257:
1684:] of the Indian reservation is not known was at a loss what to do because no violence was committed whereby he could act. ... Mr. Teetzel arrived from Nelson Wednesday and in conference with Chief Alexander, got him to promise to see that Mr. Lewis got his hay, and warned him to keep the Indians from violence under penalty of losing the right of cutting hay on the flats. This warning he also gave to the white men. This is not the only one of the cases occurring this year. One farmer whose place is located near the reservation has been continually bothered by the Indians cutting his fences and turning their cattle in to graze on his property.
1485:
1586:
incision was made down the length of the trunk connecting the two rings. This cut had to be as straight and accurate as possible. A stick of about two inches in diameter was used carefully to pry the bark from the tree. The bark was wrapped up so that it would not dry out on the way to camp. The inside, or tree-side of the bark sheet, became the outside of the canoe, while the outside surface became the inside of the boat. The bark was considered ready for immediate use. There was no scraping or seasoning, nor was it decorated in any way.
716:
2458:
115:
127:
145:
705:
57:
1575:. This water craft was first described in 1899 as having some similarity to canoes used in the Amur region of Asia. At the time, some scholars believed in a theory of dispersal, concluding that similarities of artifacts or symbols among cultures represented that a superior culture had transmitted its elements to another culture. Since then, however, most scholars have concluded that many such innovations arose independently among different cultures.
1751:. They asked motorists to pay a toll to drive through the land that had been the tribe's aboriginal land. (About 200 Idaho State Police were on hand to keep the peace and there were no incidents of violence.) They intended to use the toll money to house and care for elderly tribal members. Most tribes in the United States are forbidden to declare war on the U.S. government because of treaties, but the Kootenai Tribe never signed a treaty.
236:
1731:
for grades 4–6, and have been teaching it for four years, to develop a new generation of native speakers. They are involved in designing curriculum for grades 7–12, which requires meeting B.C. curriculum guidelines. Concurrent with this, they are recording oral stories and myths, as well as to videotaping the practice of their traditional crafts and technologies, with spoken directions.
1678:
government land. ... The principal trouble this year occurred when some
Indians threatened Frank Lewis and drove him from the hay he had already cut. The Indians claim they have cut land at this particular place for years while the old-time ranchers say that hay has never before been cut there. Mr. Lewis complained to Policeman Gunn who, as the definite boundry [
1933:
1758:" that sold at $ 1.00 each. The bonds were dated 20 September 1974 and contained a brief declaration of war on the United States. These bonds were signed by Amelia Custack Trice, Tribal Chairwoman, and Douglas James Wheaton Sr., Tribal Representative. They were printed on heavy paper stock and were designed and signed by the western artist
1564:, and other social and ceremonial activities. The men belonged to different societies or lodges, such as the Crazy Dog Society, the Crazy Owl Society, and the Shamans' Society. These groups took on certain responsibilities, and membership in a lodge came with obligations in battle, hunting, and community service.
1405:. He notes that their language is isolated from that of Salish tribes common to the Pacific Coast. In addition, their traditional dress, many of their customs (such as their use of teepee-style portable dwellings), and their traditional religion have more in common with Plains peoples than with the Coastal Salish.
1719:. This process of integration separated the Yaqan Nu'kiy from their traditional lifeways, yet they have remained a very successful and self-confident community. They gradually gained more control and self-government, with less involvement from the Department of Indian or Aboriginal Affairs. Like most tribes in
1504:
scholars recorded has to be viewed with a critical eye, since they did not have the theoretical sophistication expected of anthropologists today. They imputed much of their own cultural values into what they were able to observe among the
Ktunaxa. But their accounts are the most detailed descriptions
1730:
Feeling that they have lost some traditions that are very important to them, the
Ktunaxa are working to revive their culture, and particularly to encourage language study. A total of 10 fluent speakers of Ktunaxa live in both the U.S. and Canada. The Yaqan Nu'kiy have developed a language curriculum
1677:
A dispute over the rights to cut hay on the flat lands, between the
Indians and the white men, which might have resulted in bloodshed, was settled Wednesday by W.F. Teetzel, government agent, of Nelson, who told both Indians and whites that if violence is done, no one would be allowed to cut hay on
1660:
While there was sometimes conflict between the Yaqan Nu'kiy and the local settler community at
Creston, their relations were more characterized by peaceful coexistence. Their conflicts tended to be over land use. In contrast, relations between the Lower Kootenay and the surrounding European society
1585:
A tree ... growing rather high in the mountains is sought. Finding one of the desired size and quality, a man climbed it to the proper height and cut a ring around the bark with his elk-horn chisel or flint knife. In the meantime a helper cut out another ring at the base of the tree. This done, an
1632:
in the 1880s and 90s. He wrote a much celebrated grammar of their language, published in 1896. The first missionary to take up a permanent post in the Yaqan Nu'kiy territory, i.e. the
Creston Band of Lower Kootenay, was Father Nicolas Coccola, who arrived in the Creston area in 1880. His memoirs,
1596:
traveled to the
Ktunaxa territories and worked to convert the peoples, keeping extensive written records of the process and of their observations of the culture. As a result of their accounts, there is more information about the missionary process than about other aspects of Ktunaxa history at the
1396:
Archaeologist Dr. Wayne
Choquette believes that the artifacts represented in the Goatfell Complex, dated from 11,500 BP up to the early historical period, show that there has been no break in the archaeological record. In addition, he says that it appears that the technology was local. No evidence
1042:
is considered the most correct general term for the culture and peoples. Differing etymologies have been suggested, tying the name to the verb for "eating food plain, without seasoning," or alternately to the verb for "licking up blood." In the same interview referenced above, Finley attests the
1668:
By the turn of the 20th century, some Yaqan Nu'kiy were engaged in agricultural activities introduced by
European settlers, but their approach to the land was different. An example of the type of conflict that repeatedly arose between European settlers and Native farmers is shown by a newspaper
1600:
The
Ktunaxa had been exposed to Christianity as early as the 18th century, when a Lower Kootenay prophet from Flathead Lake in Montana by the name of Shining Shirt spread news of the coming of the 'Blackrobes' (French Jesuit missionaries) (Cocolla 20). Ktunaxa people also encountered Christian
1934:"Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (73), Single and Multiple Aboriginal Responses (4), Residence on or off reserve (3), Residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat (7), Age (8A) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data"
1644:
in support of the fur trade, but few Lower Kootenay found this worthwhile. The Lower Kootenay region is, as mentioned above, remarkably rich in fish, birds, and large game. As the economic life of the Yaqan Nu'kiy was notably secure, they resisted new and unfamiliar economic activities.
1031:. This is supported by an interview with Vernon Finley, previous tribal chairman of the CSKT. He supposes the term to be "given... by some other tribe" and that it was likely "a mispronunciation of whatever that word is," since 'Kootenai' holds no meaning in any neighboring language.
1695:
These examples illustrate the dynamic of relations between two peoples: the Ktunaxa whose lands have been vastly reduced by the introduction of a reserve system, and the European settlers who are constantly looking to expand their access to the land (and later industries).
1043:
latter meaning to the image of a Ktunaxa warrior shooting an enemy, drawing out the arrow, and licking the blood from the arrowhead. He also says that, historically, people identified themselves primarily with the name of their band and less so with the broad term Ktunaxa.
1475:
As temperatures continued to warm, the glacial lakes drained and fish found habitat in the warmer waters. The Lower Kootenay across the Pacific Northwest made fishing a fundamental part of their diet and culture, while maintaining the old traditions of game hunting.
1609:. By the 1830s the Ktunaxa had begun to adopt certain Christian elements in a syncretic blend of ceremonies. They were influenced less by European missionaries than through their contact with Christian Natives from other parts of Canada and the United States.
1397:
supports the conjecture that the region's first inhabitants emigrated from this area, nor that they were replaced or succeeded by a different people. Choquette concludes that the Ktunaxa today are the descendants of those first people to inhabit the land.
1508:
The earliest ethnographies detail Ktunaxa culture around the turn of the 20th century. Europeans observed the Ktunaxa enjoying a stable economic life and rich social life, based on a detailed ritual calendar. Their economic life focused on fishing, using
1153:(Shuswap) band who settled in Kutenai territory in the mid-19th century. They were eventually incorporated into the group and intermarried with them, and spoke the Kutenai language. They departed the Ktunaxa nation in 2004 and are now part of the
1099:, on the most populous reserve Creston #1 along the Kootenay River, ca. 6 km north of the US-Canada border. Reserves include: Creston #1, Lower Kootenay #1A, #1B, #1C, #2, #3, #5, #4, St. Mary's #1A, ca. 26 km, population: 214)
1050:, meaning "people of the standing arrow" is the name of the southeastern-most of the seven bands, who are today primarily associated with what is now northwestern Montana, and are politically organized within the CSKT.
1462:
From the time of the first Ktunaxa settlement in the Kootenays, until the historical period beginning in the late 18th century, there is little known of the people's social, political, and intellectual development.
1467:
technologies changed and became more complex and differentiated. They were probably big game hunters in their earliest prehistoric phase. The Ktunaxa were first noted in the historical record when mentioned on
1018:
is the common form in the literature about the people, and has been adopted by Kutenai in both countries as an international spelling when discussing the people as a whole. The name evidently derives from the
1400:
Other scholars, such as Reg Ashwell, suggest that the Ktunaxa moved to the British Columbia region in the early half of the 18th century, having been harassed and pushed there from East of the Rockies by the
1624:. While there was missionary activity in Eastern North America for 200 years, the Ktunaxa were not the objects of the church's attentions until the mid-late 19th century. Following De Smet, a Jesuit named
1723:, the Yaqan Nu'kiy did not have a treaty defining their rights regarding their territory. They have been working for decades on a careful and more or less cooperative treaty negotiation process with the
3194:
1616:
in 1845-6 was the first missionary to tour the region. He intended to establish missions to minister to Native peoples, and assessing the success and needs of those already established. The Catholic
3394:
3149:
1692:
also reported on 21 June 1912: " says everything is in good condition and the majority of the Indians are at work picking berries for the ranchers who find their help useful and profitable."
1959:
1640:
that began in earnest in 1863 with the discovery of gold in Wild Horse Creek, the Ktunaxa were little interested in European-driven economic activities. Traders worked to recruit them to
3064:
1727:. The Creston Band of the Ktunaxa today has 113 individuals living on the reserve, and many others living off-reserve and working in various industries in Canada and the United States.
1581:, the first to write an extensive ethnography of the Ktunaxa (focusing on bands in the United States), records a detailed description of the harvesting of bark to make this canoe (67):
1754:
The United States government ultimately made a land grant of 12.5 acres (0.051 km), the basis of what is now the Kootenai Reservation. In 1976 the tribe issued "Kootenai Nation
2889:
1771:
1366:
1010:
and the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes. These two spellings have been used for various placenames on their respective sides of the Canadian-U.S. border, notably the
1408:
The Goatfell assemblage of artifacts suggests that prior to 11,500 BP, the people who came to inhabit the Kootenay mountains may have lived in what is now the southwestern
4196:
2257:
3616:
2447:
1648:
Slowly though, the Yaqan Nu'kiy began participating in European-driven industries. They served as hunters and guides for the miners at the Bluebell silver-lead mine at
4032:
2804:
1505:
of Ktunaxa lifestyles at a time when Aboriginal lifeways all over the world were dramatically changing in the face of settlement by Europeans and European Americans.
2021:
1308:
hunt. They were relatively well known to the Blackfoot, and sometimes their relations with them were in the form of violent confrontation over food competition.
1625:
744:
4191:
641:
308:
2974:
2809:
2765:
2470:
1557:
1967:
365:
1341:, dated to 11,500 before the present (BP). It has not been proven whether these artifacts were left by ancestors of the Ktunaxa or by another, possibly
691:
1652:. The richest gold mine ever discovered in the Kootenays was discovered by a Ktunaxa man named Pierre, and staked by him and Father Coccola in 1893.
2984:
2474:
1885:
1759:
666:
570:
1139:, ca. 15 km north of the British Columbia-Montana border. Reserves include: St. Mary's #1A, Tobacco Plains #2, ca. 44 km, population: 165)
1561:
4052:
2440:
540:
1113:; reserves include: Bummers Flat #6, Cassimayooks (Mayook) #5, Isidore's Ranch #4, Kootenay #1, St. Mary's #1A, ca. 79 km, population: 357)
3972:
535:
2949:
2944:
1370:
1102:
337:
3219:
2056:
1304:
and disease. Some Upper Kootenay participated in a Plains Native lifestyle for part of the year, crossing the Rockies to the east for the
1085:("place of two lakes"; also known as the Columbia Lake Indian Band). An Upper Kutenai group, they are headquartered in Akisqnuk, south of
4145:
4102:
4067:
3967:
2482:
454:
303:
4186:
4176:
3992:
2433:
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2201:
1545:
hunt. The Lower Kootenay, however, did not participate in communal bison hunts; these were not important to their economy or culture.
709:
434:
325:
3084:
4181:
1361:. This oldest assemblage of artifacts is known as the Goatfell Complex, named after the Goatfell region about 40 km east of
1319:. This group of Ktunaxa suffered high mortality rates, partly because of the depredations of the Blackfoot, and partly because of
3921:
1224:
967:
444:
320:
1260:. They are loosely divided into two groups: the Upper Kutenai and the Lower Kutenai, referring to the different sections of the
3419:
2254:
1633:
corroborated by newspaper reports and Ktunaxa oral histories, are the basis for the early 20th-century history of the Ktunaxa.
1239:
in western Montana. A total population of about 6,800 live on the reservation, while 3,700 live outside the reservation nearby.
550:
459:
424:
388:
1058:
Four Kutenai bands live in southeastern British Columbia, one lives in northern Idaho, and one lives in northwestern Montana:
2122:
730:
671:
565:
482:
449:
414:
3681:
3344:
2494:
2425:
429:
2486:
3876:
2239:
1381:), North Star Mountain just west of Creston on Highway 3, and at Blue Ridge. All these sites are within 50 km of
1162:
924:
2112:
3481:
2461:
1897:
1870:
1843:
906:
846:
802:
487:
298:
686:
3806:
3671:
3199:
3039:
2789:
1541:
in Lower Kootenay country. As mentioned above, the Upper Kootenay often crossed the Rockies to participate in the
1323:
epidemics. With numbers sharply reduced, these Plains Ktunaxa returned to the Kootenay region of British Columbia.
676:
399:
1337:
The Ktunaxa territory in British Columbia has archeological sites with some of the oldest human-made artifacts in
3881:
3831:
3399:
3129:
3124:
2879:
2834:
2794:
409:
360:
1699:
During the 20th century the Yaqan Nu'kiy gradually became involved in all the industries of the Creston valley:
1288:
Scholars have numerous ideas about the origins of the Ktunaxa. One theory is that they originally lived on the
3556:
3439:
3229:
3059:
2415:
2273:
1469:
2144:
Thompson, Sally (director). "Tribes of Montana" (2007), The Montana Experience: Stories From Big Sky Country,
1105:(ʔaq̓am or ʔaq̓amniʔk, "deep dense woods"). An Upper Kutenai group, they live along the St. Mary's River near
588:
3926:
3626:
3536:
3434:
3209:
2829:
1824:
1496:
Anthropological and ethnographic interest in the Ktunaxa were recorded from the mid-19th century. What these
1154:
613:
608:
560:
370:
315:
2457:
2178:
4128:
3936:
3906:
3796:
3696:
3591:
2964:
1136:
1086:
603:
555:
246:
4150:
3816:
3826:
3801:
3711:
3491:
3294:
3154:
3049:
3024:
3019:
3009:
2999:
2929:
1378:
1374:
1345:, group. Human occupation of the Kootenay Rockies has been demonstrated by dated sites with evidence of
1273:
1158:
1106:
999:
959:
2202:
Source for Population: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC), Registered Population as of June, 2011
1743:
declared war on the United States government. Their first act was to post tribal members on each end of
4097:
3911:
3866:
3856:
3851:
3756:
3631:
3526:
3424:
3274:
3119:
3104:
3089:
3014:
2894:
2864:
2757:
2166:
1269:
1128:
1116:
497:
3069:
1548:
The Ktunaxa conducted vision quests, particularly by a young man in a passage to adulthood. They used
1334:. To date, scholars have not found either archeological or historic evidence to support this account.
3771:
3576:
3571:
3506:
3174:
3034:
1578:
1382:
1362:
1096:
545:
38:
3901:
3982:
3846:
3666:
3521:
3474:
3349:
3114:
2979:
2934:
1193:, also called Idaho Ksanka). A Lower Kutenai group, they govern the Kootenai Indian Reservation in
523:
17:
1046:
It has been attested that some Columbian Plateau groups may have called themselves "Upnuckanick."
4037:
3891:
3841:
3731:
3706:
3641:
3486:
3469:
3459:
3409:
3364:
3289:
3269:
3234:
3169:
3139:
3099:
3054:
2914:
2859:
2854:
1802:
1606:
1277:
1182:
1095:, (Yaqan Nukiy or Lower Kootenay First Nation). A Lower Kutenai group, they are headquartered in
1007:
963:
355:
267:
1365:
on Highway 3. These artifacts have been found at quarries in Goatfell, Harvey Mountain, Idaho,
4062:
3861:
3811:
3781:
3751:
3651:
3646:
3586:
3464:
3374:
3359:
3179:
2874:
2064:
1194:
1076:
1849:
Kootenai Culture Committee (Autumn 2015). "The Traditional Worldview of the Kootenai People".
3896:
3791:
3766:
3736:
3601:
3561:
3551:
3511:
3501:
3454:
3449:
3254:
3074:
2909:
2819:
2665:
2629:
2351:
2212:
1875:
1265:
1082:
219:
2455:
1311:
Some Ktunaxa remained on or returned to the prairies year-round; they had a settlement near
3962:
3741:
3716:
3676:
3606:
3596:
3541:
3496:
3384:
3379:
3264:
3259:
3249:
3184:
3164:
3079:
2919:
2503:
1748:
1724:
1662:
1572:
1514:
1236:
256:
2345:
2016:
1079:(KNC) (until 2005 the Ktunaxa/Kinbasket Tribal Council) includes the four Canadian bands:
8:
4107:
4027:
3721:
3661:
3656:
3546:
3369:
3244:
1792:
1613:
1484:
1421:
1146:
1092:
955:
1424:. The Goatfell Complex, and specifically the techniques of manufacture of the tools and
1165:; their reserves include: St. Mary's #1A, Shuswap IR, ca. 12 km, population: 244).
528:
4092:
4047:
3786:
3746:
3726:
3611:
3284:
3279:
2959:
2814:
2657:
2541:
1232:
1020:
975:
1089:. Reserves include: Columbia Lake #3, St. Mary's #1A, ca. 33 km, population: 264)
947:, thus unrelated to the languages of neighboring peoples or any other known language.
281:
3324:
3309:
3304:
2732:
2118:
1893:
1866:
1839:
1228:
971:
954:
in British Columbia. The Ktunaxa Nation was historically closely associated with the
419:
4171:
4022:
3946:
2741:
2705:
2589:
1787:
1720:
1617:
1489:
1425:
1413:
1297:
1249:
1066:
1035:
995:
944:
940:
928:
874:
857:
817:
764:
214:
179:
175:
132:
104:
31:
2675:
2169:, Narrative of David Thompson's life and travels. / Feb 2011, minutes: 14:13–14:20
1127:- 'People of the place of the flying head'. An Upper Kutenai band, they live near
4077:
3214:
2780:
2680:
2609:
2604:
2419:
2261:
2243:
1797:
1641:
1530:
1293:
1264:(spelled "Kootenai" in the U.S.) where the bands live. The Upper Kutenai are the
618:
593:
330:
2189:
1272:
in British Columbia, as well as the Montana Kootenai. The Lower Kutenai are the
3334:
2994:
2904:
2690:
2619:
2569:
2531:
2478:
2391:
2041:
1990:
1776:
1501:
1350:
1261:
1132:
1011:
951:
681:
646:
515:
2160:
2145:
1905:
People Before The Park-The Kootenai and Blackfeet Before Glacier National Park
4165:
3987:
3941:
3691:
3329:
2849:
2670:
1744:
1433:
1409:
1390:
1202:
1169:
720:
623:
439:
404:
150:
88:
2312:
2236:
2092:
2036:
1620:
had made it a priority to minister to these newly discovered peoples in the
4082:
2869:
2713:
1740:
1593:
1590:
1440:
1312:
492:
375:
4057:
4012:
2614:
2579:
1827:, "Report of the Kootenay Indians of South Eastern British Columbia," in
1712:
1700:
1444:
1436:
1327:
598:
30:
This article is about the people. For the language of the same name, see
1636:
In the first stages of Ktunaxa-European contact, mainly the result of a
4017:
3414:
2844:
2642:
2559:
2549:
1814:
1464:
1358:
381:
56:
2344:
1326:
Some of the Ktunaxa say that their ancestors came originally from the
2695:
2647:
2584:
2299:"Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation"
1782:
1755:
1637:
1621:
1553:
1510:
1417:
1402:
1354:
1346:
1150:
477:
394:
2412:
2277:
927:
of Canada and the United States. Kutenai bands live in southeastern
4042:
4007:
3977:
3134:
2749:
2685:
2594:
2564:
2516:
1704:
1602:
1429:
1342:
1331:
1320:
990:
have been attested since 1820; two others are also in current use.
863:
4087:
3319:
2718:
2637:
2554:
2526:
1716:
1649:
1629:
1549:
1526:
1448:
1385:, with the exception of Blue Ridge, which is near the village of
1316:
1289:
1257:
1206:
936:
204:
159:
96:
1829:
Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science
1451:
retreated, people moved northward, following the revival of the
1109:. Tribal headquarters are located on the most populous reserve,
4002:
2599:
2574:
2521:
2511:
1708:
1568:
1497:
1338:
1301:
1062:
235:
120:
100:
1857:(3). Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society Press: 47–73.
1772:
Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation
1739:
On 20 September 1974, the Kootenai Tribe headed by Chairwoman
794:
4072:
3997:
1542:
1534:
1456:
1452:
1386:
1305:
1253:
1173:
932:
898:
889:
838:
832:
773:
274:
155:
92:
4112:
2298:
2162:
Uncharted Territory: David Thompson on the Columbia Plateau
1915:. Menasha, Wis: American Anthropological Association, 1941.
1538:
1522:
1518:
880:
785:
779:
2407:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2057:"Pronunciation Guide to First Nations in British Columbia"
1848:
1836:
Owl's Eyes & Seeking a Spirit: Kootenai Indian Stories
2156:
1779:, early fur trade post associated with the Kootenai tribe
1680:
823:
2022:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2224:
2131:
1235:
bands. An Upper Kutenai group, they live mostly on the
27:
Ethnic group; an indigenous people of Canada and the US
2255:
Aboriginal Canada - First Nation Connectivity Profile
1149:
were formerly part of the Ktunaxa Nation. They are a
907:
895:
892:
886:
877:
847:
829:
803:
791:
782:
770:
1907:. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society Press.
1838:. Pablo, Mont: Salish Kootenai College Press, 1999.
1517:. They had seasonal and sometimes ritual hunts for
820:
776:
182:(Kitunahan), ʔa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam (Ktunaxa Sign Language)
4197:
Wars between the United States and Native Americans
1268:(Columbia Lake Band), the St. Mary's Band, and the
883:
835:
826:
767:
2110:
2061:Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada
1865:Lincoln, Neb: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
1734:
1513:and hooks, and travelling on the waterways in the
1014:, called the Kootenai River in the United States.
970:(CSKT) in Montana, a confederation also including
958:through tribal association and intermarriage. Two
4163:
1027:, which itself may derive from the Kutenai term
1902:
1006:is used in Montana and Idaho, including in the
2441:
2111:McMillan, Alan D.; Yellowhorn, Eldon (2009).
1389:, quite a distance north on the west side of
738:
4192:Native American tribes in Washington (state)
1834:Finley, Debbie Joseph, and Howard Kallowat.
1119:(Tobacco Plains First Nation, ʔa·kanuxunik,
4146:List of Indian reserves in British Columbia
2317:(PhD). University of California. p. 3.
2215:. lowerkootenay.com. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
2146:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgEvbYgGfus
2097:(PhD). University of California. p. 1.
2448:
2434:
2342:
2192:. www.akisqnuk.com. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
2106:
2104:
2015:
1861:Linderman, Frank Bird, and Celeste River.
962:represent Kutenai people in the U.S.: the
745:
731:
55:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2332:. Canada: Frontier Press. pp. 9–10.
2327:
1851:Montana: The Magazine of Western History
1483:
234:
3922:Wuikinuxv-Kitasoo-Nuxalk Tribal Council
3395:Northern Shuswap Tribal Council Society
2101:
1447:. The prevailing theory is that as the
1248:The Kutenai today live in southeastern
1225:Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes
968:Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes
14:
4164:
3195:Musgamagw Dzawada'enuxw Tribal Council
2408:Official website of the Ktunaxa Nation
2310:
2090:
2079:
862:
389:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
2429:
2314:A Description of the Kutenai Language
2301:. www.csktribes.org. Retrieved 31 May
2117:. D & M Publishers. p. 180.
2094:A Description of the Kutenai Language
1817:, and Alexander Francis Chamberlain.
415:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
2355:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1966:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from
1567:The Ktunaxa and their neighbors the
83:Regions with significant populations
2063:. 15 September 2010. Archived from
1821:Washington: Govt. Print. Off, 1918.
24:
2367:Indian Tribes of British Columbia,
1443:west of the continent in the late
25:
4208:
4187:Native American tribes in Montana
4177:First Nations in British Columbia
3345:Nlaka'pamux Nation Tribal Council
2462:First Nations in British Columbia
2401:
2343:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2311:Morgan, Lawrence Richard (1991).
2091:Morgan, Lawrence Richard (1991).
1628:lived among the Ksanka people of
2790:Carrier Chilcotin Tribal Council
2456:
1988:
1890:The Chase: A Kutenai Indian Tale
1479:
873:
816:
763:
714:
703:
255:
143:
125:
113:
4182:Native American tribes in Idaho
3877:Tsilhqot'in National Government
3150:Lower St'atl'imx Tribal Council
2930:Secretariat of the Haida Nation
2890:Gitksan Tribal Services Society
2385:
2372:
2369:Hancock House (1977/2012, p. 55
2359:
2336:
2321:
2304:
2292:
2266:
2248:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2195:
2183:
2172:
2150:
1960:"American FactFinder - Results"
1655:
1488:Ktunaxa girls, photographed by
998:, including in the name of the
986:Around 40 variants of the name
923:(in the United States), are an
361:British Columbia Treaty Process
2995:Ktunaxa Nation Council Society
2049:
2029:
2025:(5th ed.). HarperCollins.
2009:
1982:
1952:
1926:
1747:that runs through the town of
1053:
13:
1:
3627:Shuswap Nation Tribal Council
3435:Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council
2830:Carrier-Sekani Tribal Council
2213:"Lower Kootenay First Nation"
1919:
1808:
1673:dated Friday, 9 August 1912:
1428:, are part of a tradition of
1292:, and were driven across the
1155:Shuswap Nation Tribal Council
62:
1911:Turney-High, Harry Holbert.
1416:was beneath the Cordilleran
1276:of British Columbia and the
366:Crown and Indigenous peoples
7:
3827:Treaty 8 Tribal Association
3230:Naut'sa Mawt Tribal Council
2328:Anderson, Frank W. (1972).
1765:
1552:ritually. They practiced a
1274:Lower Kootenay First Nation
1000:Lower Kootenay First Nation
981:
960:federally recognized tribes
604:Indigenous English Dialects
10:
4213:
1913:Ethnography of the Kutenai
1597:turn of the 20th century.
1560:, a midwinter festival, a
1283:
1270:Tobacco Plains Indian Band
1243:
1117:Tobacco Plains Indian Band
994:is the common spelling in
36:
29:
4151:Métis in British Columbia
4141:
4121:
3955:
3920:
3875:
3825:
3765:
3690:
3625:
3570:
3520:
3433:
3393:
3343:
3303:
3228:
3220:Kwikwasut'inuxw Haxwa'mis
3193:
3148:
3098:
3035:Kwakiutl District Council
3033:
2993:
2958:
2928:
2888:
2828:
2788:
2777:
2731:
2704:
2656:
2628:
2540:
2502:
2493:
2468:
2274:"Kootenai Tribe of Idaho"
2190:"Akisqnuk: Our Community"
2042:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1892:. New York: Crown, 1991.
1579:Harry Holbert Turney-High
1363:Creston, British Columbia
1197:. Their population is 75.
1131:on the east shore of the
710:Indigenous North Americas
225:
210:
200:
191:
186:
174:
169:
141:
111:
87:
82:
77:
72:
54:
39:Kootenay (disambiguation)
4122:Not federally recognized
3682:Whispering Pines/Clinton
3522:Okanagan Nation Alliance
1903:Thompson, Sally (2015).
1157:. They are located near
488:Indigenous personalities
3572:Scw'exmx Tribal Council
3100:Lillooet Tribal Council
2418:29 October 2006 at the
2413:Kootenai Tribe of Idaho
2346:"Kutenai Indians"
2260:6 February 2013 at the
2114:First Peoples in Canada
1803:Salish Kootenai College
1412:, during a period when
1278:Kootenai Tribe of Idaho
1183:Kootenai Tribe of Idaho
1103:St. Mary's First Nation
1008:Kootenai Tribe of Idaho
964:Kootenai Tribe of Idaho
3677:Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc
2495:Ethnolinguistic groups
1940:. Government of Canada
1686:
1588:
1493:
1077:Ktunaxa Nation Council
240:
3767:Sto:lo Tribal Council
2766:Modern treaty process
2394:, University of Idaho
2392:Idaho's forgotten war
2352:Catholic Encyclopedia
1964:factfinder.census.gov
1863:Kootenai Why Stories.
1735:"Kootenai Nation War"
1675:
1583:
1537:, and the many other
1487:
1266:Akisqnuk First Nation
1223:) are members of the
1083:Akisqnuk First Nation
1023:word for the people,
810:), also known as the
238:
3065:Gwa'Sala-Nakwaxda'xw
2242:2 April 2012 at the
1880:Canadian Savage Folk
1725:government of Canada
1663:Bonners Ferry, Idaho
1626:Philippo Canestrelli
1607:Hudson's Bay Company
1573:sturgeon-nosed canoe
1515:sturgeon-nosed canoe
1472:'s map, circa 1793.
1432:that existed in the
1237:Flathead Reservation
1161:, just northeast of
1125:ʔakink̓umⱡasnuqⱡiʔit
807:-tə-nay, -nee
614:Aboriginal syllabics
589:Indigenous languages
192:Kutenai spiritualism
37:For other uses, see
4028:Little Shuswap Lake
3482:Mowachaht/Muchalaht
3420:Stswecem'c Xgat'tem
2778:Tribal councils and
2237:Tobacco Plains Band
1970:on 14 February 2020
1938:www12.statcan.gc.ca
1614:Pierre-Jean de Smet
1470:Alexander Mackenzie
1147:Shuswap Indian Band
1135:below the mouth of
1093:Lower Kootenay Band
956:Shuswap Indian Band
864:[ktunʌ́χɑ̝]
642:Traditional beliefs
483:Indigenous cultures
326:Residential schools
316:Settler colonialism
51:
2960:Kaska Dena Council
2422:, official website
2382:1899, 19 June 2012
2280:on 29 October 2006
2067:on 23 January 2014
1888:, and Michel Gay.
1825:Chamberlain, A. F.
1558:Grizzly Bear Dance
1494:
1145:Additionally, the
247:Indigenous peoples
241:
49:
4159:
4158:
4137:
4136:
3930:
3885:
3835:
3775:
3700:
3635:
3580:
3557:Upper Similkameen
3537:Lower Similkameen
3530:
3443:
3403:
3375:Oregon Jack Creek
3353:
3313:
3238:
3203:
3158:
3108:
3043:
3003:
2968:
2938:
2898:
2855:Nak'azdli Whut'en
2838:
2798:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2727:
2726:
2330:The Dewdney Trail
2124:978-1-926706-84-9
1991:"ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam"
1882:, (Toronto, 1896)
1715:, education, and
1665:, deteriorated.
1605:sent west by the
1296:by the competing
1229:Bitterroot Salish
972:Bitterroot Salish
925:indigenous people
755:
754:
721:Canada portal
667:Index of articles
420:Numbered Treaties
233:
232:
196:
195:
16:(Redirected from
4204:
3924:
3879:
3829:
3769:
3694:
3629:
3574:
3524:
3437:
3397:
3347:
3307:
3232:
3197:
3152:
3102:
3037:
2997:
2962:
2932:
2892:
2832:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2781:band governments
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2742:Douglas Treaties
2500:
2499:
2460:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2276:. Archived from
2270:
2264:
2252:
2246:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1930:
1908:
1886:Tanaka, Beatrice
1858:
1831:, (London, 1892)
1788:Kutenai language
1721:British Columbia
1490:Edward S. Curtis
1414:British Columbia
1353:, especially of
1298:Blackfoot people
1250:British Columbia
1067:British Columbia
1036:Kutenai language
996:British Columbia
950:Four bands form
945:language isolate
941:Kutenai language
929:British Columbia
919:(in Canada) and
911:
905:
904:
901:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
866:
861:
851:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
806:
801:
800:
797:
796:
793:
788:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
747:
740:
733:
719:
718:
717:
708:
707:
706:
425:Royal Commission
331:Indian hospitals
304:Pre-colonization
259:
243:
242:
229:Ktunaxa ʔamakʔas
198:
197:
149:
147:
146:
133:British Columbia
131:
129:
128:
119:
117:
116:
105:British Columbia
73:Total population
67:
64:
59:
52:
48:
32:Kutenai language
21:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4133:
4117:
3951:
3916:
3871:
3821:
3797:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt
3761:
3686:
3621:
3566:
3516:
3429:
3389:
3339:
3325:Gitlax̱t'aamiks
3310:Gitlax̱t'aamiks
3299:
3224:
3189:
3144:
3094:
3029:
2989:
2954:
2924:
2884:
2824:
2779:
2773:
2735:and land claims
2723:
2700:
2681:Laich-kwil-tach
2676:Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw
2652:
2624:
2536:
2489:
2475:Northwest Coast
2464:
2454:
2420:Wayback Machine
2404:
2399:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2380:Rep. Nat. Mus.,
2377:
2373:
2364:
2360:
2341:
2337:
2326:
2322:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2262:Wayback Machine
2253:
2249:
2244:Wayback Machine
2235:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2132:
2125:
2109:
2102:
2089:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1989:Auld, Francis.
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1811:
1798:Jennifer Porter
1768:
1760:Emilie Touraine
1745:U.S. Highway 95
1737:
1690:Creston Review,
1669:article in the
1658:
1482:
1286:
1246:
1233:Pend d'Oreilles
1195:Boundary County
1163:Windermere Lake
1056:
984:
976:Pend d'Oreilles
909:
876:
872:
856:
849:
819:
815:
804:
790:
766:
762:
751:
715:
713:
712:
704:
702:
697:
696:
662:
654:
653:
637:
629:
628:
594:Inuit languages
584:
576:
575:
516:Indian reserves
511:
503:
502:
473:
465:
464:
435:Specific claims
430:Self-government
391:
351:
343:
342:
294:
248:
220:ʔa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam
218:
153:
144:
142:
126:
124:
123:
114:
112:
68:
65:
47:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4210:
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4199:
4194:
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4154:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4139:
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4135:
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4132:
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4125:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
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3933:
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3918:
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3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3802:Seabird Island
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
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3714:
3709:
3703:
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3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
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3654:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3305:Nisga'a Nation
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3295:Tsleil-Waututh
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3200:Campbell River
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3146:
3145:
3143:
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3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
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3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3050:Campbell River
3046:
3044:
3040:Campbell River
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3025:Tobacco Plains
3022:
3020:Lower Kootenay
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
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2923:
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2901:
2899:
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2775:
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2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
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2710:
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2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2471:Cultural areas
2469:
2466:
2465:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2410:
2403:
2402:External links
2400:
2397:
2396:
2384:
2371:
2358:
2335:
2320:
2303:
2291:
2265:
2247:
2229:
2227:. www.aqam.net
2225:"Aqam - About"
2217:
2205:
2194:
2182:
2179:Ktunaxa Nation
2171:
2149:
2130:
2123:
2100:
2078:
2048:
2045:(Online). n.d.
2028:
2008:
1981:
1951:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1900:
1883:
1873:
1859:
1846:
1832:
1822:
1819:Kutenai Tales.
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1793:Kaúxuma Núpika
1790:
1785:
1780:
1777:Kootanae House
1774:
1767:
1764:
1736:
1733:
1671:Creston Review
1657:
1654:
1571:both used the
1562:Blue Jay Dance
1502:North American
1481:
1478:
1459:to the north.
1434:North American
1351:flint-knapping
1285:
1282:
1262:Kootenay River
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1199:
1198:
1191:ʔa·kaq̓ⱡahaⱡxu
1179:
1178:
1176:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1133:Lake Koocanusa
1114:
1100:
1090:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1055:
1052:
1012:Kootenay River
983:
980:
952:Ktunaxa Nation
935:, and western
753:
752:
750:
749:
742:
735:
727:
724:
723:
699:
698:
695:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
650:
649:
647:Inuit religion
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
532:
531:
526:
518:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
385:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
356:Indigenous law
352:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
340:
338:Reconciliation
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
313:
312:
311:
301:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
286:
285:
278:
271:
261:
260:
252:
251:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
212:
208:
207:
202:
194:
193:
189:
188:
184:
183:
172:
171:
167:
166:
163:
139:
138:
135:
109:
108:
85:
84:
80:
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
61:Kutenai group
60:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4209:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:Tsay Keh Dene
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Nee-Tahi-Buhn
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Lax Kw'alaams
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3882:Williams Lake
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3857:Prophet River
3855:
3853:
3852:Halfway River
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3832:Fort St. John
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:Shxw'ow'hamel
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3757:Yakweakwioose
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3692:Sto:lo Nation
3689:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:Tla-o-qui-aht
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3425:Williams Lake
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:Williams Lake
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3335:Lax̱g̱alts’ap
3333:
3331:
3330:Gitwinksihlkw
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Dzawada'enuxw
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:Cayoose Creek
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3090:Tlatlasikwala
3088:
3086:
3085:Mamalilikulla
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:Nadleh Whuten
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:Prince George
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:Williams Lake
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2375:
2368:
2365:Reg Ashwell,
2362:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2012:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1898:0-517-58623-1
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:Maclean, John
1874:
1872:
1871:0-585-31584-1
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1844:0-917298-66-7
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1749:Bonners Ferry
1746:
1742:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1480:Early history
1477:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:United States
1406:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1391:Kootenay Lake
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:, along with
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:K̓upawiȼq̓nuk
1214:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:United States
1201:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:United States
1168:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:
903:
870:
865:
859:
854:
853:
843:
813:
809:
808:
799:
760:
748:
743:
741:
736:
734:
729:
728:
726:
725:
722:
711:
701:
700:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
677:First Nations
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
658:
657:
648:
645:
644:
643:
640:
639:
633:
632:
625:
624:Inuit grammar
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
580:
579:
572:
571:Pacific Coast
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
519:
517:
514:
513:
507:
506:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
469:
468:
461:
458:
456:
455:Organizations
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
440:Treaty rights
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
405:Land defender
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
390:
386:
384:
383:
379:
377:
374:
372:
371:Health Policy
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
347:
346:
339:
336:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
317:
314:
310:
307:
306:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
290:
289:
284:
283:
279:
277:
276:
272:
270:
269:
268:First Nations
265:
264:
263:
262:
258:
254:
253:
250:
245:
244:
237:
228:
224:
221:
216:
213:
209:
206:
203:
199:
190:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
164:
161:
157:
152:
151:United States
140:
136:
134:
122:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:United States
86:
81:
76:
71:
58:
53:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3956:Unaffiliated
3907:Xeni Gwet'in
3867:West Moberly
3617:Upper Nicola
3592:Cook's Ferry
3507:Uchucklesaht
3440:Port Alberni
3130:Ts'kw'aylaxw
3115:Bridge River
2880:Wet'suwet'en
2550:Hul'qumi'num
2387:
2379:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2350:
2338:
2329:
2323:
2313:
2306:
2294:
2282:. Retrieved
2278:the original
2268:
2250:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2197:
2185:
2174:
2152:
2113:
2093:
2069:. Retrieved
2065:the original
2060:
2051:
2040:
2031:
2020:
2011:
1999:. Retrieved
1997:(in Kutenai)
1994:
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1968:the original
1963:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1937:
1928:
1912:
1904:
1889:
1879:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1835:
1828:
1818:
1753:
1738:
1729:
1711:, and later
1698:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1659:
1656:20th century
1647:
1635:
1611:
1599:
1594:missionaries
1589:
1584:
1577:
1566:
1547:
1507:
1495:
1474:
1461:
1441:intermontane
1422:last ice age
1407:
1399:
1395:
1336:
1325:
1313:Fort Macleod
1310:
1287:
1247:
1220:
1216:
1190:
1186:
1144:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1003:
991:
987:
985:
949:
920:
916:
868:
811:
758:
756:
510:Demographics
493:Country food
380:
376:Idle No More
280:
273:
266:
78:1,536 (2016)
46:Ethnic group
43:
4033:McLeod Lake
4013:Kitsumkalum
3927:Bella Coola
3847:Fort Nelson
3712:Leq' a: mel
3667:Skeetchestn
3060:Da'naxda'xw
2980:Dease River
2915:Glen Vowell
2745:(1850-1854)
2630:Tsimshianic
2605:Skwxwú7mesh
2570:Nlaka'pamux
2532:Tsilhqot'in
1944:23 November
1815:Boas, Franz
1713:health care
1701:agriculture
1445:Pleistocene
1437:Great Basin
1373:(both near
1371:Kiakho Lake
1328:Great Lakes
1111:Kootenay #1
1054:Communities
931:, northern
619:Chinuk pipa
599:Chinuk Wawa
583:Linguistics
566:Territories
536:Atlantic CA
400:Land claims
66: 1900
4166:Categories
4129:Kelly Lake
4093:Taku River
4038:Metlakatla
4018:Kwikwetlem
3912:Yunesit'in
3897:Tl'etinqox
3842:Doig River
3732:Skawahlook
3707:Aitchelitz
3697:Chilliwack
3652:Neskonlith
3642:Adams Lake
3487:Nuchatlaht
3475:Huu-ay-aht
3470:Hupacasath
3460:Ehattesaht
3415:Soda Creek
3410:Canim Lake
3365:Boston Bar
3290:Tsawwassen
3275:Stz'uminus
3270:Snuneymuxw
3055:Cape Mudge
3010:?Akisq'nuk
2975:Daylu Dena
2965:Lower Post
2945:Old Masset
2865:Stellat'en
2845:Burns Lake
2691:Nuučaan̓uł
2504:Athabaskan
1974:13 January
1920:References
1809:Literature
1511:fish traps
1465:Stone tool
1367:Negro Lake
1359:tourmaline
1330:region of
1215:Kootenai (
1121:Akan'kunik
1087:Windermere
672:Indigenous
410:Land title
382:Indian Act
4103:Union Bar
4083:Sts'ailes
4068:Skin Tyee
4063:Semiahmoo
3973:Esk'etemc
3968:Cheslatta
3947:Wuikinuxv
3902:Tŝideldel
3892:?Esdilagh
3817:Sq'éwlets
3812:Soowahlie
3782:Chawathil
3752:Tzeachten
3647:Bonaparte
3587:Coldwater
3552:Penticton
3465:Hesquiaht
3360:Boothroyd
3215:Gwawaenuk
3180:Samahquam
3175:N'Quatqua
3155:Pemberton
3125:T'it'q'et
3000:Cranbrook
2950:Skidegate
2905:Gitanmaax
2875:Tl'azt'en
2805:Lhoosk'uz
2769:(ongoing)
2696:Wuikinuxv
2648:Tsimshian
2610:St'at'imc
2595:Shishá7lh
2585:Secwépemc
2487:Subarctic
2378:Mason in
2037:"Kutenai"
2017:"Kutenai"
1783:Kootenays
1756:War Bonds
1741:Amy Trice
1638:gold rush
1622:New World
1591:Christian
1554:Sun Dance
1418:ice sheet
1403:Blackfoot
1379:Cranbrook
1375:Lumberton
1355:quartzite
1347:quarrying
1187:ʔaq̓anqmi
1159:Invermere
1151:Secwepemc
1137:Elk River
1107:Cranbrook
1021:Blackfoot
636:Religions
395:Land Back
249:in Canada
170:Languages
4078:Squamish
4043:Musqueam
4008:Kitselas
3993:High Bar
3983:Gitga'at
3978:Gitxaala
3963:Ashcroft
3862:Saulteau
3792:Kwantlen
3737:Skowkale
3727:Shxwhá:y
3672:Splatsin
3632:Kamloops
3602:Nooaitch
3562:Westbank
3542:Okanagan
3527:Westbank
3512:Ucluelet
3502:Tseshaht
3455:Ditidaht
3450:Ahousaht
3320:Ging̱olx
3285:Tla'amin
3280:T'Sou-ke
3255:Klahoose
3135:Tsal'alh
3105:Lillooet
3075:Kwakiutl
2985:Kwadacha
2910:Gitanyow
2895:Hazelton
2820:Ulkatcho
2750:Treaty 8
2733:Treaties
2686:Heiltsuk
2666:Ditidaht
2658:Wakashan
2580:Scw'exmx
2565:Musqueam
2542:Salishan
2416:Archived
2284:13 April
2258:Archived
2240:Archived
1995:Facebook
1766:See also
1705:forestry
1603:Iroquois
1498:European
1449:glaciers
1439:and the
1430:knapping
1343:Salishan
1332:Michigan
1321:smallpox
1290:prairies
1129:Grasmere
1025:Kotonáwa
1004:Kootenai
992:Kootenay
982:Kootenay
966:and the
921:Kootenai
917:Kootenay
460:Politics
450:Case law
445:Genocide
350:Politics
321:Genocide
309:Genetics
299:Timeline
211:Language
187:Religion
18:Kootenai
4172:Ktunaxa
4088:Tahltan
3937:Kitasoo
3772:Agassiz
3742:Squiala
3717:Matsqui
3657:Shuswap
3607:Shackan
3597:Nicomen
3577:Merritt
3547:Osoyoos
3497:Toquaht
3385:Spuzzum
3380:Skuppah
3265:Nanoose
3260:Malahat
3250:Homalco
3170:Lil'wat
3165:Douglas
3140:Xaxli'p
3080:Kwiakah
3070:K'ómoks
2920:Kispiox
2860:Saik'uz
2758:Nisga'a
2719:Ktunaxa
2706:Isolate
2643:Nisga'a
2638:Gitxsan
2620:W̱SÁNEĆ
2590:SEMYOME
2560:K'ómoks
2555:Klallam
2527:Tlingit
2517:Daneẕaa
2483:Plateau
2167:YouTube
2001:22 June
1717:tourism
1650:Riondel
1630:Montana
1618:Jesuits
1612:Father
1550:tobacco
1531:gophers
1527:caribou
1492:in 1911
1420:of the
1383:Creston
1317:Alberta
1294:Rockies
1284:Origins
1258:Montana
1244:History
1207:Montana
1097:Creston
1040:Ktunaxa
1034:In the
1029:Ktunaxa
1016:Kutenai
988:Kutenai
978:bands.
937:Montana
858:Kutenai
812:Ktunaxa
759:Kutenai
472:Culture
293:History
239:Ktunaxa
226:Country
215:Ktunaxa
205:Ktunaxa
180:Kutenai
176:English
160:Montana
97:Montana
50:Kutenai
4108:Witset
4058:Peters
4003:Katzie
3988:Haisla
3942:Nuxalk
3722:Popkum
3662:Simpcw
3370:Lytton
3350:Lytton
3245:Halalt
3185:Skatin
2935:Masset
2815:Toosey
2810:Lhtako
2761:(1998)
2753:(1899)
2671:Haisla
2615:Stó:lō
2600:Sinixt
2575:Nuxalk
2522:Sekani
2512:Dakelh
2479:Plains
2121:
2071:14 May
1896:
1869:
1842:
1709:mining
1569:Sinixt
1426:points
1339:Canada
1302:famine
1300:or by
1256:, and
1221:Ksanka
1063:Canada
1048:Ksanka
939:. The
869:Ksanka
201:People
148:
130:
121:Canada
118:
101:Canada
4073:Skwah
4048:Nazko
3998:Iskut
3787:Cheam
3747:Sumas
3612:Siska
3235:Delta
3015:?aqam
2870:Takla
2714:Haida
1543:bison
1535:geese
1457:fauna
1453:flora
1387:Kaslo
1306:bison
1254:Idaho
1174:Idaho
1123:, or
943:is a
933:Idaho
692:Stubs
687:Métis
682:Inuit
661:Index
529:Métis
498:Music
282:Métis
275:Inuit
156:Idaho
93:Idaho
4113:Yale
2286:2012
2119:ISBN
2073:2013
2003:2017
1976:2018
1946:2017
1894:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1840:ISBN
1688:The
1642:trap
1556:and
1539:fowl
1523:deer
1519:bear
1500:and
1455:and
1377:and
1369:and
1357:and
1349:and
1231:and
1075:The
974:and
912:-kah
910:SAHN
852:-hah
848:tun-
757:The
609:NAPA
2165:on
2157:PBS
1681:sic
1661:in
1219:or
1189:or
915:),
908:kə-
867:),
805:KOO
520:AB
478:Art
165:596
137:940
99:),
4168::
2485:,
2481:,
2477:,
2473::
2349:.
2159:,
2133:^
2103:^
2081:^
2059:.
2039:.
2019:.
1993:.
1962:.
1936:.
1878:,
1855:65
1853:.
1762:.
1707:,
1703:,
1533:,
1529:,
1525:,
1521:,
1393:.
1315:,
1280:.
1252:,
1205:-
1172:-
1065:-
1038:,
1002:.
899:ɑː
890:ɑː
855:;
850:AH
839:ɑː
833:ɑː
795:iː
789:,-
786:eɪ
774:uː
561:SK
556:QC
551:ON
546:MB
541:BC
524:FN
178:,
158:,
95:,
63:c.
3929:)
3925:(
3884:)
3880:(
3834:)
3830:(
3774:)
3770:(
3699:)
3695:(
3634:)
3630:(
3579:)
3575:(
3529:)
3525:(
3442:)
3438:(
3402:)
3398:(
3352:)
3348:(
3312:)
3308:(
3237:)
3233:(
3202:)
3198:(
3157:)
3153:(
3107:)
3103:(
3042:)
3038:(
3002:)
2998:(
2967:)
2963:(
2937:)
2933:(
2897:)
2893:(
2837:)
2833:(
2797:)
2793:(
2449:e
2442:t
2435:v
2288:.
2127:.
2075:.
2005:.
1978:.
1948:.
1185:(
902:/
896:k
893:n
887:s
884:ˈ
881:ə
878:k
875:/
871:(
860::
842:/
836:h
830:n
827:ˈ
824:ʌ
821:t
818:/
814:(
798:/
792:n
783:n
780:ə
777:t
771:k
768:ˈ
765:/
761:(
746:e
739:t
732:v
217:,
162:)
154:(
107:)
103:(
91:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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