533:", and that the Indians considered the expedition to be one. The destruction of Kittanning was hailed as a victory in Pennsylvania, and Armstrong was known afterwards as the "Hero of Kittanning". He and his men collected the "scalp bounty" that had been placed on Captain Jacobs. However, the victory had limitations: the attackers suffered more casualties than they inflicted, and most of the villagers escaped, taking with them almost all of the prisoners that had been held in the village. The expedition also probably aggravated the frontier war; subsequent Indian raids that autumn were fiercer than ever. The Kittanning Expedition revealed to the village's inhabitants their vulnerability, and many moved to more secure areas. A peace faction led by Shingas's brother Tamaqua soon came to the forefront. Tamaqua eventually made peace with Pennsylvania in the
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attack on the village. Many of the
Kittanning residents fled, but Captain Jacobs put up a defense, holing up with his wife and family inside their home. When he refused to surrender, his house and others were set on fire, touching off gunpowder that had been stored inside. Some buildings exploded, and pieces of Indian bodies flew high into the air and landed in a nearby cornfield. Captain Jacobs was killed and scalped after jumping from his home in an attempt to escape the flames.
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454:) on the morning of August 2, 1756. The attackers were held off, but the garrison commander was killed, and his second in command surrendered the garrison, including the women and children, the next morning. Armstrong, the commander's brother, immediately organized an expedition against Kittanning in response.
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The battle ended when the entire village was engulfed in flames. Prisoners informed
Armstrong that a party of 24 men had left the day before in advance of another planned raid. This news caused Armstrong some concern over the fate of Lieutenant Hogg, so he precipitately ordered a withdrawal. They
406:
Beginning about
October 1755, Lenape and Shawnee war parties, often with French cooperation, began raiding settlements in Pennsylvania. Although European-Americans also waged war with cruelty, they found Indian warfare particularly brutal and frightening. Notable among the Indian raiders were the
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on August 31. By
September 7, the column had reached the vicinity of Kittanning. Signs of a small Indian camp prompted Colonel Armstrong to detach a dozen men under Lieutenant James Hogg to monitor it while the column moved on toward the village. The next morning Armstrong launched a surprise
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were met after several miles by a mortally wounded Hogg, who reported that his force had been attacked by a larger Indian force. Some of his men had immediately fled, and most of the rest had been killed. Armstrong and his remaining force marched to
489:. According to Armstrong's report, he took 11 scalps and freed 11 prisoners, mostly women and children. He estimated that his men killed between 30 and 40 Indians. Many of the white captives who were not rescued were ferried across the
509:
on the ashes of their former homes. The town was reoccupied briefly and two of the
British prisoners who had attempted to escape with Armstrong's men were tortured to death. The Indians then harvested their corn and moved to
514:, where they requested permission from the French to resettle further to the west, away from the British colonists. According to Marie Le Roy and Barbara Leininger, many of Kittanning's inhabitants moved to
196:
1020:
793:
Alden, Timothy. "An
Account of the Captivity of Hugh Gibson among The Delaware Indians of the Big Beaver and the Muskingum, from the latter part of July 1756, to the beginning of April, 1759."
399:
who had migrated to the area after white colonists had settled their lands to the east, had waited to see who would win the contest—they could not risk siding with the loser. With
814:. Translated by Rev. Edmund de Schweinitz. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography – via The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography volume 29, 1905.
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which also served as a staging area for raids and a temporary holding center for captives. Following the massacres of mostly unarmed settlers at
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in 1755, the settlers on the
Pennsylvania frontier were without professional military protection, and scrambled to organize a defense.
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now secured, the victorious French encouraged the Lenape and
Shawnee to "take up the hatchet" against those who had taken their land.
1193:
1102:
432:
1386:
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Daniel P. Barr, "Victory at
Kittanning? Reevaluating the Impact of Armstrong’s Raid on the Seven Years’ War in Pennsylvania,"
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in canoes, then taken by foot over trails into Ohio, where they were assimilated into the tribes. Many were not rescued until
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during a brutal backcountry war. Early on
September 8, 1756, they launched a surprise attack on the Indian village.
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Historian Fred Anderson notes that equivalent raids by Indians on Pennsylvania villages were usually labeled "
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Historian Fred Anderson (Anderson, p. 163) apparently erroneously reports this event as occurring on
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Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766
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The Narrative of Marie le Roy and Barbara Leininger, for Three Years Captives Among the Indians
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Gilbert C. Din, "François Coulon de Villiers: More Light on an Illusive Historical Figure,"
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After the destruction of the town, many of its inhabitants returned and erected their
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Fisher, John S (1927). "Colonel John Armstrong's Expedition against Kittanning".
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Breaking The Backcountry: Seven Years War In Virginia And Pennsylvania 1754–1765.
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Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission's article on the expedition
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Myers, James P. "Pennsylvania's Awakening: the Kittanning Raid of 1756."
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Chester Hale Sipe, "The Principal Indian Towns of Western Pennsylvania,"
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The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War.
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Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association,
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volume 6 of the 3rd Series. Boston: American Stationers’ Company. 1837
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A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724–1774.
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began on the Pennsylvania frontier as a struggle for control of the
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Although it eventually became a worldwide conflict known as the
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Elsie Greathead, "The History of Fulton County, Pennsylvania",
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War in the Peaceable Kingdom: The Kittanning Raid of 1756.
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American Indians of the Ohio Country in the 18th Century.
949:. Originally published 1960; Wennawoods reprint, 1999.
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in 1755, the colonial governments of Pennsylvania and
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brought them back from Ohio to Pennsylvania in 1764.
324:, which had served as a staging point for attacks by
795:
Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society,
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8; other sources consistently place it in September.
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Medal issued to commemorate Kittanning's destruction
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The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography,
379:The French-allied Indians who had defeated General
927:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
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545:in 1758 that drove the French from Fort Duquesne.
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680:William Albert Hunter, "Victory at Kittanning,"
485:to rest. By September 13, they had returned to
933:(1). Historical Society of Pennsylvania: 1–14.
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537:, which enabled a British force under General
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947:Forts on the Pennsylvania Frontier, 1753–1758
599:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
464:Kittanning (village) § Destruction, 1756
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956:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992.
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442:Captain Jacobs was on an expedition led by
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808:Le Roy, Marie; Leininger, Barbara (1759).
328:warriors against colonists in the British
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842:Vol. CXXXI, No. 1, January 2007, pp. 5–32
780:Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine,
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921:Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2016.
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782:v. 13, no. 2; April 1, 1930; pp. 104–122
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16:1756 battle of the French and Indian War
973:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
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684:vol. 23, no. 3, July 1956; pp. 376–407
647:Misencik, Paul R., Misencik, Sally E.
1402:Pre-statehood history of Pennsylvania
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666:University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003.
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1397:Battles of the French and Indian War
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439:offered rewards for their scalps.
332:. Commanded by Lieutenant Colonel
316:that led to the destruction of the
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651:McFarland, Inc., Publishers, 2020.
208:Seven Years' War in North America:
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560:Kittanning, Pennsylvania
415:, both of whom lived at
387:were primarily from the
330:Province of Pennsylvania
312:, was a raid during the
1412:Battles in Pennsylvania
1166:Battle of Fort Ligonier
1161:Battle of Fort Duquesne
1145:Bloody Springs massacre
1119:Battle of Sideling Hill
895:Anderson, Fred (2000).
952:McConnell, Michael N.
756:The Fulton County News
636:Greenwood Press, 2004.
112:Commanders and leaders
1364:Heinrich Zeller House
1254:Fort Juniata Crossing
1124:Kittanning Expedition
1103:GnadenhĂĽtten massacre
1088:Penn's Creek massacre
1034:French and Indian War
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682:Pennsylvania History,
462:Further information:
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314:French and Indian War
302:Kittanning Expedition
216:, Ohio Valley Theater
157:Casualties and losses
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565:Kittanning (village)
310:Battle of Kittanning
306:Armstrong Expedition
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1078:Braddock Expedition
945:Hunter, William A.
543:mount an expedition
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237:Braddock Expedition
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917:Crytzer, Brady J.
604:2007-09-02 at the
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125:John Armstrong Sr.
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633:
627:
618:
612:
583:
578:
528:
504:
487:Fort Loudoun
479:
474:Fort Shirley
467:
441:
433:GnadenhĂĽtten
425:Penn's Creek
405:
378:
372:in 1754 and
358:Ohio Country
347:
309:
305:
301:
299:
266:
247:Penn's Creek
135:
101:Pennsylvania
88:Belligerents
69:Pennsylvania
29:Part of the
1299:Fort McCord
1294:Fort Manada
1244:Fort Hunter
1209:Fort Bigham
1032:during the
539:John Forbes
385:Monongahela
360:. With the
320:village of
242:Monongahela
164:13 wounded
1381:Categories
1239:Fort Henry
1214:Fort Depuy
1194:Fort Allen
855:Anderson,
824:Anderson,
571:References
458:Expedition
429:Great Cove
417:Kittanning
344:Background
322:Kittanning
267:Kittanning
252:The Trough
166:19 missing
162:17 killed
65:Kittanning
1319:Fort Pitt
531:massacres
524:Muskingum
501:Aftermath
452:Lewistown
362:surrender
1185:Frontier
979:21999143
939:20086627
868:Hunter,
859:, p. 164
828:, p. 163
602:Archived
549:See also
520:Kuskusky
437:Virginia
169:9 killed
144:Strength
60:Location
888:Sources
516:Saucunk
507:wigwams
409:Shingas
397:Shawnee
383:at the
308:or the
152:Unknown
136:†
1407:Lenape
977:
937:
907:
584:August
431:, and
393:Lenape
352:, the
326:Lenape
132:
106:Lenape
76:Result
1187:Forts
935:JSTOR
472:from
1154:1758
1133:1757
1112:1756
1071:1755
1041:1754
975:OCLC
905:ISBN
411:and
395:and
300:The
52:Date
526:.
522:or
368:at
364:of
1383::
931:51
929:.
848:^
735:^
705:^
672:^
591:^
518:,
427:,
423:,
67:,
1022:e
1015:t
1008:v
981:.
941:.
913:.
198:e
191:t
184:v
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