393:, and Koman: "very few of the more widespread nominal and verbal morphological markers of Nilo-Saharan are attested in the Coman languages plus Gumuz ... Their genetic status remains debatable, mainly due to lack of more extensive data." (2008:843) And later, "In summarizing the current state of knowledge, ... the following language families or phyla can be identified: ... Mande, Songhai, Ubangian, Kadu, and the Coman languages plus Gumuz." (2008:844) However, Ahland (2010) reports that with better attestation, both Koman and Gumuz do appear to be Nilo-Saharan, and perhaps closest to each other.
151:
171:. However, due to the paucity of evidence, many scholars treat it as an independent language family. Among scholars who do accept its inclusion within Nilo-Saharan, opinions vary as to their position within it.
281:(600 speakers) shows strong Koman influence, and it has been suggested (on little evidence) that it may be a Koman language. Gule is generally classified as Koman, but the evidence is as yet insufficient.
384:
Dimmendaal (2008) notes that mounting grammatical evidence has made the Nilo-Saharan proposal as a whole more sound since
Greenberg proposed it in 1963 but that such evidence has not been forthcoming for
939:
841:
1070:
88:
989:
1063:
863:
864:"The Mao and Komo Languages in the Begi–Tongo area in Western Ethiopia: Classification, Designations, Distribution"
1056:
982:
1242:
1220:
1368:
1265:
1203:
164:
39:
1373:
1363:
975:
949:
1282:
1247:
1079:
959:
Gerrit
Dimmendaal, 2008. "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent",
168:
62:
925:
8:
1314:
181:. In Ethiopia, some Koman-speaking groups also consider themselves to be ethnically Mao.
1237:
1109:
141:
1328:
1295:
1232:
1192:
1185:
386:
225:
212:
1338:
1323:
1302:
1134:
1129:
875:
175:
1333:
1253:
1226:
1179:
1140:
238:
68:
57:
880:
1277:
1212:
1174:
1148:
1103:
1019:
390:
344:
297:
278:
243:
217:
115:
105:
167:
with about 50,000 speakers. They are conventionally classified as part of the
1357:
1288:
1169:
1120:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1014:
1009:
402:
339:
321:
316:
264:
257:
230:
196:
178:
125:
120:
110:
100:
17:
204:
796:
758:
720:
682:
644:
606:
568:
530:
492:
454:
251:
200:
1048:
135:
1088:
901:. Doctoral thesis. Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon.
247:
221:
967:
952:, 2000. "Nilo-Saharan". In Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, eds.,
1160:
1092:
268:
234:
208:
163:
are a small close-knit family of languages located along the
910:
Bender, Lionel. 1983. "Proto-Koman
Phonology and Lexicon."
665:
kān-ɪ́-ɗɛ̄, contraction, (lit: five-ASC-one / five-ASC-one)
174:
Koman languages in
Ethiopia are in close contact with the
899:
150:
23:
Family of languages used along the Sudan–Ethiopia border
677:
kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼ-ɛ́n (litː 'hand-LOC-two- 3N.POSS')
289:
Otero's (2019: 28) internal classification of Koman:
1355:
413:Comparison of numerals in individual languages:
940:The Classification of Gumuz and Koman Languages
260:, a newly discovered language located near Opo
1064:
983:
917:
928:. Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
203:) — about 20,000 speakers, most at a large
1071:
1057:
990:
976:
379:
184:
1078:
879:
893:
891:
861:
753:muta-kweya-ʃuka-yen (two hands) ?
560:kúb-béːsʼín ('takes/lends/brings four')
1356:
612:seːko ~ se:ndo / ʔāˈsɛ́n~ ʔāsɛ́l (SIL)
557:kúbà-twásɛ̄n ('takes/lends/br. three')
401:Proto-Koman has been reconstructed by
250:) — spoken in 5 villages north of the
1052:
971:
224:) — about 15,000 speakers, mainly in
923:
888:
554:kúbá-sùjá ('takes/lends/brings two')
551:kúbà-sèːn ('takes/lends/brings one')
237:) — about 12,000 speakers mainly in
997:
954:African Languages: An Introduction.
842:List of Proto-Koman reconstructions
671:kān-ɪ́-tùsù (litː' five-ASC-three')
668:kān-ɪ́-sʊ̄kʼá (litː' five-ASC-two')
636:kʊmpa-n-beːsina / kōˈbeːéːsīn (SIL)
13:
926:"The Nilo-Saharan Language Phylum"
639:kʊʃʊmbiːt ~kwuːzia / ˈkūːzi (SIL)
624:kʷʊmbut ~ kombɔt / ˈkʰūːmùt (SIL)
14:
1385:
946:workshop, Lyons, December 4, 2010
862:Küspert, Klaus-Christian (2015).
715:mútá-kʼʷùjá-sùkʼén ('two hands')
674:kān-ɪ́-ʍàn (litː' five-ASC-four')
662:mùtá-kʼʊ̄j (litː 'be.full-hand')
633:kʊmpa-twasən / kōbə̄ˈtʷàsɪn (SIL)
621:mbisiːna ~ beːsen / bēːsīn (SIL)
396:
961:Language and Linguistics Compass
525:kɔʃinkwolo / kʼɔ́ʃkʼɔ̀lɔ̀ (SIL)
149:
897:Otero, Manuel Alejandro. 2019.
618:twazan ~ twasan / ˈtʷāsán (SIL)
284:
904:
855:
598:kúpà-béésʼín (litː ? + 4)
595:kúpà-twàsɛ̄n (litː ? + 3)
592:kúpà-swíjá (litː ? + 2)
589:kúpà-sɛ́n (litː ? + 1)
522:kɛnnɛdɔɡɔn / káːndɔ̀ɡɔ̀n (SIL)
1:
848:
700:mùtá-kʼʷèj (litː 'one hand')
630:kʊmpa-siːya / kōbə̄ˈsìa (SIL)
738:mutaːkwei (one hand) ?
7:
956:Cambridge University Press.
944:Language Isolates in Africa
881:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.447
835:
776:múd̻èɗ (lit: 'hand closed')
627:kʊmpasɛnde / ˈkōbāsín (SIL)
513:kɛnɡɪɗe / kàːnaɡǐɗɛ́ (SIL)
408:
199:, or T’wampa, (formerly in
10:
1390:
785:múd̻èɗ pé(ŋ) kʷārā (5+ 3)
507:dōɡɔne(n) / dɔ̄ɣɔ́n (SIL)
15:
1312:
1273:
1264:
1202:
1159:
1087:
1005:
814:mudheɗ (lit: hand closed)
788:múd̻èɗ pé dòŋ(ɡ)òn (5+ 4)
536:sóndò /sɛ́ːnɛ́ /sɛ́ːsʼkìn
519:kɛnnɛdiʃ / kàːnàdɪʃ (SIL)
405:(1983) and Otero (2019).
189:The Koman languages are:
148:
134:
94:
84:
58:Linguistic classification
56:
46:
33:
28:
563:kʼúːzí (lit: 'fingers')
516:kɛnnɛsɔ / kàːnàsʊʔ (SIL)
16:Not to be confused with
938:Colleen Ahland, 2010. "
826:(mudheɗ) pedoŋon (5+ 4)
823:(mudheɗ) pekwara (5+ 3)
510:busín / bʊ̀sʼín (SIL)
475:káná ɡɪ ɗɛ́ (? + 1)
380:External classification
185:Internal classification
650:ɗɛ̄n~dɛ̄ (contraction)
924:Chan, Eugene (2019).
820:(mudheɗ) pesuʔ (5+ 2)
817:(mudheɗ) peɗe (5+ 1)
615:siːya / ˈsíjá (SIL)
484:káná á dɔɡɔ̀n (? + 4)
254:by about 5,000 people
165:Ethiopia–Sudan border
40:Ethiopia–Sudan border
868:Linguistic Discovery
782:múd̻èɗ pé súʔ (5+ 2)
779:múd̻èɗ pé ɗéʔ (5+ 1)
504:dícin / dǐʃǐn (SIL)
478:káná á sʊ (? + 2)
942:" presented at the
501:suʔin / sʊʔ (SIL)
481:káná á dìʃ (? + 3)
169:Nilo-Saharan family
912:Afrika und Übersee
1369:Language families
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1046:
1045:
833:
832:
498:ɗe(d) / ɗɛʔ (SIL)
277:The poorly known
246:(Opo), or Shita (
226:Benishangul-Gumuz
157:
156:
1381:
1271:
1270:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1050:
1049:
992:
985:
978:
969:
968:
930:
929:
921:
915:
908:
902:
895:
886:
885:
883:
859:
416:
415:
153:
144:
26:
25:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1374:Komuz languages
1364:Koman languages
1354:
1353:
1352:
1343:
1308:
1266:Eastern Sudanic
1260:
1204:Central Sudanic
1198:
1155:
1095:
1083:
1077:
1047:
1042:
1001:
999:Koman languages
996:
966:
934:
933:
922:
918:
909:
905:
896:
889:
860:
856:
851:
838:
411:
399:
382:
377:
287:
239:An Nil al Azraq
187:
161:Koman languages
140:
49:
48:Native speakers
35:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1387:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1112:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1002:
995:
994:
987:
980:
972:
965:
964:
957:
947:
935:
932:
931:
916:
903:
887:
853:
852:
850:
847:
846:
845:
837:
834:
831:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
793:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
755:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
717:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
679:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
641:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
603:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
565:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
527:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
489:
488:
487:kʼɔ́ʃ kʼɔ̀lɔ̀
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
410:
407:
398:
397:Reconstruction
395:
381:
378:
376:
375:
374:
373:
372:
371:
370:
369:
368:
367:
366:
365:
362:
357:
356:
355:
352:
342:
334:
333:
332:
331:
330:
327:
319:
308:
307:
306:
303:
302:Highland Gwama
291:
286:
283:
279:Shabo language
275:
274:
273:
272:
261:
255:
241:
228:
215:
186:
183:
155:
154:
146:
145:
138:
132:
131:
130:
129:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
96:
92:
91:
86:
85:Proto-language
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
60:
54:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
37:
31:
30:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1386:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1283:Eastern Jebel
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:Mangbutu–Lese
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1221:Bongo–Bagirmi
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:border region
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1000:
993:
988:
986:
981:
979:
974:
973:
970:
962:
958:
955:
951:
950:Lionel Bender
948:
945:
941:
937:
936:
927:
920:
913:
907:
900:
894:
892:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
854:
843:
840:
839:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
794:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
759:Uduk (Twampa)
757:
756:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
721:Opuuo (Shita)
719:
718:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
683:Opuuo (Shita)
681:
680:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
645:Opuuo (Tʼapo)
643:
642:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
607:Kwama (Asosa)
605:
604:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
569:Gwama (Kwama)
567:
566:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
531:Gwama (Kwama)
529:
528:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
490:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
417:
414:
406:
404:
403:Lionel Bender
394:
392:
388:
363:
360:
359:
358:
353:
350:
349:
348:
347:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
335:
328:
325:
324:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
312:
311:
309:
305:Lowland Gwama
304:
301:
300:
299:
296:
295:
293:
292:
290:
282:
280:
270:
266:
262:
259:
256:
253:
249:
245:
242:
240:
236:
232:
229:
227:
223:
219:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
194:
192:
191:
190:
182:
180:
179:Mao languages
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
152:
147:
143:
139:
137:
133:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
76:
73:
72:
70:
67:
66:
64:
61:
59:
55:
51:
45:
41:
38:
32:
27:
19:
18:Koma language
1301:
1294:
1287:
1252:
1219:
1211:
1191:
1184:
1147:
1139:
1119:
1114:
1102:
1080:Nilo-Saharan
1034:
998:
960:
953:
943:
919:
914:66: 259–298.
911:
906:
898:
871:
867:
857:
844:(Wiktionary)
732:tuʃu / tusu
412:
400:
383:
288:
285:Otero (2019)
276:
205:refugee camp
188:
173:
160:
158:
95:Subdivisions
74:
63:Nilo-Saharan
36:distribution
735:hwan / ŋwan
729:ʃuka / cuka
271:) — extinct
201:South Sudan
89:Proto-Koman
1358:Categories
849:References
706:kánè-sùkʼá
688:ɗán / ɗíán
313:Komo–Uduk
34:Geographic
1315:Astaboran
1248:Moru–Madi
750:kane-hwān
747:kane-tūʃū
744:kane-ʃuka
712:kánè-hʷán
709:kánè-tùsú
574:sɛ́ɛ́kʼín
336:Dana–Opo
136:Glottolog
1238:Mangbetu
1089:Ethiopia
1082:branches
963:2/5:842.
836:See also
773:dòŋ(ɡ)òn
703:kánè-ɗéé
601:kʼoosʼi
419:Language
409:Numerals
310:Central
248:Ethiopia
222:Ethiopia
142:koma1264
1329:Nyimang
1296:Nilotic
1257: ?
1229: ?
1216: ?
1193:Songhay
1186:Saharan
1152: ?
1144: ?
1124: ?
1039: ?
791:ʼkúmèɗ
741:kane-ɗe
583:béésʼín
580:twàsɛ́n
548:kúːmùtʼ
545:béːsʼìn
542:twásɛ̀n
387:Songhay
213:Gambela
211:, near
1339:Temein
1324:Nubian
1303:Surmic
1254:Sinyar
1163:region
1141:Ongota
1135:Kunama
1130:Kuliak
829:kumeɗ
726:diʃeɗe
653:sʊ̄kʼá
586:kómòtʼ
469:dɔɡɔ̀n
364:Kigile
351:Bilugu
294:Koman
193:Koman
176:Omotic
52:50,000
42:region
1233:Lendu
1227:Kresh
1213:Birri
1180:Maban
1170:Furan
1161:Sahel
1149:Shabo
1115:Koman
1110:Bʼaga
1104:Berta
1093:Sudan
1020:Kwama
874:(1).
811:doŋon
808:kwara
770:kʷārā
691:sùkʼá
577:swíjá
391:Gumuz
354:Modin
329:Yabus
326:Chali
298:Gwama
269:Sudan
244:Opuuo
235:Sudan
218:Kwama
209:Bonga
106:Kwama
75:Koman
69:Komuz
29:Koman
1334:Tama
1289:Nara
1278:Daju
1175:Kadu
1121:Gule
1036:Gule
1030:Uduk
1025:Opuo
1015:Komo
1010:Dana
797:Uduk
697:hwán
694:tùsú
656:tùsù
539:sùjá
493:Komo
472:bùsʼ
455:Komo
361:Pame
340:Dana
322:Uduk
317:Komo
265:Gule
258:Dana
252:Nuer
231:Komo
197:Uduk
159:The
126:Gule
121:Dana
111:Komo
101:Uduk
876:doi
805:suʔ
799:(2)
767:súʔ
764:ɗéʔ
761:(1)
723:(5)
685:(4)
659:ʍàn
647:(3)
609:(3)
571:(2)
533:(1)
495:(2)
466:dìʃ
460:ɗɛ́
457:(1)
449:10
345:Opo
207:at
116:Opo
1360::
890:^
872:13
870:.
866:.
802:ɗe
463:sʊ
389:,
1317:"
1313:"
1091:-
1072:e
1065:t
1058:v
991:e
984:t
977:v
884:.
878::
446:9
443:8
440:7
437:6
434:5
431:4
428:3
425:2
422:1
267:(
263:?
233:(
220:(
128:?
71:?
65:?
20:.
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