20:
117:
147:(L, M, M.2, P, P.2 and R) saw widespread use, in four main sizes, 750, 800, 930 and 1,000 m (26,000, 28,000, 33,000 and 35,000 cu ft). The 750 m (26,000 cu ft) type P could carry two observers to 500 m (1,600 ft), while the 1,000 m (35,000 cu ft) type R could carry 3 to 500 m (1,600 ft) or 2 to 1,000 m (3,300 ft).
296:
The only United States casualty was suffered during an unsuccessful lowering attempt on a destroyer, during a stormy evening on 14 August 1918, while escorting an eastbound convoy through the Irish Sea. The balloon alternately plunged port and starboard as the tether was shortened, dipping the basket
210:
The French continued to operate spherical balloons, until deciding to abandon them in 1912 when reconnaissance aeroplanes became a practical alternative. By 1914, they too realized, with the
British, the usefulness of captive balloons, as unlike aircraft, they could remain on station for hours, when
173:
For shipboard use by the US Navy, the observer boarded the basket each morning just before daylight and would clip the boarding line to his parachute harness. They tried to make the hoist during a calm period, as the balloon could behave erratically in turbulence, so the observation basket might be
112:
balloons most often operated at an altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 m (3,300 and 6,600 ft), could handle winds of up to 65 km/h (40 mph) and were equipped with an engine-driven winch to lower them quickly in the event of an attack. To further dissuade attacks, they were often
140:
Albert Caquot, for whom it was named, developed a much-improved design that replaced the tubular sausage shaped envelope with a more aerodynamic teardrop shape and replaced the sock with three fins, which were also held rigid by the wind blowing past it. Six versions of the
38:
which is shaped to help make it stable in low and moderate winds and to increase its lift. It typically comprises a streamlined envelope with stabilising features and a harness or yoke connecting it to the main tether and a second harness connected to an observer's basket.
42:
Kite balloons are able to fly in higher winds than ordinary round balloons which tended to bob and spin in windy conditions. They were extensively used for military observation during World War I and similar designs were used for anti-aircraft barriers, as
169:
The kite balloon had a parachute in a flat container attached to the observation basket, with the observer wearing a harness around his waist, with lines attached to the parachute. If the balloonist jumped, the parachute was pulled from the container.
84:
used wind pressure to inflate a stabilising ballonets or sock at the rear, which acted as a tail fin and kept it pointed into the wind. A yoke or harness connected the balloon to the tether and was arranged to aid stability. Early versions of the
250:
balloons, with large vessels using the type R to direct gunfire, while smaller escort vessels used the type P and type P.2 against submarines. Although only ten were in service in July 1917, by July 1918 over 200 were in service.
102:(Maiden's joy). Sizes of early examples varied but two main sizes became common – 600 and 1,200 m (2,000 and 3,900 ft) and mass production was carried out at the August Riedinger Balloon Plant in
238:
Although their primary use was by the Army to spot the fall of artillery shells and observe enemy movements, the cruisers and battleships of several nations were also equipped to operate
425:
274:
attack, by telephone. The availability of an elevated visual observation platform significantly enhanced the ability of destroyers to find and attack U-boats prior to the invention of
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each, that shot down six balloons. This panicked the German high command into lowering all their balloons along the entire front and blinding their Army to a French counter-attack on
174:
dunked before the tether was extended enough to allow the kite balloon to go aloft. Wet or dry, the balloon observer spent the whole day aloft. Its appearance earned it the nickname
71:, giving it its British and French nicknames of "sausage". This was inclined at a nose up angle to about 30–40° from the horizontal, which resulted in it producing some
60:
270:. A balloon observer could often see submerged submarines invisible to observers on the ship and could notify the ship of U-boats and their evasive maneuvers during a
19:
106:, Germany. The observer was given a parachute, attached to the outside of the basket and while the winch was pulling the balloon down, he would jump.
162:
motor of either 32 or 60 hp (24 or 45 kW) but from 1917, a winch of their own design was used, powered with a 70 hp (52 kW)
433:
158:
could be hauled down in an emergency, at speeds up to 6 m/s (20 ft/s). Until 1916 a
Saconney type winch was used, powered with a
552:. Blandford Colour series - The Pocket Encyclopaedia of World Aircraft in Colour. Translated by Hildesheim, Erik. London: Blandfor Press.
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ringed with anti-aircraft batteries, making attacks on them extremely hazardous. Despite this, they were the target of frequent attacks.
211:
most aeroplanes had an endurance limited to about two hours. The French Army at one point had 76 companies operating Caquot balloons.
527:
Brook, Dr. Peter; Koehler, R. B. & Woodman, Harry (2001). "Question 11/00: Russian
Shipboard Balloons at Vladivostok in 1905".
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507:
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was in widespread use from the end of the 1800s in large numbers by the German Army to direct gunfire from heavy artillery.
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to augment the lift from the hydrogen used and which helped reduce the up and down pitching common with spherical balloons.
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had fixed fins, which were later replaced with the sock mounted on the underside that was inflated by the wind. The
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593:
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The first aircraft on aircraft rocket attack was made on 22 May 1916 when a group of eight French aces including
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473:
429:
64:
230:. Certain aces on both sides known for going after the kite balloons became known as "balloon busters".
567:
Elliott, Bryn (January–February 1999). "On the Beat: The First 60 Years of
Britain's Air Police".
464:
499:
191:
but more spherical, although it was still able to generate some aerodynamic lift and like the
67:), the main component of a kite balloon is its tubular-shaped envelope, similar to that of a
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308:
in
December 1921 and operated it as such until July 1922, when the ship was converted to a
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As with a blimp, the envelope was also the main lifting gas bag. Later versions of the
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s perceived resemblance to an erect phallus led to the nickname in German service of
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into the water on each dive. The basket was empty before they got it fully lowered.
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kite balloons to direct gunfire like their army counterparts. Twenty four
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Shortage of crews prevented more widespread use even after the
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The
Italian military also developed a kite balloon, called the
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The US Navy commissioned the specialized kite balloon tender
275:
127:
Initially the French and
British used copies of the German
498:. Osprey Aircraft of the Aces 66. Oxford: Osprey. p.
535:(2). International Naval Research Organization: 131–136.
388:, Collins 1921, Part III, Chapter VII, "Kite Balloons".
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285:established a training program in October 1917, at
462:Morse, Alan L. (1984). "Flying the Rubber Cows".
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26:kite balloon, showing its characteristic shape
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426:"Observation Balloons On The Western Front"
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494:Balloon-busting aces of World War 1
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55:Developed in Germany from 1893 by
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287:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
246:vessels were equipped to handle
218:made a dawn attack while flying
195:, had three fins for stability.
550:Balloons and Airships 1783–1973
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262:balloons were used by American
432:. 29 June 2008. Archived from
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1:
474:United States Naval Institute
430:The Western Front Association
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233:
65:de:Hans Bartsch von Sigsfeld
7:
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312:with the hull symbol AV-1.
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187:, which was similar to the
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610:
386:A History of Aeronautics
384:Vivian, Evelyn Charles;
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266:escorting merchant ship
134:balloons but the French
16:Type of tethered balloon
594:Balloons (aeronautics)
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99:Die Freude der Mädchen
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51:Design and development
27:
548:Ege, Lennart (1973).
529:Warship International
490:Guttman, Jon (2005).
375:Ege, 1973, pp.128–129
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47:in both world wars.
436:on 2 December 2010
283:United States Navy
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28:
509:978-1-84176-877-9
415:Ege, 1973, p. 169
406:Ege, 1973, p. 168
224:Le Prieur rockets
222:armed with eight
216:Charles Nungesser
69:non-rigid airship
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465:Proceedings
291:Akron, Ohio
254:During the
244:French Navy
333:References
327:Rotor kite
264:destroyers
176:rubber cow
577:0143-5450
541:0043-0374
302:USS
234:Naval use
150:Like the
137:capitaine
588:Category
476:: 74–75.
316:See also
240:Parseval
205:Parseval
199:Army use
160:Delahaye
152:Parseval
129:Parseval
110:Parseval
104:Augsburg
91:Parseval
87:Parseval
61:Sigsfeld
57:Parseval
533:XXXVIII
268:convoys
166:motor.
132:Drachen
81:Drachen
24:Drachen
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322:Kytoon
304:Wright
289:'s in
260:Caquot
248:Caquot
193:Caquot
189:Caquot
156:Caquot
154:, the
144:Caquot
121:Caquot
472:(2).
338:Notes
276:sonar
94:'
34:is a
573:ISSN
554:ISBN
537:ISSN
504:ISBN
442:2016
203:The
59:and
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502:.
500:12
482:^
470:CX
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30:A
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63:(
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