20124:
20121:
20114:
20100:
20099:
20092:
20087:
20086:
20082:
20079:
20072:
20060:
20059:
20052:
20050:
20046:
20043:
20036:
20031:
20030:
20023:
20021:
20017:
20014:
20007:
20002:
20001:
19994:
19992:
19988:
19985:
19978:
19966:
19965:
19958:
19956:
19952:
19949:
19942:
19937:
19936:
19929:
19924:
19923:
19916:
19914:
19910:
19907:
19900:
19888:
19887:
19880:
19878:
19874:
19871:
19864:
19859:
19858:
19851:
19849:
19845:
19842:
19835:
19830:
19829:
19822:
19820:
19816:
19813:
19806:
19794:
19793:
19786:
19784:
19780:
19772:
19771:
19764:
19762:
19758:
19755:
19748:
19736:
19735:
19728:
19726:
19722:
19719:
19712:
19707:
19706:
19699:
19697:
19693:
19690:
19683:
19678:
19677:
19670:
19668:
19664:
19661:
19654:
19648:
19609:
19588:
19552:
19551:
19550:
19545:
19522:
19521:
19520:
19519:
19518:Labial–alveolar
19516:
19509:
19504:
19501:
19494:
19486:
19481:
19480:
19474:
19466:
19460:
19459:
19450:
19442:
19441:
19438:
19431:
19423:
19422:
19417:
19410:
19402:
19392:
19391:
19390:
19389:
19384:
19376:
19371:
19363:
19362:
19359:
19352:
19344:
19343:
19340:
19333:
19325:
19324:
19323:Labial–alveolar
19321:
19314:
19306:
19301:
19300:
19295:
19287:
19286:
19281:
19273:
19272:
19270:Labial–alveolar
19267:
19259:
19242:
19237:
19067:
19035:
19023:Voiced lateral
19003:
18978:
18967:
18958:
18947:
18938:
18927:
18905:
18896:
18885:
18876:
18865:
18843:
18834:
18823:
18814:
18803:
18791:
18789:
18407:
18396:
16902:Retroflex
16818:
16797:
16756:ASCII encodings
16744:
16698:
16651:
16640:
16633:
16628:
16586:
16581:
16512:
16492:
16472:
16440:
16438:Further reading
16435:
16124:
16097:
16077:Bright, William
15905:Traill, Anthony
15880:Kenyon, John S.
15872:
15841:
15701:
15603:. Reprinted in
15565:Jespersen, Otto
15550:on 24 May 2018.
15513:
15495:MacMahon (1996)
15339:MacMahon (2010)
15252:
15180:
15129:Esling, John H.
15100:American Speech
15095:American Speech
15086:
15067:
15017:
14995:
14972:
14937:Ball, Martin J.
14930:MacMahon (2010)
14904:Albright (1958)
14836:MacMahon (1996)
14747:(2nd ed.).
14564:
14559:
14558:
14550:
14546:
14538:
14534:
14526:
14522:
14514:
14507:
14499:
14492:
14484:
14480:
14472:
14468:
14460:
14456:
14448:
14444:
14436:
14432:
14424:
14420:
14412:
14408:
14400:
14396:
14388:
14381:
14373:
14369:
14361:
14357:
14349:
14345:
14337:
14333:
14325:
14321:
14313:
14309:
14301:
14297:
14289:
14282:
14274:
14270:
14262:
14258:
14250:
14246:
14238:
14229:
14221:
14217:
14209:
14205:
14197:
14193:
14185:
14181:
14173:
14169:
14161:
14157:
14149:
14145:
14137:
14133:
14125:
14121:
14113:
14109:
14101:
14097:
14089:
14085:
14077:
14066:
14058:
14054:
14043:
14041:
14037:
14029:
14025:
14017:American Speech
14013:
14009:
14001:
13997:
13989:
13985:
13977:
13973:
13965:
13961:
13953:
13949:
13941:
13937:
13929:
13925:
13917:
13913:
13905:
13901:
13893:
13889:
13881:
13877:
13869:
13865:
13857:
13853:
13845:
13841:
13833:
13826:
13818:
13811:
13803:
13799:
13791:
13787:
13779:
13775:
13767:
13763:
13755:
13748:
13740:
13736:
13728:
13724:
13716:
13712:
13704:
13700:
13692:
13685:
13677:
13670:
13663:
13659:
13657:
13653:
13649:, pp. 8–9.
13645:
13641:
13633:
13624:
13616:
13612:
13604:
13593:
13578:
13574:
13561:
13557:
13549:
13545:
13537:
13533:
13525:
13521:
13513:
13509:
13501:
13497:
13489:
13485:
13477:
13473:
13461:
13457:
13449:
13445:
13437:
13433:
13425:
13421:
13413:
13409:
13401:
13394:
13386:
13379:
13371:
13362:
13354:
13350:
13337:
13333:
13325:
13318:
13310:
13306:
13298:
13294:
13286:
13282:
13274:
13262:
13258:
13243:
13242:
13238:
13230:
13226:
13220:MacMahon (1986)
13218:
13214:
13206:
13202:
13194:
13183:
13175:
13171:
13163:
13156:
13148:
13144:
13136:
13132:
13124:
13120:
13112:
13105:
13097:
13093:
13085:
13081:
13073:
13069:
13064:
13059:
13058:
13041:
13031:
13025:
13014:
13005:
13001:
12996:
12979:
12506:
12474:Falling–rising
12446:Rising–falling
12365:
12325:Primary stress
12113:◌᪷,◌˕,◌̞
12065:Raised (vowel)
12052:
11644:
11474:ʈ,ɖ,ɳ,ɽ,ʂ,ʐ,ɻ,ɭ
11178:
11173:
11081:
11062:
11058:
11046:⟩ for a
11016:
10920:
10888:
10850:
10793:
10775:
10744:
10739:⟩ for a
10735:
10720:
10710:
10658:
10636:
10626:
10601:
10475:lateral release
10317:⟩ for a
10285:⟩ for a
10274:, with ⟨
10270:⟩ for a
10260:⟩ for a
10208:Peter Ladefoged
10196:
9989:⟩ for a
9969:⟩ for a
9923:Cardinal Vowels
9870:⟩ for a
9850:
9845:
9836:
9830:
9828:
9826:
9818:
9809:
9800:
9791:
9789:
9780:
9778:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9761:
9753:
9750:
9742:
9739:
9733:
9731:
9723:
9720:
9714:
9708:
9706:
9694:
9684:
9683:
9678:
9675:
9670:
9667:
9662:
9659:
9653:
9646:
9641:
9640:
9632:
9629:
9621:
9613:
9610:
9604:
9602:
9594:
9591:
9588:
9585:
9579:
9577:
9565:
9494:
9296:
9232:
9230:
9194:
9141:Breathy-voiced
8956:
8953:
8867:
8834:
8768:
8638:
8475:
8468:
8447:
8440:
8418:
8406:
8404:
8373:
8353:
8314:
8304:
8206:
8181:
8043:
8026:
7995:
7984:
7827:labialization (
7801:= a very close
7738:
7723:(low falling);
7711:(high rising);
7691:(half length).
7687:(full length).
7680:
7381:
7325:
7317:
7314:
7306:
7298:
7295:
7289:
7287:
7279:
7276:
7263:
7258:
7255:
7250:
7247:
7242:
7239:
7221:
7194:
7141:
6836:
6813:
6808:
6800:
6795:
6775:
6729:⟩ for a
6577:
6485:
6390:
6383:
6257:
6199:
6079:
6066:
6031:
6026:
6023:
6018:
6015:
6006:
5998:
5993:
5982:
5977:
5966:
5963:
5943:
5936:
5925:
5918:
5913:
5903:
5894:
5759:
5739:
5734:
5719:
5675:
5598:
5590:
5587:
5579:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5549:
5541:
5528:
5523:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5494:
5473:
5446:
5441:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5285:
5249:
5161:
5104:
5099:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5077:
5069:
5060:
5058:
5038:
5033:
5017:
5011:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4991:
4960:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4782:
4743:
4712:; that English
4506:
4471:; the Parisian
4352:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4294:
4286:
4277:
4275:
4255:
4250:
4234:
4228:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4208:
4177:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4153:
4149:
4145:
3986:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3941:
3932:Mark of length
2464:
1730:
984:
200:
168:
164:
150:
148:Early alphabets
61:
60:
59:
23:
22:
18:Kiel Convention
15:
12:
11:
5:
20279:
20269:
20268:
20263:
20246:
20245:
20242:
20241:
20237:
20236:
20224:
20223:
20218:
20213:
20202:
20196:
20193:
20192:
20189:
20188:
20178:
20171:
20162:
20161:
20159:
20151:
20142:
20141:
20139:
20129:
20122:
20113:
20112:
20110:
20104:
20103:
20101:
20091:
20090:
20088:
20080:
20071:
20070:
20068:
20062:
20061:
20051:
20044:
20035:
20034:
20032:
20022:
20015:
20006:
20005:
20003:
19993:
19986:
19977:
19976:
19974:
19968:
19967:
19957:
19950:
19941:
19940:
19938:
19928:
19927:
19925:
19915:
19908:
19899:
19898:
19896:
19890:
19889:
19879:
19872:
19863:
19862:
19860:
19850:
19843:
19834:
19833:
19831:
19821:
19814:
19805:
19804:
19802:
19796:
19795:
19785:
19778:
19777:
19775:
19773:
19763:
19756:
19747:
19746:
19744:
19738:
19737:
19727:
19720:
19711:
19710:
19708:
19698:
19691:
19682:
19681:
19679:
19669:
19662:
19653:
19652:
19645:
19639:
19638:
19633:
19628:
19623:
19614:
19611:
19610:
19598:
19597:
19594:
19593:
19590:
19589:
19587:
19586:
19581:
19576:
19571:
19566:
19560:
19558:
19547:
19546:
19544:
19543:
19538:
19533:
19527:
19524:
19523:
19517:
19510:
19505:
19502:
19495:
19488:
19487:
19482:
19475:
19468:
19467:
19461:
19451:
19444:
19443:
19439:
19432:
19425:
19424:
19420:Labial–palatal
19418:
19411:
19404:
19403:
19394:
19393:
19385:
19378:
19377:
19372:
19365:
19364:
19360:
19353:
19346:
19345:
19341:
19334:
19327:
19326:
19322:
19315:
19308:
19307:
19302:
19296:
19289:
19288:
19282:
19275:
19274:
19268:
19261:
19260:
19255:
19254:
19253:
19243:
19239:
19238:
19236:
19235:
19230:
19225:
19214:
19208:
19205:
19204:
19201:
19200:
19198:
19191:
19184:
19177:
19170:
19168:
19161:
19159:
19157:
19150:
19144:
19143:
19141:
19134:
19127:
19120:
19113:
19111:
19104:
19102:
19100:
19093:
19090:
19084:
19083:
19081:
19079:
19077:
19075:
19073:
19071:
19062:
19060:
19058:
19056:
19055:Nasal lateral
19052:
19051:
19049:
19047:
19045:
19043:
19041:
19039:
19030:
19028:
19026:
19024:
19020:
19019:
19017:
19015:
19013:
19011:
19009:
19007:
18998:
18996:
18994:
18992:
18985:
18984:
18982:
18980:
18971:
18962:
18953:
18951:
18942:
18933:
18931:
18922:
18916:
18915:
18913:
18911:
18909:
18900:
18891:
18889:
18880:
18871:
18869:
18860:
18854:
18853:
18851:
18849:
18847:
18838:
18829:
18827:
18818:
18809:
18807:
18798:
18793:
18783:
18782:
18780:
18778:
18776:
18774:
18772:
18770:
18763:
18761:
18759:
18757:
18753:
18752:
18750:
18743:
18736:
18729:
18727:
18725:
18718:
18716:
18714:
18712:
18705:
18704:
18702:
18695:
18688:
18681:
18674:
18667:
18660:
18653:
18646:
18639:
18633:
18632:
18630:
18623:
18616:
18609:
18602:
18595:
18588:
18581:
18574:
18572:
18566:
18565:
18558:
18551:
18544:
18537:
18530:
18528:
18521:
18519:
18517:
18510:
18505:
18499:
18498:
18491:
18484:
18477:
18470:
18463:
18456:
18449:
18442:
18435:
18428:
18416:
18415:
18412:
18411:
18395:
18394:
18389:
18384:
18373:
18367:
18364:
18363:
18360:
18359:
18357:
18355:
18353:
18351:
18349:
18347:
18340:
18338:
18331:
18329:
18322:
18315:
18313:
18311:
18304:
18297:
18295:
18293:
18291:
18289:
18287:
18285:
18283:
18281:
18277:
18276:
18274:
18272:
18270:
18268:
18261:
18259:
18252:
18250:
18243:
18241:
18234:
18232:
18230:
18228:
18221:
18219:
18217:
18215:
18213:
18211:
18209:
18207:
18205:
18203:
18199:
18198:
18196:
18194:
18192:
18190:
18188:
18186:
18179:
18172:
18165:
18158:
18151:
18144:
18142:
18140:
18133:
18126:
18124:
18122:
18120:
18118:
18116:
18114:
18112:
18110:
18106:
18105:
18103:
18101:
18099:
18097:
18095:
18093:
18086:
18079:
18072:
18065:
18058:
18051:
18049:
18047:
18040:
18033:
18031:
18029:
18027:
18025:
18023:
18021:
18019:
18017:
18010:
18009:
18007:
18005:
17998:
17991:
17984:
17977:
17975:
17973:
17971:
17969:
17962:
17955:
17953:
17951:
17944:
17937:
17935:
17933:
17931:
17929:
17927:
17925:
17918:
17911:
17905:
17904:
17902:
17900:
17893:
17891:
17884:
17882:
17880:
17878:
17876:
17874:
17867:
17860:
17858:
17856:
17849:
17842:
17840:
17838:
17831:
17829:
17822:
17820:
17813:
17811:
17805:
17804:
17797:
17795:
17793:
17791:
17789:
17787:
17780:
17778:
17771:
17769:
17762:
17760:
17758:
17756:
17749:
17747:
17745:
17743:
17741:
17739:
17732:
17730:
17728:
17726:
17720:
17719:
17712:
17705:
17698:
17691:
17684:
17677:
17670:
17663:
17656:
17649:
17642:
17635:
17628:
17621:
17614:
17607:
17600:
17593:
17586:
17579:
17572:
17565:
17558:
17551:
17547:
17546:
17544:
17542:
17540:
17538:
17536:
17534:
17532:
17530:
17523:
17516:
17509:
17502:
17495:
17488:
17481:
17474:
17472:
17470:
17468:
17466:
17464:
17462:
17460:
17458:
17451:
17450:
17448:
17441:
17434:
17427:
17420:
17413:
17406:
17399:
17392:
17385:
17383:
17381:
17374:
17367:
17360:
17353:
17346:
17339:
17337:
17335:
17328:
17321:
17314:
17307:
17303:
17302:
17300:
17298:
17296:
17294:
17292:
17290:
17288:
17286:
17279:
17272:
17265:
17258:
17251:
17244:
17237:
17230:
17228:
17226:
17224:
17222:
17220:
17218:
17216:
17214:
17205:
17204:
17202:
17195:
17193:
17186:
17179:
17172:
17165:
17158:
17151:
17144:
17137:
17130:
17128:
17126:
17119:
17112:
17110:
17108:
17101:
17094:
17087:
17080:
17073:
17066:
17060:
17059:
17057:
17055:
17053:
17051:
17044:
17037:
17030:
17023:
17016:
17009:
17002:
16995:
16993:
16991:
16984:
16977:
16975:
16973:
16966:
16964:
16957:
16950:
16943:
16936:
16930:
16929:
16924:
16919:
16914:
16909:
16904:
16899:
16894:
16889:
16884:
16879:
16874:
16872:Bilabial
16869:
16862:
16861:
16856:
16851:
16846:
16841:
16823:
16820:
16819:
16807:
16806:
16803:
16802:
16799:
16798:
16796:
16795:
16790:
16785:
16780:
16775:
16774:
16773:
16768:
16763:
16752:
16750:
16746:
16745:
16743:
16742:
16737:
16732:
16727:
16722:
16717:
16712:
16706:
16704:
16703:Special topics
16700:
16699:
16697:
16696:
16684:
16679:
16674:
16669:
16663:
16661:
16653:
16652:
16642:
16641:
16627:
16626:
16619:
16612:
16604:
16598:
16597:
16592:
16585:
16584:External links
16582:
16580:
16579:
16553:
16521:
16505:
16503:(27–28): 9–22.
16485:
16483:(19–20): 7–45.
16465:
16441:
16439:
16436:
16434:
16433:
16404:
16391:
16362:
16332:Wells, John C.
16328:
16306:
16294:
16284:(7–8): 57–60.
16273:
16252:
16231:
16210:
16200:(5–6): 74–76.
16186:
16157:
16128:
16122:
16101:
16095:
16068:
16039:
16027:
15994:
15965:
15933:
15915:(2): 140–142.
15900:
15890:(3): 311–320.
15876:
15870:
15845:
15839:
15816:
15807:
15798:
15789:
15759:
15750:
15732:
15706:
15692:
15671:
15650:
15629:
15608:
15579:
15561:
15552:
15539:
15526:
15517:
15511:
15498:
15497:, p. 822.
15464:
15435:
15408:
15379:
15342:
15341:, p. 271.
15316:
15279:
15269:(4): 319–330.
15256:
15250:
15237:
15208:
15184:
15178:
15157:
15125:
15113:10.2307/451421
15107:(3): 206–208.
15090:
15084:
15071:
15065:
15050:
15021:
15015:
14999:
14993:
14965:
14947:(2): 155–164.
14933:
14932:, p. 270.
14907:
14881:
14860:
14839:
14838:, p. 830.
14813:
14792:
14771:
14749:
14738:
14717:
14696:
14675:
14654:
14633:
14612:
14591:
14589:(1). Part III.
14578:
14565:
14563:
14560:
14557:
14556:
14544:
14540:Keating (2017)
14532:
14520:
14516:Keating (2018)
14505:
14490:
14486:Keating (2016)
14478:
14466:
14462:Keating (2012)
14454:
14442:
14430:
14418:
14416:, p. 166.
14406:
14394:
14379:
14377:, p. 697.
14367:
14355:
14351:Catford (1990)
14343:
14339:Catford (1977)
14331:
14329:, p. 161.
14319:
14307:
14295:
14280:
14268:
14264:Heitner (2003)
14256:
14244:
14227:
14215:
14203:
14191:
14179:
14177:, p. 186.
14167:
14155:
14143:
14131:
14119:
14107:
14103:McClure (1972)
14095:
14083:
14064:
14052:
14035:
14023:
14007:
13995:
13983:
13971:
13969:, p. 115.
13959:
13947:
13935:
13923:
13911:
13909:, p. vii.
13899:
13887:
13875:
13863:
13851:
13839:
13824:
13809:
13797:
13785:
13783:, p. 315.
13773:
13761:
13746:
13734:
13722:
13710:
13708:, p. 285.
13698:
13683:
13668:
13651:
13639:
13622:
13610:
13591:
13572:
13555:
13543:
13531:
13519:
13507:
13495:
13483:
13471:
13455:
13443:
13431:
13419:
13407:
13392:
13377:
13360:
13348:
13331:
13316:
13304:
13292:
13290:, p. 681.
13280:
13256:
13236:
13224:
13212:
13210:, p. 407.
13200:
13181:
13169:
13154:
13142:
13130:
13118:
13116:, p. 196.
13103:
13091:
13079:
13066:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13057:
13056:
13012:
12998:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12991:
12990:
12985:
12978:
12975:
12972:
12971:
12968:
12965:
12962:
12957:
12951:
12950:
12947:
12944:
12941:
12935:
12934:
12931:
12928:
12925:
12919:
12918:
12915:
12912:
12909:
12903:
12902:
12899:
12896:
12891:
12885:
12884:
12881:
12878:
12873:
12867:
12866:
12861:
12856:
12850:
12849:
12846:
12843:
12837:
12836:
12831:
12828:
12825:
12822:
12819:
12816:
12810:
12809:
12804:
12801:
12795:
12794:
12789:
12786:
12783:
12777:
12776:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12760:
12754:
12753:
12750:
12747:
12742:
12739:
12733:
12732:
12729:
12724:
12718:
12712:
12711:
12708:
12703:
12697:
12691:
12690:
12687:
12682:
12677:
12671:
12670:
12665:
12662:
12659:
12656:
12650:
12649:
12644:
12639:
12633:
12632:
12627:
12624:
12615:
12609:
12608:
12605:
12602:
12597:
12591:
12590:
12585:
12582:
12570:
12564:
12563:
12560:
12554:
12549:
12543:
12542:
12539:
12536:
12533:
12530:
12527:
12524:
12521:
12518:
12515:
12512:
12505:
12502:
12499:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12475:
12471:
12470:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12447:
12443:
12442:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12424:
12420:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12401:
12397:
12396:
12391:
12386:
12383:
12379:
12378:
12373:
12370:
12362:
12359:
12355:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12341:
12337:
12336:
12331:
12326:
12322:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12296:
12293:
12287:
12286:
12281:
12276:
12273:
12267:
12266:
12261:
12258:
12253:
12250:
12244:
12243:
12238:
12233:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12210:
12206:
12205:
12200:
12195:
12190:
12185:
12182:
12176:
12175:
12170:
12165:
12160:
12154:
12153:
12148:
12143:
12138:
12134:
12133:
12128:
12125:
12121:
12120:
12115:
12110:
12107:
12102:
12098:
12097:
12092:
12089:
12085:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12071:
12066:
12062:
12061:
12056:
12048:
12045:
12040:
12036:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12022:
12017:
12013:
12012:
12007:
12002:
11997:
11993:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11970:
11969:
11964:
11959:
11956:
11950:
11949:
11946:
11943:
11940:
11937:
11934:
11931:
11928:
11925:
11922:
11919:
11916:
11913:
11910:
11907:
11896:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11870:
11865:
11860:
11854:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11822:
11821:
11816:
11811:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11792:
11791:
11786:
11783:
11778:
11773:
11768:
11762:
11761:
11756:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11732:
11731:
11726:
11723:
11718:
11713:
11707:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11691:
11685:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11669:
11663:
11662:
11655:
11648:
11641:
11635:
11634:
11631:
11628:
11625:
11622:
11619:
11616:
11613:
11610:
11607:
11604:
11593:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11572:
11569:
11563:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11544:
11538:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11524:
11522:Alveolar click
11518:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11499:
11493:
11492:
11489:
11486:
11483:
11481:Bilabial click
11477:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11457:
11448:
11442:
11441:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11425:
11419:
11418:
11413:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11393:
11387:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11365:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11341:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11317:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11300:
11299:
11294:
11287:
11280:
11274:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11257:
11256:
11251:
11246:
11240:
11239:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11218:
11217:
11214:
11211:
11208:
11205:
11202:
11199:
11196:
11193:
11190:
11187:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11165:copyright sign
11149:TeX TIPA Roman
11087:The 2005 chart
11080:
11077:
11015:
11009:
10938:Catford (1990)
10912:Catford (1977)
10887:
10884:
10843:
10842:
10839:
10820:
10817:
10810:
10792:
10789:
10774:
10773:New principles
10771:
10552:
10551:
10550:
10549:
10535:
10528:
10521:
10514:
10507:
10494:
10493:
10492:
10477:
10463:
10444:
10437:palatalization
10429:
10414:
10404:
10394:
10387:
10380:
10362:
10349:
10348:
10347:
10342:⟩ (see
10328:
10311:
10304:
10297:
10290:
10279:
10264:
10195:
10192:
10071:, and ⟨
10053:
10052:
10041:
10034:
10027:
10020:
10009:
10008:
9993:
9983:
9973:
9971:bilabial click
9963:
9952:
9933:
9926:
9862:
9861:
9858:
9857:
9808:high falling:
9770:
9768:
9763:
9754:
9751:
9743:
9732:
9724:
9707:
9696:
9695:
9687:
9685:
9679:
9676:
9671:
9668:
9663:
9660:
9655:
9654:
9649:
9647:
9642:
9633:
9622:
9614:
9603:
9595:
9578:
9567:
9566:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9552:
9549:
9548:
9542:
9536:
9535:
9529:
9523:
9522:
9516:
9510:
9509:
9503:
9497:
9496:
9483:
9477:
9476:
9466:
9460:
9459:
9456:
9450:
9449:
9446:
9440:
9439:
9433:
9427:
9426:
9423:
9414:
9411:
9410:
9404:
9398:
9397:
9391:
9385:
9384:
9378:
9372:
9371:
9365:
9359:
9358:
9352:
9346:
9345:
9339:
9333:
9332:
9326:
9320:
9319:
9313:
9307:
9306:
9300:
9288:
9287:
9281:
9275:
9274:
9268:
9258:
9257:
9251:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9223:
9213:
9212:
9206:
9200:
9199:
9191:
9185:
9184:
9178:
9172:
9171:
9165:
9159:
9158:
9152:
9146:
9145:
9139:
9133:
9132:
9126:
9120:
9119:
9113:
9107:
9106:
9100:
9090:
9089:
9088:OTHER SYMBOLS
9086:
9078:
9077:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9062:
9061:
9059:
9057:
9055:
9053:
9048:
9046:
9041:
9039:
9037:
9032:
9030:(Median) Click
9026:
9025:
9023:
9018:
9016:
9014:
9009:
9007:
9005:
9000:
8998:
8992:
8991:
8989:
8987:
8985:
8980:
8978:
8976:
8971:
8969:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:(non-pulmonic
8950:
8947:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8934:
8929:
8923:
8922:
8920:
8918:
8913:
8911:
8909:
8904:
8902:
8900:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8886:
8884:
8879:
8877:
8872:
8870:
8862:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8846:
8841:
8839:
8837:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8824:
8819:
8817:
8812:
8810:
8805:
8803:
8798:
8796:
8794:
8789:
8787:
8782:
8780:
8775:
8773:
8771:
8763:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8740:
8735:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8633:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8571:
8566:
8564:
8559:
8557:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8541:
8540:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8532:
8527:
8525:
8520:
8518:
8513:
8511:
8506:
8504:
8502:
8497:
8495:
8490:
8488:
8483:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8469:
8464:
8461:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8443:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8414:
8409:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8383:
8382:
8372:
8369:
8361:John S. Kenyon
8352:
8349:
8275:
8274:
8263:
8252:
8233:
8205:
8199:
8191:
8190:
8168:
8149:
8148:⟩, etc.
8107:
8100:
8089:
8082:
8075:
8064:
8057:
8041:
8025:
8022:
7983:
7980:
7715:(low rising);
7572:(a variety of
7504:(clicks, Zulu
7356:Cardinal Vowel
7342:
7341:
7337:
7336:
7332:
7331:
7327:
7326:
7323:ɑ ɒ
7318:
7307:
7304:ʌ ɔ
7301:ɛ œ
7299:
7288:
7285:ɤ o
7282:e ø
7280:
7277:
7274:ɯ u
7271:ɨ ʉ
7268:i y
7266:
7264:
7259:
7256:
7251:
7248:
7243:
7240:
7235:
7233:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7222:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7137:
7136:
7134:h ɦ
7131:
7129:ħ ʕ
7126:
7124:χ ʁ
7121:
7119:x ɣ
7116:
7114:ç j
7111:
7109:ɕ ʑ
7106:
7101:
7099:ʂ ʐ
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7079:f v
7076:
7074:ɸ β
7071:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6943:ɬ ɮ
6940:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6876:
6874:q ɢ
6871:
6869:k ɡ
6866:
6864:c ɟ
6861:
6859:
6857:
6855:ʈ ɖ
6852:
6850:t d
6847:
6845:
6843:p b
6840:
6837:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6818:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6789:
6774:
6771:
6720:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6645:
6644:
6630:
6611:
6588:
6576:
6575:1928 revisions
6573:
6572:
6571:
6560:
6541:
6534:
6519:
6504:
6489:Otto Jespersen
6484:
6481:
6401:
6400:
6379:
6344:
6337:
6326:
6325:
6310:
6300:
6293:
6266:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6191:
6180:
6161:
6154:
6147:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6024:
6019:
6016:
6011:
6009:
6007:
5999:
5994:
5991:œ ɛ
5988:ʚ ᴈ
5985:ɔ ʌ
5983:
5978:
5975:ø e
5972:ɵ ɘ
5969:o ɤ
5967:
5964:
5961:y i
5958:ʉ ɨ
5955:u ɯ
5953:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5926:
5921:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5907:
5891:
5886:
5884:χ ʁ
5881:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5858:ᴙ ʀ
5855:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5791:p b
5788:
5786:t d
5783:
5781:c ɟ
5778:
5776:k ɡ
5773:
5771:q ɢ
5768:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5718:
5715:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5591:
5580:
5577:ʌ ɔ
5571:ɛ œ
5569:
5564:
5555:ë ö
5552:e ø
5550:
5544:ɪ ʏ
5542:
5539:ɯ u
5536:ï ü
5533:i y
5531:
5529:
5524:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:h ɦ
5462:
5460:ᴚ ʁ
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5435:
5433:f v
5430:
5427:σ ƍ
5425:
5420:
5417:ꜰ ʋ
5415:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5395:r ř
5392:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5367:l ɫ
5364:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5331:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5314:q ɢ
5311:
5309:k ɡ
5306:
5304:c ɟ
5301:
5299:t d
5296:
5294:
5292:p b
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5248:
5245:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5070:
5059:
5039:
5034:
5012:
4992:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4920:ᴚ ʁ
4917:
4915:h ɦ
4912:
4910:ʜ ꞯ
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4889:ᴙ ʀ
4886:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4816:p b
4813:
4811:t d
4808:
4806:c ɟ
4803:
4801:k ɡ
4798:
4796:q ɢ
4793:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4742:
4739:
4511:are sounds in
4455:is the Arabic
4345:Visible Speech
4335:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4287:
4276:
4256:
4251:
4229:
4209:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4154:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4127:ᴚ ʁ
4124:
4122:ʜ ɦ
4119:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:ᴙ ʀ
4093:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4020:p b
4017:
4015:t d
4012:
4010:c ɟ
4007:
4005:k ɡ
4002:
4000:q ɢ
3997:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3836:Weak stressed
3834:
3828:
3827:
3826:Glottal catch
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3677:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3660:
3654:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3631:
3625:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3405:
3399:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2940:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2910:(tongue-point
2908:
2902:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2604:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1002:
996:
995:
992:
988:
987:
980:
977:
967:
964:
963:
958:
952:
946:
945:
940:
934:
928:
927:
922:
915:
909:
908:
903:
896:
890:
889:
884:
877:
871:
870:
865:
858:
852:
851:
846:
839:
833:
832:
827:
816:
810:
809:
804:
798:
792:
791:
786:
779:
773:
772:
767:
756:
750:
749:
743:
737:
731:
730:
724:
719:
713:
712:
707:
700:
694:
693:
688:
681:
675:
674:
669:
658:
653:
649:
648:
643:
636:
633:
627:
626:
621:
614:
608:
607:
602:
592:
586:
585:
580:
577:
571:
570:
565:
562:
556:
555:
550:
544:
538:
537:
532:
529:
523:
522:
517:
514:
508:
507:
502:
496:
490:
489:
484:
481:
475:
474:
469:
466:
460:
459:
454:
448:
443:
437:
436:
431:
425:
420:
414:
413:
408:
405:
399:
398:
393:
386:
380:
379:
374:
368:
362:
361:
356:
353:
347:
346:
341:
338:
332:
331:
326:
323:
317:
316:
311:
308:
302:
301:
296:
293:
287:
286:
281:
278:
272:
271:
266:
263:
257:
256:
251:
248:
242:
241:
236:
233:
227:
226:
221:
218:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
196:
193:
149:
146:
97:Romic alphabet
81:oral languages
54:⟩, see
30:
29:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
20278:
20267:
20264:
20262:
20259:
20258:
20256:
20235:
20234:
20233: rounded
20222:
20219:
20217:
20214:
20212:
20207:
20203:
20201:
20198:
20197:
20195:
20194:
20183:
20167:
20160:
20147:
20140:
20134:
20118:
20111:
20109:
20105:
20102:
20096:
20089:
20076:
20069:
20067:
20063:
20056:
20040:
20033:
20027:
20011:
20004:
19998:
19982:
19975:
19973:
19969:
19962:
19946:
19939:
19933:
19926:
19920:
19904:
19897:
19895:
19891:
19884:
19868:
19861:
19855:
19839:
19832:
19826:
19810:
19803:
19801:
19797:
19790:
19776:
19774:
19768:
19752:
19745:
19743:
19739:
19732:
19716:
19709:
19703:
19687:
19680:
19674:
19658:
19646:
19644:
19640:
19637:
19632:
19627:
19622:
19621:
19618:
19617:
19612:
19608:
19603:
19599:
19585:
19582:
19580:
19577:
19575:
19572:
19570:
19567:
19565:
19562:
19561:
19559:
19555:
19542:
19539:
19537:
19534:
19532:
19529:
19528:
19526:
19525:
19514:
19508:
19499:
19492:
19485:
19478:
19472:
19464:
19457:
19455:
19448:
19436:
19429:
19421:
19415:
19408:
19401:
19397:
19388:
19387:Labial–uvular
19382:
19375:
19369:
19357:
19350:
19338:
19331:
19319:
19312:
19305:
19299:
19293:
19285:
19279:
19271:
19265:
19258:
19252:
19251:
19248:
19247:
19234:
19231:
19229:
19226:
19224:
19219:
19215:
19213:
19210:
19209:
19207:
19206:
19199:
19196:
19192:
19189:
19185:
19182:
19178:
19175:
19171:
19169:
19166:
19162:
19160:
19158:
19155:
19151:
19149:
19145:
19142:
19139:
19135:
19132:
19128:
19125:
19121:
19118:
19114:
19112:
19109:
19105:
19103:
19101:
19098:
19094:
19089:
19085:
19082:
19080:
19078:
19076:
19074:
19072:
19069:
19063:
19061:
19059:
19057:
19053:
19050:
19048:
19046:
19044:
19042:
19040:
19037:
19031:
19029:
19027:
19025:
19021:
19018:
19016:
19014:
19012:
19010:
19008:
19005:
18999:
18997:
18995:
18993:
18991:
18986:
18983:
18981:
18976:
18972:
18969:
18963:
18960:
18954:
18952:
18949:
18943:
18940:
18934:
18932:
18929:
18923:
18921:
18917:
18914:
18912:
18910:
18907:
18901:
18898:
18892:
18890:
18887:
18881:
18878:
18872:
18870:
18867:
18861:
18859:
18855:
18852:
18850:
18848:
18845:
18839:
18836:
18830:
18828:
18825:
18819:
18816:
18810:
18808:
18805:
18799:
18797:
18788:
18784:
18781:
18779:
18777:
18775:
18773:
18771:
18768:
18764:
18762:
18760:
18758:
18754:
18751:
18748:
18744:
18741:
18737:
18734:
18730:
18728:
18726:
18723:
18719:
18717:
18715:
18713:
18710:
18706:
18703:
18700:
18696:
18693:
18689:
18686:
18682:
18679:
18675:
18672:
18668:
18665:
18661:
18658:
18654:
18651:
18647:
18644:
18640:
18638:
18634:
18631:
18628:
18624:
18621:
18617:
18614:
18610:
18607:
18603:
18600:
18596:
18593:
18589:
18586:
18582:
18579:
18575:
18573:
18571:
18567:
18563:
18559:
18556:
18552:
18549:
18545:
18542:
18538:
18535:
18531:
18529:
18526:
18522:
18520:
18518:
18515:
18511:
18509:
18504:
18500:
18497:
18490:
18483:
18476:
18469:
18462:
18455:
18448:
18441:
18434:
18426:
18423:
18422:
18419:
18410:
18405:
18401:
18393:
18390:
18388:
18385:
18383:
18378:
18374:
18372:
18369:
18368:
18366:
18365:
18358:
18356:
18354:
18352:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18341:
18339:
18336:
18332:
18330:
18327:
18323:
18320:
18316:
18314:
18312:
18309:
18305:
18302:
18298:
18296:
18294:
18292:
18290:
18288:
18286:
18284:
18282:
18278:
18275:
18273:
18271:
18269:
18266:
18262:
18260:
18257:
18253:
18251:
18248:
18244:
18242:
18239:
18235:
18233:
18231:
18229:
18226:
18222:
18220:
18218:
18216:
18214:
18212:
18210:
18208:
18206:
18204:
18200:
18197:
18195:
18193:
18191:
18189:
18187:
18184:
18180:
18177:
18173:
18170:
18166:
18163:
18159:
18156:
18152:
18149:
18145:
18143:
18141:
18138:
18134:
18131:
18127:
18125:
18123:
18121:
18119:
18117:
18115:
18113:
18111:
18107:
18104:
18102:
18100:
18098:
18096:
18094:
18091:
18087:
18084:
18080:
18077:
18073:
18070:
18066:
18063:
18059:
18056:
18052:
18050:
18048:
18045:
18041:
18038:
18034:
18032:
18030:
18028:
18026:
18024:
18022:
18020:
18018:
18015:
18011:
18008:
18006:
18003:
17999:
17996:
17992:
17989:
17985:
17982:
17978:
17976:
17974:
17972:
17970:
17967:
17963:
17960:
17956:
17954:
17952:
17949:
17945:
17942:
17938:
17936:
17934:
17932:
17930:
17928:
17926:
17923:
17919:
17916:
17912:
17910:
17906:
17903:
17901:
17898:
17894:
17892:
17889:
17885:
17883:
17881:
17879:
17877:
17875:
17872:
17868:
17865:
17861:
17859:
17857:
17854:
17850:
17847:
17843:
17841:
17839:
17836:
17832:
17830:
17827:
17823:
17821:
17818:
17814:
17812:
17810:
17806:
17802:
17798:
17796:
17794:
17792:
17790:
17788:
17785:
17781:
17779:
17776:
17772:
17770:
17767:
17763:
17761:
17759:
17757:
17754:
17750:
17748:
17746:
17744:
17742:
17740:
17737:
17733:
17731:
17729:
17727:
17725:
17721:
17717:
17713:
17710:
17706:
17703:
17699:
17696:
17692:
17689:
17685:
17682:
17678:
17675:
17671:
17668:
17664:
17661:
17657:
17654:
17650:
17647:
17643:
17640:
17636:
17633:
17629:
17626:
17622:
17619:
17615:
17612:
17608:
17605:
17601:
17598:
17594:
17591:
17587:
17584:
17580:
17577:
17573:
17570:
17566:
17563:
17559:
17556:
17552:
17548:
17545:
17543:
17541:
17539:
17537:
17535:
17533:
17531:
17528:
17524:
17521:
17517:
17514:
17510:
17507:
17503:
17500:
17496:
17493:
17489:
17486:
17482:
17479:
17475:
17473:
17471:
17469:
17467:
17465:
17463:
17461:
17459:
17457:
17452:
17449:
17446:
17442:
17439:
17435:
17432:
17428:
17425:
17421:
17418:
17414:
17411:
17407:
17404:
17400:
17397:
17393:
17390:
17386:
17384:
17382:
17379:
17375:
17372:
17368:
17365:
17361:
17358:
17354:
17351:
17347:
17344:
17340:
17338:
17336:
17333:
17329:
17326:
17322:
17319:
17315:
17312:
17308:
17304:
17301:
17299:
17297:
17295:
17293:
17291:
17289:
17287:
17284:
17280:
17277:
17273:
17270:
17266:
17263:
17259:
17256:
17252:
17249:
17245:
17242:
17238:
17235:
17231:
17229:
17227:
17225:
17223:
17221:
17219:
17217:
17215:
17213:
17210:
17206:
17203:
17200:
17196:
17194:
17191:
17187:
17184:
17180:
17177:
17173:
17170:
17166:
17163:
17159:
17156:
17152:
17149:
17145:
17142:
17138:
17135:
17131:
17129:
17127:
17124:
17120:
17117:
17113:
17111:
17109:
17106:
17102:
17099:
17095:
17092:
17088:
17085:
17081:
17078:
17074:
17071:
17067:
17065:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17054:
17052:
17049:
17045:
17042:
17038:
17035:
17031:
17028:
17024:
17021:
17017:
17014:
17010:
17007:
17003:
17000:
16996:
16994:
16992:
16989:
16985:
16982:
16978:
16976:
16974:
16971:
16967:
16965:
16962:
16958:
16955:
16951:
16948:
16944:
16941:
16937:
16935:
16931:
16928:
16923:
16918:
16913:
16908:
16903:
16898:
16893:
16888:
16883:
16878:
16873:
16867:
16863:
16860:
16855:
16850:
16845:
16839:
16835:
16832:
16831:
16828:
16827:
16821:
16817:
16812:
16808:
16794:
16791:
16789:
16786:
16784:
16781:
16779:
16776:
16772:
16769:
16767:
16764:
16762:
16759:
16758:
16757:
16754:
16753:
16751:
16747:
16741:
16738:
16736:
16733:
16731:
16728:
16726:
16723:
16721:
16718:
16716:
16715:Case variants
16713:
16711:
16710:Cursive forms
16708:
16707:
16705:
16701:
16695:
16693:
16689:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16673:
16670:
16668:
16665:
16664:
16662:
16658:
16654:
16647:
16643:
16637:
16632:
16625:
16620:
16618:
16613:
16611:
16606:
16605:
16602:
16596:
16593:
16591:
16588:
16587:
16576:
16572:
16568:
16564:
16563:
16558:
16554:
16550:
16546:
16542:
16538:
16534:
16530:
16526:
16522:
16518:
16511:
16506:
16502:
16498:
16491:
16486:
16482:
16478:
16471:
16466:
16462:
16458:
16454:
16450:
16449:
16443:
16442:
16430:
16426:
16422:
16418:
16414:
16410:
16405:
16401:
16397:
16392:
16388:
16384:
16380:
16376:
16372:
16368:
16363:
16359:
16355:
16351:
16347:
16343:
16339:
16338:
16333:
16329:
16326:
16325:0-415-23341-0
16322:
16318:
16312:
16307:
16303:
16299:
16295:
16291:
16287:
16283:
16279:
16274:
16270:
16266:
16262:
16258:
16253:
16249:
16245:
16242:(19): 46–48.
16241:
16237:
16232:
16228:
16224:
16220:
16216:
16211:
16207:
16203:
16199:
16195:
16191:
16187:
16183:
16179:
16175:
16171:
16167:
16163:
16158:
16154:
16150:
16146:
16142:
16138:
16134:
16129:
16125:
16119:
16115:
16110:
16109:
16102:
16098:
16096:0-19-507993-0
16092:
16088:
16084:
16083:
16078:
16074:
16069:
16065:
16061:
16057:
16053:
16049:
16045:
16040:
16036:
16032:
16028:
16024:
16020:
16016:
16012:
16008:
16004:
16000:
15995:
15991:
15987:
15983:
15979:
15975:
15971:
15966:
15962:
15958:
15954:
15950:
15946:
15942:
15938:
15934:
15930:
15926:
15922:
15918:
15914:
15910:
15906:
15901:
15897:
15893:
15889:
15885:
15881:
15877:
15873:
15871:0-85224-374-X
15867:
15863:
15859:
15855:
15851:
15846:
15842:
15836:
15832:
15828:
15824:
15823:
15817:
15813:
15808:
15804:
15799:
15795:
15790:
15785:
15780:
15776:
15772:
15768:
15764:
15760:
15756:
15751:
15748:
15745:Reprinted in
15742:
15738:
15733:
15730:
15727:Reprinted in
15724:
15720:
15716:
15712:
15707:
15700:
15699:
15693:
15689:
15685:
15682:(90): 28–31.
15681:
15677:
15672:
15668:
15664:
15661:(83): 11–17.
15660:
15656:
15651:
15647:
15643:
15640:(80): 27–28.
15639:
15635:
15630:
15626:
15622:
15619:(61): 14–15.
15618:
15614:
15609:
15606:
15602:
15598:
15594:
15591:Reprinted in
15588:
15584:
15583:Jones, Daniel
15580:
15576:
15575:
15570:
15566:
15562:
15558:
15553:
15549:
15545:
15540:
15536:
15532:
15527:
15523:
15518:
15514:
15512:0-521-63751-1
15508:
15504:
15499:
15496:
15493:Reprinted in
15490:
15486:
15482:
15478:
15474:
15470:
15465:
15461:
15457:
15453:
15449:
15445:
15441:
15436:
15431:
15426:
15422:
15418:
15414:
15409:
15405:
15401:
15397:
15393:
15389:
15385:
15380:
15376:
15372:
15368:
15364:
15360:
15356:
15352:
15348:
15343:
15340:
15337:Reprinted in
15334:
15330:
15326:
15322:
15317:
15314:
15310:
15306:
15303:Reprinted in
15300:
15296:
15292:
15288:
15284:
15280:
15276:
15272:
15268:
15264:
15263:
15257:
15253:
15247:
15243:
15238:
15234:
15230:
15226:
15222:
15218:
15214:
15209:
15205:
15201:
15198:(94): 40–41.
15197:
15193:
15189:
15185:
15181:
15175:
15171:
15167:
15163:
15158:
15154:
15150:
15146:
15142:
15138:
15134:
15130:
15126:
15122:
15118:
15114:
15110:
15106:
15102:
15101:
15096:
15091:
15087:
15085:0-415-23343-7
15081:
15077:
15072:
15068:
15066:3-11-015124-3
15062:
15058:
15057:
15051:
15047:
15043:
15039:
15035:
15031:
15027:
15022:
15018:
15016:0-85224-279-4
15012:
15008:
15004:
15000:
14996:
14994:9783110814750
14990:
14986:
14982:
14978:
14971:
14966:
14962:
14958:
14954:
14950:
14946:
14942:
14938:
14934:
14931:
14928:Reprinted in
14925:
14921:
14917:
14913:
14908:
14906:, p. 57.
14905:
14902:Reprinted in
14899:
14895:
14891:
14887:
14882:
14878:
14874:
14870:
14866:
14861:
14857:
14853:
14850:(52): 56–57.
14849:
14845:
14840:
14837:
14834:Reprinted in
14831:
14827:
14823:
14819:
14814:
14810:
14806:
14803:(35): 40–42.
14802:
14798:
14793:
14789:
14785:
14782:(23): 51–53.
14781:
14777:
14772:
14768:
14764:
14761:(18): 13–18.
14760:
14756:
14750:
14746:
14745:
14739:
14735:
14731:
14727:
14723:
14718:
14714:
14710:
14706:
14702:
14697:
14693:
14689:
14685:
14681:
14676:
14672:
14668:
14664:
14660:
14655:
14651:
14647:
14643:
14639:
14634:
14630:
14626:
14622:
14618:
14613:
14609:
14605:
14601:
14597:
14592:
14588:
14584:
14579:
14575:
14571:
14567:
14566:
14553:
14548:
14541:
14536:
14529:
14524:
14517:
14512:
14510:
14502:
14497:
14495:
14487:
14482:
14475:
14470:
14463:
14458:
14451:
14446:
14440:, p. 19.
14439:
14434:
14428:, p. 17.
14427:
14422:
14415:
14410:
14403:
14398:
14392:, p. ix.
14391:
14386:
14384:
14376:
14375:Esling (2010)
14371:
14364:
14359:
14352:
14347:
14340:
14335:
14328:
14323:
14316:
14315:Esling (1995)
14311:
14304:
14299:
14292:
14287:
14285:
14277:
14272:
14265:
14260:
14253:
14248:
14242:, p. 68.
14241:
14236:
14234:
14232:
14225:, p. 67.
14224:
14219:
14212:
14207:
14200:
14195:
14188:
14183:
14176:
14171:
14164:
14159:
14153:, p. 69.
14152:
14147:
14140:
14135:
14128:
14123:
14116:
14111:
14105:, p. 20.
14104:
14099:
14092:
14087:
14080:
14075:
14073:
14071:
14069:
14061:
14060:Gimson (1973)
14056:
14039:
14032:
14027:
14020:
14018:
14011:
14004:
14003:Kenyon (1951)
13999:
13992:
13991:Gimson (1950)
13987:
13980:
13975:
13968:
13963:
13956:
13951:
13944:
13939:
13933:, p. 18.
13932:
13927:
13920:
13915:
13908:
13903:
13896:
13891:
13884:
13879:
13872:
13867:
13860:
13855:
13848:
13843:
13836:
13831:
13829:
13821:
13816:
13814:
13806:
13801:
13794:
13789:
13782:
13777:
13770:
13765:
13759:, p. 14.
13758:
13753:
13751:
13744:, p. 12.
13743:
13738:
13732:, p. 11.
13731:
13726:
13720:, p. 26.
13719:
13714:
13707:
13702:
13696:, p. 10.
13695:
13690:
13688:
13680:
13675:
13673:
13655:
13648:
13643:
13636:
13631:
13629:
13627:
13619:
13618:Esling (2010)
13614:
13607:
13602:
13600:
13598:
13596:
13587:
13576:
13559:
13552:
13547:
13541:, p. 13.
13540:
13535:
13529:, p. 12.
13528:
13523:
13516:
13511:
13505:, p. 10.
13504:
13499:
13492:
13487:
13480:
13475:
13469:, p. 37.
13468:
13464:
13459:
13452:
13447:
13440:
13435:
13428:
13423:
13416:
13411:
13405:, p. 10.
13404:
13399:
13397:
13389:
13384:
13382:
13374:
13369:
13367:
13365:
13357:
13352:
13345:
13335:
13328:
13323:
13321:
13313:
13308:
13301:
13296:
13289:
13288:Esling (2010)
13284:
13277:
13260:
13249:
13240:
13233:
13228:
13221:
13216:
13209:
13204:
13197:
13192:
13190:
13188:
13186:
13178:
13173:
13166:
13161:
13159:
13151:
13146:
13139:
13134:
13127:
13122:
13115:
13110:
13108:
13100:
13095:
13088:
13083:
13076:
13071:
13067:
13053:
13046:
13036:
13023:
13021:
13019:
13017:
13003:
12999:
12989:
12986:
12984:
12981:
12980:
12961:
12953:
12952:
12937:
12936:
12921:
12920:
12905:
12904:
12898:High falling
12895:
12887:
12886:
12877:
12869:
12868:
12865:
12860:
12852:
12851:
12839:
12838:
12835:
12826:
12812:
12811:
12808:
12797:
12796:
12793:
12779:
12778:
12774:
12772:
12767:
12756:
12755:
12751:
12746:
12743:
12735:
12734:
12730:
12728:
12722:
12714:
12713:
12709:
12707:
12701:
12693:
12692:
12686:
12681:
12673:
12672:
12669:
12663:
12652:
12651:
12648:
12643:
12635:
12634:
12631:
12625:
12623:
12619:
12611:
12610:
12601:
12593:
12592:
12589:
12574:
12566:
12565:
12559:
12553:
12545:
12544:
12540:
12537:
12534:
12531:
12528:
12525:
12522:
12519:
12516:
12513:
12510:
12509:
12494:
12489:
12473:
12472:
12466:
12461:
12445:
12444:
12422:
12421:
12399:
12398:
12381:
12380:
12363:
12357:
12356:
12339:
12338:
12324:
12323:
12312:
12302:
12297:
12292:
12289:
12288:
12272:
12269:
12268:
12254:
12249:
12248:Breathy voice
12246:
12245:
12234:
12224:
12219:
12208:
12207:
12191:
12181:
12178:
12177:
12166:
12159:
12156:
12155:
12139:
12136:
12135:
12129:
12123:
12122:
12100:
12099:
12093:
12087:
12086:
12064:
12063:
12038:
12037:
12015:
12014:
12003:
11996:Less rounded
11995:
11994:
11983:
11976:
11972:
11971:
11955:
11952:
11951:
11947:
11944:
11941:
11938:
11935:
11932:
11929:
11926:
11923:
11920:
11917:
11914:
11911:
11908:
11905:
11904:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11871:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11855:
11844:
11839:
11827:
11824:
11823:
11817:
11812:
11804:
11797:
11794:
11793:
11779:
11774:
11767:
11764:
11763:
11744:
11737:
11734:
11733:
11719:
11712:
11709:
11708:
11697:
11690:
11687:
11686:
11675:
11668:
11665:
11664:
11660:
11653:
11640:
11637:
11636:
11632:
11629:
11626:
11623:
11620:
11617:
11614:
11611:
11608:
11605:
11602:
11601:
11588:
11583:
11568:
11567:Palatal click
11565:
11564:
11558:
11553:
11543:
11540:
11539:
11523:
11520:
11519:
11513:
11508:
11498:
11495:
11494:
11490:
11482:
11479:
11478:
11469:ʈ,ɖ,ɳ,ɽ,ʂ,ʐ,ɭ
11465:
11458:
11456:
11447:
11444:
11443:
11424:
11421:
11420:
11411:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11389:
11388:
11377:
11370:
11367:
11366:
11346:
11343:
11342:
11322:
11319:
11318:
11305:
11302:
11301:
11292:
11288:
11285:
11279:
11276:
11275:
11262:
11259:
11258:
11245:
11242:
11241:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11219:
11215:
11212:
11209:
11206:
11203:
11200:
11197:
11194:
11191:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11168:
11166:
11161:
11150:
11145:
11127:
11123:
11118:
11116:
11111:
11109:
11100:
11098:
11085:
11076:
11067:
11057:
11049:
11029:
11025:
11021:
11014:
11008:
11006:
10962:
10957:
10955:
10951:
10939:
10913:
10909:
10905:
10893:
10883:
10877:
10860:
10855:
10849:⟩ and
10840:
10821:
10818:
10811:
10807:ƥ, ƭ, ƈ, ƙ, ʠ
10804:
10803:
10802:
10800:
10799:
10791:1993 revision
10788:
10786:
10781:
10770:
10768:
10756:
10749:
10742:
10732:
10725:
10715:
10707:
10689:
10676:
10663:
10652:
10641:
10631:
10624:
10611:
10588:◌̣, ◌᪷
10572:
10566:
10562:
10548:
10544:
10541:⟩ for
10536:
10529:
10522:
10515:
10508:
10506:
10498:
10497:
10495:
10486:
10483:⟩ for
10478:
10476:
10472:
10469:⟩ for
10464:
10457:
10453:
10450:⟩ for
10445:
10438:
10435:⟩ for
10430:
10423:
10422:labialization
10420:⟩ for
10415:
10413:
10410:⟩ for
10405:
10403:
10400:⟩ for
10395:
10388:
10381:
10379:
10375:
10371:
10368:⟩ for
10363:
10361:
10358:⟩ for
10353:
10352:
10350:
10345:
10329:
10326:
10325:
10320:
10312:
10305:
10301:ƥ, ƭ, ƈ, ƙ, ʠ
10298:
10291:
10288:
10280:
10273:
10265:
10263:
10255:
10254:
10252:
10251:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10241:
10237:
10231:
10229:
10225:
10221:
10217:
10213:
10209:
10200:
10191:
10189:
10185:
10181:
10176:
10170:
10156:
10141:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10104:
10102:
10099:⟩ for
10094:
10086:
10078:
10070:
10062:
10042:
10035:
10028:
10026:⟩ for
10021:
10014:
10013:
10012:
10005:ɹ̣, ɹ᪷
9997:◌̣, ◌᪷
9994:
9992:
9984:
9982:
9981:breathy voice
9979:⟩ for
9974:
9972:
9964:
9961:
9958:⟩ for
9953:
9942:
9939:⟩ for
9934:
9927:
9924:
9920:
9912:
9911:
9910:
9907:
9873:
9856:
9823:
9813:low falling:
9799:high rising:
9766:
9693:
9690:
9682:
9674:
9666:
9658:
9652:
9645:
9564:
9561:
9544:= r-coloured
9543:
9538:
9537:
9531:= Variety of
9530:
9525:
9524:
9517:
9512:
9511:
9504:
9499:
9498:
9484:
9479:
9478:
9468:Simultaneous
9467:
9462:
9461:
9457:
9452:
9451:
9447:
9442:
9441:
9434:
9429:
9428:
9424:
9419:
9418:
9415:
9406:Less rounded
9405:
9400:
9399:
9393:More rounded
9392:
9387:
9386:
9380:Non-syllabic
9379:
9374:
9373:
9366:
9361:
9360:
9353:
9348:
9347:
9340:
9335:
9334:
9327:
9322:
9321:
9314:
9309:
9308:
9301:
9290:
9289:
9282:
9277:
9276:
9269:
9260:
9259:
9252:
9243:
9242:
9239:
9225:Simultaneous
9224:
9215:
9214:
9207:
9202:
9201:
9192:
9187:
9186:
9179:
9174:
9173:
9166:
9161:
9160:
9153:
9148:
9147:
9140:
9135:
9134:
9127:
9122:
9121:
9114:
9109:
9108:
9101:
9096:
9095:
9092:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9073:
9067:
9066:Lateral Click
9064:
9063:
9049:
9042:
9040:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9027:
9019:
9010:
9001:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8993:
8981:
8972:
8970:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8948:
8937:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8924:
8905:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8887:
8880:
8873:
8869:
8868:(Approximant)
8864:
8863:
8851:
8842:
8840:
8836:
8831:
8830:
8820:
8818:
8806:
8804:
8799:
8797:
8790:
8788:
8783:
8776:
8774:
8770:
8765:
8764:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8741:
8736:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8640:
8635:
8634:
8623:
8618:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8579:
8574:
8572:
8567:
8565:
8560:
8558:
8551:
8546:
8543:
8542:
8528:
8526:
8521:
8519:
8514:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8498:
8491:
8489:
8484:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8474:
8467:
8462:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8442:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8413:
8408:
8407:Post-alveolar
8405:Alveolar, or
8399:
8394:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8380:
8379:
8376:
8368:
8362:
8348:
8338:
8334:
8319:
8309:
8303:⟩ and
8297:
8295:
8294:palatal click
8291:
8282:
8264:
8253:
8234:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8211:
8204:
8198:
8169:
8150:
8111:
8108:
8101:
8090:
8083:
8076:
8065:
8058:
8048:
8042:
8031:
8030:
8029:
8021:
8019:
8011:
8000:
7978:
7975:
7969:
7963:
7953:
7943:
7939:
7933:
7927:
7921:
7915:
7909:
7903:
7897:
7891:
7869:
7863:
7853:
7847:
7837:
7833:= labialized
7831:
7821:
7815:
7805:
7799:
7789:
7785:
7775:
7769:
7759:
7753:
7736:
7734:
7727:(rise-fall);
7707:(low level);
7678:
7675:
7671:
7665:
7661:
7655:
7651:
7645:
7639:
7625:
7621:
7617:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7597:
7594:
7588:
7582:
7576:
7570:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7536:
7530:
7524:
7518:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7488:
7484:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7464:
7458:
7454:
7448:
7444:
7438:
7432:
7428:
7422:
7418:
7413:
7412:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7392:
7388:
7378:
7375:
7365:
7357:
7353:
7350:, reflecting
7349:
7339:
7338:
7334:
7333:
7329:
7328:
7231:
7230:
7220:
7217:
7214:
7196:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7138:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7069:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7052:
7050:
7045:
7038:
7033:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7005:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6985:
6983:
6981:
6976:
6969:
6964:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6939:
6934:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6904:
6894:
6886:
6885:
6879:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6853:
6846:
6838:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6803:
6793:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6770:
6744:
6732:
6724:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6692:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6631:
6628:
6612:
6605:
6601:
6589:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6561:
6558:
6542:
6535:
6528:
6520:
6505:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6469:
6467:
6453:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6420:
6380:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6323:
6322:palatal click
6311:
6309:
6301:
6294:
6267:
6265:⟩ etc.
6246:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6221:
6212:
6205:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6181:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6146:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6133:
6107:
6103:
6093:
6084:
6078:⟩ and
6045:
6044:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6034:
5945:
5939:
5932:
5920:
5908:
5899:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5761:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5714:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5693:
5689:
5681:
5672:
5662:
5650:
5626:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5561: o
5502:
5501:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5477:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5436:
5431:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5332:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5295:
5290:
5287:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5244:
5217:
5194:
5176:
5133:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5107:
4962:
4956:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4778:
4774:
4772:Tongue-point
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4737:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4706:
4702:, and French
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4668:the same way
4667:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4588:
4576:
4564:
4551:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4499:in Arabic. —
4498:
4494:
4474:
4470:
4462:
4458:
4450:
4442:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4398:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4357:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4179:
4173:
4155:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3988:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3925:
3920:
3909:
3904:
3893:
3888:
3877:
3873:
3862:
3858:
3847:
3840:
3829:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2975:rocht, Span.
2974:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2462:1888 alphabet
2448:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2114:
2108:
2099:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1773:
1767:
1758:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1720:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1292:
1286:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1221:
1215:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1092:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1041:
1032:
1026:
1017:
1011:
1003:
998:
997:
993:
990:
989:
986:
974:
968:
959:
956:
953:
947:
941:
939:
935:
929:
923:
920:
916:
910:
904:
901:
897:
891:
885:
882:
878:
872:
866:
863:
859:
853:
847:
844:
840:
834:
828:
825:
821:
817:
811:
805:
802:
799:
793:
787:
784:
780:
774:
768:
765:
761:
757:
751:
744:
741:
738:
732:
725:
723:
720:
714:
708:
705:
701:
695:
689:
686:
682:
676:
670:
667:
663:
659:
654:
650:
644:
641:
637:
629:
628:
622:
619:
615:
609:
603:
601:
597:
593:
587:
581:
572:
566:
557:
551:
549:
545:
539:
533:
524:
518:
509:
503:
500:
497:
491:
485:
476:
470:
461:
455:
452:
449:
444:
439:
438:
432:
429:
426:
421:
416:
415:
409:
400:
394:
391:
387:
381:
375:
372:
369:
363:
357:
348:
342:
333:
327:
318:
312:
303:
297:
288:
282:
273:
267:
258:
252:
243:
237:
228:
222:
213:
209:
206:
205:
202:
190:
184:
183:
180:
175:
172:
161:
159:
155:
145:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
127:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
65:
57:
45:
41:
39:
35:
27:
19:
20226:
19503:Labial–velar
19453:
19440:Labial–velar
19361:Labial–velar
19298:Labial–velar
19244:
18790:(top: velar;
18417:
18397:
16824:
16691:
16687:
16671:
16569:(1): 24–37.
16566:
16560:
16557:Roach, Peter
16532:
16528:
16516:
16500:
16496:
16480:
16476:
16455:(1): 23–36.
16452:
16446:
16415:(1): 81–86.
16412:
16408:
16399:
16370:
16366:
16344:(2): 52–58.
16341:
16335:
16316:
16310:
16301:
16298:Sweet, Henry
16281:
16277:
16263:(5): 34–35.
16260:
16256:
16239:
16235:
16218:
16214:
16197:
16193:
16165:
16161:
16139:(1): 20–25.
16136:
16132:
16107:
16080:
16050:(1): 30–38.
16047:
16043:
16034:
16009:(1): 22–29.
16006:
16002:
15999:Roach, Peter
15973:
15969:
15947:(1): 10–14.
15944:
15940:
15912:
15908:
15887:
15883:
15857:
15820:
15774:
15770:
15754:
15740:
15736:
15714:
15710:
15697:
15679:
15675:
15658:
15654:
15637:
15633:
15616:
15612:
15592:
15586:
15573:
15548:the original
15535:the original
15502:
15472:
15468:
15446:(1): 32–34.
15443:
15439:
15420:
15416:
15387:
15383:
15353:(2): 67–80.
15350:
15346:
15324:
15320:
15304:
15290:
15286:
15266:
15260:
15241:
15219:(2): 60–61.
15216:
15212:
15195:
15191:
15161:
15136:
15132:
15104:
15098:
15094:
15075:
15055:
15032:(2): 26–28.
15029:
15025:
15006:
14976:
14944:
14940:
14915:
14911:
14889:
14885:
14868:
14864:
14847:
14843:
14821:
14817:
14800:
14796:
14779:
14775:
14758:
14754:
14743:
14725:
14721:
14704:
14700:
14683:
14679:
14662:
14658:
14641:
14637:
14620:
14616:
14602:(1): 16–17.
14599:
14595:
14586:
14582:
14573:
14562:Bibliography
14547:
14535:
14523:
14481:
14469:
14457:
14445:
14433:
14421:
14409:
14397:
14370:
14358:
14346:
14334:
14322:
14310:
14298:
14271:
14259:
14247:
14218:
14206:
14194:
14182:
14170:
14158:
14146:
14134:
14122:
14110:
14098:
14091:Jones (1956)
14086:
14079:Wells (1976)
14055:
14038:
14026:
14016:
14010:
13998:
13986:
13974:
13962:
13955:Wells (2006)
13950:
13943:Jones (1948)
13938:
13926:
13914:
13902:
13895:Jones (1943)
13890:
13883:Jones (1945)
13878:
13866:
13854:
13842:
13835:Jones (1938)
13805:Jones (1928)
13800:
13788:
13776:
13764:
13737:
13725:
13718:Jones (1928)
13713:
13701:
13681:, p. 9.
13654:
13642:
13635:Wells (1975)
13613:
13575:
13558:
13553:, p. 8.
13546:
13534:
13522:
13515:Passy (1909)
13510:
13498:
13486:
13474:
13467:Sweet (1902)
13458:
13453:, p. 9.
13446:
13441:, p. 8.
13434:
13422:
13417:, p. 7.
13410:
13390:, p. 9.
13375:, p. 8.
13351:
13343:
13334:
13307:
13295:
13283:
13259:
13239:
13234:, p. 7.
13227:
13215:
13203:
13172:
13145:
13133:
13121:
13094:
13082:
13075:Kelly (1981)
13070:
13052:Jones (1928)
13002:
12880:High rising
12859:Non-syllabic
12848:Centralized
12749:Variety of
12400:High rising
12309:◌̡ ,◌̇
12209:R-coloured
12158:Non-syllabic
11497:Dental click
11463:
11454:
11222:Glottal stop
11162:
11146:
11119:
11112:
11101:
11090:
11071:and ⟨
11055:
11027:
11023:
11019:
11017:
11012:
11004:
10960:
10958:
10889:
10861:
10844:
10796:
10794:
10784:
10776:
10708:
10677:
10612:
10573:
10565:tone letters
10553:
10485:non-syllabic
10452:velarization
10370:linguolabial
10360:creaky voice
10344:click letter
10322:
10248:
10232:
10227:
10219:
10216:West Germany
10205:
10187:
10183:
10174:
10168:
10154:
10142:
10120:
10116:
10112:
10105:
10101:creaky voice
10095:and ⟨
10054:
10010:
10001:◌̝ ◌˔, ◌̞ ◌˕
9919:Daniel Jones
9908:
9865:
9831:marks; thus
9824:
9804:low rising:
9773:
9764:
9691:
9688:
9680:
9672:
9664:
9656:
9650:
9643:
9562:
9559:
9435:Palatalized
9315:Centralized
9233:Affricates)
9180:Palatalized
9065:
9029:
8995:
8959:
8951:
8926:
8897:
8865:
8832:
8766:
8636:
8478:
8472:
8465:
8457:
8452:
8445:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8416:
8411:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8374:
8354:
8332:
8298:
8283:
8276:
8213:
8209:
8207:
8202:
8192:
8027:
7985:
7973:
7967:
7961:
7951:
7941:
7937:
7931:
7925:
7919:
7913:
7907:
7901:
7895:
7889:
7867:
7861:
7851:
7845:
7835:
7829:
7819:
7813:
7803:
7797:
7787:
7783:
7773:
7767:
7757:
7751:
7737:
7735:, p. 9.
7732:
7679:
7673:
7669:
7663:
7659:
7653:
7649:
7643:
7637:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7522:
7516:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7486:
7482:
7480:(labialized
7476:
7472:
7466:
7462:
7456:
7452:
7450:(labialized
7446:
7442:
7436:
7430:
7426:
7420:
7416:
7409:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7390:
7386:
7382:Other Sounds
7380:
7376:
7364:Jones (1928)
7352:Daniel Jones
7345:
7218:
7215:
7212:
6778:
6776:
6723:Jones (1928)
6721:
6646:
6600:velarization
6578:
6526:
6493:Daniel Jones
6486:
6476:
6472:
6470:
6455:
6444:
6439:
6437:
6428:Daniel Jones
6421:
6402:
6327:
6307:
6223:
6144:
6134:
6105:
6051:
6041:Mi-ouvertes
5722:
5720:
5708:
5703:
5699:
5673:
5660:
5618:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5250:
5218:
5195:
5132:glottal stop
5129:
4746:
4745:In the 1904
4744:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4714:
4704:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4606:
4602:
4552:
4518:
4496:
4492:
4472:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4440:
4432:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4396:
4391:
4386:approximants
4379:
4338:
4328:Mi-ouvertes
3945:
3942:
3918:
3902:
3886:
3871:
3856:
3838:
3812:
3806:
3799:
3783:
3762:
3756:
3738:
3732:
3713:
3706:
3684:
3680:
3663:
3657:
3650:
3634:
3628:
3621:
3602:
3596:
3577:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3543:
3530:
3526:
3515:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3470:
3461:
3454:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3408:
3402:
3395:
3379:
3373:
3366:
3351:
3333:
3327:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3272:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3226:
3225:æl, Ital. la
3222:
3218:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3183:
3176:
3170:
3156:
3149:
3143:
3130:
3119:
3106:
3095:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3028:
3019:
3013:
2996:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2911:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2843:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2815:
2809:
2801:
2786:
2758:
2754:
2740:
2725:
2711:
2696:
2682:
2667:
2653:
2638:
2624:
2610:
2606:
2592:
2577:
2563:
2548:
2534:
2495:
2491:
2467:principles:
2465:
2429:
2410:
2391:
2372:
2348:
2329:
2310:
2292:
2273:
2254:
2235:
2211:
2192:
2174:
2155:
2137:
2043:
2024:
1991:
1969:
1945:
1898:
1879:
1861:
1686:
1663:
1644:
1626:
1608:
1589:
1568:
1545:
1521:
1502:
1483:
1464:
1445:
1426:
1407:
1388:
1369:
1315:
1266:
1248:
1195:
1172:
1119:
954:
937:
918:
899:
880:
861:
842:
823:
819:
800:
782:
763:
759:
739:
721:
703:
684:
665:
661:
639:
617:
599:
595:
547:
498:
450:
427:
389:
370:
178:
173:
162:
157:
153:
151:
139:
134:
130:
124:
121:
109:Isaac Pitman
70:
50:and ⟨
32:
26:
19465:approximant
19400:approximant
17724:Approximant
16793:IPA Braille
16771:Kirshenbaum
16535:(1): 1–12.
16221:(13): 5–8.
16190:Passy, Paul
16031:Lepsius, R.
15093:Editors of
14623:(2–3): 20.
14015:Editors of
13208:Kemp (2006)
12914:High level
12883:High level
12864:Extra-short
12622:approximant
12575:(or Arabic
12423:Low rising
12340:High level
12291:Palatalized
12221:əɹ,əʴ,ɹ,ᶕ,ɚ
11347:(or Arabic
11323:(or Arabic
11181:Consonants
11126:DejaVu Sans
10886:1996 update
10505:extra-short
10351:Diacritics
10253:Consonants
9822:fall-rise.
9817:rise-fall:
9795:low level:
9489:resembling
9485:Variety of
9341:r-coloured
9167:Labialized
9085:DIACRITICS
8954:air-stream)
8927:Tap or Flap
8769:Approximant
8398:Labiodental
7971:resembling
7965:variety of
7755:= breathed
7532:(voiceless
7330:Half-close
6799:Dental and
6627:palatalized
6430:. In 1960,
6036:Mi-fermées
5875:Fricatives
5688:Palatalized
5603:Half-close
5109:Half-close
4724:and French
4664:and French
4467:the Danish
4395:the Arabic
4318:Mi-fermées
4113:Fricatives
3529:no, Swed. m
2946:). – Dan. t
2874:ano, Ital.
101:Henry Sweet
20255:Categories
20216:full chart
19742:Near-close
19536:full chart
19458:(variable)
19228:full chart
18711:affricate
18387:full chart
18016:affricate
16816:Consonants
16788:IPA number
16650:IPA topics
16373:(1): 2–3.
16168:(2): 261.
15777:(2): 245.
13062:References
12946:Rise-fall
12930:Fall-rise
12917:Mid level
12901:Low level
12382:Low level
12358:Mid level
12271:Labialized
12039:Retracted
11122:Doulos SIL
11056:Principles
11028:Principles
10757:, ⟨
10733:, ⟨
10667:. ⟨
10653:. ⟨
10571:⟩.
10559:⟩ (
10366:◌̼, ◌̺, ◌̻
10332:ǀ, ǃ, ǁ, ǂ
10321: [
10228:Principles
10063:, ⟨
10049:ᶒ, ᶏ, ᶗ, ᶕ
10038:σ, ƍ, ƪ, ƺ
9941:aspiration
9665:Half-close
9367:Half-long
9328:Nasalized
9302:Retracted
9128:Aspirated
9102:Voiceless
8466:CONSONANTS
8453:Pharyngeal
8371:1979 chart
8351:1951 chart
8347:⟩.
8333:Principles
8203:Principles
8112:: ⟨
8024:1947 chart
7982:1938 chart
7745:nasality.
7335:Half-open
7253:(œ ɔ)
7245:(ø o)
7070:Fricative
6835:Consonants
6826:Pharyngal
6804:Retroflex
6791:Bi-labial
6773:1932 chart
6733:, ⟨
6642:implosives
6629:consonants
6424:ʇ, ʖ, ʞ, ʗ
6419:⟩.
6417:ph, th, kh
6413:pʻ, tʻ, kʻ
6314:ʇ, ʖ, ʞ, ʗ
6110:ɨ, ʉ, ᴈ, ɵ
5829:Latérales
5749:Linguales
5746:Palatales
5717:1921 chart
5686:⟩.
5651:. ⟨
5627:, ⟨
5608:Half-open
5513:(ʊ ʏ)
5412:Fricative
5284:Consonants
5263:Lip-teeth
5247:1912 chart
5119:Half-open
4781:Consonants
4741:1904 chart
4718:is always
4698:is always
4649:⟩.
4597:⟩.
4583:s̤, t̤, d̤
4561:⟩.
4526:: ⟨
4513:Circassian
4411:, Spanish
4382:fricatives
4057:Latérales
3976:Linguales
3973:Palatales
3939:1900 chart
3916:Voiceless
1731:equivalent
985:equivalent
201:equivalent
89:Paul Passy
20066:Near-open
19800:Close-mid
19484:Implosive
19477:Velarized
19396:Fricative
19148:Voiceless
19088:Implosive
18637:Fricative
18570:Affricate
18404:voiceless
17456:fricative
17454:Sibilant
17212:affricate
16859:Laryngeal
16749:Encodings
16549:145182661
16517:Contextos
16497:Contextos
16477:Contextos
16429:145538124
16387:249403800
16358:249411014
16182:232350099
16153:145752394
16064:145576661
16023:143609570
15990:143715325
15976:(1): 34.
15961:145197852
15929:146319702
15489:242001518
15460:249420050
15404:249414249
15375:249412330
15299:i40200179
15233:249408229
15153:144622771
15139:(1): 48.
15046:144311902
14961:151863976
12960:Retroflex
12511:Character
12231:ə ˞
12216:əɹ,əʴ,ɹ,ᶕ
12198:◌ ˞
12180:Rhoticity
12137:Syllabic
12131:◌᪷
12016:Advanced
11954:Aspirated
11018:The 1999
10838:⟩.
10604:), ◌˔, ◌˕
10600:◌˖, ◌˗ (◌
10557:˥, ˦, ˧˩˨
10412:rhoticity
10408:◌ ˞
9851:used for
9842:t͡st͡ʃd͡ʒ
9673:Half-open
9644:Unrounded
9283:Advanced
9229:(but see
9208:Syllabic
9195:gealized
8996:Implosive
8835:Fricative
8767:(Median)
8639:Fricative
8637:(Median)
8412:Retroflex
8208:The 1949
7849:= dental
7814:e᪷
7739:Modifiers
7647:, etc.).
6809:alveolar
6801:Alveolar
6783:in 1932.
6610:⟩)
6568:◌᪷
6046:Ouvertes
5762:Plosives
5758:Consonnes
5752:Labiales
5743:Vélaires
5721:The 1921
4906:Squeezed
4686:, French
4587:ejectives
4333:Ouvertes
4323:Moyennes
3989:Plosives
3985:Consonnes
3979:Labiales
3970:Vélaires
3308:a, Ital.
3221:æl, Dan.
113:Palæotype
20227:Legend:
20221:template
20200:IPA help
19972:Open-mid
19541:template
19531:IPA help
19507:Ejective
19479:alveolar
19233:template
19212:IPA help
18503:Ejective
18392:template
18371:IPA help
17809:Tap/flap
17209:Sibilant
16892:Alveolar
16300:(1902).
16290:44701189
16269:44707197
16248:44706366
16227:44706347
16206:44700643
16079:(eds.).
16033:(1855).
15765:(2012).
15723:44704558
15688:44705217
15667:44705184
15646:44705153
15625:44704878
15601:44704262
15571:(1926).
15413:"Errata"
15367:44526032
15333:44541414
15204:44705333
15005:(1977).
14924:44748475
14898:44748304
14877:44748188
14856:44704932
14830:44749172
14809:44704452
14788:44704266
14767:44704201
14734:44707964
14713:44707916
14692:44707887
14671:44703664
14650:44749210
14629:44701257
14608:44707535
14572:(1967).
13579:⟨
13246:(turned
13048:⟩
13042:⟨
13038:⟩
13032:⟨
13006:⟨
12977:See also
12949:Falling
12845:Central
12193:◌ʴ,◌ʵ,◌ʶ
12188:◌ɹ,◌ʴ,◌̢
12077:◌̣,◌˔,◌̝
11152:⟨
11069:⟩
11063:⟨
11044:ᶑ
11013:Handbook
11005:Handbook
10857:⟩
10851:⟨
10805:⟨
10785:Handbook
10751:⟩
10745:⟨
10727:⟩
10721:⟨
10717:⟩
10711:⟨
10678:⟨
10665:⟩
10659:⟨
10643:⟩
10637:⟨
10633:⟩
10627:⟨
10613:⟨
10555:⟨
10543:downstep
10537:⟨
10530:⟨
10523:⟨
10516:⟨
10509:⟨
10499:⟨
10479:⟨
10465:⟨
10462:⟩
10446:⟨
10443:⟩
10431:⟨
10428:⟩
10416:⟨
10406:⟨
10396:⟨
10389:⟨
10382:⟨
10364:⟨
10354:⟨
10330:⟨
10313:⟨
10306:⟨
10299:⟨
10292:⟨
10281:⟨
10266:⟨
10256:⟨
10144:⟨
10051:⟩
10043:⟨
10036:⟨
10029:⟨
10022:⟨
10015:⟨
10007:⟩
9985:⟨
9975:⟨
9965:⟨
9954:⟨
9935:⟨
9928:⟨
9913:⟨
9866:⟨
9833:ts,tʃ,dʒ
9270:Lowered
9266:᪷
8960:Ejective
8866:Lateral
8833:Lateral
8544:Plosive
8419:alveolar
8403:Dental,
8393:Bilabial
8321:⟩
8315:⟨
8311:⟩
8305:⟨
8290:Khoekhoe
8284:⟨
8254:⟨
8235:⟨
8232:⟩
8189:⟩
8170:⟨
8167:⟩
8102:⟨
8091:⟨
8084:⟨
8077:⟨
8066:⟨
8059:⟨
8056:⟩
8050:⟩
8044:⟨
8040:⟩
8032:⟨
8006:◌͡◌, ◌͜◌
8002:⟩
7996:⟨
7809:᪷
7749:breath (
7104:ʃ ʒ
7089:s z
7084:θ ð
7034:Flapped
6839:Plosive
6829:Glottal
6817:Palatal
6814:palatal
6812:Alveolo-
6718:⟩
6714:⟨
6711:⟩
6707:⟨
6704:⟩
6700:⟨
6697:⟩
6693:⟨
6690:⟩
6686:⟨
6683:⟩
6679:⟨
6676:⟩
6672:⟨
6669:⟩
6665:⟨
6662:⟩
6658:⟨
6655:⟩
6651:⟨
6632:⟨
6613:⟨
6590:⟨
6583:⟨
6562:⟨
6543:⟨
6536:⟨
6521:⟨
6499:⟨
6456:⟨
6339:⟨
6332:⟨
6312:⟨
6308:not, man
6302:⟨
6295:⟨
6268:⟨
6247:⟨
6240:⟨
6237:⟩
6230:⟩
6213:⟨
6206:⟨
6196:⟨
6182:⟨
6163:⟨
6156:⟨
6149:⟨
6139:⟨
6086:⟩
6080:⟨
6052:⟨
5946:Fermées
5942:Voyelles
5904:ç j
5901: ɥ)
5852:Roulées
5797:Nasales
5709:⟨
5684:t͡ʃ, d͜z
5619:⟨
5359:Lateral
5288:Plosive
4946:ꜰ ʋ
4941:f v
4881:Trilled
4785:Stopped
4757:Bronchs
4491:are the
4359:⟩
4353:⟨
4180:Fermées
4176:Voyelles
4163:ꜰ ʋ
4158:f v
4085:Roulées
4026:Nasales
3850:ꞏu,uꞏ,u̇
3105:Span. ra
2785:Ital. re
2512:English
1725:Example
979:Example
822:re, fell
195:Example
187:English
111:and the
48:/ /
44:Help:IPA
20231:•
19631:Central
19463:Lateral
19304:Plosive
19092:Voiced
18990:lateral
18988:Tenuis
18979:
18709:Lateral
18014:Lateral
17064:Plosive
16927:Glottal
16907:Palatal
16849:Coronal
16766:X-SAMPA
16087:821–846
15862:248–264
13273:German
12967:Raised
12933:Rising
12496:◌᷈,◌˧˨˦
12491:◌᷈,◌˧˨˧
12486:◌᷈,◌˨˩˨
12468:◌᷈,◌˧˦˨
12463:◌᷈,◌˧˦˧
12458:◌᷈,◌˦˥˦
12051:◌˗,◌̠,◌
11975:rounded
11598:Vowels
11171:Summary
10378:laminal
10336:ʇ, ʖ, ʗ
10108:ɩ, ʏ, ɷ
9765:Rounded
9324: ̃
9253:Raised
9249: ̣
9204: ̩
9189: ̴
9176: ̡
9163: ̫
9154:Dental
9150: ̪
9137: ̤
9115:Voiced
9111: ̬
9098: ̥
8458:Glottal
8446:Labial-
8441:Palatal
8439:Labial-
8424:Palatal
8417:Palato-
7841: ̪
7825: ̫
7793: ̣
7791:, etc.
7765:voice (
7506:c, q, x
7434:, etc.
7216:Central
7001:Rolled
6823:Uvular
6807:Palato-
6796:dental
6716:ʇ, ʖ, ʗ
6681:ɨ, ʉ, ɵ
6477:phonème
6473:phoneme
6458:ʇ, ʖ, ʗ
6297:ᴜ, ɪ, ʏ
6263:ṭ, ḍ, ṛ
5934: ɥ
5740:laires
5696:ṡ, ṅ, ṙ
5680:tie bar
5387:Rolled
5278:Throat
4760:Throat
4730:always
4708:always
4571:ṣ, ṭ, ṇ
4461:khalifa
4148:ᵷ
3967:laires
3525:Ital. m
3499:Swed. s
3469:Ital. n
3129:Dan. ga
3027:Ital. q
2814:Ital. a
2518:German
2515:French
1729:Modern
1722:Letter
1717:German
983:Modern
976:Letter
971:French
199:Modern
192:Letter
36:in the
20209:
19607:Vowels
19456:-sound
19221:
18858:Voiced
18796:Tenuis
18400:voiced
18380:
17371:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
16917:Uvular
16887:Dental
16866:Manner
16854:Dorsal
16844:Labial
16547:
16427:
16385:
16356:
16323:
16288:
16267:
16246:
16225:
16204:
16180:
16151:
16120:
16116:–275.
16093:
16062:
16021:
15988:
15959:
15927:
15868:
15837:
15721:
15686:
15665:
15644:
15623:
15599:
15509:
15487:
15458:
15402:
15373:
15365:
15331:
15297:
15248:
15231:
15202:
15176:
15151:
15121:451421
15119:
15082:
15063:
15044:
15013:
14991:
14959:
14922:
14896:
14875:
14854:
14828:
14807:
14786:
14765:
14732:
14711:
14690:
14669:
14648:
14627:
14606:
14019:(1939)
12440:◌᷅,◌˩˧
12435:◌᷅,◌˩˨
12417:◌᷄,◌˧˥
12412:◌᷄,◌˦˥
11124:, and
10985:e̠, n̩
10981:i̠, ɹ̩
10753:for a
10729:for a
10692:ʃʲ, ʒʲ
10596:ɹ̝, β̞
10592:◌̝, ◌̞
10547:upstep
10467:◌ⁿ, ◌ˡ
10448:◌ˠ, ◌ˤ
10398:◌̘, ◌̙
10384:◌̹, ◌̜
10376:, and
10374:apical
9752:
9740:
9734:
9721:
9715:
9709:
9677:
9669:
9661:
9651:VOWELS
9630:
9611:
9605:
9592:
9589:
9586:
9580:
8434:Uvular
8187:◌꭫, ◌꭪
8176:◌̠, ◌˗
8172:◌̟, ◌˖
7977:, etc.
7949:(e.g.
7677:, etc.
7315:
7296:
7290:
7278:
7257:
7249:
7241:
7232:Close
7193:Vowels
6887:Nasal
6820:Velar
6794:Labio-
6767:◌́, ◌̀
6376:ˇ◌, ◌̌
6372:ˆ◌, ◌̂
6368:ˎ◌, ◌̖
6364:ˍ◌, ◌̠
6360:ˏ◌, ◌̗
6356:ˋ◌, ◌̀
6352:ˉ◌, ◌̄
6348:´◌, ◌́
6222:Small
6025:
6017:
5965:
5735:gales
5733:Laryn-
5588:
5522:
5503:Close
5472:Vowels
5325:Nasal
5275:Uvula
5269:Front
5225:u̦, i̦
5098:
5061:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4963:Close
4959:Vowels
4822:Nasal
4769:Front
4763:Uvula
4603:naught
4595:kʼ, pʼ
4459:as in
4401:(ꜰ)(ʋ)
4278:
4220:
4217:
4214:
3962:rales
3960:Guttu-
3957:gales
3955:Laryn-
3884:Nasal
3332:Span.
3304:Swed.
3217:Swed.
2971:Flem.
2942:(back
2507:Value
2502:Shape
52:
20211:audio
19643:Close
19626:Front
19557:Other
19491:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
19257:Nasal
19223:audio
18920:Nasal
18787:Click
18382:audio
17909:Trill
17378:d̠ɹ̠˔
16934:Nasal
16912:Velar
16838:Place
16761:SAMPA
16636:chart
16545:S2CID
16513:(PDF)
16493:(PDF)
16473:(PDF)
16425:S2CID
16383:S2CID
16354:S2CID
16286:JSTOR
16265:JSTOR
16244:JSTOR
16223:JSTOR
16202:JSTOR
16178:S2CID
16149:S2CID
16060:S2CID
16019:S2CID
15986:S2CID
15957:S2CID
15925:S2CID
15852:. In
15719:JSTOR
15702:(PDF)
15684:JSTOR
15663:JSTOR
15642:JSTOR
15621:JSTOR
15597:JSTOR
15485:S2CID
15456:S2CID
15400:S2CID
15371:S2CID
15363:JSTOR
15329:JSTOR
15295:JSTOR
15229:S2CID
15200:JSTOR
15149:S2CID
15117:JSTOR
15042:S2CID
14973:(PDF)
14957:S2CID
14920:JSTOR
14894:JSTOR
14873:JSTOR
14852:JSTOR
14826:JSTOR
14805:JSTOR
14784:JSTOR
14763:JSTOR
14730:JSTOR
14709:JSTOR
14688:JSTOR
14667:JSTOR
14646:JSTOR
14625:JSTOR
14604:JSTOR
12994:Notes
12876:Tense
12541:1993
12481:ˇ◌,◌̌
12453:ˆ◌,◌̂
12430:ˏ◌,◌̗
12407:´◌,◌́
12394:◌̀,◌˨
12389:ˍ◌,◌̠
12376:◌̄,◌˧
12352:◌́,◌˦
12347:ˉ◌,◌̄
12256:◌h,◌̒
12173:◌̯,◌̑
12151:◌̩,◌̍
12028:◌˖,◌̟
12010:◌̜,◌͑
11990:◌̹,◌͗
11973:More
11962:◌ʻ,◌h
11948:2018
11906:Value
11633:1996
11603:Value
11460:𝼪,𝼥
11216:1993
11186:Value
11059:'
11011:1999
10471:nasal
10327:]
9853:tʃ,dʒ
9788:high
9689:Front
9657:Close
9560:Front
9495:etc.
9354:Long
9337:ʴ,ʵ,ʶ
9285:u˖,u̟
8898:Trill
8479:Nasal
8448:Velar
8429:Velar
8201:1949
7460:, or
7340:Open
7213:Front
6094:]
6090:[
5613:Open
5489:Mixed
5486:Front
5272:Back
5260:Lips
5124:Open
4853:Side
4766:Back
4611:breve
4524:tilde
4449:wagen
4447:, in
3912:hl,lh
3869:Long
3832:˗u,u˗
3546:ye, h
3031:esto
2531:as in
1740:Nov.
1592:chant
994:Nov.
210:Nov.
85:Paris
40:(IPA)
20108:Open
19636:Back
19513:t͡pʼ
18747:q𝼄ʼ
18740:k𝼄ʼ
18733:c𝼆ʼ
18599:t̠ʃʼ
18585:t̪θʼ
18578:p̪fʼ
18508:Stop
17959:ɽ̊r̥
17625:ɹ̠̊˔
17357:tɹ̝̊
16778:TIPA
16692:JIPA
16321:ISBN
16118:ISBN
16091:ISBN
15866:ISBN
15835:ISBN
15507:ISBN
15246:ISBN
15174:ISBN
15080:ISBN
15061:ISBN
15011:ISBN
14989:ISBN
13662:and
12558:flap
12538:1989
12535:1979
12532:1949
12529:1947
12526:1932
12523:1921
12520:1912
12517:1904
12514:1900
11945:2015
11942:1996
11939:1993
11936:1989
11933:1979
11930:1951
11927:1949
11924:1947
11921:1932
11918:1921
11915:1912
11912:1904
11909:1900
11806:ʚ,ɔ̈
11781:ɜ,ɛ̈
11630:1993
11627:1989
11624:1979
11621:1947
11618:1932
11615:1921
11612:1912
11609:1904
11606:1900
11464:etc.
11455:etc.
11213:1989
11210:1979
11207:1947
11204:1938
11201:1932
11198:1921
11195:1912
11192:1904
11189:1900
10910:and
10759:ŝ, ẑ
10680:ʆ, ʓ
10619:ɪ, ʊ
10615:ɩ, ɷ
10576:ʃ, ʒ
10561:Chao
10545:and
10539:ꜜ, ꜛ
10532:↗, ↘
10518:|, ‖
10473:and
10454:and
10308:ʜ, ʢ
10294:ʄ, ʛ
10212:Kiel
10186:and
10172:and
10146:ɹ, ʁ
10134:ɩ, ɷ
10130:ɩ, ɷ
10126:ɪ, ʊ
10081:ɘ, ɞ
10024:ƾ, ƻ
9692:Back
9681:Open
9563:Back
9472:and
9210:n̩l̩
9143:b̤ə̤
9117:s̬t̬
9104:n̥d̥
8195:˔, ˕
8104:ƾ, ƻ
8097:ɪ, ʊ
8093:ɩ, ɷ
8061:ʆ, ʓ
7590:and
7520:and
7219:Back
6674:ħ, ʕ
6660:ƪ, ƺ
6653:ɕ, ʑ
6585:ɬ, ɮ
6549:ꜰ, ʋ
6545:ɸ, β
6450:Doke
6409:꭫, ꭪
6405:˖, ˗
6304:ɒ, æ
6242:ɕ, ʑ
6235:ᵵ, ᵭ
6228:ƫ, ᶎ
6188:ƪ, ƺ
6184:σ, ƍ
6173:and
6165:ħ, ʕ
6130:ə, ɐ
6118:ɘ, ʚ
5738:Uvu-
5711:꭫, ꭪
5702:and
5665:ʜ, ꞯ
5661:θ, ð
5657:σ, ƍ
5492:Back
5210:and
5114:Mid
4775:Lip
4689:fíl꭫
4683:fìl꭪
4662:fill
4503:and
4495:and
4487:and
4483:. —
4479:and
3965:Uvu-
3716:nnen
3683:t, f
3533:nn.
3518:ther
3473:tte
3376:aut)
3336:ota
3312:ena
3255:enie
2983:ir.
2870:Sp.
2818:che
2551:ferd
2351:nnen
1994:enie
1737:May
991:May
762:t, b
664:t, l
207:May
140:The
71:The
19894:Mid
19498:ɠ͡ɓ
19381:q͡p
19368:q͡ʡ
19356:ɡ͡b
19349:k͡p
19337:ɖ͡b
19330:ʈ͡p
19318:d͡b
19311:t͡p
19292:ŋ͡m
19278:ɳ͡m
19264:n͡m
18959:ɴ𝼊
18957:ŋ𝼊
18897:ɢ𝼊
18895:ɡ𝼊
18835:q𝼊
18833:k𝼊
18722:tɬʼ
18627:qχʼ
18620:kxʼ
18613:tɕʼ
18606:tʂʼ
18592:tsʼ
18319:𝼈̥
18090:ɡʟ̝
18083:k𝼄
18076:ɟʎ̝
18069:c𝼆
18062:d𝼅
17639:ɻ̊˔
17632:ɹ̠˔
17364:dɹ̝
17350:d̪ð
17343:t̪θ
17332:b̪v
17325:p̪f
17255:d̠ʒ
17248:t̠ʃ
16660:IPA
16571:doi
16537:doi
16457:doi
16417:doi
16375:doi
16346:doi
16170:doi
16141:doi
16114:269
16052:doi
16011:doi
15978:doi
15949:doi
15917:doi
15892:doi
15827:doi
15779:doi
15477:doi
15448:doi
15425:doi
15392:doi
15355:doi
15309:doi
15271:doi
15221:doi
15166:doi
15141:doi
15109:doi
15034:doi
14981:doi
14949:doi
13248:ezh
12894:Lax
12620:or
11888:ɷ,ʊ
11846:ɩ,ɪ
11746:ɵ,ö
11721:ɘ,ë
11699:ʉ,ü
11677:ɨ,ï
11451:ṭ,ḍ
11158:˧˦˨
11154:˧˦˧
11142:˧˦˧
11138:˦˥˦
10965:t͜s
10700:t͜s
10563:'s
10324:sic
10190:".
9847:c,ɟ
9838:ʦʧʤ
9437:ʃ,ʒ
9431:ʆ,ʓ
9421:ɕ,ʑ
9294:or
9264:or
9247:or
9227:s͜f
9219:or
9197:ᵵ,ɫ
8625:g͡b
8620:k͡p
8296:).
8260:n̆d
8256:m̆b
8230:t-ʃ
8226:d-z
8222:t-s
8014:m͡ŋ
7935:),
7929:(=
7923:),
7917:(=
7911:),
7905:(=
7899:),
7893:(=
7871:).
7855:).
7839:).
7823:).
7807:).
7777:).
7761:).
7741:.—
7683:.—
7644:t͜s
7641:or
7638:t͡s
7631:or
7578:).
7566:).
7538:).
7526:).
7508:).
7490:).
7470:).
7411:sic
7261:(ɒ)
7177:(w)
6602:or
6479:).
6198:ᵷ,
5706:".
5692:dot
5377:(ɫ)
5183:ø œ
5179:ɵ ʚ
5160:ᵷ,
4671:fil
4666:fil
4647:ʃᶜ̧
4607:not
4501:(ᵷ)
4489:(ɦ)
4485:(ʜ)
4481:(ʁ)
4477:(ʀ)
4465:(ʁ)
4453:(ᴚ)
4445:(ǥ)
4441:ach
4437:(x)
4425:(ɹ)
4417:(ð)
4405:(θ)
4397:ain
4393:(ꞯ)
4343:'s
3811:gab
3798:nev
3741:hne
3608:bær
3557:tte
3496:ter
3382:och
3369:igh
3243:ure
3239:lei
3229:ia
3213:sch
3182:wei
3179:èle
3173:eal
3155:wei
3146:eal
3109:on
3083:ein
3071:ain
3056:oll
3044:ull
2878:li
2846:ang
2800:thi
2728:ein
2685:ood
2664:épi
2656:ind
2635:ent
2603:ant
2580:oot
2428:gab
2375:hne
1970:sch
1664:ein
1251:ile
898:riv
722:air
392:ure
388:mea
115:of
107:of
99:of
20257::
19961:o̞
19945:ɤ̞
19919:ø̞
19903:e̞
19454:Sj
19407:ɥ̊
19195:ʛ̥
19188:ɠ̊
19181:ʄ̊
19174:ᶑ̊
19165:ɗ̥
19154:ɓ̥
19068:ɴǁ
19066:ŋǁ
19036:ɢǁ
19034:ɡǁ
19004:qǁ
19002:kǁ
18968:ɴǂ
18966:ŋǂ
18948:ɴǃ
18946:ŋǃ
18939:ɴǀ
18937:ŋǀ
18928:ɴʘ
18926:ŋʘ
18906:ɢǂ
18904:ɡǂ
18886:ɢǃ
18884:ɡǃ
18877:ɢǀ
18875:ɡǀ
18866:ɢʘ
18864:ɡʘ
18844:qǂ
18842:kǂ
18824:qǃ
18822:kǃ
18815:qǀ
18813:kǀ
18804:qʘ
18802:kʘ
18767:ɬʼ
18699:χʼ
18692:xʼ
18685:ɕʼ
18678:ʂʼ
18671:ʃʼ
18664:sʼ
18657:θʼ
18650:fʼ
18643:ɸʼ
18562:ʡʼ
18555:qʼ
18548:kʼ
18541:cʼ
18534:ʈʼ
18525:tʼ
18514:pʼ
18495:EG
18467:RF
18460:PA
18439:LD
18432:BL
18406:.
18344:ʟ̆
18335:ʎ̆
18326:𝼈
18301:ɺ̥
18265:ʟ̠
18183:ʟ̝
18176:𝼄
18169:ʎ̝
18162:𝼆
18155:𝼅
18055:tꞎ
18044:dɮ
18037:tɬ
17981:ʀ̥
17966:ɽr
17941:r̥
17915:ʙ̥
17897:ʡ̆
17888:ɢ̆
17864:ɽ̊
17846:ɾ̥
17835:ɾ̼
17817:ⱱ̟
17801:ʔ̞
17646:ɻ˔
17618:ð̠
17611:θ̠
17590:ð̼
17583:θ̼
17445:ʔh
17438:ʡʢ
17431:ʡʜ
17424:ɢʁ
17417:qχ
17410:ɡɣ
17403:kx
17396:ɟʝ
17389:cç
17318:bβ
17311:pɸ
17283:dʑ
17276:tɕ
17269:dʐ
17262:tʂ
17241:dz
17234:ts
17105:d̼
17098:t̼
17091:b̪
17084:p̪
17041:ɴ̥
17027:ŋ̊
17013:ɲ̊
16999:ɳ̊
16981:n̥
16970:n̼
16954:ɱ̊
16940:m̥
16868:↓
16840:→
16567:85
16565:.
16543:.
16533:23
16531:.
16515:.
16501:14
16499:.
16495:.
16481:10
16479:.
16475:.
16453:39
16451:.
16423:.
16413:23
16411:.
16398:.
16381:.
16369:.
16352:.
16340:.
16280:.
16259:.
16238:.
16217:.
16198:24
16196:.
16176:.
16166:35
16164:.
16147:.
16135:.
16089:.
16075:;
16058:.
16048:16
16046:.
16017:.
16007:16
16005:.
15984:.
15974:17
15972:.
15955:.
15945:17
15943:.
15923:.
15913:18
15911:.
15888:37
15886:.
15864:.
15833:.
15775:42
15773:.
15769:.
15741:22
15715:11
15680:26
15659:23
15638:21
15617:16
15567:;
15483:.
15473:23
15471:.
15454:.
15444:23
15442:.
15421:21
15419:.
15415:.
15398:.
15388:19
15386:.
15369:.
15361:.
15351:19
15349:.
15323:.
15291:27
15267:25
15265:.
15227:.
15215:.
15196:28
15172:.
15147:.
15137:25
15135:.
15115:.
15105:14
15103:.
15040:.
15030:20
15028:.
14987:.
14955:.
14945:48
14943:.
14916:30
14890:25
14869:16
14848:15
14822:10
14726:27
14724:.
14705:23
14703:.
14684:20
14682:.
14663:19
14661:.
14642:15
14640:.
14621:15
14619:.
14600:10
14598:.
14587:24
14585:.
14508:^
14493:^
14382:^
14283:^
14230:^
14067:^
13827:^
13812:^
13749:^
13686:^
13671:^
13625:^
13594:^
13395:^
13380:^
13363:^
13319:^
13269:ɛ̈
13184:^
13157:^
13106:^
13015:^
12970:—
12964:—
12955:◌̣
12943:—
12939:◌̂
12927:—
12923:◌̌
12911:—
12907:◌̄
12889:◌̀
12871:◌́
12854:◌̆
12841:◌̈
12830:—
12824:—
12818:—
12788:—
12762:—
12741:—
12658:—
12584:—
12581:)
12477:—
12449:—
12426:—
12403:—
12385:—
12372:—
12361:—
12343:—
12319:◌ʲ
12314:◌̡
12304:◌̡
12299:◌̇
12295:—
12284:◌ʷ
12279:◌̫
12275:—
12264:◌̤
12260:—
12252:—
12236:ə˞
12212:—
12203:◌˞
12184:—
12168:◌̯
12163:◌̆
12146:◌̩
12141:◌̗
12127:—
12118:◌̞
12109:—
12105:◌˕
12095:◌̣
12091:—
12082:◌̝
12073:—
12069:◌˔
12059:◌̠
12047:—
12043:◌꭪
12033:◌̟
12024:—
12020:◌꭫
12005:◌̜
12000:◌˓
11985:◌̹
11980:◌˒
11967:◌ʰ
11958:—
11810:—
11801:ɔ̈
11785:—
11776:ɛ̈
11755:—
11725:—
11581:—
11571:—
11546:—
11526:—
11501:—
11491:ʘ
11488:⊙
11485:—
11462:,
11453:,
11440:—
11427:—
11395:—
11353:)
11329:)
11167:.
11130:ə˞
11117:.
11099:.
11001:˩˧
10997:˧˥
10993:˩˨
10989:˦˥
10977:a˞
10973:ə˞
10956:.
10787:.
10743:,
10704:ʃˢ
10696:r̝
10608:◌̚
10501:◌̆
10489:◌̆
10481:◌̯
10460:◌̴
10441:◌̡
10433:◌ʲ
10426:◌̫
10418:◌ʷ
10391:◌̽
10372:,
10356:◌̰
10230:.
10214:,
10097:◌̰
10045:◌̢
10017:◌̇
9977:◌̤
9956:◌̚
9930:◌̈
9904:◌̯
9900:◌̮
9896:◌̢
9855:.
9844:.
9840::
9518:=
9505:=
9493:,
9481:ʃˢ
9408:y˓
9395:ɔ˒
9369:ɑˑ
9356:ɑː
9343:ɑʴ
9330:ɑ̃
9169:t̫
9156:t̪
9130:tʰ
8983:kʼ
8974:tʼ
8965:pʼ
8249:a̒
8245:e̒
8241:ah
8237:eh
8157:əʴ
8153:əɹ
8134:ɔʴ
8130:aʴ
8126:eʴ
8122:ɔɹ
8118:aɹ
8114:eɹ
7962:ʃˢ
7952:n̩
7945:.
7942:ɔ̈
7938:ɛ̈
7920:ə˔
7865:=
7846:t̪
7830:n̫
7771:=
7768:s̬
7752:l̥
7674:th
7670:ph
7664:dʒ
7660:tʃ
7610:dʒ
7606:tʃ
7602:ts
7596:).
7421:tʼ
7417:pʼ
6763:◌̦
6564:◌̣
6531:◌̪
6523:◌̫
6397:˴◌
6290:tl
6286:pf
6253:𝼥
6249:𝼪
5629:ɛ̈
5241:꭫꭫
5237:꭪꭪
5233:n̗
5229:n̩
5216:.
5047:ɔ̈
4733:l꭫
4721:l꭪
4619:n̗
4605:,
4579:◌̤
4567:◌̣
4559:◌̥
4555:◌̬
4497:he
4493:ha
4463:;
4457:kh
4443:;
4421:th
4409:th
4399:.
4264:ɔ̈
3880:œ̃
3865:u꞉
3765:nn
3733:eu
3707:eu
3637:tt
3603:ai
3597:ai
3564:nn
3503:l
3464:te
3441:ll
3427:ul
3411:ss
3403:ou
3398:ll
3354:en
3350:wa
3328:ch
3295:ak
3289:ou
3273:ch
3249:eu
3227:sc
3223:sj
3219:sk
3211:fi
3208:at
3206:ch
3200:sh
3157:ss
3152:el
3133:e
3122:en
3120:th
3098:in
3096:th
3077:in
3050:ou
3020:ou
3016:el
2999:is
2968:er
2950:æ
2939:ot
2914:)
2907:ot
2891:ed
2872:ll
2863:ll
2861:fi
2833:ll
2810:ng
2808:di
2802:ng
2789:o
2787:gn
2777:gn
2774:rè
2757:ei
2751:on
2699:ut
2693:ai
2670:uh
2627:en
2595:en
2574:as
2566:ut
2545:as
2537:ut
2417:yː
2413:hn
2394:nn
2379:øː
2336:iː
2330:ie
2298:eː
2293:ee
2276:tt
2261:ɛː
2242:aː
2238:hn
2214:nn
2195:ll
2180:oː
2158:ss
2143:uː
2046:ei
2027:er
1968:ti
1899:ch
1882:en
1878:wa
1862:ch
1692:œ̃
1687:un
1682:œ̃
1670:ɛ̃
1651:ɑ̃
1645:an
1632:ɔ̃
1627:on
1546:eu
1522:œu
1463:tr
1410:te
1370:ou
1316:gn
1314:rè
1267:ou
1249:hu
1175:at
1173:ch
1122:ak
961:ɔɪ
955:oi
950:oi
943:aʊ
938:ow
932:au
925:aɪ
921:de
913:ai
887:uː
881:oo
864:ll
849:oʊ
845:te
837:ɔu
807:ɔː
803:ll
766:rn
748:ː
742:sk
729:ə
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2106:—
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2061:—
2057:r
2050:ʋ
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2013:f
2009:—
2005:f
1998:ʒ
1992:g
1987:ʒ
1982:ᴊ
1975:ʃ
1964:c
1959:x
1952:z
1948:o
1946:s
1941:z
1934:s
1930:—
1926:s
1919:j
1915:—
1911:j
1904:ç
1897:i
1893:ç
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1880:g
1874:ɢ
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1860:a
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1825:—
1821:b
1814:p
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235:—
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224:k
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58:.
20:)
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