383:
language with slight variation'. It was not until the early 1900s, with the advent of
Aboriginal Protection Boards, that non-Indigenous sources begin overtly naming wider language groups; this, however, was at a detriment to local dialect and clan names that were subsumed under the board's chosen name. Yugambeh–Bundjalung's position at the Queensland–NSW border led to two standard terms: Yugambeh/Yugumbir on the Queensland side and Bundjalung/Bandjalang on the NSW side. It was for this reason that Margaret Sharpe named the chain Yugambeh–Bundjalung, the terms being the most northerly and southerly respectively as well.
364:
1583:
1603:
394:, some groups in conjunction with their own name e.g. Byron Bay Bundjalung – Arakwal. As these words also refer to individual dialects some groups object to their usage, Crowley and Sharpe both agree that Yugambeh referred to the Beaudesert dialect, also known by the clan name Mununjali, and Bundjalung originally referred to the Bungawalbin Creek/Coraki dialect, though the Tabulam people claim they are the original Bundjalung, and use Bandjalang in opposition.
360:'For the linguistic group as a whole I have used the term 'Bandjalang', with which some may disagree. Among the people themselves there is a good deal of confusion. Some say the tribal name should be 'Beigal' (man, people), others that there never was any collective name, while others again state that 'Bandjalang', besides being the specific name of one of the local groups, was also in use as a covering term for all. For convenience I am doing the same.'
217:
205:
1899:(two animate – human and animal, and two inanimate – arboreal and neuter) with the use of suffixes is present in three of the clusters. The morphological forms and usage of these gender suffixes vary between the clusters, with some dialects marking both demonstratives and adjectives, others marking solely adjectives.
303:, Nganduwal, Minjangbal, Njangbal (Nyangbal), Biriin, Baryulgil, Waalubal, Dinggabal, Wiyabal, Gidabal, Galibal, and Wudjeebal. Language varieties in the group vary in degree of mutual intelligibility, with varieties at different ends of the continuum being mostly unintelligible. These dialects formed four clusters:
2987:'Clever Men of the tribe' who could cast spells of sleep or sleeping sickness (Hoop Pine curse) as a reprisal against offenders of tribal law, tribal codes, enemies or bad spiritual influences. The ritual coincided with the bone pointing procedure common among Aboriginal tribes throughout Australia.
382:
The earliest sources of anthropological work dated from the mid to late 1800s does not give a name for the entire language chain; however, it is clear from sources that particular writers were aware of it, in most instances referring to it by their local variety name or with a descriptor like 'this
356:
W. E. Smythe, a doctor in Casino, knew the
Bundjalung quite well noting in his time the language was spoken widely. He compiled a grammar of the Casino dialect in the 1940s, mistakenly believing he was writing a grammar for the whole language group. When speaking of the name of language he noted:
440:
as well as to refer to certain individual dialects. At the time of the first
European settlement in the mid-1800s, the Yugambeh-Bundjalung peoples on the north coast of New South Wales and southeast of Queensland spoke up to twenty related dialects. Today only about nine remain. All were mutually
1590:
Cognate comparison between the most southern and northern dialects, Bandjalang (Proper) and
Yugambeh (Proper), shows 52% similarity. Cognate similarity is highest between dialects within branches, typically being ~80%, these percentages are even higher amongst the Tweed-Albert dialects at ~90%.
1573:
of the same consonant, or clusters that begin with an obstruent phoneme or end with an approximant, except the labio-velar glide. All homorganic nasal-obstruent clusters occur in the language. Clusters usually only involve two segments, but clusters of three may occur if an intervening vowel is
931:
was the first to publish a study of the wider
Bandjalangic language group, titled 'The middle Clarence dialects of Bandjalang', it included previously unpublished research on the Casino dialect as an appendix. Crowley analysed not only the vocabulary but grammar of the varieties including
352:
The
Yugambeh–Bundjalung language chain is spoken by numerous social/cultural groups some of whom have historically preferred to identify with their particular dialect name, e.g. Githabul, Yugambeh, especially as some groups do not see particular varieties as being 'the same language'.
1856:
All varieties within the family use suffixes to decline nouns. Most are universal; however, there are a few poignant differences. A complex system exists whereby suffixes are categorised into orders, with the order and use governed by universal rules.
371:
Adding to the confusion is the use of multiple names by different groups, i.e. what one group calls another may not be what it calls itself, or the name of a dialect may change, e.g. Terry
Crowley was originally told
441:
intelligible with neighbouring dialects. The dialects form recognisable clusters that share phonological and morphological features, as well as having higher degrees of mutual intelligibility.
8758:
3645:
3636:
1516:
The existence of semi-vowels in
Yugambeh-Bundjalung can be disputed, as in many Australian languages. Some linguists posit their existence in order to avoid an analysis that involves
330:
languages. All
Yugambeh–Bundjalung languages are nearly extinct. Bandjalang proper has the greatest number of speakers: 113, while the other dialects have a total of 26 speakers.
3672:
1548:
Like many
Australian languages, Yugambeh-Bundjalung is thought to have a constraint that states that all syllables must have a consonant onset. Only vowels are permitted as the
3632:
3388:"The Minyung; The speech and the speakers. A study in Australian Aboriginal Philology by the Rev Hugh Livingstone Formerly a Presbyterian Minister at Lismore, New South Wales"
2367:'Blood running from the wounded' or 'the place of dying' or 'the place of the wounded after a fight' or 'place where a battle was fought and people were found dying'.
1848:
Crowley's research found a number of grammar differences between the varieties and clusters. Further research by Dr. Margaret Sharpe detailed these finer differences.
6522:
1409:
contrasts for their obstruent sequences, and so phonological literature varies in its representation of these consonants- some linguists have chosen the symbols
4494:
4564:
1914:
to an irrealis mode, now denoting the potential mood, while the continuous aspect in conjunction with a time word is now used for future tense situations.
3665:
945:
Varieties of Yugambeh-Bundjalung may have a vowel system of either three or four vowels that also contrast in length, resulting in either six or eight
265:
1653:
by other varieties respectively. The difference in words for men is significant as groups often use it for identification as well as a language name (
4529:
1907:
The extensive use of suffixes extends to verbs as well; the suffix system is the same throughout the language group with a few minor differences.
4522:
3144:
4487:
3658:
6515:
1148:
Yugambeh-Bundjalung has a smaller inventory of consonant phonemes than is typical of most Australian languages, having only four contrastive
17:
2772:'Patriarch of mountains', 'Fighting Chief', 'Place of Death and Dying', 'Site at which one of the chief warriors lies' or 'Cloud Catcher'.
923:
Until the 1970s all language and linguist work to date had been undertaken on individual varieties, with major grammar work undertaken on
228:
1520:, which are usually held to be non-existent in Australian languages. Some phonologists have found that semi-vowels can be replaced with
8748:
2540:
4501:
4466:
1556:
are also permitted, with long or short vowels in the nucleus. However, long vowels are not permitted to occur in adjacent syllables.
1336:
2082:
The purposive suffix is -yah in the Tweed-Albert and Condamine-Upper Clarence languages, while it is -gu in the other two branches.
6508:
4557:
1540:, with stress being assigned to syllables with long vowels. Short unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to the neutral vowel schwa.
3165:
4515:
8763:
8430:
4508:
3566:. Occasional Papers in Aboriginal Studies. Vol. 3. Sydney: Australian Institute for Aboriginal Studies. pp. 91–100.
1753:
A north to south shift of /i/ to /a/ (with an intermittent/e/ present in some varieties) occurring on the demonstrative set.
421:
Many of the dialects and branches are confined by natural features such as river basins, mountain ranges and dense bushland.
3205:
864:
4550:
1353:
1313:
8582:
3641:
8542:
5393:
1910:
The imminent aspect (used in other varieties for most instances that use the English future tense) has shifted in the
6629:
3552:
3223:
1700:
A north to south shift of /a/ to /e/ (with an intermittent /i/ present in some varieties) in some common vocabulary.
8410:
6239:
411:
8626:
8470:
7450:
7406:
6732:
6531:
5653:
1063:
1019:
1014:
247:
1887:
is present in Yugambeh and Githabul, being used on nouns and verbs (use on verbs does not occur further south).
1112:
1100:
8535:
8497:
6705:
3608:
3580:
3499:
3451:
1075:
8621:
8608:
8488:
3700:
906:
1104:
8386:
7858:
7211:
6789:
4770:
1533:
191:
1436:
261:
257:
8616:
8522:
8445:
8361:
8080:
7535:
6251:
4965:
3232:
987:
982:
8753:
8587:
8424:
7413:
7357:
6544:
6145:
5944:
5800:
5788:
5603:
5301:
4968:
4937:
4573:
3134:
1422:
1410:
1363:
1094:
1083:
1055:
1039:
1034:
815:
713:
694:
281:
105:
8435:
5416:
5244:
4855:
3823:
3742:
1418:
1133:
1092:
1081:
1073:
1061:
1053:
777:
55:
3253:
8459:
8274:
7091:
6991:
6971:
6931:
6818:
6803:
6681:
6606:
6211:
5173:
5046:
4922:
4760:
4619:
4604:
999:
994:
928:
796:
758:
8707:
8067:
7882:
7657:
7270:
6676:
6002:
5974:
5122:
4798:
4755:
4688:
1426:
1414:
1290:
1260:
675:
363:
6500:
8075:
8044:
8011:
7978:
7706:
7242:
7111:
6795:
6568:
6175:
6165:
5496:
5481:
5435:
5363:
5321:
3681:
3387:
1434:
1399:
1280:
657:
243:
8631:
1582:
8719:
7186:
7179:
7167:
7022:
6998:
6385:
6078:
6065:
5877:
5694:
5453:
4870:
4750:
4698:
1626:
1481:
1446:
1243:
1213:
1149:
386:
Modern Yugambeh–Bundjalung-speaking peoples are often aware of and use the overarching terms
289:
7563:
6273:
1602:
8701:
8576:
8453:
8400:
8244:
8180:
8034:
8029:
8001:
7996:
7988:
7755:
7545:
7136:
6640:
6634:
6406:
6314:
6260:
6114:
6050:
5913:
5762:
5734:
5729:
5544:
5473:
5458:
5388:
5383:
5373:
5368:
5358:
5326:
5239:
5145:
5130:
5079:
5074:
5064:
4891:
4860:
4708:
4703:
4425:
4387:
4370:
2736:
2253:
1549:
1537:
1501:
1442:
1430:
1270:
1233:
1168:
8:
8659:
8418:
8394:
8350:
8279:
8213:
8203:
8019:
7965:
7942:
7828:
7700:
7685:
7663:
7606:
7589:
7300:
7277:
7028:
6942:
6768:
6666:
6589:
6578:
6573:
6535:
6380:
6370:
6360:
6304:
6190:
6055:
5908:
5885:
5862:
5719:
5411:
5313:
5226:
5186:
5153:
5089:
5069:
4980:
4808:
4734:
4614:
4609:
4377:
4353:
1591:
Between branches of the family this rate falls to ~60–70% between neighbouring clusters.
607:
415:
341:
3650:
3344:
8369:
8227:
8175:
8162:
8125:
7973:
7932:
7911:
7775:
7690:
7558:
7524:
7493:
7482:
7419:
7401:
7373:
7249:
7035:
6958:
6914:
6774:
6761:
6612:
6476:
6448:
6438:
6365:
6278:
6094:
5890:
5831:
5823:
5808:
5785:
5752:
5676:
5666:
5643:
5572:
5567:
5486:
5448:
5378:
5298:
5234:
5211:
5206:
5196:
5163:
5158:
5054:
4998:
4942:
4901:
4829:
4783:
4778:
4713:
4639:
4432:
4408:
4401:
4237:
3592:
An all-dialect dictionary of Bunjalung, an Australian language no longer in general use
3541:
3517:
Cunningham, Margaret C. (1969). "A description of the Yugumbir dialect of Bundjalung".
3488:
1896:
1223:
1200:
1185:
7233:
6157:
182:
8551:
8464:
8335:
8315:
8259:
8233:
8221:
8190:
8135:
8052:
7937:
7895:
7761:
7734:
7721:
7641:
7504:
7464:
7433:
7428:
7362:
7352:
7083:
7076:
7070:
7043:
6965:
6907:
6841:
6809:
6781:
6647:
6463:
6430:
6411:
6401:
6350:
6340:
6109:
5997:
5992:
5984:
5941:
5900:
5813:
5757:
5744:
5724:
5704:
5661:
5623:
5600:
5554:
5531:
5511:
5501:
5443:
5342:
5336:
5181:
5036:
5031:
4993:
4917:
4896:
4865:
4803:
4729:
4683:
4624:
4446:
4415:
4336:
3830:
3816:
3614:
3604:
3576:
3548:
3505:
3495:
3217:
3129:
1911:
1870:
1866:
1570:
1517:
1406:
1301:
1195:
1173:
1153:
1135:
1108:
924:
312:
307:
147:
139:
43:
8529:
8506:
8310:
8148:
8143:
8120:
8112:
8102:
8094:
8024:
7867:
7844:
7790:
7739:
7725:
7668:
7568:
7553:
7487:
7328:
7322:
7313:
7286:
7148:
7124:
7097:
6951:
6872:
6865:
6453:
6416:
6355:
6283:
6268:
6185:
6035:
6030:
6020:
6012:
5969:
5867:
5841:
5709:
5689:
5684:
5638:
5628:
5577:
5562:
5539:
5521:
5201:
5112:
5107:
5021:
5003:
4988:
4932:
4850:
4845:
4824:
4693:
4634:
4629:
2501:
2262:
1461:
1324:
1178:
1157:
1122:
337:
300:
295:
Yugambeh–Bundjalung was historically a dialect continuum consisting of a number of
1622:
in northern varieties. (Both were used in the centrally located Lismore dialect).
1445:. Generally, these consonants are phonetically voiceless, except when following a
8641:
8375:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8198:
7872:
7695:
7636:
7630:
7518:
7512:
7472:
7293:
7263:
7256:
7160:
7104:
7005:
6922:
6881:
6829:
6756:
6751:
6738:
6724:
6620:
6583:
6481:
6471:
6443:
6375:
6345:
6335:
6216:
6195:
6180:
6170:
6099:
6045:
6025:
5964:
5918:
5849:
5714:
5699:
5633:
5615:
5516:
5491:
5403:
5350:
5275:
5260:
5216:
5191:
5135:
5102:
5013:
4927:
4788:
4665:
4649:
4644:
4586:
4439:
4394:
4360:
4241:
4229:
3685:
1190:
1126:
1116:
1069:
285:
100:
79:
63:
59:
1382:
Although the standard IPA symbols used in transcription of the language are the
317:
Lower Richmond (Eastern Bundjalung – Nyangbal, Minyangbal and Bandjalang proper)
196:
8654:
8649:
8264:
7956:
7916:
7823:
7795:
7600:
7594:
7584:
7382:
7367:
7204:
6899:
6711:
6319:
6309:
6299:
6121:
5956:
5270:
5097:
5059:
4886:
4245:
3767:
3601:
Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh–Bundjalung dialect chain in eastern Australia
1505:
1484:, and sometimes occurs prestopped as a free variant in the same way as nasals.
1465:
333:
326:
Bowern (2011) lists Yugambeh, Githabul, Minyangbal, and Bandjalang as separate
8742:
8696:
8668:
8340:
8170:
8057:
7805:
7800:
6892:
6853:
6744:
5506:
5463:
5026:
4675:
4311:
4249:
3921:
2886:
Creator Being spirit that looked like a Goanna but behaved just like humans.
1553:
1497:
1477:
1398:
than actual stops. There is no contrast in Yugambeh-Bundjalung between these
883:
437:
403:
3618:
3371:
8269:
4173:
4145:
4026:
3900:
3732:
3530:
Geytenbeek, Brain B. (1964). "Morphology of the regular verbs of Gidabul".
3509:
1521:
952:
In practical orthography and some descriptions of the language, the letter
887:
167:
8691:
4542:
4276:
4166:
4117:
4019:
3956:
3788:
964:
860:
588:
407:
204:
1460:
When nasal stops occur syllable-finally, they are often produced with a
8713:
4152:
4138:
3991:
3949:
3914:
3872:
3865:
3851:
2794:
2782:
1449:
1207:
976:
969:
584:
75:
47:
3494:. Smythe, W. E. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
8664:
8557:
4290:
4194:
4187:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4033:
3970:
3725:
3646:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
3637:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1493:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1347:
1254:
1028:
1007:
175:
161:
83:
3760:
216:
8674:
8593:
4297:
4208:
4201:
4124:
4103:
4096:
4012:
3984:
3977:
3935:
3928:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3844:
3802:
3795:
3774:
3139:
1677:
320:
253:
134:
51:
3296:
8515:
6530:
4304:
4283:
4222:
4180:
4159:
4131:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4005:
3998:
3942:
3907:
3809:
3781:
3297:"Arakwal People of Byron Bay » Blog Archive » About Us"
1383:
946:
653:
565:
367:
Dialects as described by the Githabul at Woodenbong (Geyteenbeek)
296:
932:
comparative cognate figures and examples from various dialects.
466:
Between the Upper Condamine and Upper Clarence River catchments
4318:
4215:
3163:
2939:'Clever Man' also known as 'Man of high degree of initiation'.
2492:
1599:
Some vocabulary differences in common vocabulary are present:
546:
477:
Between the Lower Richmond and Lower Clarence River Catchments
402:
Yugambeh-Bandjalang is spoken over a wide geographic area; the
225:
376:
for the Baryulgil dialect, while a later researcher was given
8759:
Endangered indigenous Australian languages in New South Wales
7476:
4110:
4040:
3963:
3837:
3718:
1606:
Isogloss for 'man' (mibiny/baygal) and 'woman' (jalgan/dubay)
1130:
209:
Bandjalangic languages (green) among other Pama–Nyungan (tan)
3599:
Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). "Yugambeh–Bundjalung Dialects".
2506:
Accidental or deliberate corruption of the Aboriginal words
2267:
Accidental or deliberate corruption of the Aboriginal words
340:
may be related to the Bandjalangic languages rather than to
4258:
3858:
2679:'Refers to both a site and the spirit that resides there'.
3562:
Geytenbeek, Helen (1964). "Personal pronouns of Gidabul".
3538:
3680:
3432:
3430:
3428:
1496:
in Yugambeh-Bundjalung. Between vowels, it tends to be a
3633:
Bibliography of Bundjalung language and people resources
3575:. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
3547:. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3184:
3182:
956:
is often used after the vowel to indicate a long vowel.
414:
forming the south and south-western boundaries, and the
3463:. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies: 101–124
224:
Bundjalung is classified as Severely Endangered by the
2580:'A traditional native home, made from wood and bark'.
3642:
Bibliography of Arakwal language and people resources
3405:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3179:
3564:
Papers on the languages of the Australian Aborigines
3532:
Papers on the Languages of the Australian Aborigines
3376:. St. Lucia ; : University of Queensland Press.
3279:
3277:
3275:
3254:"Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)"
1806:
A shift of /a/ to /u/ in the Tweed-Albert dialects.
1386:
symbols, these segments are better characterised as
252:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3373:
A description of the Yugumbir dialect of Bandjalang
2702:'The place where the town of Woodburn is located'.
1865:A past and non-past form of the locative exists in
3540:
3487:
3450:
3314:
3272:
8740:
3519:University of Queensland Papers, Faculty of Arts
3103:
3079:
3055:
3036:
3026:
2973:
2949:
2925:
2877:
2871:
2861:
2807:
2758:
2712:
2689:
2669:
2660:
2637:
2614:
2590:
2567:
2548:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2452:
2433:
2424:
2401:
2377:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2325:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
1882:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1671:
1665:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1617:
1611:
1586:Cognate analysis percentages provided by Crowley
927:, Minyangbal, Yugambeh, and the Casino dialect.
266:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3539:Geytenbeek, Brian B.; Getenbeek, Helen (1971).
3145:List of Aboriginal languages of New South Wales
893:Nerang, Nerangbal, Yugambeh, Yugam, Minyangbal
3206:"How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?"
499:Between the Logan and Tweed River catchments.
6516:
4558:
3666:
2208:he-ERG went-PST house build-PURP {over there}
2143:he-ERG went-PST house build-PURP {over there}
1917:Example of differences in -hny suffix usage:
1687:
1681:
513:
469:Galibal, Warwick Dialect, Gidabal, Dinggabal
3210:Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web
3233:"Master List of Australian Languages, v1.2"
2075:I-ERG build-CONT house {over there} shortly
1552:, and these may be long or short. Syllable
491:Wahlubal, Casino Dialect, Birihn, Baryugil
6523:
6509:
4572:
4565:
4551:
3673:
3659:
3561:
3529:
3516:
3490:The middle Clarence dialects of Bandjalang
3369:
1524:in some varieties of Yugambeh-Bundjalung.
1405:Yugambeh-Bundjalung varieties do not have
480:Nyangbal, Bandjalang, Wiyabal, Minyangbal
397:
5784:
5297:
4467:List of Australian Aboriginal group names
2078:'I will build a house over there shortly'
2042:
1676:('eye') used in all branches, except the
5940:
5599:
4964:
3164:Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021).
3097:
3073:
3049:
3020:
2998:
2967:
2943:
2919:
2897:
2855:
2833:
2801:
2776:
2752:
2730:
2706:
2683:
2654:
2631:
2608:
2584:
2561:
2533:
2486:
2446:
2418:
2395:
2371:
2319:
2247:
2225:
1601:
1581:
1390:because they are realised more often as
918:
410:catchment as the northern boundary, the
362:
229:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
6238:
3485:
3331:
3188:
14:
8741:
6143:
3598:
3589:
3570:
3448:
3436:
3283:
3230:
3203:
2146:'He went to build a house over there.'
1988:
6504:
6237:
6142:
5939:
5783:
5598:
5296:
4963:
4584:
4546:
3654:
3452:"Bundjalung Settlement and Migration"
2211:'He went to build a house over there'
2161:
2096:
2031:
1977:
1931:
1616:in southern varieties contrasts with
1543:
2963:'Clever Man' also known as 'Doctor'
2072:Ngayu yagahla ngumbin guh ngulungmay
1902:
1641:for 'woman', compared to the use of
1569:Yugambeh-Bundjalung does not permit
1476:The lateral phoneme can appear as a
912:Yugambeh, Yugam, Ngandu, Minyangbal
321:Middle Clarence (Western Bundjalung)
256:. For the distinction between ,
4585:
3204:Bowern, Claire (23 December 2011).
1851:
313:Condamine-Upper Clarence (Githabul)
27:Language branch spoken in Australia
24:
3231:Bowern, Claire (6 February 2012).
2748:'A water fern with edible roots'.
2172:
2107:
2016:'I might build a house over there'
2013:I-ERG build-POT house {over there}
1500:, although it can sometimes be an
619:
284:, that is spoken in north-eastern
25:
8775:
3736:(mainly Queensland bordering NSW)
3626:
2829:Language, mythology and ceremony
2191:
2140:Nyule yangehn ngumbin yagayah guh
2126:
1942:
1362:
1352:
1335:
1312:
1289:
1279:
1269:
1259:
1242:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1038:
1033:
1018:
1013:
998:
993:
986:
981:
725:
3345:"Gidabal grammar and dictionary"
2205:Nyula yangahn ngumbin yagagu gah
502:Yugambeh, Ngarangwal, Nganduwal
436:is used as a cover term for the
308:Tweed-Albert Language (Yugambeh)
215:
203:
8627:South Australian Pidgin English
3573:Notes on the Bundjalung Dialect
3479:
3442:
3380:
3237:Historical and Pama-Nyungan Lab
2726:'Spirits of our grandfathers'.
2215:
1695:
1664:Another vocabulary isogloss is
1559:
1492:The rhotic phoneme has several
1425:, and others have decided upon
827:
662:Bandjalang, Western Bandjalang
347:
248:International Phonetic Alphabet
3543:Gidabal grammar and dictionary
3363:
3337:
3289:
3246:
3194:
3157:
418:marking the western boundary.
13:
1:
8764:Severely endangered languages
8749:Yugambeh–Bundjalung languages
8622:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
3222:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2482:'The meeting of the waters'.
1577:
1143:
1140:in a similar way to English.
1129:to the neutral central vowel
552:Dinggabal, Galibal, Gullybul
508:
18:Yugambeh-Bundjalung languages
7997:Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)
3590:Sharpe, Margaret C. (1994).
3449:Sharpe, Margaret C. (1985).
3166:"Cultural diversity: Census"
935:
870:Yugam, Yugambah, Minyangbal
282:Pama–Nyungan language family
7:
8617:Port Jackson Pidgin English
7979:Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)
3603:. Muenchen: Lincom Europa.
3123:
1876:
1860:
1661:= language lit. 'of man').
1594:
444:
424:
10:
8780:
7756:Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ)
3693:Aboriginal language groups
3370:Cunningham, M. C. (1969).
3135:Bundjalung Nation Timeline
2650:'Winter camping grounds'.
1843:
1657:= language lit. 'of man',
571:Dingabal, Dingga, Gidabal
514:Condamine – Upper Clarence
488:Middle Clarence catchment
8684:
8640:
8607:
8567:
8505:
8496:
8483:
8444:
8409:
8385:
8360:
8349:
8328:
8288:
8252:
8243:
8212:
8189:
8161:
8134:
8111:
8093:
8066:
8043:
8010:
7987:
7964:
7955:
7925:
7904:
7891:
7881:
7857:
7837:
7817:Eastern (Goulburn Island)
7816:
7783:
7774:
7748:
7720:
7678:
7650:
7623:
7616:
7577:
7544:
7534:
7503:
7463:
7446:
7391:
7345:
7312:
7232:
7225:
7199:
7180:Wilson River (Wangkumara)
7123:
7063:
7056:
7015:
6984:Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic
6983:
6941:
6828:
6723:
6701:
6694:
6659:
6599:
6561:
6554:
6543:
6462:
6429:
6394:
6328:
6292:
6259:
6250:
6246:
6233:
6204:
6156:
6152:
6138:
6087:
6011:
5983:
5955:
5951:
5935:
5899:
5876:
5840:
5822:
5799:
5795:
5779:
5743:
5675:
5652:
5614:
5610:
5594:
5553:
5530:
5472:
5434:
5402:
5349:
5335:
5312:
5308:
5292:
5253:
5225:
5172:
5144:
5121:
5088:
5045:
5012:
4979:
4975:
4959:
4910:
4879:
4838:
4817:
4769:
4743:
4722:
4674:
4658:
4597:
4593:
4580:
4476:
4456:
4328:
4268:
3752:
3743:Western Bundjalung people
3710:
3692:
2442:'Place of many oysters'.
2010:Ngayu yagahny ngumbin guh
1895:A system of marking four
1890:
1574:deleted by some process.
1532:Yugambeh-Bundjalung is a
1527:
1508:at the end of syllables.
1351:
1167:
1165:
1032:
992:
463:Condamine-Upper Clarence
214:
202:
190:
174:
160:
155:
128:
101:Linguistic classification
99:
89:
69:
56:Western Bundjalung people
39:
34:
8053:Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)
7527:(Kurnindirri, southwest)
3571:Holmer, Nils M. (1971).
3150:
1678:Middle-Clarence language
940:
780:Creek & Casino area
7896:Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)
6630:Central New South Wales
3486:Crowley, Terry (1978).
3104:
3080:
3056:
3037:
3027:
2984:Gidhabal and Dinggabal
2974:
2950:
2926:
2878:
2872:
2862:
2808:
2759:
2713:
2690:
2670:
2661:
2638:
2615:
2591:
2568:
2549:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2453:
2434:
2425:
2402:
2378:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2326:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2197:
2186:
2178:
2167:
2156:
2132:
2121:
2113:
2102:
2091:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2037:
2026:
2002:
1994:
1983:
1972:
1948:
1937:
1926:
1883:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1688:
1682:
1672:
1666:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1618:
1612:
1400:manners of articulation
398:Geographic distribution
244:phonetic transcriptions
8376:Southwestern Tasmanian
8370:Northwestern Tasmanian
7660:(Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)
7490:(Ganggalida, Nyangga)
6104:old Wangkumara/Garlali
6073:new Wangkumara/Garlali
4574:Pama–Nyungan languages
3957:Kawambarai/Gawambaraay
2893:Human classifications
1962:'I will build a house'
1607:
1587:
1504:, and it is usually a
1150:places of articulation
1091:The low central vowel
802:Wudjehbal, Bandjalang
672:Wudjehbal/ Djanangmum
368:
241:This article contains
95:670 (2021 census)
7974:Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)
7966:Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)
7957:Daly River Sprachbund
7187:Bulloo River (Galali)
6706:Western Torres Strait
6532:Australian Aboriginal
5394:Woiwurrung–Taungurung
4482:By state or territory
3701:Yugambeh-Bandjalangic
1959:I-ERG build-IMM house
1956:Ngayu yagahny ngumbin
1912:Tweed-Albert Language
1627:Tweed-Albert language
1605:
1585:
1534:stress-timed language
919:Dialectal differences
406:to the east and the
366:
290:South-East Queensland
280:, is a branch of the
117:Yugambeh–Bandjalangic
35:Yugambeh–Bandjalangic
8577:Torres Strait Creole
8489:Aboriginal Englishes
8253:Western (Nyulnyulic)
7149:Arabana–Wangkangurru
6621:Anewan (Nganyaywana)
6454:Gangalidda (Yukulta)
4329:Aboriginal languages
3258:stat.data.abs.gov.au
1518:onset-less syllables
1494:surface realisations
1125:short vowels can be
821:Bandjalang, Arakwal
8514:Roper River Kriol (
8465:Southeast Tasmanian
8354:family-level groups
6600:New South Wales P–N
6240:Macro-Pama–Nyungan?
2995:
2894:
2830:
2627:'Father's mother'.
2222:
1897:grammatical genders
1610:'What/something' –
430:Yugambeh-Bundjalung
416:Northern Tablelands
274:Yugambeh–Bundjalung
8431:Lhotsky/Blackhouse
8395:Northern Tasmanian
7617:Gunwinyguan proper
7451:Proto-Pama–Nyungan
7314:Ngarna/Warluwarric
7064:Arandic–Thura–Yura
6888:Guwa–Yanda ?
5705:Ngarluma-Kariyarra
4495:Northern Territory
3824:Western Bundjalung
3753:Aboriginal peoples
3711:Aboriginal nations
3457:Aboriginal History
3392:Spencer and Gillen
3239:. Yale University.
2993:
2892:
2828:
2220:
1608:
1588:
1565:Consonant clusters
1544:Syllable structure
1538:quantity-sensitive
1049:Vowel alternations
774:Bandjalang Proper
369:
8754:Bundjalung people
8736:
8735:
8732:
8731:
8603:
8602:
8552:Mornington Island
8528:Kimberley Kriol (
8479:
8478:
8425:Tyerrernotepanner
8324:
8323:
8157:
8156:
8089:
8088:
7951:
7950:
7853:
7852:
7784:Central (Warrkbi)
7770:
7769:
7716:
7715:
7536:Macro-Gunwinyguan
7459:
7458:
7442:
7441:
7407:Kanyara–Mantharta
7221:
7220:
7132:Northern (Palku)
7052:
7051:
6866:Bidyara–Gungabula
6690:
6689:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6425:
6424:
6293:Mangarrayi-Marran
6252:Macro-Gunwinyguan
6229:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6129:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5654:Kanyara–Mantharta
5590:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5430:
5429:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5283:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4938:Mbariman-Gudhinma
4540:
4539:
4530:Western Australia
3887:Gidhabal/Githabul
3351:. 24 January 2013
3349:SIL International
3130:Bundjalung people
3121:
3120:
2991:
2990:
2890:
2889:
2826:
2825:
2714:Nguthungali-garda
2087:Yugambeh (Proper)
2022:Yugambeh (Proper)
1968:Yugambeh (Proper)
1903:Verbal morphology
1375:
1374:
1368:⟨j⟩
1358:⟨w⟩
1341:⟨r⟩
1318:⟨l⟩
1295:⟨t⟩
1285:⟨ť⟩
1275:⟨k⟩
1265:⟨p⟩
1248:⟨n⟩
1238:⟨ň⟩
1228:⟨g⟩
1218:⟨m⟩
1109:palatal consonant
1046:
1045:
954:⟨h⟩
949:vowels in total.
916:
915:
825:
824:
723:
722:
617:
616:
506:
505:
452:Language cluster
237:
236:
44:Bundjalung people
16:(Redirected from
8771:
8583:Cape York Creole
8541:Westside Kriol (
8507:Australian Kriol
8503:
8502:
8494:
8493:
8358:
8357:
8289:Eastern (Dyukun)
8250:
8249:
8109:
8108:
7962:
7961:
7905:Limilngan–Wulna?
7889:
7888:
7781:
7780:
7621:
7620:
7542:
7541:
7230:
7229:
7061:
7060:
6992:Guugu Yimidihirr
6699:
6698:
6559:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6502:
6501:
6257:
6256:
6248:
6247:
6235:
6234:
6154:
6153:
6140:
6139:
5953:
5952:
5937:
5936:
5797:
5796:
5781:
5780:
5612:
5611:
5596:
5595:
5421:Kuurn Kopan Noot
5417:Dhauwurd Wurrung
5347:
5346:
5310:
5309:
5294:
5293:
5245:Pallanganmiddang
4977:
4976:
4961:
4960:
4856:Aghu Tharrnggala
4595:
4594:
4582:
4581:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4544:
4543:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4469:
4462:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4419:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4381:
4380:(or Yuwaaliyaay)
4373:
4366:
4364:
4356:
4349:
4347:
4339:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4269:Aboriginal clans
4261:
4252:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3894:Gringai/Guringay
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3745:
3738:
3737:
3728:
3721:
3703:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3622:
3595:
3586:
3567:
3558:
3546:
3535:
3526:
3513:
3493:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3454:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3250:
3244:
3240:
3227:
3221:
3213:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3161:
3110:Wud-gie-Wud-gie
3107:
3083:
3059:
3040:
3030:
2996:
2994:Flora and fauna
2992:
2977:
2953:
2929:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2875:
2865:
2831:
2827:
2811:
2809:Wulambiny Momoli
2762:
2716:
2693:
2673:
2664:
2641:
2618:
2594:
2571:
2552:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2456:
2437:
2428:
2405:
2381:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2329:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2223:
2219:
2193:
2174:
2163:
2128:
2109:
2098:
2044:
2033:
1990:
1979:
1944:
1933:
1886:
1873:and Minyangbal.
1852:Noun declensions
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1691:
1685:
1675:
1669:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1621:
1615:
1550:syllable nucleus
1438:
1369:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1342:
1339:
1319:
1316:
1296:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1249:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1163:
1162:
1139:
1098:
1087:
1079:
1067:
1059:
1042:
1037:
1022:
1017:
1002:
997:
990:
985:
959:
958:
955:
847:Alternate names
832:
831:
745:Alternate names
730:
729:
639:Alternate names
624:
623:
613:Warwick dialect
533:Alternate names
518:
517:
485:Middle Clarence
449:
448:
276:, also known as
263:
259:
231:
219:
207:
186:
185:
170:
32:
31:
21:
8779:
8778:
8774:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8769:
8768:
8739:
8738:
8737:
8728:
8680:
8642:Mixed languages
8636:
8632:Pidgin Ngarluma
8599:
8569:
8563:
8521:Bamyili Kriol (
8487:
8485:
8484:New Indigenous
8475:
8460:Little Swanport
8440:
8427:(North Midland)
8405:
8381:
8378:(Toogee) ?
8353:
8345:
8320:
8284:
8275:Djabirr-Djabirr
8239:
8208:
8185:
8153:
8130:
8107:
8085:
8081:Ngan’gityemerri
8062:
8039:
8006:
7983:
7947:
7921:
7900:
7877:
7849:
7833:
7812:
7766:
7744:
7712:
7709:(Enindhilyagwa)
7674:
7646:
7612:
7573:
7530:
7515:(Garrwa, north)
7499:
7455:
7438:
7387:
7341:
7308:
7217:
7195:
7119:
7048:
7011:
6979:
6937:
6824:
6819:Flinders Island
6790:Southwest Paman
6719:
6686:
6655:
6595:
6547:
6539:
6529:
6499:
6486:
6458:
6421:
6390:
6324:
6288:
6242:
6221:
6200:
6148:
6126:
6083:
6060:Wangka-Yutjurru
6007:
5979:
5947:
5923:
5895:
5872:
5836:
5818:
5791:
5767:
5739:
5671:
5648:
5606:
5582:
5549:
5526:
5468:
5426:
5398:
5364:Dja Dja Wurrung
5345:
5331:
5304:
5280:
5249:
5221:
5168:
5140:
5117:
5084:
5041:
5008:
4971:
4947:
4923:Flinders Island
4906:
4875:
4834:
4813:
4765:
4761:Guugu Yimidhirr
4739:
4718:
4670:
4654:
4620:Arritinngithigh
4605:Adithinngithigh
4589:
4587:Paman languages
4576:
4571:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4509:South Australia
4507:
4500:
4493:
4488:New South Wales
4486:
4481:
4472:
4465:
4460:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4359:
4352:
4346:(or Bundjalung)
4345:
4342:
4335:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4264:
4257:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3748:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3706:
3699:
3688:
3686:New South Wales
3679:
3629:
3611:
3583:
3555:
3502:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3447:
3443:
3435:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3282:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3215:
3214:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3126:
2822:'Turkey Nest'.
2218:
2213:
2203:
2195:
2184:
2176:
2165:
2154:
2148:
2138:
2130:
2119:
2111:
2100:
2089:
2080:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1981:
1970:
1964:
1954:
1946:
1935:
1924:
1905:
1893:
1879:
1863:
1854:
1846:
1698:
1597:
1580:
1562:
1546:
1530:
1480:rather than an
1367:
1357:
1340:
1317:
1294:
1284:
1274:
1264:
1247:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1146:
1117:velar consonant
953:
943:
938:
921:
830:
728:
622:
620:Middle Clarence
516:
511:
474:Lower Richmond
447:
427:
400:
350:
286:New South Wales
271:
270:
269:
233:
232:
223:
220:
210:
181:
180:
166:
92:
91:Native speakers
80:New South Wales
71:
64:Yugambeh people
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8777:
8767:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8734:
8733:
8730:
8729:
8727:
8726:
8725:Murdi Language
8723:
8717:
8711:
8705:
8699:
8694:
8688:
8686:
8682:
8681:
8679:
8678:
8672:
8662:
8657:
8655:Gurindji Kriol
8652:
8650:Light Warlpiri
8646:
8644:
8638:
8637:
8635:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8613:
8611:
8605:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8598:
8597:
8591:
8588:Lockhart River
8585:
8580:
8573:
8571:
8565:
8564:
8562:
8561:
8555:
8549:
8546:
8543:Victoria River
8539:
8533:
8530:Fitzroy Valley
8526:
8519:
8511:
8509:
8500:
8491:
8486:languages and
8481:
8480:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8473:
8468:
8462:
8457:
8450:
8448:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8422:
8421:(Northeastern)
8415:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8403:
8398:
8391:
8389:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8373:
8366:
8364:
8355:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8343:
8338:
8332:
8330:
8326:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8319:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8292:
8290:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8256:
8254:
8247:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8237:
8231:
8225:
8218:
8216:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8206:
8201:
8195:
8193:
8187:
8186:
8184:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8167:
8165:
8159:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8151:
8146:
8140:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8128:
8123:
8117:
8115:
8106:
8105:
8099:
8097:
8091:
8090:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8078:
8072:
8070:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8049:
8047:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8035:Marramaninjsji
8032:
8027:
8022:
8016:
8014:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8004:
7999:
7993:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7981:
7976:
7970:
7968:
7959:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7929:
7927:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7914:
7908:
7906:
7902:
7901:
7899:
7898:
7892:
7886:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7870:
7864:
7862:
7859:Marrku–Wurrugu
7855:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7847:
7841:
7839:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7831:
7826:
7820:
7818:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7803:
7793:
7787:
7785:
7778:
7772:
7771:
7768:
7767:
7765:
7764:
7759:
7752:
7750:
7749:Other isolates
7746:
7745:
7743:
7742:
7737:
7731:
7729:
7718:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7710:
7704:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7682:
7680:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7666:
7661:
7654:
7652:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7627:
7625:
7618:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7610:
7604:
7598:
7592:
7587:
7581:
7579:
7575:
7574:
7572:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7550:
7548:
7539:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7522:
7521:(Wanji, south)
7516:
7509:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7491:
7485:
7480:
7469:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7404:
7395:
7393:
7392:South-West P–N
7389:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7370:
7365:
7355:
7349:
7347:
7346:Desert Nyungic
7343:
7342:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7326:
7318:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7290:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7274:
7264:Dhuwal–Dhuwala
7260:
7253:
7246:
7238:
7236:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7208:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7191:
7183:
7173:
7172:
7171:
7164:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7142:
7141:
7140:
7129:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7108:
7101:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7080:
7067:
7065:
7058:
7054:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7041:
7040:
7039:
7032:
7019:
7017:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7009:
7002:
6995:
6987:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6975:
6972:Lower Burdekin
6962:
6955:
6947:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6935:
6932:Lower Burdekin
6929:
6928:
6927:
6919:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6896:
6886:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6869:
6859:
6858:
6857:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6834:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6804:Southern Paman
6801:
6800:
6799:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6782:Mbarrumbathama
6778:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6733:Northern Paman
6729:
6727:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6712:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
6702:
6696:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6663:
6661:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6644:
6637:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6617:
6603:
6601:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6565:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6541:
6540:
6528:
6527:
6520:
6513:
6505:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6435:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6265:
6263:
6254:
6244:
6243:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6212:Lower Burdekin
6208:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6160:
6150:
6149:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6097:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6017:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6003:Lower Arrernte
6000:
5995:
5989:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5975:Western Desert
5972:
5967:
5961:
5959:
5949:
5948:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5905:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5882:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5855:
5846:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5793:
5792:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5749:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5608:
5607:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5536:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5478:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5414:
5408:
5406:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5341:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5306:
5305:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5271:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
5268:
5263:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5231:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4973:
4972:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4799:Kuuk Thaayorre
4796:
4795:
4794:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4599:
4591:
4590:
4578:
4577:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4374:
4367:
4357:
4350:
4340:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3739:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3639:
3628:
3627:External links
3625:
3624:
3623:
3609:
3596:
3587:
3581:
3568:
3559:
3553:
3536:
3527:
3514:
3500:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3441:
3439:, p. 180.
3404:
3379:
3362:
3336:
3313:
3301:arakwal.com.au
3288:
3271:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3228:
3200:
3193:
3191:, p. 252.
3178:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2957:
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2899:
2888:
2887:
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2882:
2869:
2866:
2858:
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2853:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2816:Mount Warning
2814:
2812:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2755:
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2742:
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2733:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2721:
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2709:
2708:
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2700:
2698:
2696:
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2677:
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2657:
2656:
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2648:
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2642:
2634:
2633:
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2610:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2431:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2332:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2214:
2196:
2185:
2177:
2166:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2131:
2120:
2112:
2101:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2036:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2001:
1993:
1982:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1947:
1936:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1904:
1901:
1892:
1889:
1878:
1875:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1824:
1804:
1803:
1779:
1751:
1750:
1726:
1697:
1694:
1692:respectively.
1635:for 'man' and
1596:
1593:
1579:
1576:
1561:
1558:
1545:
1542:
1529:
1526:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1360:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1230:
1220:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1145:
1142:
1044:
1043:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1010:
1004:
1003:
991:
979:
973:
972:
967:
962:
942:
939:
937:
934:
920:
917:
914:
913:
910:
904:
901:
899:
895:
894:
891:
881:
878:
876:
872:
871:
868:
858:
855:
853:
849:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
829:
826:
823:
822:
819:
813:
810:
808:
804:
803:
800:
794:
791:
789:
785:
784:
781:
775:
772:
770:
766:
765:
762:
756:
753:
751:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
727:
726:Lower Richmond
724:
721:
720:
717:
711:
708:
706:
702:
701:
698:
692:
689:
687:
683:
682:
679:
673:
670:
668:
664:
663:
660:
650:
647:
645:
641:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
621:
618:
615:
614:
611:
605:
602:
600:
596:
595:
592:
582:
579:
577:
573:
572:
569:
563:
560:
558:
554:
553:
550:
544:
541:
539:
535:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
515:
512:
510:
507:
504:
503:
500:
497:
493:
492:
489:
486:
482:
481:
478:
475:
471:
470:
467:
464:
460:
459:
456:
453:
446:
443:
426:
423:
412:Clarence River
399:
396:
349:
346:
324:
323:
318:
315:
310:
264:⟩, see
240:
239:
238:
235:
234:
222:
221:
212:
211:
208:
200:
199:
194:
188:
187:
178:
172:
171:
164:
158:
157:
156:Language codes
153:
152:
151:
150:
145:
144:Lower Richmond
142:
137:
130:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
103:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
73:
67:
66:
41:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8776:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8746:
8744:
8724:
8721:
8718:
8715:
8712:
8709:
8706:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8697:Nunga English
8695:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8683:
8676:
8673:
8670:
8669:Tennant Creek
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8647:
8645:
8643:
8639:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8614:
8612:
8610:
8606:
8595:
8592:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8578:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8568:Northeastern
8566:
8559:
8556:
8553:
8550:
8547:
8544:
8540:
8537:
8534:
8531:
8527:
8524:
8520:
8517:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8482:
8472:
8469:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:(Paredarerme)
8455:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8447:
8443:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8426:
8423:
8420:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8408:
8402:
8399:
8396:
8393:
8392:
8390:
8388:
8384:
8377:
8374:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8365:
8363:
8359:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8327:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8293:
8291:
8287:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8242:
8235:
8232:
8229:
8226:
8223:
8220:
8219:
8217:
8215:
8211:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8192:
8188:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8160:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8133:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8110:
8104:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8096:
8092:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8076:Murrinh-patha
8074:
8073:
8071:
8069:
8068:Southern Daly
8065:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8042:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8013:
8009:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7990:
7989:Northern Daly
7986:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7967:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7954:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7890:
7887:
7884:
7883:Darwin Region
7880:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7856:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7836:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7815:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7773:
7763:
7760:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7747:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7708:
7705:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7677:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7659:
7658:Bininj Kunwok
7656:
7655:
7653:
7649:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7622:
7619:
7615:
7608:
7605:
7602:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7576:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7547:
7543:
7540:
7537:
7533:
7526:
7523:
7520:
7517:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7495:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7478:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7462:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7445:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7422:
7421:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7390:
7384:
7381:
7376:
7375:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7344:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7311:
7303:
7302:
7298:
7297:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7289:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7279:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7271:Djambarrpuyŋu
7268:
7267:
7266:
7265:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7228:
7224:
7214:
7213:
7209:
7207:
7206:
7202:
7201:
7198:
7189:
7188:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7170:
7169:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7151:
7150:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7139:
7138:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7122:
7114:
7113:
7112:Adnyamathanha
7109:
7107:
7106:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7095:
7094:
7093:
7090:
7086:
7085:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7055:
7045:
7042:
7038:
7037:
7033:
7031:
7030:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7008:
7007:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6940:
6933:
6930:
6925:
6924:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6874:
6873:Margany–Gunya
6870:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6856:
6855:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6827:
6821:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6798:
6797:
6796:Kuuk Thayorre
6793:
6792:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6783:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6772:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6693:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6677:Gumbaynggiric
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6650:
6649:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6628:
6623:
6622:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6562:Victorian P–N
6560:
6557:
6553:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6537:
6533:
6526:
6521:
6519:
6514:
6512:
6507:
6506:
6503:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6236:
6232:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6141:
6137:
6123:
6120:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6077:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5943:
5938:
5934:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5782:
5778:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5597:
5593:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5482:Adnyamathanha
5480:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5322:Yabula-Yabula
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5123:Gumbaynggiric
5120:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5070:Gureng Gureng
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4756:Gugu Yalandyi
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4418:(or Dharawal)
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4312:Wallumettagal
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4238:Wanggeriburra
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3554:9780855750190
3550:
3545:
3544:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3483:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3445:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3375:
3374:
3366:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3167:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3105:Wudgie-Wudgie
3102:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:Wu-yun Ga-li
2955:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:Bullen-bullen
2376:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1900:
1898:
1888:
1885:
1881:The abessive
1874:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1849:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:'Vegetable':
1825:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1628:
1625:The northern
1623:
1620:
1614:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1522:glottal stops
1519:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1152:and only one
1151:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
996:
989:
984:
980:
978:
975:
974:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
960:
957:
950:
948:
933:
930:
929:Terry Crowley
926:
911:
908:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
892:
889:
885:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
869:
866:
862:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
843:
840:
838:Co-ordinates
837:
834:
833:
820:
817:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
801:
798:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
782:
779:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
763:
760:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
744:
741:
738:
736:Co-ordinates
735:
732:
731:
718:
715:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
699:
696:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
680:
677:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
661:
659:
655:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
638:
635:
632:
630:Co-ordinates
629:
626:
625:
612:
609:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
593:
590:
586:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
570:
567:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
532:
530:Areas spoken
529:
526:
524:Co-ordinates
523:
520:
519:
501:
498:
496:Tweed-Albert
495:
494:
490:
487:
484:
483:
479:
476:
473:
472:
468:
465:
462:
461:
457:
454:
451:
450:
442:
439:
438:dialect chain
435:
431:
422:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:Pacific Ocean
395:
393:
389:
384:
380:
379:
375:
365:
361:
358:
354:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
329:
322:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
304:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
255:
251:
249:
245:
230:
227:
218:
213:
206:
201:
198:
195:
193:
189:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
163:
159:
154:
149:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
131:
127:
118:
115:
114:
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
104:
102:
98:
94:
88:
85:
81:
77:
74:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
8548:Barkly Kriol
8471:Bruny Island
8411:Northeastern
8397:(Tommeginne)
8181:Gajirrawoong
8045:Eastern Daly
8012:Western Daly
7707:Anindilyakwa
7418:
7414:Kartu–Nhanda
7372:
7358:Ngumpin–Yapa
7321:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7276:
7269:
7262:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7210:
7203:
7185:
7178:
7168:Yandruwandha
7166:
7159:
7147:
7135:
7110:
7103:
7096:
7082:
7075:
7034:
7027:
7004:
6999:Kuku Yalanji
6997:
6990:
6964:
6957:
6950:
6921:
6913:
6898:
6891:
6880:
6871:
6864:
6852:
6840:
6817:
6808:
6794:
6780:
6773:
6762:Umbindhamuic
6752:Middle Paman
6737:
6710:
6672:Bandjalangic
6671:
6646:
6639:
6619:
6611:
6588:
6569:Lower Murray
6555:Southeastern
6545:Pama–Nyungan
6386:Anindilyakwa
6146:Pama–Nyungan
6100:Bulloo River
6079:Yandruwandha
6066:Wilson River
5945:Pama–Nyungan
5857:Yindjilandji
5801:Ngumpin–Yapa
5789:Pama–Nyungan
5730:Yindjibarndi
5695:Martuthunira
5604:Pama–Nyungan
5436:Lower Murray
5302:Pama–Nyungan
5265:
4969:Pama–Nyungan
4751:Barrow Point
4343:
4174:Wirraayaraay
4146:Wangaaypuwan
4027:Nhaawuparlku
3901:Gumbaynggirr
3600:
3591:
3572:
3563:
3542:
3531:
3522:
3518:
3489:
3480:Bibliography
3465:. Retrieved
3460:
3456:
3444:
3395:. Retrieved
3391:
3382:
3372:
3365:
3353:. Retrieved
3348:
3339:
3332:Crowley 1978
3304:. Retrieved
3300:
3291:
3262:. Retrieved
3257:
3248:
3236:
3209:
3196:
3189:Crowley 1978
3169:. Retrieved
3159:
2741:"Yoo-k-eye"
2539:
2221:Place names
2210:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2189:
2181:
2170:
2159:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2124:
2116:
2105:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2040:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1986:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1940:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1894:
1880:
1864:
1855:
1847:
1832:
1816:
1805:
1795:
1787:
1771:
1763:
1752:
1742:
1734:
1718:
1710:
1699:
1696:Vowel shifts
1670:('boy') and
1663:
1658:
1654:
1624:
1609:
1598:
1589:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:Phonotactics
1547:
1531:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1466:free variant
1459:
1455:
1454:
1404:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1147:
1121:
1115:following a
1107:following a
1090:
1052:
1048:
1047:
951:
944:
922:
888:Nerang River
865:Albert River
844:Area spoken
828:Tweed–Albert
742:Area spoken
636:Area spoken
455:Area spoken
433:
429:
428:
420:
401:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:
359:
355:
351:
348:Nomenclature
336:(Guwar) and
332:
328:Bandjalangic
327:
325:
299:, including
294:
278:Bandjalangic
277:
273:
272:
260:and ⟨
242:
129:Subdivisions
116:
110:Southeastern
106:Pama–Nyungan
72:distribution
29:
8692:Neo-Nyungar
8665:Wumpurrarni
8660:Modern Tiwi
8579:(Yumplatok)
8401:Port Sorell
8372:(Peerapper)
8030:Marrithiyel
8025:Merranunggu
8020:Marri Ngarr
7796:Garig–Ilgar
7475:(register:
7301:Ganhalpuyŋu
7243:Dhaŋu–Djaŋu
7137:Pitta-Pitta
7023:Kalkatungic
6660:North Coast
6641:Barranbinja
6407:Kungarakany
6329:Gunwinyguan
6315:Warndarrang
6115:Barranbinja
6051:Pitta Pitta
5914:Mayi-Kutuna
5878:Kalkatungic
5763:Nyangumarta
5735:Yinhawangka
5545:Ngadjunmaya
5459:Yitha-Yitha
5389:Wemba Wemba
5374:Madhi-Madhi
5369:Ledji-Ledji
5240:Gunaikurnai
5131:Kumbainggar
4892:Mbara-Yanga
4861:Ikarranggal
4709:Wik-Ngathan
4704:Wik-Mungkan
4689:Kugu-Muminh
4426:Wemba Wemba
4388:Madhi Madhi
4378:Gamilaraay
4371:Dyirringany
4344:Bandjalang
4277:Cammeraygal
4167:Wemba-Wemba
4118:Yuwaalaraay
4020:Muthi Muthi
3789:Barranbinya
3684:peoples in
3437:Sharpe 2005
3284:Sharpe 2005
3117:Red Cedar.
3062:Ngu-ma-gal
3007:Pronounced
2906:Pronounced
2842:Pronounced
2797:on water'.
2391:'A fight'.
2234:Pronounced
1680:which uses
1512:Semi-vowels
1502:approximant
1482:approximant
1384:voiced stop
1070:neutralised
907:Tweed River
880:Ngarangwal
812:Minyangbal
783:Bandjalang
764:Bandjalang
719:Bandjalang
700:Bandjalang
681:Bandjalang
589:Tenterfield
408:Logan River
113:North Coast
8743:Categories
8536:Daly River
8467:(Nuenonne)
8454:Oyster Bay
8419:Pyemmairre
8280:Nimanburru
8245:Nyulnyulan
8224:(Northern)
8204:Gooniyandi
7943:Bugurnidja
7926:Umbugarlic
7829:Manangkari
7701:Nunggubuyu
7686:Rembarrnga
7671:(Ngalkbun)
7664:Kunbarlang
7607:Mangarrayi
7590:Warndarang
7546:Maningrida
7092:Thura–Yura
7029:Kalkatungu
6682:Waka–Kabic
6635:Wiradhuric
6607:Yuin–Kuric
6590:Bungandidj
6381:Nunggubuyu
6371:Rembarrnga
6361:Kunbarlang
6305:Mangarrayi
6261:Maningrida
6070:Bundhamara
6056:Wanggamala
6040:Yarluyandi
5909:Mayi-Kulan
5886:Kalkatungu
5863:Warluwarra
5842:Warluwaric
5720:Nyiyaparli
5474:Thura-Yura
5412:Bungandidj
5384:Wathaurong
5266:Bandjalang
5187:Darkinjung
5174:Yuin–Kuric
5154:Gamilaraay
5146:Wiradhuric
5047:Waka–Kabic
4943:Umbindhamu
4809:Yir-Yoront
4793:Ogh-Undjan
4735:Morrobolam
4615:Anguthimri
4610:Andjingith
4502:Queensland
4395:Nganywyana
4354:Darkinjung
4242:Kombumerri
4153:Wanjiwalku
4139:Wandandian
3992:Malyangapa
3964:Kula/Kurnu
3950:Karenggapa
3915:Himberrong
3873:Gandangara
3866:Gamilaraay
3852:Djiringanj
3831:Darkinyung
3817:Bundjalung
3682:Aboriginal
3610:3895867845
3582:0855750219
3501:0855750650
3264:30 October
3171:13 October
3004:Name/word
2951:Wuyun Gali
2903:Name/word
2868:Dira-wong
2839:Name/word
2819:Ngarakwal
2795:Wood ducks
2783:Woodenbong
2769:Ngarakwal
2691:Maniworkan
2639:Gummingarr
2601:Ngarakwal
2231:Name/word
2216:Vocabulary
2201:over there
2136:over there
2065:ngulungmay
2060:over there
2006:over there
1578:Vocabulary
1462:stop onset
1447:homorganic
1396:affricates
1392:fricatives
1388:obstruents
1378:Obstruents
1169:Peripheral
1144:Consonants
1123:Unstressed
903:Nganduwal
778:Bungwalbin
710:Baryulgil
585:Woodenbong
562:Dinggabal
434:Bundjalung
392:Bundjalung
197:Bandjalang
76:Queensland
70:Geographic
48:Minyungbal
8720:Cherbourg
8667:English (
8558:Kowanyama
8351:Tasmanian
8236:(Western)
8230:(Eastern)
8228:Ngarinyin
8214:Worrorran
8176:Miriwoong
8126:Jaminjung
7933:Umbugarla
7912:Limilngan
7722:Yangmanic
7691:Ngalakgan
7564:Ndjébbana
7559:Gurr-goni
7525:Gunindiri
7494:Mingginda
7483:Kayardild
7420:Yinggarda
7374:Warumungu
7278:Gupapuyŋu
7250:Ritharrŋu
7212:Paakantyi
7036:Yalarnnga
6959:Warrgamay
6943:Dyirbalic
6915:Dharumbal
6861:Southern
6837:Northern
6775:Umbuygamu
6769:Lamalamic
6667:Durubalic
6613:Dhanggati
6579:Gippsland
6574:Yotayotic
6548:subgroups
6538:languages
6536:Tasmanian
6477:Gunindiri
6439:Kayardild
6366:Ngalakgan
6351:Kunwinjku
6279:Gurr-goni
6274:Ndjébbana
6191:Ritharrŋu
6095:Baagandji
5891:Yalarnnga
5832:Warumungu
5824:Warumungu
5753:Karajarri
5667:Mantharta
5644:Yinggarda
5573:Natingero
5568:Kalaamaya
5487:Barngarla
5449:Ngayawung
5379:Wadi-Wadi
5343:Kolakngat
5314:Yotayotic
5235:Dhudhuroa
5227:Gippsland
5207:Ngunnawal
5197:Dhanggati
5164:Wiradjuri
5159:Ngiyambaa
5090:Durubalic
5065:Gabi-Gabi
5055:Barunggam
4999:Warrgamay
4981:Dyirbalic
4902:Walangama
4784:Kok Thawa
4779:Koko-Bera
4771:Southwest
4723:Lamalamic
4714:Wik-Ompom
4699:Wik-Me'nh
4659:Northeast
4640:Ndrangith
4433:Wiradjuri
4416:Tharawal
4409:Ngunnawal
4402:Ngiyambaa
4363:(or Eora)
4291:Gorualgal
4246:Mununjali
4195:Wiradjuri
4188:Wilyakali
4090:Paaruntyi
4083:Paakantyi
4076:Ngunnawal
4069:Ngiyampaa
4034:Nari-Nari
3971:Kuringgai
3726:Kuringgai
3644:, at the
3635:, at the
3467:6 January
3397:3 January
3355:3 January
3306:8 January
3010:Synonyms
2909:Synonyms
2873:Dirawonga
2845:Synonyms
2760:Wollumbin
2723:Githabul
2676:Githabul
2604:Crossing
2509:kurrachee
2475:kurrachee
2414:'River'.
2384:"Bul-na"
2360:balloonah
2288:balloonah
2237:Synonyms
1659:Baygalnah
1452:segment.
1348:Semivowel
1255:Obstruent
1160:phoneme.
936:Phonology
857:Yugambeh
816:Byron Bay
755:Nyangbal
714:Baryulgil
695:Rappville
652:South of
649:Wahlubal
594:Githabul
458:Dialects
342:Durubalic
297:varieties
176:Glottolog
162:ISO 639-3
84:Australia
40:Ethnicity
8675:Alyawarr
8594:Napranum
8387:Northern
8336:Giimbiyu
8329:isolates
8316:Ngumbarl
8260:Nyulnyul
8234:Worrorra
8222:Wunambal
8163:Jarrakan
8002:Tyerraty
7938:Ngurmbur
7838:Southern
7776:Iwaidjan
7762:Gaagudju
7735:Wardaman
7642:Uwinymil
7633:(Djauan)
7496:(Minkin)
7402:Ngayarda
7398:Pilbara
7329:Southern
7175:Eastern
7156:Central
7144:Western
7084:Kaytetye
7077:Arrernte
6966:Nyawaygi
6910: ?
6849:Eastern
6842:Warrongo
6810:Mbabaram
6757:Umpilaic
6695:Northern
6648:Muruwari
6412:Wardaman
6402:Gaagudju
6341:Uwinymil
6110:Muruwari
5998:Kaytetye
5993:Arrernte
5786:Northern
5725:Panyjima
5677:Ngayarta
5624:Badimaya
5512:Ngadjuri
5502:Narungga
5359:Bunurong
5327:Yotayota
5299:Southern
5212:Tharawal
5182:Awabakal
5080:Wuliwuli
5075:Wakawaka
5037:Warrongo
4994:Nyawaygi
4933:Kok Narr
4918:Djabugay
4897:Mbabaram
4880:Southern
4804:Kuuk Yak
4744:Yalanjic
4730:Lamalama
4684:Ayabadhu
4625:Awngthim
4523:Victoria
4516:Tasmania
4461:See also
4447:Yugambeh
4337:Awabakal
4298:Jerrinja
4250:Tulgigin
4230:Yugambeh
4209:Wonnarua
4202:Wodiwodi
4125:Walbunja
4104:Tharawal
4097:Barindji
4013:Muruwari
3985:Kwiambal
3978:Kureinji
3936:Jukambal
3929:Jitajita
3880:Geawegal
3845:Djangadi
3803:Bigambul
3796:Bidjigal
3775:Awabakal
3619:62185149
3218:cite web
3140:Dirawong
3124:See also
3086:Yab-bra
3069:Goanna.
3057:Ngumagal
3033:Jul-lum
3016:Meaning
3013:Dialect
2975:Cooradgi
2915:Meaning
2912:Dialect
2863:Dirawong
2851:Meaning
2848:Dialect
2671:Djuribil
2662:Jurbihls
2555:Galibal
2541:Dahbalam
2435:Boolinah
2426:Bullinah
2354:balloona
2327:Bullenah
2300:bullenah
2282:balloona
2276:boolinah
2270:bullinah
2243:Meaning
2240:Dialect
2152:Wahlubal
1877:Abessive
1871:Yugambeh
1867:Githabul
1861:Locative
1781:'That':
1757:'This':
1595:Isogloss
1571:clusters
1201:Alveolar
1186:Bilabial
1156:and one
947:phonemic
925:Githabul
841:Dialect
793:Wiyabal
739:Dialect
633:Dialect
581:Gidabal
543:Kalibal
527:Dialect
509:Dialects
445:Clusters
432:or just
425:Dialects
388:Yugambeh
378:Wirribi.
374:Wehlubal
301:Yugambeh
258:/ /
254:Help:IPA
183:band1339
148:Githabul
140:Yugambeh
135:Wahlubal
60:Githabul
52:Widjabal
8677:English
8609:Pidgins
8570:creoles
8523:Barunga
8516:Ngukurr
8498:Creoles
8446:Eastern
8362:Western
8311:Nyigina
8191:Bunuban
8149:Wambaya
8144:Ngarnka
8136:Ngurlun
8121:Nungali
8103:Jingulu
7885: ?
7868:Wurrugu
7861: ?
7845:Amurdag
7791:Iwaidja
7758: ?
7740:Wagiman
7726:Wagiman
7703:(Wubuy)
7679:Eastern
7669:Dalabon
7651:Central
7624:Western
7609: ?
7603: ?
7597: ?
7569:Nakkara
7554:Burarra
7538: ?
7505:Garrwan
7488:Yukulta
7465:Tangkic
7429:Mirning
7423: ?
7377: ?
7363:Ngumpin
7353:Marrngu
7323:Yanyuwa
7226:Western
7190: ?
7098:Wirangu
7071:Arandic
7057:Central
6974: ?
6952:Dyirbal
6934: ?
6926: ?
6918: ?
6908:Kingkel
6885: ?
6624: ?
6616: ?
6464:Garrwan
6431:Tangkic
6417:Wagiman
6356:Dalabon
6284:Nakkara
6269:Burarra
6036:Ngamini
6031:Mithaka
6021:Arabana
5985:Arandic
5942:Central
5868:Yanyuwa
5854:Bularnu
5814:Ngumbin
5809:Ngarrga
5758:Mangala
5745:Marrngu
5710:Nhuwala
5690:Kurrama
5685:Jurruru
5662:Kanyara
5639:Wajarri
5629:Malgana
5601:Western
5578:Nyungar
5563:Galaagu
5555:Nyungic
5540:Mirning
5532:Mirniny
5522:Wirangu
5454:Yaralde
5444:Keramin
5337:Kulinic
5202:Ngarigo
5113:Turrbal
5108:Nunukul
5032:Kingkel
5022:Bidjara
5004:Wulguru
4989:Dyirbal
4966:Eastern
4887:Agwamin
4871:Thaypan
4866:Takalak
4851:Angkula
4846:Alungul
4839:Thaypan
4830:Kuthant
4825:Kurtjar
4694:Pakanha
4635:Mbiywom
4630:Luthigh
4361:Dharug
4305:Ngambri
4284:Gadigal
4236:Clans:
4223:Yaygirr
4181:Wiyabal
4160:Weilwan
4132:Walgalu
4062:Ngarigo
4055:Ngarbal
4048:Ngambaa
4006:Milpulo
3999:Maraura
3943:Galibal
3908:Gweagal
3810:Birrbay
3768:Arakwal
3510:6041138
2932:Wee-um
2550:Tabulam
2527:cooriki
2521:hooraki
2515:gurigay
2502:English
2469:hooraki
2463:Gurigay
2454:Cooriki
2348:bulluna
2342:bullina
2336:Balluna
2312:bulluna
2306:bullina
2294:balluna
2279:and/or
2263:English
2254:Ballina
2179:ngumbin
2168:yangahn
2122:yagayah
2114:ngumbin
2103:yangehn
2068:shortly
2049:ngumbin
2038:yagahla
1995:ngumbin
1984:yagahny
1949:ngumbin
1938:yagahny
1922:Wiyabal
1844:Grammar
1837:nangany
1829:nungany
1728:'You':
1704:'Who':
1683:janagan
1655:Mibinah
1638:jalgany
1619:minyang
1536:and is
1472:Lateral
1407:voicing
1302:Lateral
1196:Palatal
1174:Laminal
1154:lateral
1127:reduced
1101:fronted
1099:can be
1080:before
909:basins
890:basins
884:Coomera
867:basins
797:Lismore
759:Ballina
691:Birihn
654:Tabulam
608:Warwick
604:Geynan
566:Tabulam
338:Pimpama
246:in the
8714:Woorie
8702:Yarrie
8685:Others
8596:Creole
8590:Creole
8560:Creole
8554:Creole
8436:Norman
8306:Warrwa
8301:Dyugun
8296:Yawuru
8199:Bunuba
8113:Yirram
8095:Mirndi
7873:Marrgu
7696:Ngandi
7631:Jawoyn
7578:Marran
7519:Waanyi
7513:Garawa
7473:Lardil
7434:Nyunga
7333:Ngarru
7294:Djinba
7287:Djinaŋ
7161:Diyari
7125:Karnic
7105:Kaurna
7006:Yidiny
6923:Bayali
6882:Bindal
6739:Uradhi
6482:Waanyi
6472:Garrwa
6449:Minkin
6444:Lardil
6376:Ngandi
6336:Jawoyn
6217:Bindal
6186:Djinaŋ
6181:Djinba
6171:Dhuwal
6144:Other
6122:Yardli
6026:Diyari
6013:Karnic
5970:Wanman
5965:Ngardi
5919:Ngawun
5850:Wagaya
5715:Nyamal
5700:Ngarla
5634:Nhanda
5517:Nukunu
5497:Kuyani
5492:Kaurna
5276:Yidiny
5261:Anewan
5192:Dharug
5136:Yaygir
5103:Janday
5060:Dappil
4928:Gugadj
4818:Norman
4789:Kunjen
4666:Umpila
4650:Uradhi
4645:Ngkoth
4440:Worimi
4319:Wangal
4216:Worimi
3922:Jeithi
3782:Banbai
3761:Anēwan
3617:
3607:
3579:
3551:
3508:
3498:
3093:Bird.
3081:Yabbra
3045:Fish.
3038:Jellum
3028:Jullum
2879:Goanna
2616:Gummin
2493:Coraki
2190:build-
2187:yagagu
2125:build-
2041:build-
1987:build-
1941:build-
1891:Gender
1810:'No':
1644:baygal
1528:Stress
1488:Rhotic
1456:Nasals
1325:Rhotic
1179:Apical
1158:rhotic
1113:backed
1111:, and
1105:raised
886:&
863:&
676:Casino
547:Kyogle
262:
226:UNESCO
8704:Lingo
8538:Kriol
8265:Bardi
7917:Wulna
7824:Maung
7806:Ilgar
7801:Garig
7637:Waray
7601:Alawa
7595:Yugul
7585:Marra
7477:Damin
7336:Thawa
7257:Nhaŋu
7234:Yolŋu
7205:Yarli
6900:Yanda
6830:Maric
6725:Paman
6584:Kulin
6395:Other
6346:Waray
6320:Yugul
6310:Marra
6300:Alawa
6205:Other
6196:Nhaŋu
6176:Djaŋu
6166:Dhaŋu
6158:Yolŋu
6088:Other
6046:Ngura
5616:Kartu
5404:Drual
5351:Kulin
5254:Other
5217:Wormi
5098:Guwar
5014:Maric
4911:Other
4598:North
4111:Thaua
4041:Ngaku
3838:Darug
3733:Murri
3719:Koori
3260:. ABS
3151:Notes
2927:Weeum
2569:Gunya
2403:Bulun
2182:house
2171:went-
2157:Nyula
2117:house
2106:went-
2092:Nyule
2052:house
2027:Ngayu
1998:house
1973:Ngayu
1952:house
1927:Ngayu
1884:-djam
1821:yagam
1813:yugam
1747:wehlu
1739:wihlu
1731:wahlu
1723:ngehn
1715:ngihn
1707:ngahn
1689:jiyaw
1650:dubay
1632:mibin
1629:have
1613:nyang
1554:codas
1506:trill
1464:as a
1450:nasal
1208:Nasal
1191:Velar
1138:]
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799:area
761:area
716:area
697:area
678:area
658:Drake
610:area
591:area
568:area
549:area
334:Gowar
250:(IPA)
8722:Talk
8716:Talk
8710:Talk
8708:Palm
8341:Tiwi
8270:Jawi
8171:Kija
8058:Kamu
7383:Wati
7368:Yapa
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6534:and
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5901:Mayi
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3605:ISBN
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3549:ISBN
3525:(8).
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3496:ISBN
3469:2018
3399:2018
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3308:2018
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2127:PURP
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1800:mala
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1686:and
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1647:and
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2162:ERG
2160:he-
2133:guh
2108:PST
2097:ERG
2095:he-
2057:guh
2032:ERG
2003:guh
1989:POT
1978:ERG
1943:IMM
1932:ERG
1673:mih
1443:/d/
1431:/g/
1427:/b/
1423:/t/
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