137:
individuals and groups. However, Shapiro and Varian (1999) indicate that information markets will not resemble textbook competitive markets with many suppliers offering similar products but lacking the ability to influence prices. Simard (2006) described knowledge markets as a group of related circular knowledge-service value chains that function collectively as a sector, to embed, advance, and extract value to yield sector outcomes and individual benefits.
1191:
133:(Simard, 2007) described a rich to reach service delivery spectrum that is segmented into categories of recipients, with associated levels of distribution, interactions, content complexity, and channels. The categories, from rich to reach, are: unique (once only), complex (science), technical (engineering), specialized (professional), simplified (popular), and mandatory (everyone).
126:
departmental level, but is scalable both upwards and downwards. The primary driver is a department's legal mandate; a secondary driver is the needs of clients and residents. The model can function from either a supply or demand approach to knowledge markets. There are two levels of resolution - performance measurement, and classifying service-related activities.
122:
the private sector. Their focus was to transform traditional retail businesses by developing enterprise-wide platforms that support customer services. RocSearch (2006) takes a broader external view, referring to a nascent knowledge services industry that goes beyond traditional cost and time leveraging advantages of the traditional consulting sector.
129:
There are four types of knowledge services: generate content, develop products, provide assistance, and share solutions. 24 Knowledge services are modeled as a circular value chain comprising nine stages that embed, advance, or extract value from knowledge-based products and services. The stages are:
121:
St. Clair and Reich (2002) describe internal knowledge services as a management approach that integrates information management, knowledge management, and strategic learning into an enterprise-wide function. Kalakota and
Robinson (2003) and Thomas (2005) developed service-oriented architectures for
178:
is an active
American company tackling the problem from a consumer perspective. The company vets experts through web sources, social media profiles, journals, and professional profiles. It connects consumers to the vetted experts who provide paid answers, audio, or video conferencing services. Sage
151:
Fee-based knowledge markets commoditize knowledge by being based on traditional market mechanisms that work well for traditional goods. The buyer posts a request, normally in the form of a question and sets a price for the valid answer. Alternatively, the suppliers of knowledge (answerers) can post
125:
Simard et al. (2007) developed a holistic systems model of knowledge services for government S&T organizations. The model begins with generating new content and ends with sector outcomes and individual benefits. The model is independent of content, issues, or organizations. It is designed at a
55:
include the concept of exchanging knowledge-based products and services. However, as discussed by
Stewart (1996) knowledge is very different from physical products. For example, it can be in more than one place at one time, selling it does not diminish the supply, buyers only purchase it once, and
136:
From the perspective of knowledge markets, Mcgee and Prusak (1993) note that people barter for information, use it as an instrument of power, or trade it for information of greater value. Davenport and Prusak (1998) used a knowledge marketplace analogy to describe the exchange of knowledge among
102:(production and transfer) while the last four stages are external (intermediaries, clients, and citizens). Because the value chain is cyclic, it can be used to model either a supply (post-production evaluation ) or a demand (pre-production evaluation) approach to knowledge markets.
255:'s NowNow previously offered a subsidized knowledge market for questions asked through mobile phones and as an experimental feature in the company's ebook reader, the Amazon Kindle. The NowNow service was discontinued November 21, 2008 after an extended private beta period.
118:, and knowledge markets. Knowledge services are programs that provide content-based (data, information, knowledge) organizational outputs (e.g., advice, answers, facilitation), to meet external user wants or needs. Knowledge services are delivered through knowledge markets.
1081:
86:
are explained by Nonaka (1991) and
Leonard (1998). At the marketing end of the spectrum, a number of authors, including Bishop (1996), May (2000), and Tapscott et al. (2000) describe the architecture and processes necessary to succeed in a digital economy.
74:
This perspective is appropriate when the market has limited or no interest or control over either the production or use of the content being exchanged, as is the case for most traditional markets. A provider-user perspective is also appropriate for emerging
56:
once sold, it cannot be recalled. Further, knowledge begets more knowledge in a never-ending cycle. Understanding of knowledge markets is beginning to emerge. As would be expected, they are very different in form from traditional markets.
1089:
70:
This transactional approach assumes that knowledge-based products or services are available for distribution, that someone wants to use them, and that the primary focus of the market is to connect the two.
39:
mechanism can be applied directly to distribute it. An alternative model is based on treating knowledge as a public good and hence encouraging free sharing of knowledge. This is often referred to as
59:
Knowledge markets have been variously described by
Stewart (1996) and Simard (2000) as a mechanism for enabling, supporting, and facilitating the mobilization, sharing, or exchange of
79:"ideagoras" (Tapscott and Williams, 2006), in which the primary function of the market is to match existing solutions with problems and problems with those who can find solutions.
189:
to expert researchers for answering their questions. The Google site was closed in 2006. Two months later, fifty former Google
Answers Researchers launched paid research/
1082:"The Market for Open Innovation: First study to compare the offerings, methods, and competences of intermediaries, consultancies, and brokers for open innovation"
251:
and
Answerly.com both offer subsidized knowledge markets where researchers are paid to generate answers despite the service remaining free to the question asker.
94:
knowledge-market model comprising nine stages that embed, advance, or extract value into knowledge products and services along a knowledge services
175:
265:
241:, and several other websites currently use the free knowledge exchange model. None of these offer more than an increase in
146:
402:
1195:
1008:
821:
796:
27:
resources. There are two views on knowledge and how knowledge markets can function. One view uses a legal construct of
981:
740:
711:
610:
1162:
162:
where buyers can offer payment to have their questions answered. Mahalo
Answers, an extension of the search engine
130:
generate, transform, manage, use internally, transfer, enhance, use professionally, use personally, and evaluate.
179:
also provides an SEO software toolset that provides SEO analytics for digital content marketing for the experts.
879:
849:
1211:
355:
1221:
756:
684:
655:
626:
561:
1226:
345:
1216:
939:
350:
230:
197:
270:
436:
43:. Currently there is no consensus among researchers on relative merits of these two approaches.
330:
115:
99:
926:
28:
325:
300:
166:, launched on December 15, 2008. The site also uses a virtual currency ("Mahalo Dollars").
111:
83:
1137:
518:
8:
315:
310:
295:
290:
285:
172:
is a web-based open marketplace where firms post scientific problems and choose rewards.
32:
871:
Thinking for a Living: How to Get Better
Performances And Results from Knowledge Workers
970:
750:
678:
649:
620:
555:
305:
1050:
1004:
998:
977:
875:
869:
845:
817:
792:
736:
729:
707:
700:
606:
599:
320:
203:
Free knowledge markets use an alternative model treating knowledge as a public good.
90:
Knowledge markets may also be sequential in nature. Simard (2006) describes a cyclic
76:
52:
40:
907:
360:
335:
226:
159:
155:
36:
340:
280:
186:
185:
was another implementation of this idea. This service allowed its users to offer
904:"Knowledge Services: A New Research Field between KM and SSME, Conference Paper"
91:
82:
From a production perspective, processes for creating wealth through the use of
594:
222:
214:
210:
182:
1205:
275:
493:
Simard, Albert (2006). "Knowledge markets: More than
Providers and Users".
437:"A Synopsis of: Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know"
238:
190:
169:
95:
60:
972:
Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, 2nd Edition
519:"Chapter 11: Knowledge networks and the geographic locus of innovation"
252:
248:
242:
218:
163:
911:
64:
24:
1024:
903:
1190:
1051:"Mahalo expands human-powered search with paid Answers service"
955:
The Laws of Cool: Knowledge Work and the Culture of Information
234:
206:
193:
1163:"The Kindle Will No Longer Answer Questions: No More NowNow"
814:
Beyond Degrees: Professional Learning for Knowledge Services
1003:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press.
1000:
Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy
976:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press.
575:
Nonaka, Ikujiro (1991). "The knowledge creating company".
110:
Knowledge services is an emerging concept that integrates
1111:
548:
Wikinomics - How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything
471:
Intellectual Capital: The New Wealth of Organizations
444:
Organizational Change Program for the CGIAR Centers
969:
728:
726:
699:
598:
957:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.
735:. Boston, 270 p.: Harvard Business School Press.
727:Tapscott, Don; Ticoll, David; Lowt, Alex (2000).
1203:
839:
786:
644:. Boston, 334 p.: Harvard Business School Press.
545:
968:Prusak, Lawrence; Davenport, Thomas H. (1998).
967:
811:
593:
863:
861:
16:Mechanism for distributing knowledge resources
996:
787:Kantola, Jussi; Karwowski, Waldemar (2012).
546:Tapscott, Don; Williams, Anthony D. (2006).
158:is fee-based knowledge market which using a
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
858:
98:. The first five stages are internal to a
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
495:BGD Internet Research Society Transactions
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
464:
462:
460:
396:
152:their bids to have the question answered.
897:
895:
893:
891:
874:. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press.
867:
842:Services Blueprint: Roadmap for Execution
840:Kalakota, Ravi; Robinson, Marcia (2003).
835:
833:
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
394:
392:
390:
388:
386:
384:
382:
380:
378:
376:
1155:
1122:
1017:
33:make knowledge a typical scarce resource
1075:
1073:
1071:
844:. Boston: Addison-Wesley Professional.
812:St. Clair, Guy; Lauren, Albert (2010).
763:
671:Strategic Marketing for the Digital Age
662:
639:
477:
468:
457:
196:. Google also acquired Q&A website
1204:
1135:
1042:
1025:"Experts-Exchange 3 million solutions"
997:Shapiro, Carl; Varian, Hal R. (1998).
888:
830:
789:Knowledge Service Engineering Handbook
668:
574:
541:
539:
524:. University of California at Berkeley
512:
510:
508:
492:
420:
373:
1048:
990:
961:
946:
805:
706:. Cambridge University Press, 270 p.
605:. New York, 225 p.: Harper Business.
105:
1068:
720:
691:
673:. New York, 250 p.: Harper Business.
266:List of Question and Answer Websites
147:List of question-and-answer websites
952:
901:
697:
633:
587:
568:
536:
505:
13:
1136:Durbin, Bryce (29 November 2006).
1079:
550:. New York, 324 p.: Penguin Group.
516:
403:"The Rise of the Knowledge Market"
14:
1238:
1183:
816:. Berlin: De Gruyter Publishing.
400:
1189:
200:, to shut it down a year later.
23:is a mechanism for distributing
1104:
902:Xia, Haoxiang (January 2007).
1:
868:Davenport, Thomas H. (2005).
791:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
597:; Malone, Michael S. (1997).
367:
356:Social information processing
235:3form Free Knowledge Exchange
245:as payment for researchers.
7:
469:Stewart, Thomas A. (1996).
346:Private intelligence agency
258:
140:
67:among providers and users.
10:
1243:
144:
46:
921:– via Academia.edu.
702:The Business of Ecommerce
640:Leonard, Dorothy (1998).
755:: CS1 maint: location (
683:: CS1 maint: location (
654:: CS1 maint: location (
642:Wellsprings of Knowledge
625:: CS1 maint: location (
560:: CS1 maint: location (
351:Competitive intelligence
1138:"Google Has No Answers"
577:Harvard Business Review
271:Collective intelligence
934:Cite journal requires
331:Knowledge organization
116:knowledge organization
100:knowledge organization
669:Bishop, Bill (1996).
473:. McGraw-Hill, 342 p.
213:(and the rest of the
35:, so the traditional
29:intellectual property
1212:Knowledge management
1198:at Wikimedia Commons
601:Intellectual Capital
326:Knowledge ecosystems
301:Knowledge management
112:knowledge management
84:intellectual capital
1222:Information economy
316:Information systems
311:Information society
296:Information economy
291:Electronic commerce
286:Electronic business
1227:Market (economics)
1080:Diener, Kathleen.
953:Liu, Alan (2004).
698:May, Paul (2000).
517:Simard, Caroline.
306:Information market
106:Knowledge services
1217:Knowledge markets
1196:Knowledge markets
1194:Media related to
1049:Needleman, Rafe.
401:Hicks, Jennifer.
321:Knowledge economy
77:social networking
53:knowledge economy
41:attention economy
1234:
1193:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1088:. Archived from
1077:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1029:Experts Exchange
1021:
1015:
1014:
994:
988:
987:
975:
965:
959:
958:
950:
944:
943:
937:
932:
930:
922:
920:
918:
899:
886:
885:
865:
856:
855:
837:
828:
827:
809:
803:
802:
784:
761:
760:
754:
746:
734:
724:
718:
717:
705:
695:
689:
688:
682:
674:
666:
660:
659:
653:
645:
637:
631:
630:
624:
616:
604:
591:
585:
584:
572:
566:
565:
559:
551:
543:
534:
533:
531:
529:
523:
514:
503:
502:
490:
475:
474:
466:
455:
454:
452:
450:
441:
433:
418:
417:
415:
413:
398:
361:Knowledge worker
336:Knowledge policy
227:Windows Live QnA
160:virtual currency
156:Experts-Exchange
37:commodity market
21:knowledge market
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1202:
1201:
1186:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1134:
1123:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1078:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1011:
995:
991:
984:
966:
962:
951:
947:
935:
933:
924:
923:
916:
914:
900:
889:
882:
866:
859:
852:
838:
831:
824:
810:
806:
799:
785:
764:
748:
747:
743:
731:Digital Capital
725:
721:
714:
696:
692:
676:
675:
667:
663:
647:
646:
638:
634:
618:
617:
613:
595:Edvinsson, Leif
592:
588:
573:
569:
553:
552:
544:
537:
527:
525:
521:
515:
506:
491:
478:
467:
458:
448:
446:
439:
435:
434:
421:
411:
409:
399:
374:
370:
365:
341:Virtual economy
281:Digital economy
261:
149:
143:
108:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1240:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1200:
1199:
1185:
1184:External links
1182:
1180:
1179:
1154:
1121:
1103:
1067:
1041:
1016:
1010:978-0875848631
1009:
989:
982:
960:
945:
936:|journal=
887:
880:
857:
850:
829:
823:978-3598243691
822:
804:
798:978-1439852941
797:
762:
741:
719:
712:
690:
661:
632:
611:
586:
567:
535:
504:
476:
456:
419:
371:
369:
366:
364:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
262:
260:
257:
231:Reference Desk
229:, Knowledge's
223:Yahoo! Answers
219:Ask Metafilter
215:Stack Exchange
211:Stack Overflow
183:Google Answers
142:
139:
107:
104:
48:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1239:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1092:on 2013-07-01
1091:
1087:
1086:RWTH-TIM Blog
1083:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1012:
1006:
1002:
1001:
993:
985:
983:1-57851-301-4
979:
974:
973:
964:
956:
949:
941:
928:
913:
909:
905:
898:
896:
894:
892:
883:
877:
873:
872:
864:
862:
853:
847:
843:
836:
834:
825:
819:
815:
808:
800:
794:
790:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
758:
752:
744:
742:9781578511938
738:
733:
732:
723:
715:
713:9780521776981
709:
704:
703:
694:
686:
680:
672:
665:
657:
651:
643:
636:
628:
622:
614:
612:9780887308413
608:
603:
602:
596:
590:
582:
578:
571:
563:
557:
549:
542:
540:
520:
513:
511:
509:
500:
496:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
472:
465:
463:
461:
445:
438:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
408:
404:
397:
395:
393:
391:
389:
387:
385:
383:
381:
379:
377:
372:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
276:Crowdsourcing
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
256:
254:
250:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
171:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
117:
113:
103:
101:
97:
93:
88:
85:
80:
78:
72:
68:
66:
62:
57:
54:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:
1115:
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1090:the original
1085:
1058:. Retrieved
1054:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:
1019:
999:
992:
971:
963:
954:
948:
927:cite journal
915:. Retrieved
870:
841:
813:
807:
788:
730:
722:
701:
693:
670:
664:
641:
635:
600:
589:
580:
576:
570:
547:
526:. Retrieved
498:
494:
470:
447:. Retrieved
443:
410:. Retrieved
406:
247:
239:Knowledge iN
205:
202:
191:Q&A site
181:
174:
168:
154:
150:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
109:
89:
81:
73:
69:
58:
50:
20:
18:
583:(6): 14–37.
170:Innocentive
96:value chain
61:information
1206:Categories
1167:Amazon.com
1142:TechCrunch
912:10119/4152
881:1591394236
851:0321150392
368:References
253:Amazon.com
249:ChaCha.com
243:reputation
217:network),
176:Sage Board
164:Mahalo.com
145:See also:
92:end-to-end
751:cite book
679:cite book
650:cite book
621:cite book
556:cite book
501:(2): 4–9.
65:knowledge
25:knowledge
1172:19 April
1147:19 April
1096:19 April
1060:19 April
1034:19 April
917:19 April
528:19 April
449:19 April
412:19 April
259:See also
198:Vark.com
187:bounties
141:Examples
47:History
1112:"Sage"
1007:
980:
878:
848:
820:
795:
739:
710:
609:
407:Forbes
522:(PDF)
440:(PDF)
207:Quora
194:Uclue
1174:2013
1149:2013
1116:Sage
1098:2013
1062:2013
1055:CNET
1036:2013
1005:ISBN
978:ISBN
940:help
919:2013
876:ISBN
846:ISBN
818:ISBN
793:ISBN
757:link
737:ISBN
708:ISBN
685:link
656:link
627:link
607:ISBN
562:link
530:2013
451:2013
414:2013
114:, a
63:and
908:hdl
31:to
1208::
1165:.
1140:.
1124:^
1114:.
1084:.
1070:^
1053:.
1027:.
931::
929:}}
925:{{
906:.
890:^
860:^
832:^
765:^
753:}}
749:{{
681:}}
677:{{
652:}}
648:{{
623:}}
619:{{
581:69
579:.
558:}}
554:{{
538:^
507:^
497:.
479:^
459:^
442:.
422:^
405:.
375:^
237:,
233:,
225:,
221:,
209:,
51:A
19:A
1176:.
1151:.
1118:.
1100:.
1064:.
1038:.
1013:.
986:.
942:)
938:(
910::
884:.
854:.
826:.
801:.
759:)
745:.
716:.
687:)
658:)
629:)
615:.
564:)
532:.
499:2
453:.
416:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.