2608:
Naturally, koi are bottom feeders with a mouth configuration adapted for that. Some koi have a tendency to eat mostly from the bottom, so food producers create a mixed sinking and floating combination food. Koi recognize the persons feeding them and gather around them at feeding times. They can be trained to take food from one's hand. In the winter, their digestive systems slow nearly to a halt, and they eat very little, perhaps no more than nibbles of algae from the bottom. Feeding is not recommended when the water temperature drops below 10 °C (50 °F). Care should be taken by hobbyists that proper oxygenation, pH stabilization, and off-gassing occur over the winter in small ponds. Their appetites do not come back until the water becomes warm in the spring.
1196:
689:
1522:, a group that leads the breeding and dissemination of koi in Japan, there are more than 100 varieties of koi created through breeding, and each variety is classified into 16 groups. Koi varieties are distinguished by coloration, patterning, and scalation. Some of the major colors are white, black, red, yellow, blue, and cream. Metallic shades of gold and platinum in the scales have also been developed through selective breeding. Although the possible colors are virtually limitless, breeders have identified and named a number of specific categories. The most notable category is
511:
sp.), as well as the East Asian ancient lineage of wild common carp (C. carpio), previously proposed on the basis of fossil data. However, it is unknown when the carp from the continent was introduced to Japan. In addition, a possible multiple origin of koi carp was indicated by the polyphyletic distribution of five mtDNA haplotypes of koi carp within the ‘Eurasian’ clade. Moreover, the oldest record of the introduction of non-native fish in Japan is that of goldfish from China (1502 or 1602), and there is no record of carp (including colored carp) until the introduction of the
2796:
1503:
38:
2755:
651:, as is the case with today's koi, but rather a mutation-induced color change. In ancient times, carp was farmed primarily for food. Mutational color variation in carp is relatively common in nature, but is not suitable for development alongside farming for food in poor rural communities; color inheritance is unstable and selection to maintain color variation is costly. For example, in current-day farming of koi as ornamental fish, the percentage of superior colored fish to the number of spawn is less than 1%.
1124:
259:
1186:
69:
979:
2856:
2694:
2479:
2463:
2415:
2537:
944:
1115:
particular, since the 21st century, some wealthy
Chinese have imported large quantities of koi from Niigata in Japan, and the price of high-quality carp has soared. In 2018, one carp was bought by a Chinese collector for about $ 2 million, the highest price ever. There are also cases in which purchased carp are bred in China and sold to foreign countries, and many breeds are spreading all over the world.
2439:
2391:
length of the fish (along both sides). The third type is the same as the second, with the addition of a line of (often quite large) scales running along the lateral line (along the side) of the fish, also referred to as "mirror koi". The fourth (and rarest) type is referred to as "armor koi" and is completely (or nearly) covered with very large scales that resemble plates of armor. It also is called
243:
2451:
2427:
2403:
1299:. This classification has not received much attention until recently, and it was thought that only one species of carp existed in Japan. However, recent analysis of mitochondrial DNA has revealed that there are at least two species of carp in Japan: native carp and carp from Eurasia. Currently, the Japanese native carp is assumed to be
2595:
are all capable of spotting out koi and eating them. A well-designed outdoor pond has areas too deep for herons to stand, overhangs high enough above the water that mammals cannot reach in, and shade trees overhead to block the view of aerial passers-by. It may prove necessary to string nets or wires
1029:
was held, the "Koi
Exhibit Association" was formed mainly by koi breeders in Higashiyama and Takezawa villages, and koi were exhibited. At the time, they were still called "colored carp" or "patterned carp," and they were described as "the first of their kind ever seen in the Tokyo area." And the koi
768:
Around 1875, colored koi became popular and the number of breeders increased, and some expensive koi were produced, but
Niigata Prefecture banned the aquaculture of ornamental koi because it was considered a speculative business, and the business suffered a major blow for a time. However, the ban was
2551:
The Amur carp is a hardy fish, and koi retain that durability. Koi are coldwater fish, but benefit from being kept in the 15–25 °C (59–77 °F) range, and do not react well to long, cold, winter temperatures; their immune systems are very weak below 10 °C (50 °F). Koi ponds usually
744:
era (1615–1624). In the Nijūmuragō area, carp were also farmed in terraced ponds near terraced rice paddies by 1781 at the latest, but the ponds ran dry due to a severe drought that occurred around that time, and the carp escaped the disaster by taking refuge in ponds on the grounds of Senryu Shrine
2766:
Like most fish, koi reproduce through spawning in which a female lays a vast number of eggs and one or more males fertilize them. Nurturing the resulting offspring (referred to as "fry") is a tricky and tedious job, usually done only by professionals. Although a koi breeder may carefully select the
502:
There are differences in the length distribution of carp excavated from Jomon and Yayoi sites, as estimated from the size of their pharyngeal teeth. Specifically, not only adult carp but also juvenile carp (less than 150 mm in length) have been found at the Yayoi site. This difference is thought to
2762:
When koi naturally breed on their own they tend to spawn in the spring and summer seasons. The male will start following the female, swimming right behind her and nudging her. After the female koi releases her eggs they sink to the bottom of the pond and stay there. A sticky outer shell around the
2839:
of the water because they are constantly stirring up the substrate. This makes waterways unattractive, reduces the abundance of aquatic plants, and can render the water unsuitable for swimming or drinking, even by livestock. In some countries, koi have caused so much damage to waterways that vast
2786:
The semi-randomized result of the koi's reproductive process has both advantages and disadvantages for the breeder. While it requires diligent oversight to narrow down the favorable result that the breeder wants, it also makes possible the development of new varieties of koi within relatively few
2775:(they have no interesting colors) or may even be genetically defective. These unacceptable offspring are culled at various stages of development based on the breeder's expert eye and closely guarded trade techniques. Culled fry are usually destroyed or used as feeder fish (mostly used for feeding
2390:
scale patterns exist. The most common type (referred to above) has a row of scales beginning at the front of the dorsal fin and ending at the end of the dorsal fin (along both sides of the fin). The second type has a row of scales beginning where the head meets the shoulder and running the entire
366:
Several varieties are recognized by
Japanese breeders and owners, distinguished by coloration, patterning, and scalation. Some of the major colors are white, black, red, orange, yellow, blue, brown and cream, besides metallic shades like gold and silver-white ('platinum') scales. The most popular
510:
revealed a significant evolutionary divergence (phylogenetic split) within common carp
Cyprinus carpio between the native wild form found in Lake Biwa and the Eurasian wild form, along with domesticated varieties. This supports the idea of the ancient origin of the native Japanese form (Cyprinus
2607:
Koi are an omnivorous fish. They eat a wide variety of foods, including peas, lettuce, and watermelon. Koi food is designed not only to be nutritionally balanced, but also to float so as to encourage them to come to the surface. When they are eating, koi can be checked for parasites and ulcers.
1114:
The hobby of keeping koi eventually spread worldwide. They are sold in many pet aquarium shops, with higher-quality fish available from specialist dealers. Collecting koi has become a social hobby. Passionate hobbyists join clubs, share their knowledge and help each other with their koi. In
2552:
have a metre or more of depth in areas of the world that become warm during the summer, whereas in areas that have harsher winters, ponds generally have a minimum of 1.5 m (5 ft). Specific pond construction has been evolved by koi keepers intent on raising show-quality koi.
245:
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2509:(960–1279), yellow, orange, white, and red-and-white colorations had been developed. Goldfish were introduced to Japan in the 16th century and to Europe in the 17th century. On the other hand, most ornamental koi breeds currently distributed worldwide originate from Amur carp (
249:
2229:, "tea-colored", this koi can range in color from pale olive-drab green or brown to copper or bronze and more recently, darker, subdued orange shades. Famous for its docile, friendly personality and large size, it is considered a sign of good luck among koi keepers.
794:), or hidden rice fields in the mountains, unknown to the lord, which allowed the farmers to avoid taxes and become relatively wealthy. Breeding of koi was promoted as a hobby of farmers who could afford it, and high-quality individuals came to be bought and sold.
1493:
carp from eastern and southeastern Asia may be necessary, as the genetic variations do not fully match the currently recognized species pattern, with one study of mtDNA suggesting that koi are close to the
Southeast Asian carp, but not necessarily the Chinese.
2513:) bred in Japan in the first half of the 19th century. Koi are domesticated Amur carp that are selected or culled for color; they are not a different species, and will revert to the original coloration within a few generations if allowed to breed freely.
247:
2528:, have body shapes and coloration that are similar to koi, and can be difficult to tell apart from koi when immature. Goldfish and koi can interbreed; however, as they were developed from different species of carp, their offspring are sterile.
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and produced by Kovax, to immunise fish against KHV. Israel is currently the only country in the world to vaccinate koi against the KHV. The vaccine is injected into the fish when they are under one year old, and is accentuated by using an
3983:
Higuchi, Masahito (23 August 2023). "ミトコンドリア DNA 調節領域の塩基配列からみたニシキゴイの遺伝的変異とその起源" [Genetic variability and ancient origin of the
Japanese ornamental carp (koi) using the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA control region].
492:
at the end of the Early Jomon Period (11,500 – 7,000 years ago). In addition, pharyngeal teeth of all six subfamilies of the
Cyprinidae family living in Japan today, including carp (Cyprinus), have been found at the Awazu lakebed site
1078:
or spotted carp. The leather carp is a low scaled variety bred in 1782 in
Austria, and was sent to Japan from Munich, Germany in 1904, along with the mirror carp, which also has few scales. In Japan, these two varieties are called
3077:
Nakajima, Tsuneo (31 January 2011). "コイ科魚類咽頭歯遺存体から見える先史時代の漁撈と稲作との関係に関する一考察" [A Speculation on
Relationships between Freshwater Fishing and Rice Cultivation in Prehistoric Ages from a Viewpoint of Tooth Remains of Carps].
2770:
Koi produce thousands of offspring from a single spawning. However, unlike cattle, purebred dogs, or more relevantly, goldfish, the large majority of these offspring, even from the best champion-grade koi, are not acceptable as
932:(1843), mentions that in addition to Asagi, purple, red, and white carp, there are "spotted carp (also known as Bekko carp)." This probably refers to two- or three-colored carp caused by mutation, and is a valuable record of
1467:
found a clear separation between the European/West Asian population and the East Asian population, with koi belonging in the latter. Consequently, recent authorities have suggested that the ancestral species of the koi is
764:
eras (1804 – 1830), people in the Nijūmuragō area bred red and white koi in addition to black koi, and crossed them to produce red and white colored koi. After that, they further crossed them and perfected them.
1395:
have been released into lakes and rivers throughout Japan, causing genetic contamination with native carp and making research on the origin of the Japanese carp difficult. Koi is thought to be primarily of this
2680:, and required complete depopulation of the ponds and a lengthy quarantine period. For a while after this, some koi farmers in neighboring states stopped importing fish for fear of infecting their own stocks.
781:, etc. From this original handful of koi varieties, all other Nishikigoi varieties were bred, with the exception of the Ogon variety (single-colored, metallic koi), which was developed relatively recently.
3900:
2047:
is a "catch-all" term for koi that cannot be put into one of the other categories. This is a competition category, and many new varieties of koi compete in this one category. It is also known as
4120:
Grossa, Riho; Klaus Kohlmannb & Petra Kerstenb (2002). "PCR–RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial ND-3/4 and ND-5/6 gene polymorphisms in the European and East Asian subspecies of common carp (
634:) as Japanese names corresponding to the above Chinese names, suggesting that carp of these colors existed in China and Japan in those days. In addition, Hitomi Hitsudai's drug dictionary
2987:
1894:
koi is light blue above and usually red below, but also occasionally pale yellow or cream, generally below the lateral line and on the cheeks. The Japanese name means pale greenish-blue,
246:
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2171:
versions of almost all other varieties of koi occur, and they are fashionable. Their sparkling, glittering scales contrast to the smooth, even, metallic skin and scales seen in the
4268:
Thai, B.T.; Burridge, C.P.; Pham, T.A.; Austin, C.M. (2005). "Using mitochondrial nucleotide sequences to investigate diversity and genealogical relationships within common carp (
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light. The vaccine has a 90% success rate and when immunized, the fish cannot succumb to a KHV outbreak and neither can the immunised koi pass KHV onto other fish in a pond. Only
1459:(mtDNA) was unable to find a clear genetic structure matching the geographic populations (possibly because of translocation of carp from separate regions), others based on mtDNA,
784:
Koi breeding flourished in the Nijūmuragō area for two reasons: 1) the custom of raising koi in fallow fields for emergency food during the winter, and 2) the existence of many
5145:
359:
Koi is an informal name for the colored variants of carp kept for ornamental purposes. There are many varieties of ornamental koi, originating from breeding that began in
5115:
4964:
422:, and their ability to survive and adapt to many climates and water conditions allowed the domesticated species to be propagated to many new locations, including Japan.
2275:-scaled fish with curling white markings. The patterns are thought to be reminiscent of Japanese ink paintings of dragons. They famously change color with the seasons.
4680:
4361:
3181:"Discovery of an ancient lineage of Cyprinus carpio from Lake Biwa, central Japan, based on mtDNA sequence data, with reference to possible multiple origins of koi"
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egg helps keep it in place so it does not float around. Although the female can produce many spawns, many of the fry do not survive due to being eaten by others.
2363:) is a hybrid of koi and Asian carp with long flowing fins. Various colorations depend on the koi stock used to cross. It also is considered by some to not be
503:
be due to the fact that the Jomon only collected carp from lakes and rivers, while the Yayoi cultivated primitive carp along with the spread of rice paddies.
4524:
2936:, has been increasing. In addition, there are increasing numbers of Japanese koi bred in China that are sold domestically and exported to foreign countries.
2163:
is a koi with metallic (glittering, metal-flake-appearing) scales. The name translates into English as "gold and silver scales"; it is often abbreviated to
2643:
infections. Water changes help reduce the risk of diseases and keep koi from being stressed. Two of the biggest health concerns among koi breeders are the
3961:
4446:
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of tanks and equipment can prevent the spread of the disease and limit the loss of fish stock. In 2002, spring viraemia struck an ornamental koi farm in
746:
5256:
4772:
4633:
1562:(also known as longfin koi, or dragon carp), also developed in the 1980s, are notable for their long and flowing fins. They are hybrids of koi with
5175:
3465:
3342:
2619:
of one of the koi's scales reported that Hanako was 226 years old. Some sources give an accepted age for the species at little more than 50 years.
2360:
3217:
3035:
Yabumoto, Yoshitaka (2010). "Ikiculter chojabaruensis, a New Genus and Species of Cyprinid Fish from the Miocene of Iki Island, Nagasaki, Japan".
3469:
3346:
2984:
4932:
5025:
5048:
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4714:
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1934:. The fish has no scales, except for a single line of large mirror scales dorsally, extending from head to tail. The most common type of
5137:
4472:
2779:
due to the belief that it will enhance its color), while older culls, within their first year between 3 and 6 inches long (also called
947:
Illustration of a three-colored carp in Ritsurin Garden, 1900. This is the oldest illustration of koi. It has the kanji characters for
4995:
4827:
3831:
1134:
The words "koi" and "nishikigoi" come from the Japanese words 鯉 (carp), and 錦鯉 (brocaded carp), respectively. In Japanese, "koi" is a
1514:, Japan, is the only museum in the world that exhibits both varieties of living koi and data that show the history of their breeding.
4581:
4057:
2330:
pattern developed by Mr. Seiki Igarashi of Ojiya City. At least six different genetic subvarieties of this general variety are seen.
1942:/gray color above the lateral line and red or orange (and very, very rarely bright yellow) below the lateral line and on the cheeks.
3861:
3293:
2767:
parents they wish based on their desired characteristics, the resulting fry nonetheless exhibit a wide range of color and quality.
589:). In China in those days, carp were called horses because they were believed to be the vehicles of hermits and to run in the sky.
2627:
Koi are very hardy. With proper care, they resist many of the parasites that affect more sensitive tropical fish species, such as
4502:
2816:. They quickly revert to the natural coloration of an Amur carp within a few generations. In many areas, they are considered an
644:, Japanese Medicine Encyclopedia, 1697) states that red, yellow, and white carp of the three colors were in Japan at that time.
5107:
4953:
4322:
3942:
3749:
3672:
Toyama, Kametaro (June 1910). "金銀目の猫と源平咲別の花" [Cat with gold and silver eyes and blooming flowers of two mixed colors].
2655:(SVC). No treatment is known for either disease. Some koi farms in Israel use the KV3 vaccine, developed by M. Kotler from the
2386:(generally, fish with only a single line of scales along each side of the dorsal fin). Also written as 独逸鯉, four main types of
1026:
4847:
1177:, which was the original name for the popular Taishō Sanshoku variety, gradually became the term used for all ornamental koi.
967:, and the price was over 1,000 yen per fish, which was a high price for that time. The three-colored carp had a red belly and
506:
It was previously thought that all Japanese carp were introduced from China in prehistoric times. However, recent analysis of
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5218:
5203:
Koi: everything about selection, care, nutrition, diseases, breeding, pond design and maintenance, and popular aquatic plants
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2256:
category and the Japanese name means "gold". The variety was created by Sawata Aoki in 1946 from wild carp he caught in 1921.
2110:
is a variety of which the whole body is one color and the body is shiny, and it is called differently depending on the color.
3006:
1030:
received much attention, winning a silver medal. After the exposition closed, they presented eight koi to the Crown Prince (
4878:
4863:
4532:
3808:
3153:
3105:
Nakajima, T.; Nakajima, M.; Yamazaki, T. (2010). "Evidence for fish cultivation during the Yayoi Period in western Japan".
1740:. The Japanese name means "tortoise shell", and is commonly written as 鼈甲. The white, red, and yellow varieties are called
1103:
4353:
736:) in Japan. In Niigata Prefecture, Amur carp were farmed for food in Musubu Shinden, Kanbara County (present Akiba Ward,
3925:
2616:
1045:
is said to have been given by Kei Abe, who was the chief fisheries officer of the Niigata Prefectural Government in the
1014:, Tokyo, was 100 to 150 yen per fish, which was "extremely expensive" at the time. Therefore, even at that time, mutant
5318:
4908:
4546:
4392:
2920:
favorite, symbolizing abundance as well as perseverance and strength, and has a mythical potential to transform into a
1550:
New koi varieties are still being actively developed. Ghost koi developed in the 1980s have become very popular in the
3323:]. Vol. 2. Japan Society for the Publication of Complete Works of Classical Japanese Literature. p. 19.
5078:
2741:
2338:
2095:
pattern over reticulated (fishnet pattern) scales. The base color can range from nearly black to very pale, sky blue.
1443:
from the common carp of Europe and Western Asia, leading recent authorities to recognize them as a separate species,
5280:
2723:
201:
4085:
from Lake Biwa, central Japan, based on mtDNA sequence data, with reference to possible multiple origins of koi".
2318:(金輝黒竜, literally "gold sparkle black dragon" or "gold glitter black dragon") is a metallic-skinned version of the
5288:
3022:
5210:
3957:
2719:
2656:
1153:(模様鯉) meaning patterned carp. There are various theories as to how these words came to be disused, in favor of
4442:
1102:(by Shigekichi Hoshino) was fixed as a breed, and in 1939, koi were exhibited at the Japanese pavilion at the
5303:
2939:
Koi are also popular in many countries in the equatorial region, where outdoor water gardens are popular. In
1923:
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3884:
4641:
2677:
2639:
1138:
for 恋, another word that means "affection" or "love", so koi are symbols of love and friendship in Japan.
2962:
2248:光者). The most commonly encountered colors are gold, platinum, and orange. Cream specimens are very rare.
5167:
4693:... and there are reports of fish that have achieved ages of 100–200 years (Purdom 1993; Billard 1999).
3180:
2932:
are found in Chinese communities around the world, and the number of people who keep koi imported from
2615:" was owned by several individuals, the last of whom was Komei Koshihara. In July 1974, a study of the
1994:, except each of the scales within the red patches has a blue or black edge to it. Less common is the
2902:
1278:
696:
The systematic breeding of ornamental Amur carp began in the 1820s in an area known as "Nijūmuragō" (
68:
1275:), which was previously thought to have been introduced to Japan from Eurasia in prehistoric times.
1070:), which was created by Tokyo-based goldfish breeder Kichigoro Akiyama in 1906 by crossing a female
1018:
were known to some fish breeders and hobbyists in Tokyo, but artificial breeds such as Nijūmuragō's
5017:
4929:
4031:
2884:
2704:
1631:. This variety was first exhibited in 1914 by the koi breeder Gonzo Hiroi, during the reign of the
1863:
means to print (the black markings are reminiscent of ink stains). Genetically, it is the same as
1415:
between different populations, coupled with widespread translocations, has muddled the historical
4795:
4706:
4611:
2708:
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2356:
1034:). This exhibition triggered an expansion of sales channels, and the market value of koi soared.
750:
594:
3512:
2302:-style) pattern, reminiscent of autumn leaves on water. The Japanese name means "fallen leaves".
1209:
The koi are a group of breeds produced by artificial selection primarily from black carp called
5313:
2847:" and ponds on golf courses to keep water-borne insect larvae under control through predation.
1833:
by Elizaburo Hoshino, an early 20th-century koi breeder. The red and white versions are called
769:
lifted soon after, thanks to the petition of the villagers. At that time, colored koi included
181:
2840:
amounts of money and effort have been spent trying to eradicate them, largely unsuccessfully.
2555:
The bright colors of koi put them at a severe disadvantage against predators; a white-skinned
1802:
color pattern. The oldest attested form is the yellow form, called "black and yellow markings"
1195:
971:(light blue) back with black spots, and is thought to have been a mutation similar to today's
4664:
4468:
3993:
1002:(variant carp), and said that even skilled fish breeders did not know how they could produce
4988:
4081:
Mabuchi, K.; Senou, H.; Suzuki, T.; Nishida, M. (2005). "Discovery of an ancient lineage of
3857:
2812:
Koi have been accidentally or deliberately released into the wild in every continent except
1591:
is a white-skinned koi, with large red markings on the top. The name means "red and white";
4824:
4133:
4094:
3960:[Elucidation of the Roots of Japanese Carp and Scenarios for Conservation]. KAKEN.
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20:
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2308:(輝黒竜, literally "sparkle" or "glitter black dragon") is a metallic-skinned version of the
8:
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1595:
was one of the first ornamental varieties to be established in Japan (late 19th century).
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Koi have been reported to achieve ages of 100–200 years. One famous scarlet koi named "
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originated by crossbreeding numerous different established varieties with "scaleless"
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because they were not suitable for the social situation of war. Another theory is that
1060:
Apart from the koi of Niigata Prefecture's Nijūmuragō area, there is a variety called
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However, it is believed that these single-colored carp were not a variety created by
507:
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306:
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559:(4th century A.D.) in China, carp of the following colors are described: red horse (
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overlay that gives it the appearance of bunches of grapes. Very rarely seen is the
1555:
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1370:
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284:
4834:. KoVax Ltd. – Specializes in Aqua culture vaccines development and Manufacturing.
3801:商工省監理局 (1941). Supervisory Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (ed.).
3388:
2943:, interior courtyards most often have one or several fish ponds dedicated to koi.
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1682:
1502:
534:
37:
5049:"The Men of Koiyama: Keeping the Gion Festival Tradition for the Next Generation"
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3812:]. Supervisory Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. p. 122.
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2517:
1400:(Amur carp) lineage, but it also carries some genes of the native Japanese carp.
1348:
1344:
1267:), which inhabit lakes, ponds, and rivers in Japan. The black carp refers to the
1057:(by Kunizo Hiroi), which had first been produced in the 1880s, was also assured.
1011:
956:
921:
661:
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472:
3943:
The reason why wealthy Chinese started to buy a lot of Japanese "nishikigoi" 3/3
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The reason why wealthy Chinese started to buy a lot of Japanese "nishikigoi" 1/3
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2175:
varieties. Recently, these characteristics have been combined to create the new
5083:(in Japanese). Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from
3048:
2933:
2891:
and are closely associated with the country's national identity. The custom of
2800:
2521:
1551:
1507:
1460:
1452:
1283:
737:
721:
419:
399:
360:
110:
4662:
4183:
4163:
2125:
is a koi with colored markings over a metallic base or in two metallic colors.
1123:
668:. Amur carp were previously identified as a subspecies of the common carp (as
5308:
5297:
4053:
4017:
3703:]. Tokyo Taisho Exposition Memorial Book Publishing Society. p. 63.
3498:
3412:
3213:
2776:
2612:
2426:
2352:
1559:
1268:
1031:
538:
411:
322:
120:
4900:
4875:
4550:
4384:
3404:
1391:. These carp were famous for their delicious taste. Since the Meiji period,
1046:
5281:
Feature article on treating sick fish, especially koi, "Surgery to Scale,"
4293:
4229:
2925:
2909:
2844:
2673:
2506:
1895:
1685:. In America, the name is often abbreviated to just "Shōwa". The amount of
1650:
1635:. In the United States, the name is often abbreviated to just "Sanke". The
1416:
1281:
of the Netherlands, who stayed in Japan during the Edo period, reported in
1158:
1071:
459:
382:
353:
5084:
2438:
1558:
of wild carp and Ogon koi and are distinguished by their metallic scales.
258:
3591:新潟県水産試験場 (1931). Niigata Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station (ed.).
3285:
2665:
2661:
2648:
2450:
2383:
2083:
pattern. The Japanese name means "five colors". It appears similar to an
1931:
1464:
1404:
1185:
677:
529:
512:
2843:
In many areas of North America, koi are introduced into the artificial "
2402:
672:), but recent authorities treat it as a separate species under the name
2898:
2876:
2825:
2813:
2629:
2564:
1563:
1432:
1366:
978:
937:
443:
435:
407:
130:
3091:
2855:
680:
as a food fish at least as long ago as the fifth century BC in China.
3817:
3787:
3744:[Increasingly popular every year! Attraction of Nishikigoi].
3681:
3631:
3604:
3451:
3373:
3328:
3252:
2940:
2921:
2917:
2893:
2836:
2633:
2541:
2525:
1440:
1310:
1135:
960:
665:
489:
80:
4220:
4199:
3708:
3658:
3577:
3547:
3118:
2693:
2345:
and wild carp with metallic scales, is considered by some to be not
2194:
is any koi with a solitary red patch on its head. The fish may be a
1965:
pattern. This variety first arose in the 1950s as a cross between a
1566:. Butterfly koi and ghost koi are considered by some to be not true
4495:"Koi Fish vs Goldfish: 10 Differences to Help You Distinguish Them"
4119:
4066:
2929:
2601:
2545:
2490:
2478:
1939:
1489:
1420:
1403:
In the past, koi were commonly believed to have been bred from the
462:
period sites. For example, pharyngeal teeth of the extinct species
349:
344:
273:
140:
100:
3701:
Overview of the Judging of Exhibits at the Tokyo Taisho Exposition
2901:(1603–1867), is still practiced today and displayed in gardens on
1006:, but only waited for them to be produced by chance. The price of
3274:]. Fisheries Agency, Research Department, Resources Division.
2572:
2483:
1697:近代昭和), to the point that it can be difficult to distinguish from
801:(brocaded carp) did not exist until the 1910s. Before that time,
431:
337:
3748:. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. August 2023.
3368:]. Vol. 7. Hirano Uji Denzaemon, Hiranoya Katsuzaemon.
2536:
4413:
3599:]. Vol. 1. Niigata Agricultural Society. p. 100.
3315:深江, 輔仁, 平安中期; 与謝野, 寛, 1873-1935 (1927). Fukae, Sukehito (ed.).
2913:
1899:
943:
761:
733:
499:) dating from the Middle Jomon Period (5500 – 4400 years ago).
90:
293:
3314:
3178:
Mabuchi, K.; Senou, H.; Suzuki, T.; Nishida, M. (June 2005).
2924:. Since the late 20th century, the keeping of koi in outdoor
2799:
Various colors of koi feeding in a pond in Qingxiu Mountain,
2576:
2568:
2560:
2498:
2032:
pattern is such a dark burgundy that it appears nearly black.
1961:-style pattern with blue or black-edged scales only over the
1799:
1727:
is a white-, red-, or yellow-skinned koi with black markings
757:
741:
455:
415:
2985:
Japanese Ornamental Koi Carp: Origin, Variation and Genetics
1287:(1833–1850) that there were three species of carp in Japan:
4663:
Felicity Huntingford; Malcolm Jobling; Sunil Kadri (2012).
4418:. Neptune City, New Jersey: TFH Publications. p. 191.
4200:"Genome sequence and genetic diversity of the common carp,
2880:
2872:
2597:
2580:
1473:
1128:
403:
395:
4574:"Instructions for training koi fish to eat from your hand"
4080:
3177:
3173:
3171:
2887:
in the face of adversity. Ornamental koi are symbolic of
2588:
2584:
2298:
is a light blue/gray koi with copper, bronze, or yellow (
1798:
is a black koi with white, red, or yellow markings, in a
1618:, except for the addition of small black markings called
1157:(錦鯉), which is used today. One theory holds that, during
555:, Annotations on the Ancient and Modern Period) from the
3780:
Attraction of Nishikigoi : To raise swimming jewels
3104:
1343:
have been famous since the Edo period as farmed carp in
1303:, and a new scientific name for it is being considered.
545:) in the fourth year of his reign (74 AD). In Cui Bao's
482:) have been excavated from the Akanoi Bay lakebed site (
4437:
4435:
3487:
2559:
is highly noticeable against the dark green of a pond.
262:
A school of koi containing multiple different varieties
4656:
4267:
3168:
692:
Terraced rice paddies in Yamakoshi, Niigata Prefecture
348:
sp.) that are kept for decorative purposes in outdoor
5168:"The detail: koi fish pond, Sri Lanka | The Voyageur"
5018:"An Inked Guide to Symbolism Within Japanese Tattoos"
4443:"19 Features of Koi Fish: from Symbolism to Serenity"
2531:
1041:(by Eizaburo Hoshino) was fixed as a breed. The name
290:
4432:
3438:川本, 信之, 1898-1985 (1967). Kawamoto, Nobuyuki (ed.).
3272:
Progress of introduction of new foreign fish species
2928:
has become popular among the more affluent Chinese.
2783:), are often sold as lower-grade, pond-quality koi.
1479:) or at least an East Asian carp species instead of
1435:
of the common carp, often under the scientific name
537:
released carp in a pond for viewing when he visited
5250:
5108:"What's with China's internet users and this fish?"
3572:]. Vol. 2. Tokyo Prefecture. p. 861.
3393:
Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association
3080:
Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History
287:
254:
Several koi swim around in a pond in Japan. (video)
5200:
5138:"Japan's Koi fish gaining popularity around world"
4161:
3399:(1). Japan Veterinary Medical Association: 20–24.
3247:]. Vol. 1. Kokusho Kan-kai. p. 265.
3179:
592:Japan's oldest drug dictionary, Fukane Sukehito's
3437:
1169:(which can have sexual meanings) were changed to
982:Odd-eyed cat and Spotted carp, from the magazine
5295:
4735:
4164:"Genetic evolution and diversity of common carp
2832:in Australia, they are considered noxious fish.
2271:' (literally "nine tattooed dragons" is a black
4352:Scientist, Atsushi Hoshino (22 December 2023).
3695:東京大正博覧会 (1914). Tokyo Taisho Exposition (ed.).
3391:[Basic Fish Pathology (Nishikigoi) 1].
1811:
1681:was exhibited in 1927, during the reign of the
1141:Colored ornamental carp were originally called
1053:when he first saw it. In 1917, the fixation of
533:(Chronicles of Japan, 720), it is written that
4382:
4032:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T166052A1108337.en
3483:
3481:
3479:
3086:. National Museum of Japanese History: 49–63.
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
2375:
2291:
2264:
2237:
2222:
2187:
2156:
2133:
2118:
2103:
2068:
2053:
2040:
2017:
2000:
1983:
1950:
1911:
1887:
1859:(piebald color morph), respectively. The word
1852:
1839:
1826:
1805:
1791:
1772:
1759:
1746:
1733:
1720:
1662:
1624:
1607:
1584:
1528:
1378:
1360:
1318:
1244:
1216:
1065:
894:
866:
838:
810:
789:
697:
639:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
494:
483:
470:) in addition to the modern species of carp (
418:, where they were used as food fish. Carp are
398:are a large group of fish originally found in
320:
271:
4539:
4157:
4155:
4006:
3132:Jordan, David Starr; Fowler, Henry W (1903).
2908:In Chinese culture, the koi represents fame,
2596:above the surface. A pond usually includes a
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
550:
4743:. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 201.
3464:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3341:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3131:
2486:on the lip that are not visible in goldfish.
2473:
1779:, respectively. It may be confused with the
5227:
3676:. No. 82. Jijishinposha. p. 143.
3513:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T6181A12559362.en
3476:
3134:"A review of the cyprinoid fishes of Japan"
3098:
3063:
3002:
3000:
2722:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1324:
1250:
1222:
1074:imported from Germany with a male Japanese
955:In 1900, there was a three-colored carp in
900:
872:
844:
816:
703:
4152:
3937:
3935:
3920:
3918:
3570:Tokyo Taisho Exposition Examination Report
3468:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3345:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3018:
3016:
3014:
1022:were still unknown to the general public.
36:
4954:"Freshwater pest fish in New South Wales"
4845:ISRAELI KOI ...and the battle against KHV
4794:Doctor, Atsushi Ueno (18 December 2023).
4572:Doctor, Atsushi Ueno (18 December 2023).
4525:"The difference between koi and goldfish"
4383:Informer (Abi), Pond (13 February 2022).
4358:Zen Koi Garden Biological Research Center
4354:"Research campaign on butterfly koi fish"
4351:
4305:
4303:
4219:
4182:
4030:
3769:
3767:
3559:
3557:
3511:
3107:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
2742:Learn how and when to remove this message
2214:), which also has a red spot on its head.
1922:was created in 1910 by Yoshigoro Akiyama(
1313:of Eurasian origin, traditionally called
4899:Doctor, Atsushi Ueno (5 December 2023).
4414:Tamadachi M apter=Koi varieties (1990).
4162:Chistiakov, D.A.; Voronova, N.V (2009).
3994:10.34394/aquaticanimals.2023.0_AA2023-18
3882:
3590:
3386:
3265:
3076:
3034:
2997:
2854:
2794:
2753:
2535:
2477:
1501:
1194:
1184:
1127:Koi in an artificial pond at a hotel in
1122:
990:The magazine "Shonen" (1910) introduced
977:
942:
687:
257:
241:
5105:
4669:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 12–.
4469:"Background information about goldfish"
4461:
4052:
3982:
3932:
3915:
3694:
3644:
3446:]. Koseisha Koseikaku. p. 59.
3239:国書刊行会 (1915). Kokusho Kanko-kai (ed.).
3028:
3011:
5296:
5148:from the original on 28 September 2020
4898:
4793:
4775:from the original on 27 September 2011
4704:
4571:
4300:
4191:
4113:
3807:Report of the Government Visit to the
3800:
3764:
3721:
3671:
3597:Farmers' Sideline Fish Farming Methods
3554:
3533:
3419:from the original on 27 September 2023
3359:
2980:
2978:
732:(located on the northeastern coast of
5118:from the original on 16 November 2022
5071:
5046:
5028:from the original on 28 November 2020
5015:
4796:"Research On Khv Disease In Koi Fish"
4505:from the original on 3 September 2021
4475:from the original on 15 December 2011
4395:from the original on 7 September 2022
4242:
3988:. 2023.0_AA2023-18. Aquos Institute.
3730:]. Dai Nippon Tosho. p. 319.
3653:]. Mataoma Yasujiro. p. 79.
3238:
2897:(carp streamers), which began in the
2516:Some goldfish varieties, such as the
2244:is a metallic koi of one color only (
660:) is a member of the cyprinid family
331:
305:
5059:from the original on 26 January 2021
5016:Staff, Inked Mag (9 November 2020).
4961:NSW Department of Primary Industries
4364:from the original on 7 February 2024
3955:
3809:Golden Gate International Exposition
3773:
3626:]. Yoshimi Shoten. p. 311.
3564:東京府 (1916). Tokyo Prefecture (ed.).
3220:from the original on 10 October 2023
2850:
2720:adding citations to reliable sources
2687:
2395:(鏡鯉、カガミゴイ), or mirror carp (ミラーカープ).
1104:Golden Gate International Exposition
5106:Pinghui, Zhuang (4 November 2018).
4449:from the original on 15 August 2023
4171:Central European Journal of Biology
4018:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3752:from the original on 7 October 2023
3617:
3563:
3534:Fujita, Masakatsu (November 1906).
3499:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3296:from the original on 2 October 2023
2975:
2668:measures such as prompt detection,
1573:The major named varieties include:
13:
5194:
4197:
3929:, Gendai Business. 29 March 2019.
3774:徳間書店 (1966). Tokuma Shoten (ed.).
3488:Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008).
3156:from the original on 14 March 2023
2532:Health, maintenance, and longevity
2501:more than a thousand years ago by
1867:, but lacking either red pigment (
1351:). Other carp of the same type as
1049:(1912–1926), after he admired the
14:
5330:
5274:
4970:from the original on 19 June 2022
4765:"AnAge entry for Cyprinus carpio"
4717:from the original on 24 June 2018
3946:, Gendai Business. 29 March 2019.
3883:Fletcher, Nick (1 January 1999).
3864:from the original on 13 June 2010
3542:]. Suisan Shoin. p. 18.
3023:The History of Nishikigoi 錦鯉とその起源
2871:In Japan, the koi is a symbol of
1820:in the 19th century, but renamed
951:on its back and red on its belly.
342:, are colored varieties of carp (
5178:from the original on 2 July 2018
5047:Azuma, Mariko (21 August 2020).
5022:Tattoo Ideas, Artists and Models
4911:from the original on 16 May 2024
4806:from the original on 16 May 2024
4683:from the original on 16 May 2024
4584:from the original on 16 May 2024
4286:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01215.x
4247:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 297.
4107:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00676.x
3964:from the original on 16 May 2024
3903:from the original on 16 May 2024
3387:Nakajima, Kenji (January 1976).
3206:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00676.x
2692:
2604:system to keep the water clear.
2461:
2449:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2007:, which has a darker (burgundy)
1973:. The most commonly encountered
1087:and its lineage are also called
683:
283:
226:Cyprinus carpio ssp. rubrofuscus
67:
5160:
5130:
5099:
5040:
5009:
4982:
4946:
4923:
4892:
4869:
4866:. Impact Worksheet•17 July 2002
4857:
4843:Reynolds, Paula (October 2011)
4837:
4818:
4787:
4757:
4729:
4705:Barton, Laura (12 April 2007).
4698:
4634:"Temperatures to feed koi fish"
4626:
4596:
4565:
4549:. Aquatic-oasis. Archived from
4517:
4487:
4407:
4376:
4345:
4315:
4261:
4236:
4074:
4046:
4000:
3976:
3949:
3876:
3850:
3824:
3794:
3734:
3715:
3688:
3665:
3638:
3618:Abe, Masanobu (February 1977).
3611:
3584:
3527:
3431:
3380:
3353:
3308:
3278:
3266:Maruyama, Tamezo (March 1987).
3259:
3150:10.5479/si.00963801.26-1334.811
3007:Ojiya Nishikigoi no Sato Museum
2206:. It is named for the Japanese
1693:has increased in modern times (
4905:Zen Koi Garden research center
4800:Zen Koi Garden Research Center
4578:Zen Koi Garden Research Center
3958:"日本産コイ(コイ目コイ科)のルーツ解明と保全へのシナリオ"
3624:Suruga Miscellaneous Records 2
3366:Japanese Medicine Encyclopedia
3232:
3125:
2790:
2657:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1149:(花鯉) meaning floral carp, and
522:
16:Colored varieties of Amur carp
1:
4385:"Complete Guide to Ghost Koi"
4146:10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00836-5
3832:"MPKS Ray Jordan Koi History"
2968:
2091:below the lateral line and a
527:In the Japanese history book
450:. In addition, numerous carp
425:
234:Temminck & Schlegel, 1846
232:Cyprinus carpio haematopterus
5251:Nicholas Saint-Erne (2010).
4901:"Research On Tosai Koi Fish"
4876:"Blackwater Creek Koi Farms"
4245:Freshwater Fisheries Ecology
4198:Xu, P.; et al. (2014).
3834:. Ray Jordan. Archived from
3697:東京大正博覧会出品審査概況 : 附・受賞人名簿
3651:Goldfish Question and Answer
3444:Introduction to Fish Farming
2678:Kernersville, North Carolina
2640:Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
1705:, 三色, may be read as either
1639:, 三色, may be read as either
1497:
1118:
363:in the early 19th century.
7:
5211:Barron's Educational Series
5201:George C. Blasiola (1995).
4310:The Varieties of Nishikigoi
2963:Japanese white crucian carp
2946:
2683:
1812:
1647:(from its earlier name 三毛).
1309:is thought to refer to the
1180:
1145:(色鯉) meaning colored carp,
442:) have been excavated from
10:
5335:
3049:10.2517/1342-8144-14.4.277
2805:
2622:
2505:colored varieties; by the
1990:, which is colored like a
1918:means "autumn green"; the
1535:, which is made up of the
1439:. However, they differ in
604:, 918) mentions red carp (
390:
371:, which is made up of the
18:
5319:National symbols of Japan
4825:"KV3 Vaccine against KHV"
4184:10.2478/s11535-009-0024-2
3645:Miyoshi, Otojiro (1903).
3360:Hitomi, Hitsudai (1697).
2859:61st Nagaoka Koi Show at
2835:Koi greatly increase the
2758:Feeding of a large school
2474:Differences from goldfish
2376:
2292:
2265:
2238:
2223:
2188:
2157:
2134:
2119:
2104:
2069:
2054:
2041:
2018:
2001:
1984:
1951:
1912:
1888:
1853:
1840:
1827:
1806:
1792:
1773:
1760:
1747:
1734:
1721:
1669:is a black koi with red (
1663:
1625:
1608:
1585:
1529:
1455:). Although one study of
1379:
1361:
1319:
1279:Philipp Franz von Siebold
1245:
1217:
1066:
895:
867:
839:
811:
790:
698:
640:
630:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
585:
579:
573:
567:
561:
551:
495:
484:
454:have been excavated from
321:
272:
216:
209:
187:
180:
64:Scientific classification
62:
53:
44:
35:
30:
5112:South China Morning Post
5079:
4666:Aquaculture and Behavior
4547:"Aquatic-oasis articles"
4323:"Guide to Koi Varieties"
4070:. November 2016 version.
4056:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
3776:錦鯉の魅力 : 泳ぐ宝石を育てるために
3722:Tanaka, Shigeho (1936).
3245:Miscellaneous Art Series
3037:Paleontological Research
2990:20 December 2020 at the
2863:Branch Office, Nagaoka,
2075:is a dark koi with red (
1677:白地) markings. The first
1109:
583:), and yellow pheasant (
519:(German carp), in 1904.
4769:genomics.senescence.inf
4529:Living the Country Life
4087:Journal of Fish Biology
3540:Fish Farming Management
3405:10.12935/jvma1951.29.20
3186:Journal of Fish Biology
2653:spring viraemia of carp
1957:is a white fish with a
1926:, by crossing Japanese
1614:is very similar to the
1437:C. carpio haematopterus
1419:of the common carp and
1334:carp of Yamato Province
1106:held in San Francisco.
1027:Tokyo Taishō Exposition
920:A geographical book on
751:Higashitakezawa Village
367:category of koi is the
312:, or more specifically
4864:Spring Viremia of Carp
4007:Huckstorf, V. (2012).
3956:Seno, Hiroshi (2010).
3782:]. Tokuma Shoten.
2868:
2803:
2759:
2548:
2487:
2024:, which is similar to
1515:
1307:Cyprinus haematopterus
1289:Cyprinus haematopterus
1206:
1192:
1190:Cyprinus haematopterus
1131:
987:
952:
740:) from the end of the
693:
676:. Amur carp have been
263:
255:
5289:Koi in the NIWA Atlas
4935:28 March 2015 at the
4881:21 March 2015 at the
4850:23 March 2014 at the
4025:: e.T166052A1108337.
2858:
2798:
2757:
2651:carpio, which causes
2539:
2481:
1505:
1198:
1188:
1126:
981:
946:
691:
333:[ɲiɕi̥kiꜜɡoi]
261:
253:
5304:Domesticated animals
5228:David Twigg (2001).
4830:29 June 2017 at the
4535:on 18 November 2019.
4243:Craig, J.F. (2015).
4060:Cyprinus rubrofuscus
4011:Cyprinus rubrofuscus
3506:: e.T6181A12559362.
3138:Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus
2808:Cyprinus rubrofuscus
2716:improve this section
2511:Cyprinus rubrofuscus
2503:selectively breeding
2497:) were developed in
2087:, with little or no
1871:) or white pigment (
1431:) were considered a
1297:Cyprinus conirostris
1204:Cyprinus conirostris
657:Cyprinus rubrofuscus
649:artificial selection
628:), and yellow carp (
479:Cyprinus rubrofuscus
408:Various carp species
191:Cyprinus rubrofuscus
21:Koi (disambiguation)
19:For other uses, see
5207:Hauppauge, New York
4998:10 May 2009 at the
4604:"Koi Feeding Guide"
4416:The Cult of the Koi
4312:Zen Nippon Airinkai
4138:2002Aquac.204..507G
4099:2005JFBio..66.1516M
3286:"古今注 - 维基文库,自由的图书馆"
3198:2005JFBio..66.1516M
3025:Zen Nippon Airinkai
2958:Japanese aesthetics
2824:. In the states of
2482:Koi have prominent
2140:is a cross between
1520:Zen Nippon Airinkai
1477:C. c. haematopterus
1449:C. c. haematopterus
1083:(German carp), and
926:Shizuoka Prefecture
749:and Juni Shrine in
747:Higashiyama Village
670:C. c. haematopterus
557:Western Jin Dynasty
448:Nagasaki Prefecture
155:C. rubrofuscus
47:Conservation status
5087:on 4 February 2023
4614:on 27 January 2021
4445:. 11 August 2023.
3803:紐育金門万国博覧会政府参同事務報告書
2869:
2865:Niigata Prefecture
2804:
2760:
2549:
2488:
1516:
1512:Niigata Prefecture
1510:no Sato Museum in
1301:Cyprinus melanotus
1293:Cyprinus melanotus
1207:
1200:Cyprinus melanotus
1193:
1132:
1025:In 1914, when the
1010:at a fish show in
998:(spotted carp) or
994:under the name of
988:
953:
928:), Abe Masanobu's
730:Niigata Prefecture
694:
264:
256:
5266:978-1-59247-400-4
5253:Advanced Koi Care
5243:978-0-7645-6242-6
5234:Howell Book House
5220:978-0-8120-3568-1
4907:(in Vietnamese).
4802:(in Vietnamese).
4750:978-1-4027-5623-8
4676:978-1-4051-3089-9
4580:(in Vietnamese).
4425:978-0-86622-085-9
4360:(in Vietnamese).
4254:978-1-118-39442-7
4214:(11): 1212–1219.
3896:978-1-86054-146-9
3742:"年々、人気上昇中! 錦鯉の魅力"
3290:zh.wikisource.org
3144:(1334): 811–862.
3092:10.15024/00001857
2851:In common culture
2752:
2751:
2744:
2495:Carassius auratus
2208:red-crowned crane
2129:Hikari-utsurimono
1457:mitochondrial DNA
1423:. Traditionally,
1389:Nagano Prefecture
965:Kagawa Prefecture
508:mitochondrial DNA
251:
240:
239:
195:koi or nishikigoi
173:koi or nishikigoi
57:
5326:
5270:
5257:Erne Enterprises
5255:. Glendale, AZ:
5247:
5224:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5013:
5007:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4969:
4958:
4950:
4944:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4896:
4890:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4854:. mitchkoi.co.uk
4841:
4835:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4737:Carwardine, Mark
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4644:on 13 April 2014
4640:. Archived from
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4610:. Archived from
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4531:. Archived from
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4501:. 5 April 2019.
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4439:
4430:
4429:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4333:on 12 April 2014
4329:. Archived from
4319:
4313:
4307:
4298:
4297:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4223:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4159:
4150:
4149:
4132:(3–4): 507–516.
4117:
4111:
4110:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3953:
3947:
3939:
3930:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3886:The Ultimate Koi
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3818:10.11501/1716726
3798:
3792:
3791:
3788:10.11501/2510714
3771:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3682:10.11501/1793889
3669:
3663:
3662:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3632:10.11501/9537491
3615:
3609:
3608:
3605:10.11501/1226542
3588:
3582:
3581:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3515:
3485:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3455:
3452:10.11501/2513721
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3374:10.11501/2569419
3357:
3351:
3350:
3340:
3332:
3329:10.11501/1111774
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3253:10.11501/1869566
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3192:(6): 1516–1528.
3183:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3074:
3061:
3060:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3009:
3004:
2995:
2982:
2953:Culture of Japan
2889:Japanese culture
2818:invasive species
2747:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2696:
2688:
2645:koi herpes virus
2465:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2099:Hikari-mujiimono
2074:
2072:
2071:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1483:. Regardless, a
1382:
1381:
1364:
1363:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1069:
1068:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
898:
897:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
870:
869:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
842:
841:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
814:
813:
793:
792:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
701:
700:
643:
642:
633:
632:
627:
626:
621:
620:
615:
614:
609:
608:
603:
602:
588:
587:
582:
581:
577:), white horse (
576:
575:
571:), black horse (
570:
569:
564:
563:
554:
553:
498:
497:
487:
486:
452:pharyngeal teeth
410:were originally
341:
335:
330:
326:
325:
311:
309:
304:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
289:
282:
277:
276:
252:
197:
72:
71:
56:
40:
28:
27:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5294:
5293:
5283:Cosmos Magazine
5277:
5267:
5244:
5230:How to Keep Koi
5221:
5197:
5195:Further reading
5192:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5172:thevoyageur.net
5166:
5165:
5161:
5151:
5149:
5136:
5135:
5131:
5121:
5119:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5045:
5041:
5031:
5029:
5014:
5010:
5000:Wayback Machine
4991:Cyprinus carpio
4987:
4983:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4963:. August 2014.
4956:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4941:daff.qld.gov.au
4937:Wayback Machine
4928:
4924:
4914:
4912:
4897:
4893:
4883:Wayback Machine
4874:
4870:
4862:
4858:
4852:Wayback Machine
4842:
4838:
4832:Wayback Machine
4823:
4819:
4809:
4807:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4776:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4718:
4703:
4699:
4686:
4684:
4677:
4661:
4657:
4647:
4645:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4615:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4587:
4585:
4570:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4553:on 22 June 2010
4545:
4544:
4540:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4506:
4499:Fish Tank World
4493:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4452:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4412:
4408:
4398:
4396:
4381:
4377:
4367:
4365:
4350:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4308:
4301:
4270:Cyprinus carpio
4266:
4262:
4255:
4241:
4237:
4221:10.1038/ng.3098
4208:Nature Genetics
4202:Cyprinus carpio
4196:
4192:
4166:Cyprinus carpio
4160:
4153:
4122:Cyprinus carpio
4118:
4114:
4083:Cyprinus carpio
4079:
4075:
4051:
4047:
4037:
4035:
4005:
4001:
3986:Aquatic Animals
3981:
3977:
3967:
3965:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3933:
3923:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3897:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3860:. Netpets.org.
3858:"Early Records"
3856:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3838:on 23 July 2009
3830:
3829:
3825:
3799:
3795:
3772:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3720:
3716:
3709:10.11501/951452
3693:
3689:
3670:
3666:
3659:10.11501/904129
3643:
3639:
3616:
3612:
3589:
3585:
3578:10.11501/954707
3562:
3555:
3548:10.11501/802628
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3492:Cyprinus carpio
3486:
3477:
3457:
3456:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3389:"魚病学基礎講座(錦鯉篇)1"
3385:
3381:
3358:
3354:
3334:
3333:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3264:
3260:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3176:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3130:
3126:
3119:10.1002/oa.1005
3103:
3099:
3075:
3064:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2992:Wayback Machine
2983:
2976:
2971:
2949:
2853:
2830:New South Wales
2810:
2793:
2748:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2713:
2697:
2686:
2625:
2534:
2518:common goldfish
2476:
2469:
2466:
2457:
2454:
2445:
2442:
2433:
2430:
2421:
2418:
2409:
2406:
2373:
2341:), a hybrid of
2289:
2279:compete in the
2262:
2252:compete in the
2235:
2220:
2212:Grus japonensis
2185:
2154:
2131:
2116:
2114:Hikari-moyomono
2101:
2066:
2051:
2038:
2015:
1998:
1981:
1948:
1909:
1885:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1803:
1789:
1770:
1757:
1744:
1731:
1718:
1660:
1622:
1605:
1599:Taishō Sanshoku
1582:
1541:Taishō Sanshoku
1526:
1500:
1409:Cyprinus carpio
1349:Nara Prefecture
1345:Yamato Province
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1273:Cyprinus carpio
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1183:
1121:
1112:
1051:Taishō Sanshoku
1039:Taishō Sanshoku
957:Ritsurin Garden
940:(1603 – 1868).
922:Suruga Province
914:
911:
908:
905:
886:
883:
880:
877:
858:
855:
852:
849:
830:
827:
824:
821:
717:
715:twenty villages
714:
711:
708:
686:
662:species complex
654:The Amur carp (
622:), white carp (
616:), black carp (
565:), blue horse (
543:Gifu Prefecture
525:
473:Cyprinus carpio
434:fossils of the
428:
393:
379:Taishō Sanshoku
328:
318:
302:
286:
280:
279:
269:
242:
220:Cyprinus carpio
205:
199:
189:
176:
158:
66:
58:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5332:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5276:
5275:External links
5273:
5272:
5271:
5265:
5248:
5242:
5225:
5219:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5159:
5129:
5098:
5070:
5039:
5008:
4993:) – FactSheet"
4989:"Common Carp (
4981:
4945:
4922:
4891:
4868:
4856:
4836:
4817:
4786:
4756:
4749:
4741:Animal Records
4728:
4707:"The Guardian"
4697:
4675:
4655:
4638:mitchkoi.co.uk
4625:
4595:
4564:
4538:
4516:
4486:
4460:
4431:
4424:
4406:
4375:
4344:
4327:mitchkoi.co.uk
4314:
4299:
4260:
4253:
4235:
4190:
4177:(3): 304–312.
4151:
4112:
4073:
4054:Froese, Rainer
4045:
3999:
3975:
3948:
3931:
3914:
3895:
3875:
3849:
3823:
3793:
3763:
3733:
3714:
3687:
3664:
3637:
3610:
3583:
3553:
3526:
3475:
3430:
3379:
3352:
3307:
3277:
3258:
3231:
3167:
3124:
3113:(2): 127–134.
3097:
3062:
3043:(4): 277–292.
3027:
3010:
2996:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2910:family harmony
2903:Children's Day
2883:, and also of
2852:
2849:
2801:Nanning, China
2792:
2789:
2750:
2749:
2700:
2698:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2624:
2621:
2533:
2530:
2522:comet goldfish
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2368:
2350:
2331:
2313:
2303:
2284:
2257:
2230:
2215:
2204:Tanchō Goshiki
2180:
2149:
2126:
2111:
2096:
2061:
2033:
1943:
1903:
1880:
1814:Kuro ki madara
1784:
1713:
1673:緋) and white (
1652:Shōwa Sanshoku
1648:
1633:Taishō Emperor
1596:
1552:United Kingdom
1545:Shōwa Sanshoku
1499:
1496:
1470:C. rubrofuscus
1461:microsatellite
1453:junior synonym
1445:C. rubrofuscus
1429:C. rubrofuscus
1284:Fauna Japonica
1182:
1179:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1100:Shōwa Sanshoku
930:Sunkoku Zasshi
917:), and so on.
912:patterned carp
720:) which spans
685:
682:
674:C. rubrofuscus
636:Honchō Shokkan
610:), blue carp (
524:
521:
427:
424:
420:coldwater fish
400:Central Europe
392:
389:
384:Shōwa Sanshoku
361:Niigata, Japan
307:[koꜜi]
238:
237:
236:
235:
229:
228:Lacepède, 1803
223:
222:Linnaeus, 1758
214:
213:
207:
206:
200:
185:
184:
182:Trinomial name
178:
177:
166:
164:
160:
159:
152:
150:
146:
145:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
111:Actinopterygii
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
59:
54:
51:
50:
45:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5331:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5314:Fish of Japan
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5278:
5268:
5262:
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2926:water gardens
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2845:water hazards
2841:
2838:
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2797:
2788:
2787:generations.
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2701:This section
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2468:Gin Rin Shōwa
2464:
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2428:
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2416:
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2404:
2399:
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2372:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2353:Butterfly koi
2351:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2316:Kin-Kikokuryū
2314:
2311:
2307:
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2301:
2288:
2285:
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2258:
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2100:
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2090:
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2078:
2065:
2062:
2050:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2014:
2010:
1997:
1993:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
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1683:Shōwa Emperor
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1603:Taishō Sanke)
1600:
1597:
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1580:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:Butterfly koi
1557:
1554:; they are a
1553:
1548:
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1542:
1538:
1525:
1521:
1518:According to
1513:
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1504:
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1442:
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1426:
1422:
1421:its relatives
1418:
1414:
1413:hybridization
1411:). Extensive
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:, introduced
1376:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1355:are known as
1354:
1350:
1346:
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1316:
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1308:
1304:
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1298:
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1269:Eurasian carp
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1037:In 1917, the
1035:
1033:
1032:Emperor Showa
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
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1005:
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684:Modern period
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539:Mino Province
536:
535:Emperor Keikō
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354:water gardens
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121:Cypriniformes
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55:Domesticated
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
5282:
5252:
5232:. New York:
5229:
5202:
5180:. Retrieved
5171:
5162:
5150:. Retrieved
5141:
5132:
5120:. Retrieved
5111:
5101:
5089:. Retrieved
5085:the original
5080:五月人形と鯉のぼりの由来
5073:
5061:. Retrieved
5052:
5042:
5030:. Retrieved
5021:
5011:
5003:
4990:
4984:
4972:. Retrieved
4960:
4948:
4940:
4925:
4913:. Retrieved
4904:
4894:
4886:
4871:
4859:
4839:
4820:
4808:. Retrieved
4799:
4789:
4777:. Retrieved
4768:
4759:
4740:
4731:
4719:. Retrieved
4711:The Guardian
4710:
4700:
4692:
4685:. Retrieved
4665:
4658:
4646:. Retrieved
4642:the original
4637:
4628:
4616:. Retrieved
4612:the original
4607:
4598:
4586:. Retrieved
4577:
4567:
4555:. Retrieved
4551:the original
4541:
4533:the original
4528:
4519:
4507:. Retrieved
4498:
4489:
4477:. Retrieved
4463:
4451:. Retrieved
4415:
4409:
4397:. Retrieved
4388:
4378:
4366:. Retrieved
4357:
4347:
4335:. Retrieved
4331:the original
4326:
4317:
4280:(1): 22–28.
4277:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4244:
4238:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4193:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4065:
4059:
4048:
4036:. Retrieved
4022:
4016:
4010:
4002:
3985:
3978:
3966:. Retrieved
3951:
3941:
3924:
3905:. Retrieved
3889:. Interpet.
3885:
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3836:the original
3826:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3779:
3775:
3754:. Retrieved
3745:
3736:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3673:
3667:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3569:
3565:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3517:. Retrieved
3503:
3497:
3491:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3421:. Retrieved
3396:
3392:
3382:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3298:. Retrieved
3289:
3280:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3189:
3185:
3158:. Retrieved
3141:
3137:
3127:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3083:
3079:
3040:
3036:
3030:
2938:
2907:
2892:
2885:perseverance
2881:good fortune
2870:
2842:
2834:
2811:
2785:
2780:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2738:
2732:January 2024
2729:
2714:Please help
2702:
2674:disinfection
2638:
2628:
2626:
2617:growth rings
2610:
2606:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2515:
2510:
2507:Song dynasty
2494:
2489:
2420:Tanchō Sanke
2392:
2387:
2370:
2364:
2346:
2342:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2232:
2217:
2211:
2203:
2200:Tanchō Sanke
2199:
2196:Tanchō Shōwa
2195:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2128:
2113:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2063:
2048:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2012:
2008:
1995:
1991:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1945:
1938:has a pale,
1935:
1930:with German
1927:
1919:
1906:
1896:spring onion
1882:
1876:
1872:
1869:Shiro Utsuri
1868:
1864:
1860:
1848:Shiro Utsuri
1847:
1834:
1821:
1813:
1786:
1780:
1767:
1754:
1741:
1728:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1699:Taishō Sanke
1698:
1695:Kindai Shōwa
1694:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1619:
1615:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1417:zoogeography
1408:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1384:
1374:
1356:
1352:
1340:
1339:) in Japan.
1314:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1240:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:, the words
1159:World War II
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1133:
1113:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:leather carp
1061:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
989:
983:
972:
968:
954:
948:
933:
929:
919:
890:
884:colored carp
862:
856:variant carp
834:
828:spotted carp
806:
805:were called
802:
798:
796:
785:
783:
778:
774:
770:
767:
755:
738:Niigata City
695:
678:aquacultured
673:
669:
655:
653:
646:
635:
593:
591:
546:
528:
526:
516:
505:
501:
477:
471:
468:Cyprinus sp.
467:
463:
439:
429:
412:domesticated
394:
383:
378:
373:
368:
365:
358:
343:
314:
313:
266:
265:
231:
225:
219:
194:
190:
188:
172:
168:
167:
153:
141:
25:
5152:16 December
5122:16 November
5063:16 December
5032:16 December
4887:koisale.com
4509:3 September
4399:7 September
4274:Anim. Genet
4126:Aquaculture
4093:(6): 1516.
4038:11 November
3566:東京大正博覧会審査報告
3519:11 November
3321:Honzō Wamyō
3268:外国産新魚種の導入経過
2791:In the wild
2666:biosecurity
2662:ultraviolet
2649:rhabdovirus
2565:kingfishers
2432:Shōwa Sanke
2384:German carp
2333:Ghost koi (
2177:ginrin Ogon
2144:series and
2026:Budō-Goromo
2013:Sumi-Goromo
1996:Budō-Goromo
1932:mirror carp
1742:Shiro Bekkō
1691:Shōwa Sanke
1679:Shōwa Sanke
1656:Shōwa Sanke
1547:varieties.
1465:genomic DNA
1405:common carp
1369:carp) from
756:During the
595:Honzō Wamyō
530:Nihon Shoki
523:Middle Ages
513:mirror carp
436:carp family
387:varieties.
5298:Categories
5091:4 February
4915:9 February
4810:9 February
4779:24 October
4713:. London.
4687:3 November
4588:9 February
4557:2 February
4368:8 February
3907:18 October
2969:References
2916:. It is a
2899:Edo period
2877:prosperity
2826:Queensland
2814:Antarctica
2806:See also:
2773:nishikigoi
2647:(KHV) and
2630:Trichodina
2602:filtration
2393:Kagami-goi
2371:Doitsu-goi
2365:nishikigoi
2347:nishikigoi
2281:Kawarimono
2254:Kawarimono
2246:hikarimono
2202:, or even
2179:varieties.
2142:utsurimono
2036:Kawarimono
2028:, but the
1898:color, or
1787:Utsurimono
1568:nishikigoi
1564:Asian carp
1487:review of
1433:subspecies
1375:Shinshūgoi
1367:Yodo River
1175:Nishikigoi
1171:Nishikigoi
1155:Nishikigoi
1047:Taisho era
1043:Nishikigoi
1020:Nishikigoi
1016:Nishikigoi
1008:Nishikigoi
1004:Nishikigoi
992:Nishikigoi
938:Edo period
934:Nishikigoi
803:Nishikigoi
799:Nishikigoi
664:native to
444:Iki Island
440:Cyprinidae
430:In Japan,
426:Prehistory
315:nishikigoi
169:C. r.
131:Cyprinidae
5182:1 January
4618:2 October
4453:15 August
3968:8 October
3756:7 October
3593:農家の副業的養魚法
3460:cite book
3423:3 October
3413:0446-6454
3337:cite book
3300:3 October
3224:3 October
3214:0022-1112
3160:4 January
2941:Sri Lanka
2930:Koi ponds
2918:feng shui
2905:, 5 May.
2894:koinobori
2861:Yamakoshi
2837:turbidity
2703:does not
2670:isolation
2634:Epistylis
2542:Yu Garden
2526:shubunkin
2361:ひれながにしきごい
2306:Kikokuryū
2283:category.
2277:Kumonryu
2152:Kinginrin
2093:Kōhaku Hi
2049:kawarigoi
1979:Ai Goromo
1877:Ki Utsuri
1873:Hi Utsuri
1835:Hi Utsuri
1822:Ki Utsuri
1755:Aka Bekkō
1498:Varieties
1485:taxonomic
1481:C. carpio
1441:meristics
1425:Amur carp
1398:Yamatogoi
1393:Yamatogoi
1353:Yamatogoi
1341:Yamatogoi
1315:Yamatogoi
1311:Amur carp
1262:true carp
1234:wild carp
1136:homophone
1119:Etymology
1098:In 1927,
1093:Doitsugoi
1081:Doitsugoi
1000:Kawarigoi
996:Madaragoi
961:Takamatsu
835:Kawarigoi
807:Madaragoi
797:The name
779:Ki Utsuri
726:Yamakoshi
666:East Asia
541:(present
517:Doitsugoi
515:, called
490:Lake Biwa
464:Jōmon Koi
350:koi ponds
329:Japanese:
303:Japanese:
281:English:
163:Variety:
149:Species:
87:Kingdom:
81:Eukaryota
31:Koi fish
5176:Archived
5146:Archived
5142:ANI News
5116:Archived
5057:Archived
5026:Archived
5004:usgs.gov
4996:Archived
4965:Archived
4933:Archived
4909:Archived
4879:Archived
4848:Archived
4828:Archived
4804:Archived
4773:Archived
4739:(2008).
4721:11 April
4715:Archived
4681:Archived
4582:Archived
4503:Archived
4473:Archived
4447:Archived
4393:Archived
4362:Archived
4337:12 April
4294:15670127
4230:25240282
4067:FishBase
3962:Archived
3901:Archived
3868:11 April
3862:Archived
3842:26 April
3750:Archived
3417:Archived
3294:Archived
3218:Archived
3154:Archived
3057:85972532
2994:May 2015
2988:Archived
2947:See also
2684:Breeding
2573:raccoons
2546:Shanghai
2491:Goldfish
2320:Kumonryu
2310:Kumonryu
2260:Kumonryū
1940:sky-blue
1768:Ki Bekkō
1707:sanshoku
1641:sanshoku
1490:Cyprinus
1463:DNA and
1451:being a
1181:Taxonomy
1095:in koi.
1012:Fukagawa
547:Gǔjīnzhù
485:赤野井湾湖底遺跡
345:Cyprinus
338:brocaded
211:Synonyms
202:Lacépède
142:Cyprinus
127:Family:
101:Chordata
97:Phylum:
91:Animalia
77:Domain:
5144:. ANI.
4974:6 April
4648:1 April
4479:28 July
4134:Bibcode
4095:Bibcode
3194:Bibcode
2934:Niigata
2867:, Japan
2777:arowana
2724:removed
2709:sources
2623:Disease
2593:badgers
2540:Koi in
2484:barbels
2326:-style
2322:with a
2079:style)
2064:Goshiki
1969:and an
1687:shiroji
1675:shiroji
1524:Gosanke
1387:) from
1385:Yodogoi
1357:Yodogoi
1328:
1256:
1228:
1167:Hanakoi
1151:Moyōkoi
1147:Hanakoi
986:, 1910.
936:of the
906:
891:Moyōgoi
878:
850:
822:
709:
432:Miocene
391:History
369:Gosanke
137:Genus:
117:Order:
107:Class:
5263:
5240:
5217:
4930:"Carp"
4747:
4673:
4422:
4292:
4272:L.)".
4251:
4228:
4124:L.)".
3893:
3674:Shōnen
3620:駿国雑志 2
3411:
3212:
3055:
2922:dragon
2914:wealth
2912:, and
2879:, and
2820:and a
2672:, and
2637:, and
2613:Hanako
2600:and a
2591:, and
2569:otters
2561:Herons
2557:Kōhaku
2524:, and
2456:Bekkō
2408:Kōhaku
2388:Doitsu
2339:じんめんぎょ
2324:Kōhaku
2300:Kohaku
2287:Ochiba
2273:doitsu
2218:Chagoi
2183:Tanchō
2169:Ginrin
2165:Ginrin
2077:Kōhaku
1992:Kōhaku
1977:is an
1975:Koromo
1967:Kōhaku
1959:Kōhaku
1946:Koromo
1936:Shūsui
1924:秋山 吉五郎
1920:Shūsui
1907:Shūsui
1900:indigo
1861:utsuri
1781:Utsuri
1722:鼈甲、べっ甲
1711:sanke.
1709:or as
1701:. The
1643:or as
1616:kōhaku
1593:kōhaku
1579:Kōhaku
1556:hybrid
1543:, and
1537:Kōhaku
1295:, and
1163:Irokoi
1143:Irokoi
1089:Doitsu
1085:Shūsui
1062:Shūsui
1055:Kōhaku
984:Shonen
863:Irogoi
771:Kōhaku
762:Bunsei
734:Honshu
496:粟津湖底遺跡
374:Kōhaku
340:carp")
204:, 1803
4968:(PDF)
4957:(PDF)
3805:[
3778:[
3726:[
3724:日本の魚類
3699:[
3649:[
3622:[
3595:[
3568:[
3538:[
3536:養魚経営学
3442:[
3440:養魚学各論
3364:[
3319:[
3270:[
3243:[
3053:S2CID
2781:tosai
2589:foxes
2577:skunk
2499:China
2444:Asagi
2135:光写りもの
2120:光模樣もの
2105:光無地もの
2085:Asagi
1971:Asagi
1928:Asagi
1883:Asagi
1865:Shōwa
1800:zebra
1716:Bekkō
1703:kanji
1645:sanke
1637:kanji
1508:Ojiya
1371:Osaka
1347:(now
1241:magoi
1239:) or
1212:nogoi
1110:Today
1076:Asagi
975:koi.
973:Asagi
969:asagi
949:asagi
786:inden
775:Asagi
758:Bunka
742:Genna
722:Ojiya
488:) in
460:Yayoi
456:Jomon
416:China
193:var.
171:var.
5309:Carp
5261:ISBN
5238:ISBN
5215:ISBN
5184:2019
5154:2020
5124:2022
5093:2023
5065:2020
5034:2020
4976:2022
4917:2024
4812:2024
4781:2011
4745:ISBN
4723:2009
4689:2016
4671:ISBN
4650:2014
4620:2013
4590:2024
4559:2012
4511:2021
4481:2006
4455:2023
4420:ISBN
4401:2022
4370:2024
4339:2014
4290:PMID
4249:ISBN
4226:PMID
4040:2021
4023:2012
3970:2023
3909:2020
3891:ISBN
3870:2009
3844:2009
3758:2023
3647:金魚問答
3521:2021
3504:2008
3470:link
3466:link
3425:2023
3409:ISSN
3362:本朝食鑑
3347:link
3343:link
3317:本草和名
3302:2023
3241:雑芸叢書
3226:2023
3210:ISSN
3162:2024
2873:luck
2828:and
2822:pest
2707:any
2705:cite
2598:pump
2585:cats
2581:mink
2377:ドイツ鯉
2357:鰭長錦鯉
2343:Ogon
2250:Ogon
2233:Ōgon
2173:Ogon
2146:Ōgon
2055:変わり鯉
2042:変わり物
1846:and
1766:and
1729:sumi
1664:昭和三色
1654:(or
1620:sumi
1609:大正三色
1601:(or
1506:The
1474:syn.
1373:and
1325:lit.
1252:lit.
1224:lit.
1202:and
1165:and
1129:Hilo
902:lit.
874:lit.
846:lit.
818:lit.
760:and
724:and
705:lit.
699:二十村郷
641:本朝食鑑
601:本草和名
458:and
404:Asia
402:and
396:Carp
381:and
4282:doi
4216:doi
4179:doi
4168:L."
4142:doi
4130:204
4103:doi
4027:doi
3990:doi
3814:doi
3784:doi
3746:aff
3705:doi
3678:doi
3655:doi
3628:doi
3601:doi
3574:doi
3544:doi
3508:doi
3448:doi
3401:doi
3370:doi
3325:doi
3249:doi
3202:doi
3146:doi
3115:doi
3088:doi
3084:162
3045:doi
2718:by
2335:人面魚
2266:九紋竜
2158:金銀鱗
2002:葡萄衣
1854:白写り
1841:緋写り
1828:黄写り
1807:黒黄斑
1793:写り物
1774:黄鼈甲
1761:赤鼈甲
1748:白鼈甲
1689:on
1530:御三家
1380:信州鯉
1320:大和鯉
1091:or
959:in
896:模様鯉
889:),
861:),
833:),
745:in
728:in
552:古今注
476:or
446:in
414:in
356:.
352:or
267:Koi
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2875:,
2632:,
2587:,
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2579:,
2575:,
2571:,
2567:,
2563:,
2544:,
2520:,
2328:hi
2293:落葉
2239:黄金
2224:茶鯉
2198:,
2189:丹頂
2167:.
2089:hi
2081:hi
2070:五色
2030:hi
2019:墨衣
2009:hi
1985:藍衣
1963:hi
1913:秋翠
1889:浅黄
1879:).
1810:,
1753:,
1671:hi
1586:紅白
1570:.
1539:,
1365:,
1362:淀鯉
1323:,
1291:,
1249:,
1246:真鯉
1221:,
1218:野鯉
1067:秋翠
963:,
899:,
871:,
868:色鯉
843:,
840:変鯉
815:,
812:斑鯉
791:隠田
777:,
773:,
753:.
702:,
631:黄鯉
625:白鯉
619:黒鯉
613:青鯉
607:赤鯉
586:黄雉
580:白騏
574:玄駒
568:青馬
562:赤驥
406:.
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323:錦鯉
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