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272:. She felt thwarted in Zurich, however, when Lang or the team rejected her research proposals. Instead she applied for a position back in Norway, taking over a position professor Hjort relinquished as curator of the Zoological Museum at the University of Oslo, and for which professor Sars was the selector. To the surprise of many, even though she was one of two finalists with a highly qualified man who slightly surpassed her in education (
320:, analyzing sex chromosomes. In June 1907 Schreiner published a paper arguing that the discovery upon which she had based her entire dissertation was invalid. She worried that he was out to "demolish her," but few understood the argument well enough to engage it, and eventually the controversy blew over.
213:
that lacked academic focus. Despite her father's concern about women's education and her limited opportunities, both she and her older sister
Honoria were able to attend a private school to prepare to pass a gymnasium exam, the European secondary system for academic education. She passed the exam and
208:
Although her father was an educator, and in many respects a pioneer in that field, he generally opposed women's education, contending that girls should be educated at home in small groups organized by the mothers. There were also few options for educating girls in 19th-century Norway. Girls typically
430:
Kristine
Bonnevie never had children of her own, but she cared a great deal about student welfare. She was also interested in supporting young female scientists. She was a founder of the student canteens Aulakjelleren and Blindernkjelleren at the University of Oslo. Thanks to her support, beginning
345:
to pass the "Lex
Bonnevie" on February 9, 1912. This act granted women the same right as men to hold positions as professors at Norwegian universities. In 1912 Bonnevie became the first female professor in Norway, initially as extraordinary professor, but from 1919 on as full professor. She was a
253:(1869), arguing that the "subordination of one sex to the other" is "wrong in itself, and now one of the chief hindrances to human improvement." She was so well received by these scholars that eventually they gave her a research stipend that enabled her to quit teaching and focus on her studies.
431:
in 1916 the university created several residences for female students in Oslo. Some years later, in 1920, she became a founder of the
Association of University Women, and she was its first president. As president she hosted the Third International Congress of the
328:
At the time, Norwegian law prohibited women from holding state-funded faculty positions, but she applied for and received a privately funded "extraordinary" (outside of the standard faculty) professorship in zoology at the
555:
192:
and previously
Catholic. Anne died when Kristine was four, and Jacob married Susanne Byrne (1848–1927), having two more children (his eighth and ninth) with her. Kristine's half-brother from this second marriage was
372:
to see if they had some hereditary components, with an early interest in paternity cases. She later researched a possible connection between fingerprints and mental capabilities - a popular idea during an era when
299:, and she discovered an anomalous model that differed from the assumed universal process in cell division. This research became the basis of her 1906 doctoral dissertation, "Undersøgelser over kimcellerne hos
361:
that Norway was a good place to study human heredity, because at that time its people live in isolated communities. She cited inbreeding among families that could be traced back hundreds of years.
230:) as a medical student in 1892. She began her studies in medicine, a field to which most women were encouraged out of the belief that they were good caretakers. Medicine didn't suit her, but
607:
She established a study home for young girls in 1916 and a students' house in 1923. Bonnevie was a member of the
University's broadcasting committee from 1927 to 1937. Her students included
384:
Even after her retirement in 1937, she kept conducting research. Her last article was accepted for publication the day before she died in 1948, at 76 years old. This article is still cited.
544:
442:, she offered food and shelter to students from other parts of Norway. She even rented fields to grow vegetables, and she distributed food from her apartment to students after the
1671:
796:
Stamhuis, Ida H.; Monsen, Arve (September 2007). "Kristine
Bonnevie, Tine Tammes and Elisabeth Schiemann in Early Genetics: Emerging Chances for a University Career for Women".
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In 1916 she founded the
Institute of Inheritance Research, later known as the Institute of Genetics. She was a director and professor until her retirement in 1937.
566:
381:. Finally, she studied a genetic dysfunction in mice that made them twitch, proving it was hereditary and caused by the accumulation of water in the brain.
560:
388:
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Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des
Nations comme actrice des Ă©changes scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres
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276:), Sars chose her. She succeeded Hjort as curator in 1900. Schreiner's dismay at the loss of the post would soon figure in the arc of her career.
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287:, focusing on cytology and cell biology, and she went there in 1900, just two months after her appointment as curator. Her research considered
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The
Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period
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In 1884, Norway became the last Scandinavian country to admit women to universities. She entered the University of Kristiania (now the
654:
In 1910 she was the first woman allowed on a dissertation committee, serving as an external examiner when Hjalmar Broth defended on
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from 1909 to 1918. She was elected to the Kristiania city council, serving from 1908 to 1919, and as a deputy representative to the
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357:
and hereditary abnormalities. She was especially interested in whether twin births could be hereditary. She told an interviewer at
148:. She was among the first women to be elected to political office in Norway. She suggested the epic voyage of her graduate student
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1592:"Kristine Bonnevie, Tine Tammes and Elisabeth Schiemann in early genetics: emerging chances for a university career for women"
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450:, and her earlier professional rival Kristian Schreiner suffered for not cooperating with Nazis. He was imprisoned in the
260:, working on materials from the Norwegian North Sea expedition of 15 years prior. In 1898 she received a grant to study
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Telefon, Besøksadresse Kristian Ottosens husProblemveien 9 Blindern Postadresse MUV Postboks 1077 Blindern 0316 OSLO.
309:). Upon graduation, she was the second woman to earn a doctorate at a Norwegian university, and the first in science.
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Ladies in the Laboratory II: West European Women in Science, 1800-1900: A Survey of Their Contributions to Research
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The Transformation of Humanities Education: The Case of Norway 1960-2000 from a Systems-Theoretical Perspective
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218:(simultaneously the final exam of Latin high school and the college entrance exam) with distinction in 1892.
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128:. She was the first woman to graduate with a science doctorate in Norway (and the second woman overall),
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International Impact on 19th Century Norwegian Education: Development, Influence and National Identity
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was part of preclinical medical training, so she soon switched to it, studying under professors
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197:, also a conservative member of Parliament and a peace activist. Kristine's family moved from
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Bennett, A. W., ed. (1898). "Summary of Current Researches Related to Zoology and Biology".
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From 1922 to 1925 she led the Norwegian Association for Female Academics, which she founded.
1651:
1646:
1266:"Kristine Bonnevie: Biolog i brytningstid - Museum for universitets- og vitenskapshistorie"
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She was a member of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights, where her sister-in-law,
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184:(1838–1904), a member of the Norwegian parliament. She was baptized on 8 November 1872 at
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She was the fifth of seven children born to Anne Johanne Daae (1839–1876) and her husband
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Grindal, Gracia (2016). "Outside Contemporary Influences on the Education of Women".
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She is recognized as one of Norway's most important women for her efforts in helping
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controversies were active. Her results showed no relation between fingerprints and
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Stamhuis; Monsen. "Kristine Bonnevie, Tine Tammes and Elisabeth Schiemann": 447.
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Stamhuis; Monsen. "Kristine Bonnevie, Tine Tammes and Elisabeth Schiemann": 445.
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Stamhuis; Monsen. "Kristine Bonnevie, Tine Tammes and Elisabeth Schiemann": 443.
997:
Stamhuis; Monsen. "Kristine Bonnevie, Tine Tammes and Elisabeth Schiemann": 442.
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Stamhuis; Monsen. "Kristine Bonnevie, Tine Tammes and Elisabeth Schiemann": 441.
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closed the university in 1943. Both had been caught up in the racist aspects of
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973:. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union. 2010. pp. 95–96.
132:'s first woman professor, a women's rights activist, and a politician for the
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Kristine Bonnevie with her brothers-in-law Ernst Wilhelm Bjerknes (left) and
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1183:"El emprendedor dinamismo de una gran biĂłloga noruega: Kristine Bonnevie"
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International Women in Science : A Biographical Dictionary to 1950
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902:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Lutheran University Press. pp. 94–172.
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in 1916, intending it to serve as a scientific counterbalance to the
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1331:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 265.
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Strick, James E. (2015). "Opposition to the Bion Experiments".
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1343:"WoRMS taxon details - Enteroxenos oestergreni Bonnevie, 1902"
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She received another grant to study with German embryologist
1462:"Norges Offisielle Statistikk. VI. 65. Stortingsvalget 1915"
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from 1906 to 1907, studying with zoologist and embryologist
875:. New York: Springer International Publishing. p. 23.
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Kristine Bonnevie served as a central board member of the
422:, study house for girls, established by Bonnevie in 1916 (
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In a rundown of discoveries and contributions, she proved
163:
1405:"MolluscaBase taxon details - Enteroxenos Bonnevie, 1902"
1068:
Haines, Catharine M. C.; Stevens, Helen M., eds. (2001).
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1364:"ERMS taxon details - Thuiaria arctica (Bonnevie, 1899)"
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is named FF "Kristine Bonnevie", due to her interest in
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In 1911, Bonnevie became the first female member of the
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Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
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Unstoppable: Norwegian Pioneers Educate Their Daughters
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1384:"ERMS taxon details - Ciona gelatinosa Bonnevie, 1896"
917:. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag. p. 361.
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1314:] (in French). Lausanne: Université de Lausanne.
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in 1915. She served the 1916–1918 term as deputy to
1450:(in Norwegian). Trondheim: University of Trondheim.
387:Between 1922 and 1933, Bonnevie contributed to the
368:had a clear hereditary component. She also studied
1074:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 40.
124:(8 October 1872 – 30 August 1948) was a Norwegian
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1737:Norwegian Association for Women's Rights people
1677:Recipients of the King's Medal of Merit in gold
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745:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 9.
497:). She also wrote the original description of
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675:Fridtjof Nansen Prize for Outstanding Research
625:at the University of Oslo is named after her (
556:Den konsultative norske komité for rasehygiene
188:(Our Lady's Church) in Trondheim, part of the
16:Norwegian biologist and politician (1872–1948)
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1289:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
176:at her cabin, Snefugl (snow bird), c. 1946.
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1055:Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society
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1727:20th-century Norwegian women politicians
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602:Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
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312:She spent two postdoctoral semesters at
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1657:20th-century Norwegian women scientists
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462:Bonnevie discovered and classified new
295:that included the intestinal roundworm
164:Youth, primary, and secondary education
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1590:Stamhuis, Ida H; Monsen, Arve (2007).
1484:Norsk kvinnesaksforening gjennom 65 ĂĄr
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645:Norwegian Institute of Marine Research
454:concentration camp from 1941 to 1942.
337:lobbied for that position, along with
222:University education and doctoral work
1687:Free-minded Liberal Party politicians
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640:'Kristine Bonnevie's house').
389:Committee on Intellectual Cooperation
1244:The Barnard College Alumnae Bulletin
913:Grøtta, Vidar (2019). "Philosophy".
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576:. She was against Race Eugenics and
565:, which had been founded in 1908 by
353:In 1914, Bonnevie began researching
242:. Sars was the brother of historian
1575:"Kristine Elisabeth Heuch Bonnevie"
1263:
1117:Semb-Johansson, Arne (2020-02-25),
643:A research vessel belonging to the
13:
1702:Norwegian people of French descent
1692:20th-century Norwegian politicians
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815:Strømnes, Åsmund L. (2020-02-25),
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545:Institutt for arvelighetsforskning
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1596:Journal of the History of Biology
1240:"International Figure at Barnard"
854:(in Norwegian BokmĂĄl), 2021-11-02
833:
798:Journal of the History of Biology
333:in 1910. Her colleagues Sars and
1448:Det Frisinnede Venstre 1909–1927
533:in the constituency Gamle Aker.
305:" (studies on the germ cells of
122:Kristine Elisabet Heuch Bonnevie
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156:, a voyage memorialized in the
1697:Deputy members of the Storting
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727:International Women in Science
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673:, 1st class, in 1946, and the
665:In 1920 she received the Gold
433:Federation of University Women
256:She developed an expertise in
136:. Her fields of research were
1:
1707:Women members of the Storting
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694:have streets named after her.
1551:Institute of Marine Research
705:Timeline of women in science
7:
1407:. Flanders Marine Institute
1345:. Flanders Marine Institute
758:Ladies in the Laboratory II
741:Creese, Mary R. S. (2005).
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516:
457:
10:
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1529:(in Norwegian), 2024-06-18
1505:(in Norwegian), 2024-06-18
1304:Grandjean, Martin (2018).
348:Royal Frederick University
209:went to the equivalent of
100:Royal Frederick University
1712:Norwegian women academics
1609:10.1007/s10739-007-9132-x
1487:. Oslo: Foreningen. 1950.
1123:Norsk biografisk leksikon
821:Norsk biografisk leksikon
621:The biology building on
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523:Free-minded Liberal Party
134:Free-minded Liberal Party
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1446:Carstens, Svein (1987).
1328:Wilhelm Reich, Biologist
1189:(in Spanish). 2018-02-27
1036:Haines; Stevens (eds.).
724:Haines; Stevens (eds.).
587:escape to Sweden during
435:, held in 1924 in Oslo.
291:in different species of
658:. He named the hydroid
469:Enteroxenos oestergreni
341:, and later influenced
251:The Subjection of Women
1220:Cite journal requires
1158:Cite journal requires
1098:Cite journal requires
1010:Cite journal requires
951:Cite journal requires
871:Roos, Merethe (2022).
631:Kristine Bonnevies hus
630:
427:
307:Enteroxenos østergreni
302:Enteroxenos østergreni
285:University of WĂĽrzburg
214:also her pre-graduate
177:
1717:Norwegian geneticists
1682:Politicians from Oslo
1527:Store norske leksikon
1503:Store norske leksikon
1250:(1): 4. October 1932.
1125:(in Norwegian BokmĂĄl)
852:Store norske leksikon
823:(in Norwegian BokmĂĄl)
772:"Jacob Aall Bonnevie"
667:King's Medal of Merit
418:
171:
1662:Norwegian biologists
1386:. MarBEF Data System
543:She established the
527:Parliament of Norway
331:University of Bergen
297:Ascaris lumbricoides
266:University of ZĂĽrich
1547:"Kristine Bonnevie"
1523:"Kristine Bonnevie"
1499:"Kristine Bonnevie"
1187:Mujeres con ciencia
1119:"Kristine Bonnevie"
848:"Kristine Bonnevie"
660:Bonneviella grandis
531:Otto Bahr Halvorsen
482:Thuiaria articulata
466:of animals such as
350:from 1912 to 1937.
339:Haaken Hasberg Gran
314:Columbia University
182:Jacob Aall Bonnevie
578:National Socialism
538:Margarete Bonnevie
428:
274:Kristian Schreiner
248:John Stuart Mill's
228:University of Oslo
178:
1722:Women geneticists
1469:Statistics Norway
671:Order of St. Olav
639:
567:John Alfred Mjøen
540:, led from 1936.
393:League of Nations
240:Georg Ossian Sars
211:finishing schools
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106:Doctoral students
90:Scientific career
23:Kristine Bonnevie
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318:Edmund B. Wilson
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1577:. Who Named it?
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401:Albert Einstein
359:Barnard College
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324:Academic career
268:with professor
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186:VĂĄr Frue Church
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158:Kon-Tiki Museum
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649:marine biology
641:
619:
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613:Thor Heyerdahl
605:
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593:
518:
515:
510:Eupterotrachea
459:
456:
412:
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335:Robert Collett
325:
322:
281:Theodor Boveri
258:marine biology
223:
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165:
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117:
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63:30 August 1948
61:
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417:
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394:
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346:professor at
344:
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293:invertebrates
290:
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191:
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1550:
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1420:
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1378:
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1358:
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1337:
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1299:
1274:. Retrieved
1269:
1247:
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1186:
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1127:, retrieved
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1080:
1070:
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589:World War II
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386:
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370:fingerprints
363:
352:
327:
311:
306:
300:
278:
255:
225:
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152:on the raft
121:
120:
96:Institutions
89:
65:(1948-08-30)
1652:1948 deaths
1647:1872 births
570: [
559: [
548: [
504:Enteroxenos
440:World War I
405:Marie Curie
366:polydactyly
270:Arnold Lang
236:Johan Hjort
79:Citizenship
1641:Categories
1581:27 January
1556:2022-10-11
1533:2024-08-10
1509:2024-08-10
1432:2023-03-15
1428:. BioNames
1411:2023-03-15
1390:2023-03-15
1369:2023-03-15
1349:2023-03-15
1276:2022-05-05
1193:2022-05-05
1129:2022-05-05
924:3837643077
858:2022-05-05
827:2022-05-05
711:References
662:after her.
343:Parliament
244:Ernst Sars
203:Kristiania
146:embryology
44:1872-10-08
804:(3): 440.
688:Stavanger
627:Norwegian
477:Eulimidae
205:in 1886.
199:Trondhjem
126:biologist
52:Trondhjem
1618:18380054
1285:cite web
756:Creese.
699:See also
677:in 1935.
623:Blindern
517:Politics
495:Cionidae
458:Taxonomy
448:eugenics
375:eugenics
355:genetics
262:cytology
160:, Oslo.
154:Kon-tiki
142:genetics
138:cytology
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391:of the
289:meiosis
283:at the
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499:genus
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444:Nazis
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1291:link
1248:XXII
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1104:help
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975:ISBN
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