278:
Gowanda in the waves. Men, women and children came running out to the beach and there was
Gowanda swimming close to the shore. They could see him clearly and could recognise him by his white fin, although in the dreamtime he had been changed into a Dolphin. They could see him teaching the other Dolphins to drive fish onto the beach so that his people could net them. Among every shoal of Dolphins you will see the leader with a white fin, which the Aborigines believed to be a descendant of Gowanda or another hunter returned from the dreamtime. Dolphins were greatly appreciated for their services and were not hunted in this area.
220:
294:. Sceptics make much of a remark by an early observer of the practice at Amity Point, Fairholme, writing in 1856, that "Porpoises abound in the Bay, but in no other part do the natives fish with their assistance." His restrictive view was challenged by David Neil in 2002, who noted that the historic evidence, such as that of Curtis,
311:
Two young men who had been companions for some time and were on friendly terms with the natives were among the newcomers. They were Edmund Harper and
William Duncan. A rafting ground was first established at the mouth of Little Tallebudgera Creek. Later Edmund Harper made his home there to which he
571:
Gresty states: Duncan, who was born in
Aberdeen (1826), came to Australia with his parents at the age of seven. He moved from Murwillumbah to Karara (then known as Boobigan) in 1848, and later married Rose Gorrian, a lass from Ireland. They reared a family of fourteen children (ten sons and four
277:
One day some children were playing on the sandy beach between the Nerang River and the ocean at a place we know as Main Beach when one cried out 'look, there is
Gowanda in the waves'. The other children looked and were quite sure it was him. They ran to the camp to tell the others they had seen
333:
Harper also married an
Aboriginal woman from the Nerang area and had a son, Billy, and had occasion to challenge Archibald Meston's assertions regarding Nerang aboriginal names. Archibald Meston stated that the Aboriginal population on the Nerang river around 1870 was about 200.
324:
William Duncan did pit sawing and squaring in and about Nerang, and with other timber-getters, Jim
Beattie, Fred Fowler. and John Johnston, they made their first camp in the Numinbah Valley at Jigibill (the site later on of Yaun's sawmill, which was destroyed by fire some years
245:. According to John Allen's map, the Kombumerri were located south of the Bullongin clan on the Coomera River, and north-east of the Tweed clan (whose traditional name was not noted by Allen) within the Tweed Caldera, with the Wangerriburra in the hinterland to their west.
329:
Duncan's surviving sons (John, Robert, and Hugh) later served as the main informants on
Aboriginal history for J.A Gresty's work in the Numinbah Valley. Fred Fowler also learnt language from the Nerang people, and provided a wordlist to Edward Curr of Nerang Creek words.
572:
daughters), the eldest, Alexander, born in
Brisbane in 1855. Four sons survive, of whom three (John, Robert, and Hugh), still resident in the Nerang district, are responsible for most of the data of this paper, patiently compiled by them for me over the past ten years.
373:
in the Gold Coast area without asking permission from the landowner, Alfred Grant of the
Mermaid Keys Development Pty. Ltd. It became the first systematic archaeological excavation of an Aboriginal burial ground, undertaken with urgency also because the larvae of
312:
brought his mother. Harper and Duncan remained together in the district, and associating with the natives, could speak the dialects of the Tweed and Nerang tribes so well that the blacks could not tell from their speech that they were not of the tribes.
306:
The Nerang area was first penetrated by whites searching for stands of cedar in 1842 when two boys, Edmund Harper and
William Duncan (14) penetrated the Numinbah Valley as far as Cave Creek's outlet on the Nerang. One local history recounts that:
1456:
185:. Knowledge of the grammar is otherwise sketchy. John Allen appears to have considered this coastal language as a dialect of Bandjalang, yet not mutually intelligible with Yugumbir.
320:
there, but returned after some decades, Duncan establishing himself in the distinct in 1848 at Boobigan. Regarding Duncan's movements in the Nerang district, Gresty states:
1604:
1267:
365:, which was unknown to local Aboriginal people, and of which no record existed, that came to light in June 1963, about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) inland from
1207:
Shipwreck of the Stirling Castle: containing a faithful narrative of the dreadful sufferings of the crew and the cruel murder of Captain Fraser by the savages
3322:
346:. This mountain is a "sacred women's area" for the Kombumerri people and their ancestors today. There is a men's area not far from sacred mountain at the
282:
In 1984, H. J. Hall asserted that the collaboration of aborigines and dolphins in fishing was restricted to an area further north, specifically to the
3357:
3350:
1242:
3315:
1597:
1129:
1255:
The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent
1178:
378:
were infesting the exposed bones. She and her amateur group managed to retrieve the remains of roughly 150 persons. Through the agency
3380:
3329:
1590:
298:
and others, documented that this custom was attested as much more widespread along the Queensland coast down into colonial times.
3343:
161:
has been taken to mean "little stream"; as a language name it might suggest that the Ngaranbal were a people who used the word
3336:
1572:
1547:
1373:
1309:
1160:
1047:
254:
1472:
Neil, David T. (2002). "Cooperative fishing interactions between Aboriginal Australians and dolphins in eastern Australia".
1205:
362:
1409:
1253:
1111:
1501:
1350:
1187:
94:(John Allen), composed a grammar and word list of the Yugambeh dialect. In this work, Allen, who belonged to the
17:
3385:
1564:
1384:
1342:
1152:
205:
182:
1228:
1058:
1513:
1074:
1362:"Fishing with dolphins?: affirming a traditional Aboriginal fishing story in Moreton Bay, SE. Queensland"
1333:
369:
and not far from the mouth of the Nerang River. Soil contractors had removed earth for reuse as garden
343:
1249:
1148:
Cooloola Coast: Noosa to Fraser Island: the Aboriginal and Settlers Histories of a Unique Environment
1032:"Developments in the repatriation of human remains and other cultural items in Queensland, Australia"
366:
1196:
219:
3257:
1746:
291:
1963:
1739:
1625:
1613:
398:
and Kombumerri descent, has written on the philosophical background of Aboriginal world views.
383:
170:
47:
1582:
1295:
1031:
149:
John Gladstone Steele states that the Nerang river tribe was known as the Ngarangbal-speaking
1535:
1319:
Gresty, J. A. (1947). "Numinbah Valley: its geography, history and aboriginal associations".
1146:
347:
270:
242:
138:, which is taken to mean "dry forest people", said to dwell south of the northern rim of the
2257:
181:
The Kombumerri people spoke a dialect, of which some 500 words have been preserved, of the
382:
and the Kombumerri Aboriginal Corporation the bones were laid to rest in a nearby park at
8:
142:. Meston also mentioned another Nerang tribe as distinct from the Talgiburri, namely the
947:
3197:
2982:
2670:
1907:
1521:
1489:
494:
351:
238:
83:
35:
1568:
1543:
1493:
1396:
1369:
1366:
Focus on Stradbroke: New Information on North Stradbroke Island and Surrounding Areas
1346:
1305:
1223:
1156:
1117:
1107:
1092:
1080:
1043:
2565:
2334:
1481:
1452:
1279:
375:
107:
74:
1558:
1132:(Press release). The Queensland Cabinet and Ministerial Directory. 8 November 2015
90:
was first registered in 1914, when, assisted by a local schoolteacher, John Lane,
3185:
2926:
2453:
1956:
1361:
1088:
295:
258:
39:
1068:. Brisbane: Anthony James Cumming for the Queensland Government. pp. 23–36.
3205:
2716:
2250:
2166:
2103:
1837:
1485:
1291:
489:
111:
1268:"Some Thoughts about the Philosophical Underpinnings of Aboriginal Worldviews"
1036:
The dead and their possessions: repatriation in principle, policy and practice
3374:
3287:
3246:
3209:
3193:
3129:
2905:
2863:
2488:
2481:
2348:
2341:
2264:
2194:
2061:
1900:
1858:
1725:
1683:
1429:
1400:
1214:
1170:
514:
358:
317:
234:
233:
Their tribal boundaries are said by Ysola Best to have extended north to the
197:
189:
1283:
1128:
1121:
953:
3143:
3087:
3080:
2828:
2814:
2765:
2709:
2678:
2607:
2544:
2516:
2495:
2460:
2306:
2271:
2222:
2187:
2054:
1844:
1788:
1711:
1690:
1641:
1433:
1301:
262:
261:
area. Gresty picked it up from the Duncan brothers. It concerns the Nerang
99:
3266:
3171:
3031:
3010:
3003:
2933:
2870:
2835:
2751:
2586:
2537:
2446:
2418:
2404:
2327:
2299:
2208:
2180:
2019:
1928:
1921:
1732:
545:
Writing "porpoise" for "dolphin" was a typical 19th century misprision. (
395:
287:
201:
131:
1697:
3294:
3239:
3178:
3164:
3150:
3115:
3059:
3024:
3017:
2996:
2989:
2723:
2702:
2663:
2579:
2551:
2425:
2390:
2285:
2152:
2075:
2005:
1977:
1949:
1830:
1704:
1676:
1617:
522:
370:
192:
have argued that the languages of this area consisted of two dialects,
134:, rather than salt-water people. The same root underlies the clan name
3122:
3108:
3066:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2919:
2884:
2877:
2849:
2842:
2786:
2737:
2621:
2600:
2502:
2474:
2362:
2320:
2236:
2124:
2117:
2033:
2012:
1942:
1872:
1809:
1781:
1774:
1760:
1753:
1039:
342:
There are significant sites all over the Gold Coast, particularly at
114:
cites the authority of Margaret Sharpe for the view that the root of
69:, which refers to a type of shellfish called a mudflat or cobra with
1417:
John Oxley Journal: A Bulletin for Historical Research in Queensland
1066:
Annual Report of the Chief Protector of Aborigines for the year 1913
3273:
3052:
2968:
2898:
2891:
2800:
2744:
2649:
2614:
2593:
2572:
2530:
2411:
2397:
2383:
2369:
2292:
2278:
2229:
2215:
2201:
2173:
2138:
2131:
2082:
2068:
2047:
2040:
1998:
1886:
1816:
1802:
1795:
1718:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1634:
1560:
Aboriginal Pathways: in Southeast Queensland and the Richmond River
1364:. In Coleman, Roger J.; Covacevich, Jeannette; Davie, Paul (eds.).
1335:
The Broadbeach Aboriginal Burial Ground: An Archaeological Analysis
273:. He eventually died and his people grieved over their loss. Then:
59:
3280:
3232:
3225:
3101:
3073:
3045:
2975:
2912:
2856:
2793:
2772:
2695:
2686:
2682:
2656:
2642:
2523:
2509:
2439:
2432:
2376:
2145:
2110:
2089:
2026:
1984:
1970:
1935:
1865:
1823:
1767:
1669:
716:
526:
283:
139:
935:
3218:
3157:
3094:
3038:
2961:
2821:
2807:
2779:
2730:
2628:
2467:
2355:
2313:
2096:
1914:
1879:
1851:
1612:
1106:. Port Melbourne: Heinemann Library Australia. pp. 16–21.
103:
43:
3136:
2635:
2558:
2243:
2159:
1893:
1464:
1130:"Broadbeach commemorates cultural heritage and local history"
896:
266:
1034:. In Fforde, Cressida; Hubert, Jane; Paul, Turnbull (eds.).
2758:
1991:
1059:"Grammar, Vocabulary, and Notes of the Wangerriburra Tribe"
165:
for the idea of "what"; alternatively it may be related to
776:
692:
585:
110:
stated that the Nerang tribe was called the "Talgiburri".
27:
Clan group of the Yugambeh people of Queensland, Australia
1007:
959:
923:
614:
612:
204:
rivers and a dialect employed between the Nerang and the
860:
836:
913:
911:
812:
764:
752:
740:
641:
1261:. Vol. 3. Melbourne: J. Ferres. pp. 240–241.
728:
670:
668:
631:
629:
627:
609:
265:
Gowonda, a white-haired hunter and expert in training
884:
1427:
971:
941:
908:
872:
848:
788:
704:
597:
42:
and the name refers to the Indigenous people of the
1189:
A Description of the Yugumbir Dialect of Bandjalang
995:
983:
824:
680:
665:
653:
624:
146:, and, writing in 1923, considered both "extinct".
73:meaning "man" and thus means "cobra people". Such
1094:A narrative of a visit to the Australian colonies
954:Queensland Cabinet and Ministerial Directory 2015
800:
386:in 1988 with a plaque dedicated to their memory.
3372:
1229:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
86:of the people of the Nerang area is not known.
1536:"Bundjalung: Teaching a Disappearing Language"
558:Greer gives the name of two, Jack and Sandy. (
98:tribe, mentioned that it was the name for the
1598:
1434:"Laila Haglund: The Creation of a Profession"
1224:"The blacks of Moreton Bay and the porpoises"
36:one of nine distinct named clan estate groups
1542:. Aboriginal Studies Press. pp. 73–84.
1540:Language and Culture in Aboriginal Australia
1500:
1076:Food from the sea: shellfish and crustaceans
782:
698:
1538:. In Walsh, Michael; Yallop, Colin (eds.).
1605:
1591:
1272:Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion
1185:
1179:Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies
1175:The middle Clarence dialects of Bandjalang
1101:
722:
1407:
1286:– via Australian Humanities Review.
1221:
1087:
1072:
1056:
866:
842:
758:
618:
603:
591:
533:
316:They were too young to work the massive
218:
102:people. Whether this is a Wangerriburra
79:were a delicacy in the aboriginal diet.
1502:"Nerang River Catchment: a Study Guide"
1410:"The Gold Coast: Its First Inhabitants"
1331:
1169:
989:
977:
965:
890:
734:
253:A story was recorded by Jack Gresty, a
14:
3373:
1556:
1533:
1511:
1451:
1318:
1265:
1240:
1203:
1013:
929:
917:
854:
794:
770:
710:
686:
674:
477:
337:
269:to hunt, particularly associated with
1586:
1514:"Bundjalung Settlement and Migration"
1368:. Boolarong Press. pp. 132–134.
1290:
1144:
902:
830:
659:
647:
635:
559:
301:
208:, the latter with a 75% overlap with
65:has been related to a Yugambeh word,
1471:
1382:
1359:
1029:
1001:
878:
818:
806:
746:
546:
401:
394:Mary Graham, a philosopher of mixed
24:
1102:Best, Ysola; Barlow, Alex (1997).
942:Matthews, Gorman & Wallis 2015
25:
3397:
1297:White Beech: The Rainforest Years
1097:. London: Hamilton, Adams and Co.
389:
3381:Aboriginal peoples of Queensland
1507:. Gold Coast City Council. 2011.
1057:Allen, John; Lane, John (1914).
1557:Steele, John Gladstone (1984).
1428:Matthews, Jacq; Gorman, Alice;
1321:Queensland Geographical Journal
1197:University of Queensland Papers
1145:Brown, Elaine Rosemary (2000).
565:
552:
539:
532:means "place of cobra worms". (
1565:University of Queensland Press
1343:University of Queensland Press
1153:University of Queensland Press
513:The word "cobra" comes from a
507:
13:
1:
1408:Longhurst, Robert I. (1980).
1389:Australian Aboriginal Studies
521:, surviving in the placename
433:
224:
183:Yugambeh-Bundjalung languages
106:or not is not known. In 1923
1534:Sharpe, Margaret C. (1993).
1512:Sharpe, Margaret C. (1985).
1457:"Lost Tribes at Moreton Bay"
1222:Fairholme, J. K. E. (1856).
1104:Kombumerri, saltwater people
579:
153:, and adds that the toponym
7:
483:
248:
176:
10:
3402:
1964:Guugu Yimithirr/Kokoimudji
1486:10.2752/089279302786992694
1250:Curr, Edward Micklethwaite
1022:
344:Burleigh Heads, Queensland
223:Partial Yugambeh clan map
214:
130:to mean people of the dry
3304:
3256:
1624:
1463:. p. 18 – via
188:Modern linguists such as
157:has several etymologies:
1243:"No. 172 - Nerang Creek"
905:, pp. 167–168, 177.
500:
50:, Queensland. Australia
3258:Torres Strait Islanders
1747:Bidjara (Warrego River)
1385:"Ysola Best, 1940-2007"
1332:Haglund, Laila (1976).
1284:10.1163/156853599X00090
1186:Cunningham, M. (1969).
1073:Attenbrow, Val (2009).
292:North Stradbroke Island
53:
1740:Bidjara (Bulloo River)
1030:Aird, Michael (2002).
725:, p. 122 note 34.
363:Broadbeach burial site
327:
314:
280:
230:
126:(dry). She thus takes
3386:History of Queensland
3310:By state or territory
2815:Uw Oykangand/Kwantari
1950:Gungganyji/Kongkandji
1922:Gugu-Badhun/Kokopatun
1614:Indigenous Australian
1266:Graham, Mary (1999).
1204:Curtis, John (1838).
759:Allen & Lane 1914
592:Allen & Lane 1914
348:Jebribillum Bora Park
322:
309:
275:
243:Gold Coast hinterland
222:
1461:The Brisbane Courier
1383:Hill, Marji (2007).
1360:Hall, H. J. (1984).
1042:. pp. 303–311.
255:National Park Ranger
169:, with the sense of
1241:Fowler, F. (1887).
1016:, pp. 105–118.
932:, pp. 240–241.
821:, pp. 132–134.
749:, pp. 200–201.
650:, pp. 118–119.
338:Important landmarks
3323:Northern Territory
1522:Aboriginal History
1199:. pp. 69–122.
968:, pp. xi–xii.
594:, pp. 26, 29.
495:Wanggeriburra clan
352:Gold Coast Highway
302:History of contact
257:who worked in the
239:Tallebudgera Creek
231:
171:shovel-nosed shark
132:sclerophyll forest
3368:
3367:
3358:Western Australia
1957:Gunggari/Kunggari
1803:Djabugay/Tjapukai
1574:978-0-702-25742-1
1549:978-0-855-75241-5
1453:Meston, Archibald
1375:978-0-908-17581-9
1341:. St Lucia, Qld:
1311:978-1-408-84671-1
1162:978-0-702-23129-2
1081:Australian Museum
1049:978-0-415-34449-4
783:Nerang River 2011
773:, pp. 62–63.
699:Nerang River 2011
402:Alternative names
376:Christmas beetles
16:(Redirected from
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2498:
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2484:
2482:Mingin/Mingginda
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2414:
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2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
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1952:
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1468:
1455:(14 July 1923).
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1125:
1098:
1089:Backhouse, James
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900:
894:
888:
882:
881:, pp. 5–10.
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
633:
622:
616:
607:
601:
595:
589:
573:
569:
563:
556:
550:
543:
537:
511:
381:
380:of Graham family
241:and west to the
229:
226:
108:Archibald Meston
21:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3337:South Australia
3335:
3328:
3321:
3316:New South Wales
3314:
3309:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1620:
1611:
1581:
1575:
1550:
1516:
1504:
1442:
1440:
1412:
1376:
1353:
1338:
1312:
1292:Greer, Germaine
1258:
1245:
1210:
1195:. Vol. 1.
1192:
1163:
1135:
1133:
1114:
1061:
1050:
1025:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
976:
972:
964:
960:
952:
948:
940:
936:
928:
924:
916:
909:
901:
897:
889:
885:
877:
873:
865:
861:
853:
849:
841:
837:
829:
825:
817:
813:
805:
801:
793:
789:
781:
777:
769:
765:
757:
753:
745:
741:
733:
729:
723:Cunningham 1969
721:
717:
709:
705:
697:
693:
685:
681:
673:
666:
658:
654:
646:
642:
634:
625:
617:
610:
602:
598:
590:
586:
582:
577:
576:
570:
566:
557:
553:
544:
540:
512:
508:
503:
486:
436:
404:
392:
379:
340:
304:
296:James Backhouse
259:Numinbah Valley
251:
227:
217:
179:
167:neerang/neerung
56:
40:Yugambeh people
32:Kombumerri clan
28:
23:
22:
18:Kombumerri Clan
15:
12:
11:
5:
3399:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2251:Kugu Nganhcara
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1915:Kutjala/Gudjal
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1554:
1548:
1531:
1509:
1498:
1469:
1449:
1430:Wallis, Lynley
1425:
1405:
1380:
1374:
1357:
1351:
1329:
1316:
1310:
1288:
1278:(2): 105–118.
1263:
1238:
1219:
1201:
1183:
1171:Crowley, Terry
1167:
1161:
1142:
1126:
1113:978-1863910378
1112:
1099:
1085:
1070:
1054:
1048:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1006:
1004:, p. 305.
994:
982:
970:
958:
946:
934:
922:
907:
895:
883:
871:
869:, p. 368.
867:Backhouse 1843
859:
847:
845:, p. 356.
843:Fairholme 1856
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
775:
763:
751:
739:
737:, p. 145.
727:
715:
703:
691:
679:
664:
662:, p. 120.
652:
640:
638:, p. 118.
623:
619:Longhurst 1980
608:
604:Attenbrow 2009
596:
583:
581:
578:
575:
574:
564:
562:, p. 313)
551:
538:
534:Longhurst 1980
505:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
492:
490:Mununjali clan
485:
482:
480:, p. 240
474:
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
435:
432:
431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
403:
400:
391:
390:Notable people
388:
361:excavated the
357:Archaeologist
339:
336:
303:
300:
250:
247:
216:
213:
178:
175:
112:Germaine Greer
55:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3398:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3247:Yurlayurlanya
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3198:Wanggeriburra
3195:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:Kuku Nyungkal
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:Kokokulunggur
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:Goreng goreng
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:(1): 101–124.
1528:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1439:
1438:TrowelBlazers
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1352:0-7022-0860-4
1348:
1344:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1302:A&C Black
1299:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1215:George Virtue
1209:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1015:
1010:
1003:
998:
991:
986:
979:
974:
967:
962:
955:
950:
943:
938:
931:
926:
920:, p. 58.
919:
914:
912:
904:
899:
893:, p. 77.
892:
887:
880:
875:
868:
863:
857:, p. 69.
856:
851:
844:
839:
833:, p. 42.
832:
827:
820:
815:
808:
803:
797:, p. 60.
796:
791:
785:, p. 20.
784:
779:
772:
767:
761:, p. 36.
760:
755:
748:
743:
736:
731:
724:
719:
713:, p. 79.
712:
707:
701:, p. 17.
700:
695:
689:, p. 58.
688:
683:
677:, p. 18.
676:
671:
669:
661:
656:
649:
644:
637:
632:
630:
628:
621:, p. 18.
620:
615:
613:
605:
600:
593:
588:
584:
568:
561:
555:
548:
542:
536:, p. 22)
535:
531:
528:
524:
520:
517:dialect term
516:
515:Georges River
510:
506:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
481:
479:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
437:
429:
426:
424:
423:Nerang-ballun
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
399:
397:
387:
385:
377:
372:
368:
367:Mermaid Beach
364:
360:
359:Laila Haglund
355:
353:
349:
345:
335:
331:
326:
321:
319:
313:
308:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
246:
244:
240:
236:
235:Coomera River
221:
212:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:Terry Crowley
186:
184:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:Nerang-ballun
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:Wangerriburra
93:
89:
85:
80:
78:
77:
72:
68:
64:
61:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3201:
2710:Rungarungawa
2272:Kuku Yalanji
2223:Kokowalandja
2188:Kokobujundji
1559:
1539:
1526:
1520:
1477:
1473:
1460:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:
1420:
1416:
1392:
1388:
1365:
1334:
1324:
1320:
1296:
1275:
1271:
1254:
1233:
1227:
1206:
1188:
1174:
1147:
1134:. Retrieved
1103:
1093:
1075:
1065:
1035:
1009:
997:
990:Haglund 1976
985:
980:, p. 3.
978:Haglund 1976
973:
966:Haglund 1976
961:
949:
937:
925:
898:
891:Haglund 1976
886:
874:
862:
850:
838:
826:
814:
809:, p. 7.
802:
790:
778:
766:
754:
742:
735:Crowley 1978
730:
718:
706:
694:
682:
655:
643:
599:
587:
567:
554:
549:, p. 5)
541:
529:
518:
509:
475:
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
427:
422:
418:Nerang tribe
417:
412:
408:Chabbooburri
407:
393:
356:
341:
332:
328:
323:
315:
310:
305:
281:
276:
263:culture hero
252:
232:
209:
196:between the
193:
187:
180:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
148:
144:Chabbooburri
143:
135:
127:
123:
119:
115:
100:Nerang River
95:
91:
87:
81:
75:
70:
66:
62:
57:
46:area on the
31:
29:
3172:Yirrganydji
3032:Wulgurukaba
3011:Wongkadjera
2983:Wik-Mungkan
2871:Wakka Wakka
2836:Wadjabangai
2752:Tjongkandji
2671:Quandamooka
2587:Ngulungbara
2538:Ngandangara
2447:Mayi-Kutuna
2419:Mandandanji
2300:Kungkalenja
2209:Kokonyekodi
2181:Kokobididji
1929:Gugu Rarmul
1908:Gubbi Gubbi
1733:Birri Gubba
1616:peoples in
1480:(1): 3–18.
1423:(2): 15–24.
1395:: 200–201.
1014:Graham 1999
930:Fowler 1887
918:Gresty 1947
855:Curtis 1838
795:Gresty 1947
771:Steele 1984
711:Sharpe 1993
687:Steele 1984
675:Meston 1923
478:Fowler 1887
448:(white man)
288:Amity Point
237:, south to
228: 1913
122:represents
3375:Categories
3330:Queensland
3240:Yungkurara
3202:Kombumerri
3179:Yir-Yoront
3165:Yirandhali
3151:Yintyingka
3116:Yetimarala
3060:Yadhaykenu
3025:Woppaburra
3018:Wongkumara
2997:Winduwinda
2990:Wiknatanja
2724:Taribelang
2703:Ringaringa
2664:Punthamara
2580:Nguburinji
2552:Ngathokudi
2426:Maranganji
2391:Maithakari
2286:Kungadutji
2006:Julaolinja
1978:Injilarija
1831:Djindubari
1705:Barungguan
1677:Bakanambia
1626:Aboriginal
1618:Queensland
1474:Anthrozoös
1236:: 353–354.
1213:. London:
1079:. Sydney:
903:Greer 2014
831:Brown 2000
660:Greer 2014
648:Greer 2014
636:Greer 2014
560:Greer 2014
530:Koomboobah
525:. A local
523:Cabramatta
466:(wild dog)
460:(tame dog)
454:(kangaroo)
434:Some words
428:Talgiburri
413:Dalgaybara
384:Broadbeach
371:fertiliser
318:red cedars
210:Nganduwal.
194:Ngarangwal
128:Dalgaybara
116:Talgiburri
88:Kombumerri
63:kombumerri
48:Gold Coast
3274:Kaurareg
3206:Mununjali
3123:Yetteneru
3109:Yalarnnga
3067:Yagalingu
2955:Wikatinda
2948:Wikapatja
2941:Wikampama
2920:Warakamai
2885:Walmbaria
2878:Walangama
2850:Wakabunga
2843:Wadjalang
2787:Umpithamu
2738:Thaayorre
2622:Nyuwathai
2601:Ngurawola
2566:Ngaygungu
2503:Muluridji
2475:Mimungkum
2363:Madjandji
2335:Lama Lama
2321:Kuungkari
2237:Kongabula
2125:Karingbal
2118:Karendala
2076:Kalkadoon
2034:Kabalbara
2013:Jupangati
1943:Gumakudin
1810:Djagaraga
1782:Bwgcolman
1775:Butchulla
1761:Bugulmara
1754:Biyaygiri
1494:144814874
1401:0729-4352
1040:Routledge
1002:Aird 2002
879:Neil 2002
819:Hall 1984
807:Neil 2002
747:Hill 2007
580:Citations
547:Neil 2002
446:duckering
271:Southport
118:, namely
3351:Victoria
3344:Tasmania
3210:Tulgigin
3194:Gugingin
3186:Yugambeh
3053:Wuthathi
2969:Wikianji
2927:Warrongo
2899:Wanamara
2892:Waluwara
2801:Unduyamo
2745:Thereila
2677:Hordes:
2650:Pitapita
2615:Nyawagyi
2594:Ngundjan
2573:Nggamadi
2531:Ngajanji
2454:Mbabaram
2412:Manbarra
2398:Malintji
2384:Maikulan
2370:Maiawali
2293:Kunggara
2279:Kulumali
2230:Kokowara
2216:Kokopera
2202:Kokomini
2174:Kokangol
2167:Koinjmal
2139:Kaurareg
2132:Karuwali
2083:Kambuwal
2069:Kalibamu
2048:Kaiadilt
2041:Kaiabara
1999:Jarowair
1887:Girramay
1817:Djakunda
1796:Darumbal
1719:Bigambul
1698:Baruŋgam
1663:Ayapathu
1656:Ayabakan
1649:Atjinuri
1635:Ankamuti
1443:12 April
1432:(2015).
1327:: 57–72.
1294:(2014).
1173:(1978).
1136:12 April
1122:52249982
1091:(1843).
484:See also
476:Source:
472:(mother)
442:(father)
396:Wakawaka
286:area of
249:Dreaming
177:Language
136:Tulgigin
60:ethnonym
3281:Mabuiag
3233:Yukulta
3226:Yuibera
3192:Clans:
3102:Yanggal
3074:Yambina
3046:Wulpura
2976:Wikmean
2913:Wanjuru
2857:Wakaman
2794:Undanbi
2773:Turrbal
2717:Tagalag
2696:Rakkaia
2687:Goenpul
2683:Nunukul
2657:Pontunj
2643:Pakadji
2524:Mutumui
2510:Muragan
2440:Marulta
2433:Marrago
2377:Maijabi
2258:Kukatja
2146:Kawadji
2111:Kareldi
2104:Karanja
2090:Kangulu
2027:Kaantju
1985:Injinoo
1971:Iningai
1936:Gulngai
1866:Geynyon
1838:Dyirbal
1824:Djankun
1768:Buluwai
1670:Badjiri
1252:(ed.).
1023:Sources
527:toponym
440:beeyung
350:on the
284:Nunukul
267:dingoes
215:Country
198:Coomera
159:ngarang
140:caldera
84:autonym
38:of the
3288:Meriam
3219:Yugara
3158:Yinwum
3130:Yidiny
3095:Yangga
3039:Wulili
2962:Wikepa
2906:Wangan
2864:Wakara
2822:Waanyi
2808:Unjadi
2780:Umpila
2731:Tepiti
2629:Olkola
2489:Mitaka
2468:Mbewum
2356:Lotiga
2349:Lardil
2342:Lanima
2314:Kutjal
2097:Kanolu
2062:Kalali
1880:Giabal
1859:Garrwa
1852:Ewamin
1726:Bindal
1684:Barada
1571:
1546:
1492:
1399:
1372:
1349:
1308:
1159:
1120:
1110:
1046:
519:cahbro
464:uragin
452:groman
163:ngaraa
155:nerang
124:dalgay
120:talgi-
104:exonym
92:Bullum
71:-merri
44:Nerang
3144:Yiman
3137:Yilba
3088:Yanga
3081:Yanda
2829:Wadja
2766:Tulua
2679:Ngugi
2636:Otati
2608:Nguri
2559:Ngaun
2545:Ngaro
2517:Murri
2496:Miyan
2461:Mbara
2307:Kunja
2244:Kooma
2160:Koamu
2055:Kairi
1894:Goeng
1845:Djiru
1789:Dalla
1712:Bidia
1691:Barna
1642:Araba
1517:(PDF)
1505:(PDF)
1490:S2CID
1465:Trove
1413:(PDF)
1339:(PDF)
1259:(PDF)
1248:. In
1246:(PDF)
1211:(PDF)
1193:(PDF)
1062:(PDF)
501:Notes
470:wyung
458:nogum
325:ago).
206:Tweed
202:Logan
76:cobra
67:gūmbo
3267:Badu
3004:Wiri
2759:Totj
2405:Mamu
2328:Laia
2020:Juru
1992:Ithu
1569:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1445:2020
1397:ISSN
1370:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1138:2020
1118:OCLC
1108:ISBN
1044:ISBN
200:and
82:The
58:The
54:Name
34:are
30:The
3295:Mua
2934:Wik
2153:Koa
1873:Gia
1482:doi
1280:doi
290:on
3377::
3208:,
3204:,
3200:,
3196:,
2685:,
2681:,
1567:.
1563:.
1525:.
1519:.
1488:.
1478:15
1476:.
1459:.
1436:.
1419:.
1415:.
1391:.
1387:.
1345:.
1325:51
1323:.
1304:.
1300:.
1274:.
1270:.
1234:24
1232:.
1226:.
1177:.
1155:.
1151:.
1116:.
1064:.
1038:.
910:^
667:^
626:^
611:^
354:.
225:c.
173:.
1606:e
1599:t
1592:v
1577:.
1552:.
1527:9
1496:.
1484::
1467:.
1447:.
1421:1
1403:.
1393:2
1378:.
1355:.
1314:.
1282::
1276:3
1217:.
1181:.
1165:.
1140:.
1124:.
1083:.
1052:.
992:.
956:.
944:.
606:.
20:)
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