Kutenai - Knowledge

246: 1673:] of the Indian reservation is not known was at a loss what to do because no violence was committed whereby he could act. ... Mr. Teetzel arrived from Nelson Wednesday and in conference with Chief Alexander, got him to promise to see that Mr. Lewis got his hay, and warned him to keep the Indians from violence under penalty of losing the right of cutting hay on the flats. This warning he also gave to the white men. This is not the only one of the cases occurring this year. One farmer whose place is located near the reservation has been continually bothered by the Indians cutting his fences and turning their cattle in to graze on his property. 1474: 1575:

incision was made down the length of the trunk connecting the two rings. This cut had to be as straight and accurate as possible. A stick of about two inches in diameter was used carefully to pry the bark from the tree. The bark was wrapped up so that it would not dry out on the way to camp. The inside, or tree-side of the bark sheet, became the outside of the canoe, while the outside surface became the inside of the boat. The bark was considered ready for immediate use. There was no scraping or seasoning, nor was it decorated in any way.

705: 2447: 104: 116: 134: 694: 46: 1564:. This water craft was first described in 1899 as having some similarity to canoes used in the Amur region of Asia. At the time, some scholars believed in a theory of dispersal, concluding that similarities of artifacts or symbols among cultures represented that a superior culture had transmitted its elements to another culture. Since then, however, most scholars have concluded that many such innovations arose independently among different cultures. 1740:. They asked motorists to pay a toll to drive through the land that had been the tribe's aboriginal land. (About 200 Idaho State Police were on hand to keep the peace and there were no incidents of violence.) They intended to use the toll money to house and care for elderly tribal members. Most tribes in the United States are forbidden to declare war on the U.S. government because of treaties, but the Kootenai Tribe never signed a treaty. 225: 1720:

for grades 4–6, and have been teaching it for four years, to develop a new generation of native speakers. They are involved in designing curriculum for grades 7–12, which requires meeting B.C. curriculum guidelines. Concurrent with this, they are recording oral stories and myths, as well as to videotaping the practice of their traditional crafts and technologies, with spoken directions.

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government land. ... The principal trouble this year occurred when some Indians threatened Frank Lewis and drove him from the hay he had already cut. The Indians claim they have cut land at this particular place for years while the old-time ranchers say that hay has never before been cut there. Mr. Lewis complained to Policeman Gunn who, as the definite boundry [

1922: 1747:" that sold at $ 1.00 each. The bonds were dated 20 September 1974 and contained a brief declaration of war on the United States. These bonds were signed by Amelia Custack Trice, Tribal Chairwoman, and Douglas James Wheaton Sr., Tribal Representative. They were printed on heavy paper stock and were designed and signed by the western artist 1553:, and other social and ceremonial activities. The men belonged to different societies or lodges, such as the Crazy Dog Society, the Crazy Owl Society, and the Shamans' Society. These groups took on certain responsibilities, and membership in a lodge came with obligations in battle, hunting, and community service. 1394:. He notes that their language is isolated from that of Salish tribes common to the Pacific Coast. In addition, their traditional dress, many of their customs (such as their use of teepee-style portable dwellings), and their traditional religion have more in common with Plains peoples than with the Coastal Salish. 1708:. This process of integration separated the Yaqan Nu'kiy from their traditional lifeways, yet they have remained a very successful and self-confident community. They gradually gained more control and self-government, with less involvement from the Department of Indian or Aboriginal Affairs. Like most tribes in 1493:

scholars recorded has to be viewed with a critical eye, since they did not have the theoretical sophistication expected of anthropologists today. They imputed much of their own cultural values into what they were able to observe among the Ktunaxa. But their accounts are the most detailed descriptions

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Feeling that they have lost some traditions that are very important to them, the Ktunaxa are working to revive their culture, and particularly to encourage language study. A total of 10 fluent speakers of Ktunaxa live in both the U.S. and Canada. The Yaqan Nu'kiy have developed a language curriculum

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A dispute over the rights to cut hay on the flat lands, between the Indians and the white men, which might have resulted in bloodshed, was settled Wednesday by W.F. Teetzel, government agent, of Nelson, who told both Indians and whites that if violence is done, no one would be allowed to cut hay on

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While there was sometimes conflict between the Yaqan Nu'kiy and the local settler community at Creston, their relations were more characterized by peaceful coexistence. Their conflicts tended to be over land use. In contrast, relations between the Lower Kootenay and the surrounding European society

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A tree ... growing rather high in the mountains is sought. Finding one of the desired size and quality, a man climbed it to the proper height and cut a ring around the bark with his elk-horn chisel or flint knife. In the meantime a helper cut out another ring at the base of the tree. This done, an

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in the 1880s and 90s. He wrote a much celebrated grammar of their language, published in 1896. The first missionary to take up a permanent post in the Yaqan Nu'kiy territory, i.e. the Creston Band of Lower Kootenay, was Father Nicolas Coccola, who arrived in the Creston area in 1880. His memoirs,

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traveled to the Ktunaxa territories and worked to convert the peoples, keeping extensive written records of the process and of their observations of the culture. As a result of their accounts, there is more information about the missionary process than about other aspects of Ktunaxa history at the

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Archaeologist Dr. Wayne Choquette believes that the artifacts represented in the Goatfell Complex, dated from 11,500 BP up to the early historical period, show that there has been no break in the archaeological record. In addition, he says that it appears that the technology was local. No evidence

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is considered the most correct general term for the culture and peoples. Differing etymologies have been suggested, tying the name to the verb for "eating food plain, without seasoning," or alternately to the verb for "licking up blood." In the same interview referenced above, Finley attests the

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By the turn of the 20th century, some Yaqan Nu'kiy were engaged in agricultural activities introduced by European settlers, but their approach to the land was different. An example of the type of conflict that repeatedly arose between European settlers and Native farmers is shown by a newspaper

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The Ktunaxa had been exposed to Christianity as early as the 18th century, when a Lower Kootenay prophet from Flathead Lake in Montana by the name of Shining Shirt spread news of the coming of the 'Blackrobes' (French Jesuit missionaries) (Cocolla 20). Ktunaxa people also encountered Christian

1923:"Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (73), Single and Multiple Aboriginal Responses (4), Residence on or off reserve (3), Residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat (7), Age (8A) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data" 1633:

in support of the fur trade, but few Lower Kootenay found this worthwhile. The Lower Kootenay region is, as mentioned above, remarkably rich in fish, birds, and large game. As the economic life of the Yaqan Nu'kiy was notably secure, they resisted new and unfamiliar economic activities.

1020:. This is supported by an interview with Vernon Finley, previous tribal chairman of the CSKT. He supposes the term to be "given... by some other tribe" and that it was likely "a mispronunciation of whatever that word is," since 'Kootenai' holds no meaning in any neighboring language. 1684:

These examples illustrate the dynamic of relations between two peoples: the Ktunaxa whose lands have been vastly reduced by the introduction of a reserve system, and the European settlers who are constantly looking to expand their access to the land (and later industries).

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latter meaning to the image of a Ktunaxa warrior shooting an enemy, drawing out the arrow, and licking the blood from the arrowhead. He also says that, historically, people identified themselves primarily with the name of their band and less so with the broad term Ktunaxa.

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As temperatures continued to warm, the glacial lakes drained and fish found habitat in the warmer waters. The Lower Kootenay across the Pacific Northwest made fishing a fundamental part of their diet and culture, while maintaining the old traditions of game hunting.

1598:. By the 1830s the Ktunaxa had begun to adopt certain Christian elements in a syncretic blend of ceremonies. They were influenced less by European missionaries than through their contact with Christian Natives from other parts of Canada and the United States. 1386:

supports the conjecture that the region's first inhabitants emigrated from this area, nor that they were replaced or succeeded by a different people. Choquette concludes that the Ktunaxa today are the descendants of those first people to inhabit the land.

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The earliest ethnographies detail Ktunaxa culture around the turn of the 20th century. Europeans observed the Ktunaxa enjoying a stable economic life and rich social life, based on a detailed ritual calendar. Their economic life focused on fishing, using

1142:(Shuswap) band who settled in Kutenai territory in the mid-19th century. They were eventually incorporated into the group and intermarried with them, and spoke the Kutenai language. They departed the Ktunaxa nation in 2004 and are now part of the 1088:, on the most populous reserve Creston #1 along the Kootenay River, ca. 6 km north of the US-Canada border. Reserves include: Creston #1, Lower Kootenay #1A, #1B, #1C, #2, #3, #5, #4, St. Mary's #1A, ca. 26 km, population: 214) 1039:, meaning "people of the standing arrow" is the name of the southeastern-most of the seven bands, who are today primarily associated with what is now northwestern Montana, and are politically organized within the CSKT. 1451:

From the time of the first Ktunaxa settlement in the Kootenays, until the historical period beginning in the late 18th century, there is little known of the people's social, political, and intellectual development.

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technologies changed and became more complex and differentiated. They were probably big game hunters in their earliest prehistoric phase. The Ktunaxa were first noted in the historical record when mentioned on

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is the common form in the literature about the people, and has been adopted by Kutenai in both countries as an international spelling when discussing the people as a whole. The name evidently derives from the

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Other scholars, such as Reg Ashwell, suggest that the Ktunaxa moved to the British Columbia region in the early half of the 18th century, having been harassed and pushed there from East of the Rockies by the

1613:. While there was missionary activity in Eastern North America for 200 years, the Ktunaxa were not the objects of the church's attentions until the mid-late 19th century. Following De Smet, a Jesuit named 1712:, the Yaqan Nu'kiy did not have a treaty defining their rights regarding their territory. They have been working for decades on a careful and more or less cooperative treaty negotiation process with the 3183: 1605:

in 1845-6 was the first missionary to tour the region. He intended to establish missions to minister to Native peoples, and assessing the success and needs of those already established. The Catholic

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also reported on 21 June 1912: " says everything is in good condition and the majority of the Indians are at work picking berries for the ranchers who find their help useful and profitable."

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that began in earnest in 1863 with the discovery of gold in Wild Horse Creek, the Ktunaxa were little interested in European-driven economic activities. Traders worked to recruit them to

3053: 1716:. The Creston Band of the Ktunaxa today has 113 individuals living on the reserve, and many others living off-reserve and working in various industries in Canada and the United States. 1570:, the first to write an extensive ethnography of the Ktunaxa (focusing on bands in the United States), records a detailed description of the harvesting of bark to make this canoe (67): 1743:

The United States government ultimately made a land grant of 12.5 acres (0.051 km), the basis of what is now the Kootenai Reservation. In 1976 the tribe issued "Kootenai Nation

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and the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes. These two spellings have been used for various placenames on their respective sides of the Canadian-U.S. border, notably the

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The Goatfell assemblage of artifacts suggests that prior to 11,500 BP, the people who came to inhabit the Kootenay mountains may have lived in what is now the southwestern

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Slowly though, the Yaqan Nu'kiy began participating in European-driven industries. They served as hunters and guides for the miners at the Bluebell silver-lead mine at

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of Ktunaxa lifestyles at a time when Aboriginal lifeways all over the world were dramatically changing in the face of settlement by Europeans and European Americans.

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hunt. They were relatively well known to the Blackfoot, and sometimes their relations with them were in the form of violent confrontation over food competition.

1614: 733: 4180: 630: 297: 2963: 2798: 2754: 2459: 1546: 1956: 354: 1330:, dated to 11,500 before the present (BP). It has not been proven whether these artifacts were left by ancestors of the Ktunaxa or by another, possibly 680: 1641:. The richest gold mine ever discovered in the Kootenays was discovered by a Ktunaxa man named Pierre, and staked by him and Father Coccola in 1893. 2973: 2463: 1874: 1748: 655: 559: 1128:, ca. 15 km north of the British Columbia-Montana border. Reserves include: St. Mary's #1A, Tobacco Plains #2, ca. 44 km, population: 165) 1550: 4041: 2429: 529: 1102:; reserves include: Bummers Flat #6, Cassimayooks (Mayook) #5, Isidore's Ranch #4, Kootenay #1, St. Mary's #1A, ca. 79 km, population: 357) 3961: 524: 2938: 2933: 1359: 1091: 326: 3208: 2045: 1293:

and disease. Some Upper Kootenay participated in a Plains Native lifestyle for part of the year, crossing the Rockies to the east for the

1074:("place of two lakes"; also known as the Columbia Lake Indian Band). An Upper Kutenai group, they are headquartered in Akisqnuk, south of 4134: 4091: 4056: 3956: 2471: 443: 292: 4175: 4165: 3981: 2422: 726: 2190: 1534:

hunt. The Lower Kootenay, however, did not participate in communal bison hunts; these were not important to their economy or culture.

698: 423: 314: 3073: 4170: 1350:. This oldest assemblage of artifacts is known as the Goatfell Complex, named after the Goatfell region about 40 km east of 1308:. This group of Ktunaxa suffered high mortality rates, partly because of the depredations of the Blackfoot, and partly because of 3910: 1213: 956: 433: 309: 1249:. They are loosely divided into two groups: the Upper Kutenai and the Lower Kutenai, referring to the different sections of the 3408: 2243: 1622:

corroborated by newspaper reports and Ktunaxa oral histories, are the basis for the early 20th-century history of the Ktunaxa.

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in western Montana. A total population of about 6,800 live on the reservation, while 3,700 live outside the reservation nearby.

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Four Kutenai bands live in southeastern British Columbia, one lives in northern Idaho, and one lives in northwestern Montana:

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in Lower Kootenay country. As mentioned above, the Upper Kootenay often crossed the Rockies to participate in the

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epidemics. With numbers sharply reduced, these Plains Ktunaxa returned to the Kootenay region of British Columbia.

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The Ktunaxa territory in British Columbia has archeological sites with some of the oldest human-made artifacts in

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During the 20th century the Yaqan Nu'kiy gradually became involved in all the industries of the Creston valley:

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Scholars have numerous ideas about the origins of the Ktunaxa. One theory is that they originally lived on the

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Thompson, Sally (director). "Tribes of Montana" (2007), The Montana Experience: Stories From Big Sky Country,

1094:(ʔaq̓am or ʔaq̓amniʔk, "deep dense woods"). An Upper Kutenai group, they live along the St. Mary's River near 577: 3915: 3615: 3525: 3423: 3198: 2818: 1813: 1485:

Anthropological and ethnographic interest in the Ktunaxa were recorded from the mid-19th century. What these

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Source for Population: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC), Registered Population as of June, 2011

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declared war on the United States government. Their first act was to post tribal members on each end of

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The Ktunaxa conducted vision quests, particularly by a young man in a passage to adulthood. They used

1323:. To date, scholars have not found either archeological or historic evidence to support this account. 3760: 3565: 3560: 3495: 3163: 3023: 1567: 1371: 1351: 1085: 534: 27: 3890: 3971: 3835: 3655: 3510: 3463: 3338: 3103: 2968: 2923: 1182:, also called Idaho Ksanka). A Lower Kutenai group, they govern the Kootenai Indian Reservation in 512: 1035:

It has been attested that some Columbian Plateau groups may have called themselves "Upnuckanick."

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on Highway 3. These artifacts have been found at quarries in Goatfell, Harvey Mountain, Idaho,

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Kootenai Culture Committee (Autumn 2015). "The Traditional Worldview of the Kootenai People".

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Some Ktunaxa remained on or returned to the prairies year-round; they had a settlement near

3951: 3730: 3705: 3665: 3595: 3585: 3530: 3485: 3373: 3368: 3253: 3248: 3238: 3173: 3153: 3068: 2908: 2492: 1737: 1713: 1651: 1561: 1503: 1225: 245: 2334: 2005: 1068:(KNC) (until 2005 the Ktunaxa/Kinbasket Tribal Council) includes the four Canadian bands: 8: 4096: 4016: 3710: 3650: 3645: 3535: 3358: 3233: 1781: 1602: 1473: 1410: 1135: 1081: 944: 1413:. The Goatfell Complex, and specifically the techniques of manufacture of the tools and 1154:; their reserves include: St. Mary's #1A, Shuswap IR, ca. 12 km, population: 244). 517: 4081: 4036: 3775: 3735: 3715: 3600: 3273: 3268: 2948: 2803: 2646: 2530: 1221: 1009: 964: 1078:. Reserves include: Columbia Lake #3, St. Mary's #1A, ca. 33 km, population: 264) 936:, thus unrelated to the languages of neighboring peoples or any other known language. 270: 3313: 3298: 3293: 2721: 2107: 1882: 1855: 1828: 1217: 960: 943:

in British Columbia. The Ktunaxa Nation was historically closely associated with the

408: 4160: 4011: 3935: 2730: 2694: 2578: 1776: 1709: 1606: 1478: 1414: 1402: 1286: 1238: 1055: 1024: 984: 933: 929: 917: 863: 846: 806: 753: 203: 168: 164: 121: 93: 20: 2664: 2158:, Narrative of David Thompson's life and travels. / Feb 2011, minutes: 14:13–14:20 1116:- 'People of the place of the flying head'. An Upper Kutenai band, they live near 4066: 3203: 2769: 2669: 2598: 2593: 2408: 2250: 2232: 1786: 1630: 1519: 1282: 1253:(spelled "Kootenai" in the U.S.) where the bands live. The Upper Kutenai are the 607: 582: 319: 2178: 1261:

in British Columbia, as well as the Montana Kootenai. The Lower Kutenai are the

3323: 2983: 2893: 2679: 2608: 2558: 2520: 2467: 2380: 2030: 1979: 1765: 1490: 1339: 1250: 1121: 1000: 940: 670: 635: 504: 2149: 2134: 1894:

People Before The Park-The Kootenai and Blackfeet Before Glacier National Park

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had made it a priority to minister to these newly discovered peoples in the

4071: 2858: 2702: 1729: 1582: 1579: 1429: 1301: 481: 364: 4046: 4001: 2603: 2568: 1816:, "Report of the Kootenay Indians of South Eastern British Columbia," in 1701: 1689: 1433: 1425: 1316: 587: 19:

This article is about the people. For the language of the same name, see

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In the first stages of Ktunaxa-European contact, mainly the result of a

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Some of the Ktunaxa say that their ancestors came originally from the

2684: 2636: 2573: 2288:"Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation" 1771: 1744: 1626: 1610: 1542: 1499: 1406: 1391: 1343: 1335: 1139: 466: 383: 2401: 2266: 916:

of Canada and the United States. Kutenai bands live in southeastern

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have been attested since 1820; two others are also in current use.

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Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science

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retreated, people moved northward, following the revival of the

1098:. Tribal headquarters are located on the most populous reserve, 3991: 2588: 2563: 2510: 2500: 1697: 1557: 1486: 1327: 1290: 1051: 224: 109: 89: 1846:(3). Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society Press: 47–73. 1761:

Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation

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On 20 September 1974, the Kootenai Tribe headed by Chairwoman

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Uncharted Territory: David Thompson on the Columbia Plateau

1904:. Menasha, Wis: American Anthropological Association, 1941. 1527: 1511: 1507: 869: 774: 768: 2396: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2046:"Pronunciation Guide to First Nations in British Columbia" 1837: 1825:

Owl's Eyes & Seeking a Spirit: Kootenai Indian Stories

2145: 1768:, early fur trade post associated with the Kootenai tribe 1669: 812: 2011:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

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bands. An Upper Kutenai group, they live mostly on the

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Ethnic group; an indigenous people of Canada and the US

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Aboriginal Canada - First Nation Connectivity Profile

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were formerly part of the Ktunaxa Nation. They are a

896: 884: 881: 875: 866: 836: 818: 792: 780: 771: 759: 1896:. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society Press. 1827:. Pablo, Mont: Salish Kootenai College Press, 1999. 1506:. They had seasonal and sometimes ritual hunts for 809: 765: 171:(Kitunahan), ʔa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam (Ktunaxa Sign Language) 4186:

Wars between the United States and Native Americans

1257:(Columbia Lake Band), the St. Mary's Band, and the 872: 824: 815: 756: 2099: 2050:Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada 1854:Lincoln, Neb: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. 1723: 1502:and hooks, and travelling on the waterways in the 1003:, called the Kootenai River in the United States. 959:(CSKT) in Montana, a confederation also including 947:through tribal association and intermarriage. Two 4152: 1016:, which itself may derive from the Kutenai term 1891: 995:is used in Montana and Idaho, including in the 2430: 2100:McMillan, Alan D.; Yellowhorn, Eldon (2009). 1378:, quite a distance north on the west side of 727: 4181:Native American tribes in Washington (state) 1823:Finley, Debbie Joseph, and Howard Kallowat. 1108:(Tobacco Plains First Nation, ʔa·kanuxunik, 4135:List of Indian reserves in British Columbia 2306:(PhD). University of California. p. 3. 2204:. lowerkootenay.com. Retrieved 31 May 2018. 2135:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgEvbYgGfus 2086:(PhD). University of California. p. 1. 2437: 2423: 2331: 2181:. www.akisqnuk.com. Retrieved 31 May 2018. 2095: 2093: 2004: 1850:Linderman, Frank Bird, and Celeste River. 951:represent Kutenai people in the U.S.: the 734: 720: 44: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2321:. Canada: Frontier Press. pp. 9–10. 2316: 1840:Montana: The Magazine of Western History 1472: 223: 3911:Wuikinuxv-Kitasoo-Nuxalk Tribal Council 3384:Northern Shuswap Tribal Council Society 2090: 1436:. The prevailing theory is that as the 1237:The Kutenai today live in southeastern 1214:Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes 957:Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes 4153: 3184:Musgamagw Dzawada'enuxw Tribal Council 2397:Official website of the Ktunaxa Nation 2299: 2079: 2068: 851: 378:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 2418: 2303:A Description of the Kutenai Language 2290:. www.csktribes.org. Retrieved 31 May 2106:. D & M Publishers. p. 180. 2083:A Description of the Kutenai Language 1806:, and Alexander Francis Chamberlain. 404:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women 2344:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1955:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from 1556:The Ktunaxa and their neighbors the 72:Regions with significant populations 2052:. 15 September 2010. Archived from 1810:Washington: Govt. Print. Off, 1918. 13: 2356:Indian Tribes of British Columbia, 1432:west of the continent in the late 14: 4197: 4176:Native American tribes in Montana 4166:First Nations in British Columbia 3334:Nlaka'pamux Nation Tribal Council 2451:First Nations in British Columbia 2390: 2332:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 2300:Morgan, Lawrence Richard (1991). 2080:Morgan, Lawrence Richard (1991). 1617:lived among the Ksanka people of 2779:Carrier Chilcotin Tribal Council 2445: 1977: 1879:The Chase: A Kutenai Indian Tale 1468: 862: 805: 752: 703: 692: 244: 132: 114: 102: 4171:Native American tribes in Idaho 3866:Tsilhqot'in National Government 3139:Lower St'atl'imx Tribal Council 2919:Secretariat of the Haida Nation 2879:Gitksan Tribal Services Society 2374: 2361: 2358:Hancock House (1977/2012, p. 55 2348: 2325: 2310: 2293: 2281: 2255: 2237: 2219: 2207: 2195: 2184: 2172: 2161: 2139: 1949:"American FactFinder - Results" 1644: 1477:Ktunaxa girls, photographed by 987:, including in the name of the 975:Around 40 variants of the name 912:(in the United States), are an 350:British Columbia Treaty Process 2984:Ktunaxa Nation Council Society 2038: 2018: 2014:(5th ed.). HarperCollins. 1998: 1971: 1941: 1915: 1736:that runs through the town of 1042: 1: 3616:Shuswap Nation Tribal Council 3424:Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council 2819:Carrier-Sekani Tribal Council 2202:"Lower Kootenay First Nation" 1908: 1797: 1662:dated Friday, 9 August 1912: 1417:, are part of a tradition of 1281:, and were driven across the 1144:Shuswap Nation Tribal Council 51: 1900:Turney-High, Harry Holbert. 1405:was beneath the Cordilleran 1265:of British Columbia and the 355:Crown and Indigenous peoples 7: 3816:Treaty 8 Tribal Association 3219:Naut'sa Mawt Tribal Council 2317:Anderson, Frank W. (1972). 1754: 1541:ritually. They practiced a 1263:Lower Kootenay First Nation 989:Lower Kootenay First Nation 970: 949:federally recognized tribes 593:Indigenous English Dialects 10: 4202: 1902:Ethnography of the Kutenai 1586:turn of the 20th century. 1549:, a midwinter festival, a 1272: 1259:Tobacco Plains Indian Band 1232: 1106:Tobacco Plains Indian Band 983:is the common spelling in 25: 18: 4140:Métis in British Columbia 4130: 4110: 3944: 3909: 3864: 3814: 3754: 3679: 3614: 3559: 3509: 3422: 3382: 3332: 3292: 3217: 3209:Kwikwasut'inuxw Haxwa'mis 3182: 3137: 3087: 3024:Kwakiutl District Council 3022: 2982: 2947: 2917: 2877: 2817: 2777: 2766: 2720: 2693: 2645: 2617: 2529: 2491: 2482: 2457: 2263:"Kootenai Tribe of Idaho" 2179:"Akisqnuk: Our Community" 2031:Dictionary.com Unabridged 1881:. New York: Crown, 1991. 1568:Harry Holbert Turney-High 1352:Creston, British Columbia 1186:. Their population is 75. 1120:on the east shore of the 699:Indigenous North Americas 214: 199: 189: 180: 175: 163: 158: 130: 100: 76: 71: 66: 61: 43: 28:Kootenay (disambiguation) 4111:Not federally recognized 3671:Whispering Pines/Clinton 3511:Okanagan Nation Alliance 1892:Thompson, Sally (2015). 1146:. They are located near 477:Indigenous personalities 3561:Scw'exmx Tribal Council 3089:Lillooet Tribal Council 2407:29 October 2006 at the 2402:Kootenai Tribe of Idaho 2335:"Kutenai Indians" 2249:6 February 2013 at the 2103:First Peoples in Canada 1792:Salish Kootenai College 1401:, during a period when 1267:Kootenai Tribe of Idaho 1172:Kootenai Tribe of Idaho 1092:St. Mary's First Nation 997:Kootenai Tribe of Idaho 953:Kootenai Tribe of Idaho 3666:Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc 2484:Ethnolinguistic groups 1929:. Government of Canada 1675: 1577: 1482: 1066:Ktunaxa Nation Council 229: 3756:Sto:lo Tribal Council 2755:Modern treaty process 2383:, University of Idaho 2381:Idaho's forgotten war 2341:Catholic Encyclopedia 1953:factfinder.census.gov 1852:Kootenai Why Stories. 1724:"Kootenai Nation War" 1664: 1572: 1526:, and the many other 1476: 1255:Akisqnuk First Nation 1212:) are members of the 1072:Akisqnuk First Nation 1012:word for the people, 799:), also known as the 227: 3054:Gwa'Sala-Nakwaxda'xw 2231:2 April 2012 at the 1869:Canadian Savage Folk 1714:government of Canada 1652:Bonners Ferry, Idaho 1615:Philippo Canestrelli 1596:Hudson's Bay Company 1562:sturgeon-nosed canoe 1504:sturgeon-nosed canoe 1461:'s map, circa 1793. 1421:that existed in the 1226:Flathead Reservation 1150:, just northeast of 1114:ʔakink̓umⱡasnuqⱡiʔit 796:-tə-nay, -⁠nee 603:Aboriginal syllabics 578:Indigenous languages 181:Kutenai spiritualism 26:For other uses, see 4017:Little Shuswap Lake 3471:Mowachaht/Muchalaht 3409:Stswecem'c Xgat'tem 2767:Tribal councils and 2226:Tobacco Plains Band 1959:on 14 February 2020 1927:www12.statcan.gc.ca 1603:Pierre-Jean de Smet 1459:Alexander Mackenzie 1136:Shuswap Indian Band 1124:below the mouth of 1082:Lower Kootenay Band 945:Shuswap Indian Band 853:[ktunʌ́χɑ̝] 631:Traditional beliefs 472:Indigenous cultures 315:Residential schools 305:Settler colonialism 40: 2949:Kaska Dena Council 2411:, official website 2371:1899, 19 June 2012 2269:on 29 October 2006 2056:on 23 January 2014 1877:, and Michel Gay. 1814:Chamberlain, A. F. 1547:Grizzly Bear Dance 1483: 1134:Additionally, the 236:Indigenous peoples 230: 38: 4148: 4147: 4126: 4125: 3919: 3874: 3824: 3764: 3689: 3624: 3569: 3546:Upper Similkameen 3526:Lower Similkameen 3519: 3432: 3392: 3364:Oregon Jack Creek 3342: 3302: 3227: 3192: 3147: 3097: 3032: 2992: 2957: 2927: 2887: 2844:Nak'azdli Whut'en 2827: 2787: 2759: 2751: 2743: 2735: 2716: 2715: 2319:The Dewdney Trail 2113:978-1-926706-84-9 1980:"ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam" 1871:, (Toronto, 1896) 1704:, education, and 1654:, deteriorated. 1594:sent west by the 1285:by the competing 1218:Bitterroot Salish 961:Bitterroot Salish 914:indigenous people 744: 743: 710:Canada portal 656:Index of articles 409:Numbered Treaties 222: 221: 185: 184: 4193: 3913: 3868: 3818: 3758: 3683: 3618: 3563: 3513: 3426: 3386: 3336: 3296: 3221: 3186: 3141: 3091: 3026: 2986: 2951: 2921: 2881: 2821: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2770:band governments 2757: 2749: 2741: 2733: 2731:Douglas Treaties 2489: 2488: 2449: 2439: 2432: 2425: 2416: 2415: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2365: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2265:. Archived from 2259: 2253: 2241: 2235: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2165: 2159: 2152: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2118: 2117: 2097: 2088: 2087: 2077: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1919: 1897: 1875:Tanaka, Beatrice 1847: 1820:, (London, 1892) 1777:Kutenai language 1710:British Columbia 1479:Edward S. Curtis 1403:British Columbia 1342:, especially of 1287:Blackfoot people 1239:British Columbia 1056:British Columbia 1025:Kutenai language 985:British Columbia 939:Four bands form 934:language isolate 930:Kutenai language 918:British Columbia 908:(in Canada) and 900: 894: 893: 890: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 855: 850: 840: 834: 833: 830: 829: 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 795: 790: 789: 786: 785: 782: 777: 776: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 736: 729: 722: 708: 707: 706: 697: 696: 695: 414:Royal Commission 320:Indian hospitals 293:Pre-colonization 248: 232: 231: 218:Ktunaxa ʔamakʔas 187: 186: 138: 136: 135: 122:British Columbia 120: 118: 117: 108: 106: 105: 94:British Columbia 62:Total population 56: 53: 48: 41: 37: 21:Kutenai language 4201: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4122: 4106: 3940: 3905: 3860: 3810: 3786:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt 3750: 3675: 3610: 3555: 3505: 3418: 3378: 3328: 3314:Gitlax̱t'aamiks 3299:Gitlax̱t'aamiks 3288: 3213: 3178: 3133: 3083: 3018: 2978: 2943: 2913: 2873: 2813: 2768: 2762: 2724:and land claims 2712: 2689: 2670:Laich-kwil-tach 2665:Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw 2641: 2613: 2525: 2478: 2464:Northwest Coast 2453: 2443: 2409:Wayback Machine 2393: 2388: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2369:Rep. Nat. Mus., 2366: 2362: 2353: 2349: 2330: 2326: 2315: 2311: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2272: 2270: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2251:Wayback Machine 2242: 2238: 2233:Wayback Machine 2224: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2162: 2150: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2121: 2114: 2098: 2091: 2078: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2003: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1978:Auld, Francis. 1976: 1972: 1962: 1960: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1932: 1930: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1800: 1787:Jennifer Porter 1757: 1749:Emilie Touraine 1734:U.S. Highway 95 1726: 1679:Creston Review, 1658:article in the 1647: 1471: 1275: 1235: 1222:Pend d'Oreilles 1184:Boundary County 1152:Windermere Lake 1045: 973: 965:Pend d'Oreilles 898: 865: 861: 845: 838: 808: 804: 793: 779: 755: 751: 740: 704: 702: 701: 693: 691: 686: 685: 651: 643: 642: 626: 618: 617: 583:Inuit languages 573: 565: 564: 505:Indian reserves 500: 492: 491: 462: 454: 453: 424:Specific claims 419:Self-government 380: 340: 332: 331: 283: 237: 209:ʔa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam 207: 142: 133: 131: 115: 113: 112: 103: 101: 57: 54: 36: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4199: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3922: 3920: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3825: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3791:Seabird Island 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3767: 3765: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3692: 3690: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3627: 3625: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3572: 3570: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3522: 3520: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3435: 3433: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3395: 3393: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3305: 3303: 3294:Nisga'a Nation 3290: 3289: 3287: 3286: 3284:Tsleil-Waututh 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3230: 3228: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3195: 3193: 3189:Campbell River 3180: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3150: 3148: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3100: 3098: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3039:Campbell River 3035: 3033: 3029:Campbell River 3020: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3014:Tobacco Plains 3011: 3009:Lower Kootenay 3006: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2960: 2958: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2930: 2928: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2830: 2828: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2790: 2788: 2772: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2752: 2744: 2736: 2727: 2725: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2699: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2651: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2623: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2535: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2497: 2495: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2460:Cultural areas 2458: 2455: 2454: 2442: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2399: 2392: 2391:External links 2389: 2386: 2385: 2373: 2360: 2347: 2324: 2309: 2292: 2280: 2254: 2236: 2218: 2216:. www.aqam.net 2214:"Aqam - About" 2206: 2194: 2183: 2171: 2168:Ktunaxa Nation 2160: 2138: 2119: 2112: 2089: 2067: 2037: 2034:(Online). n.d. 2017: 1997: 1970: 1940: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1889: 1872: 1862: 1848: 1835: 1821: 1811: 1808:Kutenai Tales. 1799: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1782:Kaúxuma Núpika 1779: 1774: 1769: 1766:Kootanae House 1763: 1756: 1753: 1725: 1722: 1660:Creston Review 1646: 1643: 1560:both used the 1551:Blue Jay Dance 1491:North American 1470: 1467: 1448:to the north. 1423:North American 1340:flint-knapping 1274: 1271: 1251:Kootenay River 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1201: 1200: 1198: 1188: 1187: 1180:ʔa·kaq̓ⱡahaⱡxu 1168: 1167: 1165: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1122:Lake Koocanusa 1103: 1089: 1079: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1044: 1041: 1001:Kootenay River 972: 969: 941:Ktunaxa Nation 924:, and western 742: 741: 739: 738: 731: 724: 716: 713: 712: 688: 687: 684: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 652: 649: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 639: 638: 636:Inuit religion 627: 624: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 574: 571: 570: 567: 566: 563: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 521: 520: 515: 507: 501: 498: 497: 494: 493: 490: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 463: 460: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 374: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 345:Indigenous law 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 327:Reconciliation 324: 323: 322: 317: 312: 302: 301: 300: 290: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 275: 274: 267: 260: 250: 249: 241: 240: 220: 219: 216: 212: 211: 201: 197: 196: 191: 183: 182: 178: 177: 173: 172: 161: 160: 156: 155: 152: 128: 127: 124: 98: 97: 74: 73: 69: 68: 64: 63: 59: 58: 50:Kutenai group 49: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4198: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4087:Tsay Keh Dene 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4042:Nee-Tahi-Buhn 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4012:Lax Kw'alaams 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3871:Williams Lake 3867: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3846:Prophet River 3844: 3842: 3841:Halfway River 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3821:Fort St. John 3817: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3796:Shxw'ow'hamel 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3746:Yakweakwioose 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3681:Sto:lo Nation 3678: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3481:Tla-o-qui-aht 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3414:Williams Lake 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3389:Williams Lake 3385: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3324:Lax̱g̱alts’ap 3322: 3320: 3319:Gitwinksihlkw 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3199:Dzawada'enuxw 3197: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 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1360:Kiakho Lake 1317:Great Lakes 1100:Kootenay #1 1043:Communities 920:, northern 608:Chinuk pipa 588:Chinuk Wawa 572:Linguistics 555:Territories 525:Atlantic CA 389:Land claims 55: 1900 4155:Categories 4118:Kelly Lake 4082:Taku River 4027:Metlakatla 4007:Kwikwetlem 3901:Yunesit'in 3886:Tl'etinqox 3831:Doig River 3721:Skawahlook 3696:Aitchelitz 3686:Chilliwack 3641:Neskonlith 3631:Adams Lake 3476:Nuchatlaht 3464:Huu-ay-aht 3459:Hupacasath 3449:Ehattesaht 3404:Soda Creek 3399:Canim Lake 3354:Boston Bar 3279:Tsawwassen 3264:Stz'uminus 3259:Snuneymuxw 3044:Cape Mudge 2999:?Akisq'nuk 2964:Daylu Dena 2954:Lower Post 2934:Old Masset 2854:Stellat'en 2834:Burns Lake 2680:Nuučaan̓uł 2493:Athabaskan 1963:13 January 1909:References 1798:Literature 1500:fish traps 1454:Stone tool 1356:Negro Lake 1348:tourmaline 1319:region of 1204:Kootenai ( 1110:Akan'kunik 1076:Windermere 661:Indigenous 399:Land title 371:Indian Act 4092:Union Bar 4072:Sts'ailes 4057:Skin Tyee 4052:Semiahmoo 3962:Esk'etemc 3957:Cheslatta 3936:Wuikinuxv 3891:Tŝideldel 3881:?Esdilagh 3806:Sq'éwlets 3801:Soowahlie 3771:Chawathil 3741:Tzeachten 3636:Bonaparte 3576:Coldwater 3541:Penticton 3454:Hesquiaht 3349:Boothroyd 3204:Gwawaenuk 3169:Samahquam 3164:N'Quatqua 3144:Pemberton 3114:T'it'q'et 2989:Cranbrook 2939:Skidegate 2894:Gitanmaax 2864:Tl'azt'en 2794:Lhoosk'uz 2758:(ongoing) 2685:Wuikinuxv 2637:Tsimshian 2599:St'at'imc 2584:Shishá7lh 2574:Secwépemc 2476:Subarctic 2367:Mason in 2026:"Kutenai" 2006:"Kutenai" 1772:Kootenays 1745:War Bonds 1730:Amy Trice 1627:gold rush 1611:New World 1580:Christian 1543:Sun Dance 1407:ice sheet 1392:Blackfoot 1368:Cranbrook 1364:Lumberton 1344:quartzite 1336:quarrying 1176:ʔaq̓anqmi 1148:Invermere 1140:Secwepemc 1126:Elk River 1096:Cranbrook 1010:Blackfoot 625:Religions 384:Land Back 238:in Canada 159:Languages 4067:Squamish 4032:Musqueam 3997:Kitselas 3982:High Bar 3972:Gitga'at 3967:Gitxaala 3952:Ashcroft 3851:Saulteau 3781:Kwantlen 3726:Skowkale 3716:Shxwhá:y 3661:Splatsin 3621:Kamloops 3591:Nooaitch 3551:Westbank 3531:Okanagan 3516:Westbank 3501:Ucluelet 3491:Tseshaht 3444:Ditidaht 3439:Ahousaht 3309:Ging̱olx 3274:Tla'amin 3269:T'Sou-ke 3244:Klahoose 3124:Tsal'alh 3094:Lillooet 3064:Kwakiutl 2974:Kwadacha 2899:Gitanyow 2884:Hazelton 2809:Ulkatcho 2739:Treaty 8 2722:Treaties 2675:Heiltsuk 2655:Ditidaht 2647:Wakashan 2569:Scw'exmx 2554:Musqueam 2531:Salishan 2405:Archived 2273:13 April 2247:Archived 2229:Archived 1984:Facebook 1755:See also 1694:forestry 1592:Iroquois 1487:European 1438:glaciers 1428:and the 1419:knapping 1332:Salishan 1321:Michigan 1310:smallpox 1279:prairies 1118:Grasmere 1014:Kotonáwa 993:Kootenai 981:Kootenay 971:Kootenay 955:and the 910:Kootenai 906:Kootenay 449:Politics 439:Case law 434:Genocide 339:Politics 310:Genocide 298:Genetics 288:Timeline 200:Language 176:Religion 4161:Ktunaxa 4077:Tahltan 3926:Kitasoo 3761:Agassiz 3731:Squiala 3706:Matsqui 3646:Shuswap 3596:Shackan 3586:Nicomen 3566:Merritt 3536:Osoyoos 3486:Toquaht 3374:Spuzzum 3369:Skuppah 3254:Nanoose 3249:Malahat 3239:Homalco 3159:Lil'wat 3154:Douglas 3129:Xaxli'p 3069:Kwiakah 3059:K'ómoks 2909:Kispiox 2849:Saik'uz 2747:Nisga'a 2708:Ktunaxa 2695:Isolate 2632:Nisga'a 2627:Gitxsan 2609:W̱SÁNEĆ 2579:SEMYOME 2549:K'ómoks 2544:Klallam 2516:Tlingit 2506:Daneẕaa 2472:Plateau 2156:YouTube 1990:22 June 1706:tourism 1639:Riondel 1619:Montana 1607:Jesuits 1601:Father 1539:tobacco 1520:gophers 1516:caribou 1481:in 1911 1409:of the 1372:Creston 1306:Alberta 1283:Rockies 1273:Origins 1247:Montana 1233:History 1196:Montana 1086:Creston 1029:Ktunaxa 1023:In the 1018:Ktunaxa 1005:Kutenai 977:Kutenai 967:bands. 926:Montana 847:Kutenai 801:Ktunaxa 748:Kutenai 461:Culture 282:History 228:Ktunaxa 215:Country 204:Ktunaxa 194:Ktunaxa 169:Kutenai 165:English 149:Montana 86:Montana 39:Kutenai 4097:Witset 4047:Peters 3992:Katzie 3977:Haisla 3931:Nuxalk 3711:Popkum 3651:Simpcw 3359:Lytton 3339:Lytton 3234:Halalt 3174:Skatin 2924:Masset 2804:Toosey 2799:Lhtako 2750:(1998) 2742:(1899) 2660:Haisla 2604:Stó:lō 2589:Sinixt 2564:Nuxalk 2511:Sekani 2501:Dakelh 2468:Plains 2110: 2060:14 May 1885: 1858: 1831: 1698:mining 1558:Sinixt 1415:points 1328:Canada 1291:famine 1289:or by 1245:, and 1210:Ksanka 1052:Canada 1037:Ksanka 928:. The 858:Ksanka 190:People 137: 119: 110:Canada 107: 90:Canada 4062:Skwah 4037:Nazko 3987:Iskut 3776:Cheam 3736:Sumas 3601:Siska 3224:Delta 3004:?aqam 2859:Takla 2703:Haida 1532:bison 1524:geese 1446:fauna 1442:flora 1376:Kaslo 1295:bison 1243:Idaho 1163:Idaho 1112:, or 932:is a 922:Idaho 681:Stubs 676:Métis 671:Inuit 650:Index 518:Métis 487:Music 271:Métis 264:Inuit 145:Idaho 82:Idaho 4102:Yale 2275:2012 2108:ISBN 2062:2013 1992:2017 1965:2018 1935:2017 1883:ISBN 1856:ISBN 1829:ISBN 1677:The 1631:trap 1545:and 1528:fowl 1512:deer 1508:bear 1489:and 1444:and 1366:and 1358:and 1346:and 1338:and 1220:and 1064:The 963:and 901:-kah 899:SAHN 841:-hah 837:tun- 746:The 598:NAPA 2154:on 2146:PBS 1670:sic 1650:in 1208:or 1178:or 904:), 897:kə- 856:), 794:KOO 509:AB 467:Art 154:596 126:940 88:), 4157:: 2474:, 2470:, 2466:, 2462:: 2338:. 2148:, 2122:^ 2092:^ 2070:^ 2048:. 2028:. 2008:. 1982:. 1951:. 1925:. 1867:, 1844:65 1842:. 1751:. 1696:, 1692:, 1522:, 1518:, 1514:, 1510:, 1382:. 1304:, 1269:. 1241:, 1194:- 1161:- 1054:- 1027:, 991:. 888:ɑː 879:ɑː 844:; 839:AH 828:ɑː 822:ɑː 784:iː 778:,- 775:eɪ 763:uː 550:SK 545:QC 540:ON 535:MB 530:BC 513:FN 167:, 147:, 84:, 52:c. 3918:) 3914:( 3873:) 3869:( 3823:) 3819:( 3763:) 3759:( 3688:) 3684:( 3623:) 3619:( 3568:) 3564:( 3518:) 3514:( 3431:) 3427:( 3391:) 3387:( 3341:) 3337:( 3301:) 3297:( 3226:) 3222:( 3191:) 3187:( 3146:) 3142:( 3096:) 3092:( 3031:) 3027:( 2991:) 2987:( 2956:) 2952:( 2926:) 2922:( 2886:) 2882:( 2826:) 2822:( 2786:) 2782:( 2438:e 2431:t 2424:v 2277:. 2116:. 2064:. 1994:. 1967:. 1937:. 1174:( 891:/ 885:k 882:n 876:s 873:ˈ 870:ə 867:k 864:/ 860:( 849:: 831:/ 825:h 819:n 816:ˈ 813:ʌ 810:t 807:/ 803:( 787:/ 781:n 772:n 769:ə 766:t 760:k 757:ˈ 754:/ 750:( 735:e 728:t 721:v 206:, 151:) 143:( 96:) 92:( 80:( 30:. 23:.

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