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special glass, PMMA is used in most cases because it is rugged, while special glass is used when the thickness of the LCD is of primary concern, because it doesn't expand as much when heated or exposed to moisture, which allows LCDs to be just 5mm thick. Quantum dots may be placed on top of the diffuser as a quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF, in which case they need a layer to be protected from heat and humidity) or on the color filter of the LCD, replacing the resists that are normally used. As of 2012, this design is the most popular one in desktop computer monitors. It allows for the thinnest displays. Some LCD monitors using this technology have a feature called dynamic contrast, invented by
Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan Using PWM (pulse-width modulation, a technology where the intensity of the LEDs are kept constant, but the brightness adjustment is achieved by varying a time interval of flashing these constant light intensity light sources), the backlight is dimmed to the brightest color that appears on the screen while simultaneously boosting the LCD contrast to the maximum achievable levels, allowing the 1000:1 contrast ratio of the LCD panel to be scaled to different light intensities, resulting in the "30000:1" contrast ratios seen in the advertising on some of these monitors. Since computer screen images usually have full white somewhere in the image, the backlight will usually be at full intensity, making this "feature" mostly a marketing gimmick for computer monitors, however for TV screens it drastically increases the perceived contrast ratio and dynamic range, improves the viewing angle dependency and drastically reducing the power consumption of conventional LCD televisions.
1391:(invented by Philips researchers Adrianus de Vaan and Paulus Schaareman), generally achieved using so called DBEF films manufactured and supplied by 3M. Improved versions of the prism sheet have a wavy rather than a prismatic structure, and introduce waves laterally into the structure of the sheet while also varying the height of the waves, directing even more light towards the screen and reducing aliasing or moiré between the structure of the prism sheet and the subpixels of the LCD. A wavy structure is easier to mass-produce than a prismatic one using conventional diamond machine tools, which are used to make the rollers used to imprint the wavy structure into plastic sheets, thus producing prism sheets. A diffuser sheet is placed on both sides of the prism sheet to distribute the light of the backlight uniformly, while a mirror is placed behind the light guide plate to direct all light forwards. The prism sheet with its diffuser sheets are placed on top of the light guide plate. The DBEF polarizers consist of a large stack of uniaxial oriented birefringent films that reflect the former absorbed polarization mode of the light. Such reflective polarizers using uniaxial oriented polymerized liquid crystals (birefringent polymers or birefringent glue) are invented in 1989 by Philips researchers Dirk Broer, Adrianus de Vaan and Joerg Brambring. The combination of such reflective polarizers, and LED dynamic backlight control make today's LCD televisions far more efficient than the CRT-based sets, leading to a worldwide energy saving of 600 TWh (2017), equal to 10% of the electricity consumption of all households worldwide or equal to 2 times the energy production of all solar cells in the world.
296:(TFT) array, spacers and liquid crystal, creating several color LCDs that are then cut from one another and laminated with polarizer sheets. Red, green, blue and black colored photoresists (resists) are used to create color filters. All resists contain a finely ground powdered pigment, with particles being just 40 nanometers across. The black resist is the first to be applied; this will create a black grid (known in the industry as a black matrix) that will separate red, green and blue subpixels from one another, increasing contrast ratios and preventing light from leaking from one subpixel onto other surrounding subpixels. After the black resist has been dried in an oven and exposed to UV light through a photomask, the unexposed areas are washed away, creating a black grid. Then the same process is repeated with the remaining resists. This fills the holes in the black grid with their corresponding colored resists. Black matrices made in the 1980s and 1990s when most color LCD production was for laptop computers, are made of Chromium due to its high opacity, but due to environmental concerns, manufacturers shifted to black colored photoresist with carbon pigment as the black matrix material. Another color-generation method used in early color PDAs and some calculators was done by varying the voltage in a
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components and intended to use LCDs in new product generations of hi-fi, video equipment and telephones. In 1984, Philips researchers
Theodorus Welzen and Adrianus de Vaan invented a video speed-drive scheme that solved the slow response time of STN-LCDs, enabling high-resolution, high-quality, and smooth-moving video images on STN-LCDs. In 1985, Philips inventors Theodorus Welzen and Adrianus de Vaan solved the problem of driving high-resolution STN-LCDs using low-voltage (CMOS-based) drive electronics, allowing the application of high-quality (high resolution and video speed) LCD panels in battery-operated portable products like notebook computers and mobile phones. In 1985, Philips acquired 100% of the Videlec AG company based in Switzerland. Afterwards, Philips moved the Videlec production lines to the Netherlands. Years later, Philips successfully produced and marketed complete modules (consisting of the LCD screen, microphone, speakers etc.) in high-volume production for the booming mobile phone industry.
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notebook applications minimize color distortion while maintaining a wider viewing angle for a professional display. Color shift and deviation caused by light leakage is corrected by optimizing the white gamut which also enhances white/gray reproduction. In 2004, Hydis
Technologies Co., Ltd licensed AFFS to Japan's Hitachi Displays. Hitachi is using AFFS to manufacture high-end panels. In 2006, HYDIS licensed AFFS to Sanyo Epson Imaging Devices Corporation. Shortly thereafter, Hydis introduced a high-transmittance evolution of the AFFS display, called HFFS (FFS+). Hydis introduced AFFS+ with improved outdoor readability in 2007. AFFS panels are mostly utilized in the cockpits of latest commercial aircraft displays. However, it is no longer produced as of February 2015.
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low voltages. Since a pixel may be either in an on-state or in an off state at the moment new information needs to be written to that particular pixel, the addressing method of these bistable displays is rather complex, a reason why these displays did not make it to the market. That changed when in the 2010 "zero-power" (bistable) LCDs became available. Potentially, passive-matrix addressing can be used with devices if their write/erase characteristics are suitable, which was the case for ebooks which need to show still pictures only. After a page is written to the display, the display may be cut from the power while retaining readable images. This has the advantage that such ebooks may be operated for long periods of time powered by only a small battery.
1726:(AMOLED) display with 305 nits. LG also claimed the NOVA display to be 50 percent more efficient than regular LCDs and to consume only 50 percent of the power of AMOLED displays when producing white on screen. When it comes to contrast ratio, AMOLED display still performs best due to its underlying technology, where the black levels are displayed as pitch black and not as dark gray. On August 24, 2011, Nokia announced the Nokia 701 and also made the claim of the world's brightest display at 1000 nits. The screen also had Nokia's Clearblack layer, improving the contrast ratio and bringing it closer to that of the AMOLED screens.
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liquid crystals shift to a tilted position, allowing light to pass through and create a gray-scale display depending on the amount of tilt generated by the electric field. It has a deeper-black background, a higher contrast ratio, a wider viewing angle, and better image quality at extreme temperatures than traditional twisted-nematic displays. Compared to IPS, the black levels are still deeper, allowing for a higher contrast ratio, but the viewing angle is narrower, with color and especially contrast shift being more apparent, and the cost of VA is lower than IPS (but higher than TN).
1569:, the 3 monochromatic images appear as one color image. An FSC LCD needs an LCD panel with a refresh rate of 180 Hz, and the response time is reduced to just 5 milliseconds when compared with normal STN LCD panels which have a response time of 16 milliseconds. FSC LCDs contain a Chip-On-Glass driver IC can also be used with a capacitive touchscreen. This technique can also be applied in displays meant to show images, as it can offer higher light transmission and thus potential for reduced power consumption in the backlight due to omission of color filters in LCDs.
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more 50- and 58-inch LCDs to be made per mother glass, specially 58-inch LCDs, in which case 6 can be produced on a Gen 8.6 mother glass vs only 3 on a Gen 8.5 mother glass, significantly reducing waste. The thickness of the mother glass also increases with each generation, so larger mother glass sizes are better suited for larger displays. An LCD module (LCM) is a ready-to-use LCD with a backlight. Thus, a factory that makes LCD modules does not necessarily make LCDs, it may only assemble them into the modules. LCD glass substrates are made by companies such as
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example, to make a segment appear red, the segment is only turned ON when the backlight is red, and to make a segment appear magenta, the segment is turned ON when the backlight is blue, and it continues to be ON while the backlight becomes red, and it turns OFF when the backlight becomes green. To make a segment appear black, the segment is always turned ON. An FSC LCD divides a color image into 3 images (one Red, one Green and one Blue) and it displays them in order. Due to
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fringe fields inhibit a homogeneous reorientation. This requires two transistors for each pixel instead of the single transistor needed for a standard thin-film transistor (TFT) display. The IPS technology is used in everything from televisions, computer monitors, and even wearable devices, especially almost all LCD smartphone panels are IPS/FFS mode. IPS displays belong to the LCD panel family screen types. The other two types are VA and TN. Before
1355:. While displays lit with white LEDs usually have a poorer color gamut than CCFL lit displays, panels lit with RGB LEDs have very wide color gamuts. This implementation is most popular on professional graphics editing LCDs. As of 2012, LCDs in this category usually cost more than $ 1000. As of 2016 the cost of this category has drastically reduced and such LCD televisions obtained same price levels as the former 28" (71 cm) CRT based categories.
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bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and smartphones, they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas
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894:(DSM). Application of a voltage to a DSM display switches the initially clear transparent liquid crystal layer into a milky turbid state. DSM displays could be operated in transmissive and in reflective mode but they required a considerable current to flow for their operation. George H. Heilmeier was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of Fame and credited with the invention of LCDs. Heilmeier's work is an
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1421:) These same principles apply also for smartphone screens that are much smaller than TV screens. LCD panels typically use thinly-coated metallic conductive pathways on a glass substrate to form the cell circuitry to operate the panel. It is usually not possible to use soldering techniques to directly connect the panel to a separate copper-etched circuit board. Instead, interfacing is accomplished using
1461:(released in 1989) was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still monochrome). Passive-matrix LCDs are still used in the 2010s for applications less demanding than laptop computers and TVs, such as inexpensive calculators. In particular, these are used on portable devices where less information content needs to be displayed, lowest power consumption (no
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the display. The precision with which this can be done will depend on the number of dimming zones of the display. The more dimming zones, the more precise the dimming, with less obvious blooming artifacts which are visible as dark grey patches surrounded by the unlit areas of the LCD. As of 2012, this design gets most of its use from upscale, larger-screen LCD televisions.
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1556:, allowing each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is selected, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels and voltages corresponding to the picture information are driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is selected. All of the row lines are selected in sequence during a
1857:), can retain an image without power. The crystals may exist in one of two stable orientations ("black" and "white") and power is only required to change the image. ZBD Displays is a spin-off company from QinetiQ who manufactured both grayscale and color ZBD devices. Kent Displays has also developed a "no-power" display that uses polymer stabilized
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refresh rate. But a lower refresh rate can mean visual artefacts like ghosting or smearing, especially with fast moving images. Individual pixel response time is also important, as all displays have some inherent latency in displaying an image which can be large enough to create visual artifacts if the displayed image changes rapidly.
2262:, etc.) are common. A common form is a pair of aromatic benzene rings, with a nonpolar moiety (pentyl, heptyl, octyl, or alkyl oxy group) on one end and polar (nitrile, halogen) on the other. Sometimes the benzene rings are separated with an acetylene group, ethylene, CH=N, CH=NO, N=N, N=NO, or ester group. In practice,
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display is 3 x 1920 going vertically and 1080 going horizontally for a total of 6840 wires horizontally and vertically. That's three for red, green and blue and 1920 columns of pixels for each color for a total of 5760 wires going vertically and 1080 rows of wires going horizontally. For a panel that
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instead of the traditional CCFL backlight, while that backlight is dynamically controlled with the video information (dynamic backlight control). The combination with the dynamic backlight control, invented by
Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan, simultaneously
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WLED array: The LCD panel is lit by a full array of white LEDs placed behind a diffuser behind the panel. LCDs that use this implementation will usually have the ability to dim or completely turn off the LEDs in the dark areas of the image being displayed, effectively increasing the contrast ratio of
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developed IPS LCDs with a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1, rivaling OLEDs. This technology was later put into mass production as dual layer, dual panel or LMCL (Light
Modulating Cell Layer) LCDs. The technology uses 2 liquid crystal layers instead of one, and may be used along with a mini-LED backlight
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interaction were invented by a team at RCA in 1968. A particular type of such a color LCD was developed by Japan's Sharp
Corporation in the 1970s, receiving patents for their inventions, such as a patent by Shinji Kato and Takaaki Miyazaki in May 1975, and then improved by Fumiaki Funada and Masataka
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The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear
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Low power consumption. Depending on the set display brightness and content being displayed, the older CCFT backlit models typically use less than half of the power a CRT monitor of the same size viewing area would use, and the modern LED backlit models typically use 10–25% of the power a CRT monitor
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Twisted nematic displays contain liquid crystals that twist and untwist at varying degrees to allow light to pass through. When no voltage is applied to a TN liquid crystal cell, polarized light passes through the 90-degrees twisted LC layer. In proportion to the voltage applied, the liquid crystals
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Samsung introduced UFB (Ultra Fine & Bright) displays back in 2002, utilized the super-birefringent effect. It has the luminance, color gamut, and most of the contrast of a TFT-LCD, but only consumes as much power as an STN display, according to
Samsung. It was being used in a variety of Samsung
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Bistable LCDs do not require continuous refreshing. Rewriting is only required for picture information changes. In 1984 HA van Sprang and AJSM de Vaan invented an STN type display that could be operated in a bistable mode, enabling extremely high resolution images up to 4000 lines or more using only
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in 1972, while activated pixels are subjected to voltages above threshold (the voltages according to the "Alt & Pleshko" drive scheme). Driving such STN displays according to the Alt & Pleshko drive scheme require very high line addressing voltages. Welzen and de Vaan invented an alternative
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and many more countries. In 1980, Brown Boveri started a 50/50 joint venture with the Dutch
Philips company, called Videlec. Philips had the required know-how to design and build integrated circuits for the control of large LCD panels. In addition, Philips had better access to markets for electronic
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similar to the prototypes developed by a
Westinghouse team in 1972 were patented in 1976 by a team at Sharp consisting of Fumiaki Funada, Masataka Matsuura, and Tomio Wada, then improved in 1977 by a Sharp team consisting of Kohei Kishi, Hirosaku Nonomura, Keiichiro Shimizu, and Tomio Wada. However,
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LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the
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is the range of colors that can be displayed, and color depth, which is the fineness with which the color range is divided. Color gamut is a relatively straight forward feature, but it is rarely discussed in marketing materials except at the professional level. Having a color range that exceeds the
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The resolution of an LCD is expressed by the number of columns and rows of pixels (e.g., 1024×768). Each pixel is usually composed 3 sub-pixels, a red, a green, and a blue one. This had been one of the few features of LCD performance that remained uniform among different designs. However, there are
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demonstrated two new types of zero-power bistable LCDs based on
Zenithal bistable techniques. Several bistable technologies, like the 360° BTN and the bistable cholesteric, depend mainly on the bulk properties of the liquid crystal (LC) and use standard strong anchoring, with alignment films and LC
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The media and internet users called them "RGBW" TVs because of the white sub pixel. Although LG Display has developed this technology for use in notebook display, outdoor and smartphones, it became more popular in the TV market because of the announced "4K UHD" resolution but still being incapable
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Enhanced IPS was introduced in 2001 by Hitachi as 17" monitor in Market, the additional transistors resulted in blocking more transmission area, thus requiring a brighter backlight and consuming more power, making this type of display less desirable for notebook computers. Panasonic Himeji G8.5 was
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is an LCD technology that aligns the liquid crystals in a plane parallel to the glass substrates. In this method, the electrical field is applied through opposite electrodes on the same glass substrate, so that the liquid crystals can be reoriented (switched) essentially in the same plane, although
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A standard television receiver screen, a modern LCD panel, has over six million pixels, and they are all individually powered by a wire network embedded in the screen. The fine wires, or pathways, form a grid with vertical wires across the whole screen on one side of the screen and horizontal wires
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placed at opposite edges of the display or an array of parallel CCFLs behind larger displays. A diffuser (made of PMMA acrylic plastic, also known as a wave or light guide/guiding plate) then spreads the light out evenly across the whole display. For many years, this technology had been used almost
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borrowing techniques from semiconductor manufacturing and using large sheets of glass whose size has increased over time. Several displays are manufactured at the same time, and then cut from the sheet of glass, also known as the mother glass or LCD glass substrate. The increase in size allows more
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must be used when displaying non-native resolutions, which adds yet more time lag. Scaling and post processing are usually done in a single chip on modern monitors, but each function that chip performs adds some delay. Some displays have a video gaming mode which disables all or most processing to
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Most of the new M+ technology was employed on 4K TV sets which led to a controversy after tests showed that the addition of a white sub pixel replacing the traditional RGB structure had also been accompanied by a reduction in resolution by around 25%. This meant that a "4K" M+ TV would not display
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are typical of passive-matrix addressed LCDs with too many pixels and driven according to the "Alt & Pleshko" drive scheme. Welzen and de Vaan also invented a non RMS drive scheme enabling to drive STN displays with video rates and enabling to show smooth moving video images on an STN display.
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The LCD backlight systems are made highly efficient by applying optical films such as prismatic structure (prism sheet) to gain the light into the desired viewer directions and reflective polarizing films that recycle the polarized light that was formerly absorbed by the first polarizer of the LCD
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found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what
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mixtures of several chemicals are used, to achieve wider temperature operating range (−10..+60 °C for low-end and −20..+100 °C for high-performance displays). For example, the E7 mixture is composed of three biphenyls and one terphenyl: 39 wt.% of 4'-pentyl-4-carbonitrile (nematic range
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Some manufacturers, notably in South Korea where some of the largest LCD panel manufacturers, such as LG, are located, now have a zero-defective-pixel guarantee, which is an extra screening process which can then determine "A"- and "B"-grade panels. Many manufacturers would replace a product even
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operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look brighter and sharper than passive-matrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally have quicker response times, producing much better images. Sharp produces bistable reflective LCDs with a 1-bit SRAM cell per pixel that only requires small
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EL-WLED: The LCD panel is lit by a row of white LEDs placed at one or more edges of the screen. A light diffuser (light guide plate, LGP) is then used to spread the light evenly across the whole display, similarly to edge-lit CCFL LCD backlights. The diffuser is made out of either PMMA plastic or
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Until Gen 8, manufacturers would not agree on a single mother glass size and as a result, different manufacturers would use slightly different glass sizes for the same generation. Some manufacturers have adopted Gen 8.6 mother glass sheets which are only slightly larger than Gen 8.5, allowing for
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have been shown as engineering samples early in 2008, but they are not in mass-production. The physics of blue phase mode LCDs suggest that very short switching times (≈1 ms) can be achieved, so time sequential color control can possibly be realized and expensive color filters would be obsolete.
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Vertical-alignment displays are a form of LCDs in which the liquid crystals naturally align vertically to the glass substrates. When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystals remain perpendicular to the substrate, creating a black display between crossed polarizers. When voltage is applied, the
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Segment LCDs can also have color by using Field Sequential Color (FSC LCD). This kind of displays have a high speed passive segment LCD panel with an RGB backlight. The backlight quickly changes color, making it appear white to the naked eye. The LCD panel is synchronized with the backlight. For
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A comparison between a blank passive-matrix display (top) and a blank active-matrix display (bottom). A passive-matrix display can be identified when the blank background is more grey in appearance than the crisper active-matrix display, fog appears on all edges of the screen, and while pictures
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LCDs with quantum dot enhancement film or quantum dot color filters were introduced from 2015 to 2018. Quantum dots receive blue light from a backlight and convert it to light that allows LCD panels to offer better color reproduction. Quantum dot color filters are manufactured using photoresists
1798:(ICs), LCD panels with a few defective transistors are usually still usable. Manufacturers' policies for the acceptable number of defective pixels vary greatly. At one point, Samsung held a zero-tolerance policy for LCD monitors sold in Korea. As of 2005, Samsung adheres to the less restrictive
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or variable graphics displays are usually implemented with pixels arranged as a matrix consisting of electrically connected rows on one side of the LC layer and columns on the other side, which makes it possible to address each pixel at the intersections. The general method of matrix addressing
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the temporal resolution of an LCD is how well it can display changing images, or the accuracy and the number of times per second the display draws the data it is being given. LCD pixels do not flash on/off between frames, so LCD monitors exhibit no refresh-induced flicker no matter how low the
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Known as fringe field switching (FFS) until 2003, advanced fringe field switching is similar to IPS or S-IPS offering superior performance and color gamut with high luminosity. AFFS was developed by Hydis Technologies Co., Ltd, Korea (formally Hyundai Electronics, LCD Task Force). AFFS-applied
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STN (invented by Brown Boveri Research Center, Baden, Switzerland, in 1983; scientific details were published) or double-layer STN (DSTN) technology (the latter of which addresses a color-shifting problem with the former), and color-STN (CSTN) in which color is added by using an internal color
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drive scheme (a non "Alt & Pleshko" drive scheme) requiring much lower voltages, such that the STN display could be driven using low voltage CMOS technologies. White-on-blue LCDs are STN and can use a blue polarizer, or birefringence which gives them their distinctive appearance.
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dyes in a homeotropically oriented liquid crystal. Practical problems with this new electro-optical effect made Heilmeier continue to work on scattering effects in liquid crystals and finally the achievement of the first operational liquid-crystal display based on what he called the
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1813:, specifically ISO-9241-302, 303, 305, 307:2008 pixel defects. However, not every LCD manufacturer conforms to the ISO standard and the ISO standard is quite often interpreted in different ways. LCD panels are more likely to have defects than most ICs due to their larger size.
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structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the
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with one defective pixel. Even where such guarantees do not exist, the location of defective pixels is important. A display with only a few defective pixels may be unacceptable if the defective pixels are near each other. LCD panels also commonly have a defect known as
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filter. STN LCDs have been optimized for passive-matrix addressing. They exhibit a sharper threshold of the contrast-vs-voltage characteristic than the original TN LCDs. This is important, because pixels are subjected to partial voltages even while not selected.
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and Hitachi become early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. In 1996,
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or pixels per inch, which is consistent with the printing industry. Display density varies per application, with televisions generally having a low density for long-distance viewing and portable devices having a high density for close-range detail. The
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containing quantum dots instead of colored pigments, and the quantum dots can have a special structure to improve their application onto the color filter. Quantum dot color filters offer superior light transmission over quantum dot enhancement films.
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M. d'Zmura, T. P. Janice Shen, Wei Wu, Homer Chen, and Marius Vassiliou (1998), "Contrast Gain Control for Color Image Quality," IS&T/SPIE Conference on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging III, San Jose, California, January 1998, SPIE Vol. 3299,
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Monochrome LEDs: such as red, green, yellow or blue LEDs are used in the small passive monochrome LCDs typically used in clocks, watches and small appliances. Blue LEDs can be used in LCDs with quantum dot enhancement film or quantum dot color
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1278:, especially for Chinese character display. The 2010s also saw the wide adoption of TGP (Tracking Gate-line in Pixel), which moves the driving circuitry from the borders of the display to in between the pixels, allowing for narrow bezels.
2218:(also called color depth). Many cheaper LCDs are only able to display 262144 (2) colors. 8-bit S-IPS panels can display 16 million (2) colors and have significantly better black level, but are expensive and have slower response time.
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of achieving true UHD resolution defined by the CTA as 3840x2160 active pixels with 8-bit color. This negatively impacted the rendering of text, making it a bit fuzzier, which was especially noticeable when a TV is used as a PC monitor.
1506:, because the pixel must retain its state between refreshes without the benefit of a steady electrical charge. As the number of pixels (and, correspondingly, columns and rows) increases, this type of display becomes less feasible. Slow
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The LCD panel is powered by LCD drivers that are carefully matched up with the edge of the LCD panel at the factory level. The drivers may be installed using several methods, the most common of which are COG (Chip-On-Glass) and TAB
1126:-addressed LCDs. H. Amstutz et al. were listed as inventors in the corresponding patent applications filed in Switzerland on July 7, 1983, and October 28, 1983. Patents were granted in Switzerland CH 665491, Europe EP 0131216,
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is usually stated as the maximum light output of the LCD, which can vary greatly based on the transparency of the LCD and the brightness of the backlight. Brighter backlight allows stronger contrast and higher dynamic range
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and patented in various countries. The Fraunhofer Institute ISE in Freiburg, where the inventors worked, assigns these patents to Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, a supplier of LC substances. In 1992, shortly thereafter, engineers at
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work out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels. The first wall-mountable LCD TV was introduced by
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received a US patent dated February 1971, for an electronic wristwatch incorporating a TN-LCD. In 1972, the first wristwatch with TN-LCD was launched on the market: The Gruen Teletime which was a four digit display watch.
1192:(TN- and STN- LCDs). One approach was to use interdigital electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates. To take full advantage of the properties of this
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partner at that time, which produced TN displays for wristwatches and other applications during the 1970s for the international markets including the Japanese electronics industry, which soon produced the first digital
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in some older or cheaper monitors, causing color, saturation, contrast and brightness to vary with user position, even within the intended viewing angle. Special films can be used to increase the viewing angles of
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content being shown on the screen has no benefits, so displays are only made to perform within or below the range of a certain specification. There are additional aspects to LCD color and color management, such as
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In 2007 the image quality of LCD televisions surpassed the image quality of cathode-ray-tube-based (CRT) TVs. In the fourth quarter of 2007, LCD televisions surpassed CRT TVs in worldwide sales for the first time.
347:. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an
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is the ratio of the brightness of a full-on pixel to a full-off pixel. The LCD itself is only a light valve and does not generate light; the light comes from a backlight that is either fluorescent or a set of
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exclusively. Unlike white LEDs, most CCFLs have an even-white spectral output resulting in better color gamut for the display. However, CCFLs are less energy efficient than LEDs and require a somewhat costly
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across the whole screen on the other side of the screen. To this grid each pixel has a positive connection on one side and a negative connection on the other side. So the total amount of wires needed for a
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No theoretical resolution limit. When multiple LCD panels are used together to create a single canvas, each additional panel increases the total resolution of the display, which is commonly called stacked
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Since LCDs produce no light of their own, they require external light to produce a visible image. In a transmissive type of LCD, the light source is provided at the back of the glass stack and is called a
1015:), produced LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of
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will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.
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281:
The chemical formula of the liquid crystals used in LCDs may vary. Formulas may be patented. An example is a mixture of 2-(4-alkoxyphenyl)-5-alkylpyrimidine with cyanobiphenyl, patented by Merck and
1309:. Active-matrix LCDs are almost always backlit. Passive LCDs may be backlit but many are reflective as they use a reflective surface or film at the back of the glass stack to utilize ambient light.
4924:
1081:
followed with DSM LCDs for pocket-sized calculators in 1973 and then mass-produced TN LCDs for watches in 1975. Other Japanese companies soon took a leading position in the wristwatch market, like
4951:
136:
LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden: preset words, digits, and
1340:
to convert whatever DC voltage the device uses (usually 5 or 12 V) to ≈1000 V needed to light a CCFL. The thickness of the inverter transformers also limits how thin the display can be made.
203:
when a static image is displayed on a screen for a long time, e.g., the table frame for an airline flight schedule on an indoor sign. LCDs do not have this weakness, but are still susceptible to
2254:
Several different families of liquid crystals are used in liquid crystal displays. The molecules used have to be anisotropic, and to exhibit mutual attraction. Polarizable rod-shaped molecules (
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5726:
5296:
4170:
5368:
6255:
5439:
LCD Television Power Draw Trends from 2003 to 2015; B. Urban and K. Roth; Fraunhofer USA Center for Sustainable Energy Systems; Final Report to the Consumer Technology Association; May 2017;
5680:
1835:
on the panel. It is most visible in dark or black areas of displayed scenes. As of 2010, most premium branded computer LCD panel manufacturers specify their products as having zero defects.
3750:
4680:
2239:
In a constant-on situation, thermalization may occur in case of bad thermal management, in which part of the screen has overheated and looks discolored compared to the rest of the screen.
383:
consists of sequentially addressing one side of the matrix, for example by selecting the rows one-by-one and applying the picture information on the other side at the columns row-by-row.
5389:
Broadband reflective polarizers based on form birefringence for ultra-thin liquid crystal displays; S.U. Pan; L. Tan and H.S. Kwok; Vol. 25, No. 15; July 24, 2017; Optics Express 17499;
1403:
A pink elastomeric connector mating an LCD panel to circuit board traces, shown next to a centimeter-scale ruler. The conductive and insulating layers in the black stripe are very small.
5030:
2233:
Dead or stuck pixels may occur during manufacturing or after a period of use. A stuck pixel will glow with color even on an all-black screen, while a dead one will always remain black.
1496:
STN LCDs have to be continuously refreshed by alternating pulsed voltages of one polarity during one frame and pulses of opposite polarity during the next frame. Individual pixels are
351:
or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).
5420:
Energy Efficiency Success Story: TV Energy Consumption Shrinks as Screen Size and Performance Grow, Finds New CTA Study; Consumer Technology Association; press release July 12, 2017;
2242:
Loss of brightness and much slower response times in low temperature environments. In sub-zero environments, LCD screens may cease to function without the use of supplemental heating.
804:(1858–1927) discovered the liquid crystalline nature of cholesterol extracted from carrots (that is, two melting points and generation of colors) and published his findings. In 1904,
5927:
2236:
Subject to burn-in effect, although the cause differs from CRT and the effect may not be permanent, a static image can cause burn-in in a matter of hours in badly designed displays.
1164:. In 1988, Sharp demonstrated a 14-inch, active-matrix, full-color, full-motion TFT-LCD. This led to Japan launching an LCD industry, which developed large-size LCDs, including TFT
5318:
2338:
is broken down during the cleaning processes; two earlier studies found that only 2 to 3% of the gas escapes destruction after its use. Furthermore, the report failed to compare NF
6647:
5424:
4767:
2056:
Usually no refresh-rate flicker, because the LCD pixels hold their state between refreshes (which are usually done at 200 Hz or faster, regardless of the input refresh rate).
1861:(ChLCD). In 2009 Kent demonstrated the use of a ChLCD to cover the entire surface of a mobile phone, allowing it to change colors, and keep that color even when power is removed.
1520:
5443:
5405:
4706:
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of an LCD may be important depending on the display and its usage, the limitations of certain display technologies mean the display only displays accurately at certain angles.
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Rong-Jer Lee; Jr-Cheng Fan; Tzong-Shing Cheng; Jung-Lung Wu (March 10, 1999). "Pigment-dispersed color resist with high resolution for advanced color filter application".
2176:
for some people. Unfortunately, many of these people don't know that their eye-strain is being caused by the invisible strobe effect of PWM. This problem is worse on many
87:
Polarizing filter film with a horizontal axis. Light whose polarization was rotated by the liquid crystal will pass through, but light that wasn't rotated will be blocked.
5106:, D.A. Stanton; M.V.C. Stroomer & A.J.S.M. de Vaan, "Method of and device for generating an image having a desired brightness", published June 7, 2011
3170:
140:(as in a digital clock) are all examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small
2267:
24..35 °C), 36 wt.% of 4'-heptyl-4-carbonitrile (nematic range 30..43 °C), 16 wt.% of 4'-octoxy-4-carbonitrile (nematic range 54..80 °C), and 9 wt.% of 4
1805:
Dead pixel policies are often hotly debated between manufacturers and customers. To regulate the acceptability of defects and to protect the end user, ISO released the
5980:"The difference between 4K and UHD, and the arrival of UHD Premium certification : Buying a 4K TV: What you need to know about HDCP 2.2, HDMI 2.0, HEVC & UHD"
1643:
untwist changing the polarization and blocking the light's path. By properly adjusting the level of the voltage almost any gray level or transmission can be achieved.
4182:
https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=US&NR=4783653A&KC=A&FT=D&ND=5&date=19881108&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP#
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between activated and non-activated pixels has to be handled properly by keeping the RMS voltage of non-activated pixels below the threshold voltage as discovered by
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cellular-telephone models produced until late 2006, when Samsung stopped producing UFB displays. UFB displays were also used in certain models of LG mobile phones.
1362:
Mini-LED: Backlighting with Mini-LEDs can support over a thousand of Full-area Local Area Dimming (FLAD) zones. This allows deeper blacks and higher contrast ratio.
3147:
2385:
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announced the implementation of a new technology called M+ which is the addition of white subpixel along with the regular RGB dots in their IPS panel technology.
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6009:
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The origin and the complex history of liquid-crystal displays from the perspective of an insider during the early days were described by Joseph A. Castellano in
6808:
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K. H. Lee; H. Y. Kim; K. H. Park; S. J. Jang; I. C. Park & J. Y. Lee (June 2006). "A Novel Outdoor Readability of Portable TFT-LCD with AFFS Technology".
5727:
https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0155033B1&KC=B1&FT=D&ND=4&date=19900131&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP#
5297:
https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0606939B1&KC=B1&FT=D&ND=5&date=19980506&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP#
4171:
https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0221613B1&KC=B1&FT=D&ND=4&date=19910710&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP#
2136:
Uneven backlighting in some monitors (more common in IPS-types and older TNs), causing brightness distortion, especially toward the edges ("backlight bleed").
81:
liquid crystal. It normally rotates the light's polarization by 90°. But if the surrounding electrodes are charged, the light's polarization won't be rotated.
6109:
5566:
2811:
6846:
5746:
5335:"Prism sheet having prisms with wave pattern, black light unit including the prism sheet, and liquid crystal display device including the black light unit"
75:. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the shapes that will appear when the LCD is switched ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are smooth.
7419:
883:, who was working at the RCA laboratories on the effect discovered by Richard Williams, achieved the switching of colors by field-induced realignment of
288:
Most color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue subpixels. The LCD color filters are made with a
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using an enhanced version of IPS, also LGD in Korea, then currently the world biggest LCD panel manufacture BOE in China is also IPS/FFS mode TV panel.
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5859:
3625:
3536:
Heilmeier, G. H.; Zanoni, L. A.; Barton, L. A. (1968). "Dynamic Scattering: A New Electrooptic Effect in Certain Classes of Nematic Liquid Crystals".
2221:
Input lag, because the LCD's A/D converter waits for each frame to be completely been output before drawing it to the LCD panel. Many LCD monitors do
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2091:, but they cannot emit light without a backlight like OLED and microLED, which are other technologies that can also be made flexible and transparent.
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released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch, a wristwatch equipped with a small active-matrix LCD television. Sharp Corporation introduced
6505:
6169:
1172:
projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in projectors in 1988. Epson's VPJ-700, released in January 1989, was the world's first
770:. Another report on the origins and history of LCD from a different perspective until 1991 has been published by Hiroshi Kawamoto, available at the
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261:(TN) device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a
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Black levels may not be as dark as required because individual liquid crystals cannot completely block all of the backlight from passing through.
2025:
Some of these issues relate to full-screen displays, others to small displays as on watches, etc. Many of the comparisons are with CRT displays.
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5957:
6788:
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Can be made with very narrow frame borders, allowing multiple LCD screens to be arrayed side by side to make up what looks like one big screen.
249:(parallel and perpendicular polarizers), the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the
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who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals, which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs.
823:
described the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in three types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). In 1927,
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979:(then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors. Hoffmann-La Roche licensed the invention to Swiss manufacturer
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1900:
For a computer monitor or some other display that is being viewed from a very close distance, resolution is often expressed in terms of
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5402:
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Masking effect: the LCD grid can mask the effects of spatial and grayscale quantization, creating the illusion of higher image quality.
1894:
which attempt to efficiently increase the perceived resolution of a display without increasing the actual resolution, to mixed results.
1237:
subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006. In the late 1990s, the LCD industry began shifting away from Japan, towards
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6583:
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4169:
Low Drive Voltage Display Device; T.L. Welzen; A.J.S.M. de Vaan; European patent EP0221613B1; July 10, 1991, filed November 4, 1985;
2115:
Many LCD monitors are powered by a 12 V power supply, and if built into a computer can be powered by its 12 V power supply.
253:
between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. Before an
5897:
5261:
5131:
7099:
5525:
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4130:
European Patent No. EP 0131216: Amstutz H., Heimgartner D., Kaufmann M., Scheffer T.J., "Flüssigkristallanzeige," October 28, 1987.
2029:
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Citizen, among others, licensed these patents and successfully introduced several STN based LCD pocket televisions on the market.
6337:
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4458:
4410:
4366:
2871:
2480:
1990:
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Illumination system and display device including such a system; A.J.S.M. de Vaan; P.B. Schaareman; European patent EP0606939B1;
5238:
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90:
Reflective surface to send light back to viewer. (In a backlit LCD, this layer is replaced or complemented with a light source.)
4651:"IHS Acquires Displaybank, a Global Leader in Research and Consulting in the Flat-Panel Display Industry — IHS Technology"
4031:
1854:
257:
is applied, the orientation of the liquid-crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a
5401:
Polarisation-sensitive beam splitter; D.J. Broer; A.J.S.M. de Vaan; J. Brambring; European patent EP0428213B1; July 27, 1994;
5338:
5056:
4926:
Information Technology Outlook 2000 ICTs, E-commerce and the Information Economy: ICTs, E-commerce and the Information Economy
4109:
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4057:
3600:
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5652:
Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook: Electromagnetic, Optical, Radiation, Chemical, and Biomedical Measurement
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T.J. Scheffer and J. Nehring,"A new highly multiplexable LCD," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 1021–1023, Nov. 1984.
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before displaying the image in an attempt to compensate for poor color fidelity, which adds an additional lag. Further, a
7487:
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these TFT-LCDs were not yet ready for use in products, as problems with the materials for the TFTs were not yet solved.
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sustained dot which continually scans across the display, leaving some part of the display always lit), causing severe
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2012:
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Heilmeier, George; Castellano, Joseph; Zanoni, Louis (1969). "Guest-Host Interactions in Nematic Liquid Crystals".
2904:
1955:
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is 28.8 inches (73 centimeters) wide, that means a wire density of 200 wires per inch along the horizontal edge.
5754:
3651:
393:
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7222:
2617:"LCD-based color filter films fabricated by a pigment-based colorant photo resist inks and printing technology"
2365:
2311:
suggested that its effects were theoretically much greater than better-known sources of greenhouse gasses like
1994:
1156:
TN-LCD in 1983. In 1984, Epson released the ET-10, the first full-color, pocket LCD television. The same year,
5390:
2346:, another powerful greenhouse gas, of which anywhere from 30 to 70% escapes to the atmosphere in typical use.
936:
in 1968. Lechner, F.J. Marlowe, E.O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated the concept in 1968 with an 18x2 matrix
84:
Glass substrate with common electrode film (ITO) with horizontal ridges to line up with the horizontal filter.
7696:
7691:
7681:
7569:
6315:
3889:; Asars, J. A.; Dixon, G. D. (November 1973). "A 6 × 6 inch 20 lines-per-inch liquid-crystal display panel".
1737:
shape is used to widen the viewing cone (range of viewing directions with good contrast and low color shift).
5283:
3965:
Dale, Rodney; Millichamp, David (September 28, 1972). "Liquid Crystals Get Their Sparkle From Mass Market".
7747:
7298:
7109:
7071:
5725:, HA van Sprang and AJSM de Vaan; European patent: EP0155033B1; January 31, 1990; filed February 24, 1984;
5600:
Digest of Technical Papers, International Symposium, Society for Information Display, June 1972, pp. 62–63.
5314:
Brochure 3M Display Materials & Systems Division Solutions for Large Displays: The right look matters;
3617:
1873:, BiNem technology, are based mainly on the surface properties and need specific weak anchoring materials.
1637:
1035:
953:
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2160:(PWM) to dim the display, which makes the screen flicker more acutely (this does not mean visibly) than a
1077:
for marketing by Lloyds Electronics Inc, though these required an internal light source for illumination.
7752:
7141:
6161:
1449:
LCDs were standard in most early laptops (although a few used plasma displays) and the original Nintendo
1422:
964:
7121:
6502:
6131:
5286:"; H. Chen; R. Zhu; M.C. Li; S.L. Lee and S.T. Wu; Vol. 25, No. 3; February 6, 2017; Optics Express 1973
4347:
Find out what is an LCD Projector, how does it benefit you, and the difference between LCD and 3LCD here
3820:
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1958:
are graded in peak luminance), but there is always a trade-off between brightness and power consumption.
304:, thus changing the hue. They were typically restricted to 3 colors per pixel: orange, green, and blue.
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were projected to account 50% of the 200 million TVs to be shipped globally in 2006, according to
270:
is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized
5316:
http://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/977332O/display-materials-systems-strategies-for-large-displays.pdf
4346:
2978:
1718:
In 2011, LG claimed the smartphone LG Optimus Black (IPS LCD (LCD NOVA)) has the brightness up to 700
1220:
Hitachi also improved the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes (
1007:, filed an identical patent in the United States on April 22, 1971. In 1971, the company of Fergason,
828:
7617:
7328:
7020:
5949:
5422:
https://cta.tech/News/Press-Releases/2017/July/Energy-Efficiency-Success-Story-TV-Energy-Consump.aspx
3676:
Kawamoto, H. (2012). "The Inventors of TFT Active-Matrix LCD Receive the 2011 IEEE Nishizawa Medal".
2067:
1502:
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5403:
https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0428213B1&KC=B1&FT=D#
4567:
De Vaan, Adrianus J. S. M. (2007). "Competing display technologies for the best image performance".
3038:
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announced 2560 × 1600 pixels on a 6.1-inch (155 mm) LCD panel, suitable for use in a
905:
Demonstration digital clock made in 1973 using then recently developed Cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals
7519:
7322:
5441:
http://www.cta.tech/cta/media/policyImages/policyPDFs/Fraunhofer-LCD-TV-Power-Draw-Trends-FINAL.pdf
4629:"Displaybank's Global TV Market Forecasts for 2008 – Global TV market to surpass 200 million units"
4538:
2556:"Light Leakage of Multidomain Vertical Alignment LCDs Using a Colorimetric Model in the Dark State"
2101:
1802:
standard. Other companies have been known to tolerate as many as 11 dead pixels in their policies.
1441:
Prototype of a passive-matrix STN-LCD with 540×270 pixels, Brown Boveri Research, Switzerland, 1984
1199:
further work was needed. After thorough analysis, details of advantageous embodiments are filed in
1039:
1004:
805:
6765:
6679:
5775:
4628:
3334:
Gray, George W.; Kelly, Stephen M. (1999). "Liquid crystals for twisted nematic display devices".
2424:
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7001:
6102:"Cut and Run: Taiwan-controlled LCD Panel Maker in Danger of Shutdown without Further Investment"
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1983:
1552:(TFTs) is added to the electrodes in contact with the LC layer. Each pixel has its own dedicated
937:
914:
895:
890:
339:
feature crossed polarizers. In many applications IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, particularly in
126:
110:
5474:
5159:
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1188:
In 1990, under different titles, inventors conceived electro optical effects as alternatives to
7622:
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LCD, where the variable twist between tighter-spaced plates causes a varying double refraction
4297:
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1935:, which describe what color white is and how the other colors are displayed relative to white.
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917:, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George William Gray and his team at the
755:
297:
232:
137:
6554:"Flexible OLCD | Technology | Flexible Electronics | FlexEnable - FlexEnable"
4997:
2804:
fx9750G PLUS, CFX-9850G PLUS, CFX-9850GB PLUS, CFX-9850GC PLUS, CFX-9950GC PLUS User's Guide
1922:: There are multiple terms to describe different aspects of color performance of a display.
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developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and
1027:
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62:
38:
31:
6644:"EDN - Implementing flexible OLED and OLCD display technologies in consumer electronics -"
2656:
Proceedings of 5th Asian Symposium on Information Display. ASID '99 (IEEE Cat. No.99EX291)
8:
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6980:
Development of Liquid Crystal Displays: Interview with George Gray, Hull University, 2004
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2203:, causing blurriness and jagged edges, or running the display at native resolution using
2142:
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17:
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3140:"How Did They Make My Big-Screen TV? A Peek Inside China's Massive BOE Gen 10.5 Factory"
2632:
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was added to the Kyoto Protocol for the second compliance period during the Doha Round.
292:
process on large glass sheets that are later glued with other glass sheets containing a
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mixtures similar to the traditional monostable materials. Other bistable technologies,
1795:
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1723:
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1160:, introduced the Citizen Pocket TV, a 2.7-inch color LCD TV, with the first commercial
1153:
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106:
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4681:"Toshiba announces 6.1 inch LCD panel with an insane resolution of 2560 x 1600 pixels"
2863:
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Explanation of why pulse width modulated backlighting is used, and its side-effects,
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3117:"BOE's Gen 10.5 Display Equipment Is a Pie in the Sky for Korean Equipment Companies"
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History Center. A description of Swiss contributions to LCD developments, written by
378:) can be implemented with independent electrodes for each segment. In contrast, full
375:
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4488:: K. Kondo, H. Terao, H. Abe, M. Ohta, K. Suzuki, T. Sasaki, G. Kawachi, J. Ohwada,
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The possible ability to have little or no flicker depending on backlight technology.
215:
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6338:"The Quality control of Liquid-crystal display - Blaze Display Technology Co., Ltd"
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3343:
3288:
3219:"First-Hand Histories: Liquid Crystal Display Evolution — Swiss Contributions"
3185:
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1932:
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removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are
289:
239:
192:
156:
69:
5174:"Adaptive dimming and adaptive boosting backlight technologies for LCD-TV systems"
4896:"Quantum dot color filter and manufacturing method thereof, and display apparatus"
3780:
3086:
2776:
2100:
As an inherently digital device, the LCD can natively display digital data from a
1468:
7612:
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7128:
7116:
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6792:
6772:
6706:"Illuminating LCD | FUJIFILM | Changing the world, one thing at a time"
6509:
6477:
6452:"Contemporary LCD Monitor Parameters: Objective and Subjective Analysis (page 3)"
5782:
5733:
5722:
5447:
5428:
5409:
5322:
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5085:
5004:
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4353:
4319:
4292:
4205:
4188:
4177:
3722:
Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry
3604:
3447:
Physics and Technology of Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor CAAC-IGZO: Fundamentals
2987:
2965:
2592:
Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry
2343:
2334:
produced would be released to the atmosphere. In reality, the vast majority of NF
2177:
2146:
2145:
on moving objects caused by slow response times (>8 ms) and eye-tracking on a
1367:
1351:
RGB-LED array: Similar to the WLED array, except the panel is lit by an array of
1313:
combine the features of a backlit transmissive display and a reflective display.
1275:
1137:
1051:
968:
909:
In the late 1960s, pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken by the UK's
832:
820:
813:
768:
Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry
258:
246:
78:
4977:
4312:
2442:
1437:
816:
first experimented with liquid crystals confined between plates in thin layers.
7216:
7164:
3886:
3576:
3414:
3396:
3189:
2380:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2108:
connection without requiring conversion to analog. Some LCD panels have native
1941:
1617:
1123:
1031:
993:
871:(TFT) in 1962. It was a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET.
860:
844:
791:
344:
267:
254:
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200:
172:
152:
114:
51:
7060:
6043:
4484:
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4392:
3522:
2640:
2528:
2215:
1128:
7736:
6962:
5231:"Mini-LED vs MicroLED - What Is The Difference? [Simple Explanation]"
4588:
4512:
3920:
3857:
3705:
3697:
3422:
3300:
2695:
Souk, Jun; Morozumi, Shinji; Luo, Fang-Chen; Bita, Ion (September 24, 2018).
2663:
2375:
2129:
2097:
Unaffected by magnetic fields, including the Earth's, unlike most color CRTs.
1545:
1500:
by the corresponding row and column circuits. This type of display is called
1489:
1485:
1454:
1319:
1177:
1157:
1148:'s R&D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions. In 1982,
1145:
1059:
1024:
984:
976:
775:
371:
363:
323:
301:
271:
168:
6954:
3912:
1786:, causing permanently lit or unlit pixels which are commonly referred to as
343:. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain
6705:
6501:
Tom's Hardware: Power Consumption Benchmark Results for CRT versus TFT LCD
5391:
https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-25-15-17499&seq=0
5284:
Pixel-by-pixel local dimming for high dynamic range liquid crystal displays
5102:
4442:
Liquid crystal switching elements having a parallel electric field and beta
3549:
3124:
2572:
2555:
2404:
2291:) as an etching fluid during the production of the thin-film components. NF
2226:
2200:
2185:
2165:
1906:
1557:
1329:
997:
989:
751:
379:
354:
184:
1066:(AM LCD) in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975.
7581:
7544:
7265:
4882:"Advances in Displays: Quantum dot film lets LCDS express 50% more color"
2399:
2208:
2040:
Very compact, thin and light, especially in comparison with CRT displays.
1928:
1923:
1806:
1799:
1787:
1238:
1149:
1112:
370:
Displays for a small number of individual digits or fixed symbols (as in
7017:"Contemporary LCD Monitor Parameters: Objective and Subjective Analysis"
3487:
2912:
1465:) and low cost are desired or readability in direct sunlight is needed.
7559:
7554:
7536:
7476:
3848:
3292:
3035:"8.6G Fabs, Do We Really Need Them? - Display Supply Chain Consultants"
2173:
2164:
at 85 Hz refresh rate would (this is because the entire screen is
2153:
is used. However, this strobing can cause eye strain, as is noted next:
1997: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1950:
1791:
1783:
1719:
1698:
1613:
1553:
1074:
340:
315:
188:
180:
6991:
Crystals that Flow: Classic papers from the history of liquid crystals
6078:
6064:
4836:
Lee, Ernest; Wang, Chunming (Kevin); Yurek, Jeff; Ma, Ruiqing (2018).
4580:
3382:
2942:
410:
sizes in semiconductor manufacturing. The glass sizes are as follows:
7676:
7650:
7607:
7597:
7303:
7200:
7133:
5613:
IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-21, pp. 146–155, February 1974.
4324:
HISTory of ELectro-technology CONference (HISTELCON), 2012 Third IEEE
3937:
Introduction to Thin Film Transistors: Physics and Technology of TFTs
3347:
2300:
2259:
1901:
1887:
1832:
1686:
1657:
1652:
1462:
1306:
1299:
1282:
402:
336:
319:
243:
235:
160:
122:
118:
72:
58:
7072:
History and Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals by Nobelprize.org
4398:
Liquid crystal electric field sensing measurement and display device
3647:
2980:
SAMSUNG Electronics Announces 7th-Generation TFT LCD Glass Substrate
2937:. International Symposium on Photonic Glass (ISPG 2002). p. 1.
2752:
Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Displays: Fundamentals and Applications
1972:
1722:, while the competitor has only IPS LCD with 518 nits and double an
1371:
increases the dynamic range of the display system (also marketed as
1030:
liquid-crystal display panel was prototyped in the United States by
27:
Display that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals
7378:
7349:
7189:
6824:
An enlightened user requests Dell to improve their LCD backlights,
4440:: G. Baur, W. Fehrenbach, B. Staudacher, F. Windscheid, R. Kiefer,
2839:
Information Photonics: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications
2360:
2319:
was not in widespread use at the time, it was not made part of the
2263:
2255:
2169:
2047:
Little heat emitted during operation, due to low power consumption.
1891:
1810:
1450:
884:
747:
228:
196:
191:. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky and less energy-efficient
2330:
Critics of the report point out that it assumes that all of the NF
1399:
406:
displays or larger displays to be made, just like with increasing
167:, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in
7643:
7293:
7258:
3281:
Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften
1850:
1606:
1352:
1271:
1230:
1209:
1200:
1161:
1095:
6998:
Soap, Science, and Flat-screen TVs: a history of liquid crystals
6584:"Transparent LCD Screen | Curved 4k monitors Display Panel"
6256:"Samsung to Offer 'Zero-Pixel-Defect' Warranty for LCD Monitors"
5475:"LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Color Monitor Introduction, p. 14"
5023:"LCD TVs Change Light Guide Plate Material to Enable Thinner TV"
3247:
1729:
1669:
1623:
7277:
5625:
Handbook of Optoelectronics: Enabling Technologies (Volume Two)
2084:
Can be made in large sizes of over 80-inch (2 m) diagonal.
1255:
1242:
1008:
941:
856:
121:. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly but instead use a
6193:"UM10764 Vertical Alignment (VA) displays and NXP LCD drivers"
2722:
Pulker, H.; Schmidt, H.; Aegerter, M. A. (November 26, 1999).
2554:
Tien, Chuen-Lin; Lin, Rong-Ji; Yeh, Shang-Min (June 3, 2018).
2503:"Liquid crystal composition and liquid crystal display device"
1809:
standard, which was made obsolete in 2008 with the release of
1457:
became standard on all laptops. The commercially unsuccessful
1062:
displays. Brody and Fang-Chen Luo demonstrated the first flat
961:
7253:
7122:
How LTPS (Low Temperature Poly Silicon) LCDs are made, by AUO
4996:
Explanation of different LCD monitor backlight technologies,
4603:"Worldwide LCD TV shipments surpass CRTs for first time ever"
4277:
2615:
Koo, Horng-Show; Chen, Mi; Pan, Po-Chuan (November 1, 2006).
1838:
1602:
1409:
1086:
1082:
1016:
852:
are now called "Williams domains" inside the liquid crystal.
359:
327:
275:
262:
224:
176:
141:
46:
5549:
IBM PS/2 P70 Portable Computer — Vintage PLASMA Display
5079:"Design News — Features — How to Backlight an LCD"
4730:"Are dual-LCDs double the fun? New TV tech aims to find out"
1323:
18 parallel CCFLs as backlight for a 42-inch (106 cm) LCD TV
1316:
The common implementations of LCD backlight technology are:
835:
patented the first practical application of the technology,
7271:
6784:
Discussions of severe eye strain with the new MacBook Pro,
6312:"Display (LCD) replacement for defective pixels – ThinkPad"
5920:"How LG uses fuzzy math to label some of its LCD TVs as 4K"
3821:"Thin Film Transistor Technology—Past, Present, and Future"
2105:
1610:
1169:
831:, the essential effect of all LCD technology. In 1936, the
771:
6478:"Measuring Color-Reproduction Quality on TVs and Monitors"
6162:"Xplore Technologies acquires Motion -- How it came about"
4760:"Panasonic's OLED-fighting LCD is meant for professionals"
2059:
Sharp image with no bleeding or smearing when operated at
827:
devised the electrically switched light valve, called the
4910:"Quantum dot architectures for color filter applications"
4819:"What Are Quantum Dots, and Why do I Want Them in My TV?"
4804:"Why quantum dots are showing up on more TVS at CES 2015"
3781:"Driving arrangement for passive time indicating devices"
3563:
Gross, Benjamin (November 2012). "How RCA lost the LCD".
3500:
2269:-pentyl-4-carbonitrile (nematic range 131..240 °C).
2156:
As of 2012, most implementations of LCD backlighting use
1946:
1741:
1477:
Displays having a passive-matrix structure are employing
1225:
864:
848:
307:
285:. The patent that covered that specific mixture expired.
219:
An LCD screen used as a notification panel for travellers
151:
LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including
6010:"LG Optimus Black Nova Display vs Galaxy S Super Amoled"
5461:
2012 Understanding LCD T-CON Training Presentation, p. 7
3809:, Information Display, Vol. 13, No. 10, 1997, pp. 28–32.
2836:
Datta, Asit Kumar; Munshi, Soumika (November 25, 2016).
2211:), or to run off the lower or right edges of the screen.
1689:
with even better response times and color reproduction.
1627:
Structure of a color LCD with an edge-lit CCFL backlight
839:. In 1962, the first major English language publication
385:
For details on the various matrix addressing schemes see
6132:"S Korea workers in Taipei rally over factory closures"
5860:"A whole new world of colour with LG's RGBW technology"
5202:"Quantum Dot Display Technology Coming to LCD's Rescue"
4013:
Heilmeier, G. H., Castellano, J. A. and Zanoni, L. A.:
2990:, Press release March 27, 2003, Visited August 2, 2010.
1662:
4953:
Using LEDs, LCDs and GLCDs in Microcontroller Projects
4313:
The history of liquid-crystal display and its industry
3650:. Malvern Radar and Technology History Society. 2016.
3087:"Company History - Sakai Display Products Corporation"
6522:"A Comparison of Video Wall Technologies White Paper"
6399:"[SID] Entire Surface of Handset becomes LCD"
5795:"The Advantages To Field Sequential Color Technology"
5555:
5146:"The Road Leads up for the LED Backlight Unit Market"
3535:
2721:
928:-based liquid-crystal display (LCD) was conceived by
841:
Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals
6826:"Request to Dell for higher backlight PWM frequency"
6736:"Highly Functional Materials | Fujifilm Global"
2425:"Bosch's Smart Visor Tracks the Sun While You Drive"
1085:
and its first 6-digit TN-LCD quartz wristwatch, and
7420:
Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
6941:Hoag, Hannah (2008). "The missing greenhouse gas".
5649:Webster, John G.; Eren, Halit (December 19, 2017).
5598:
Matrix-addressed liquid crystal projection display,
4976:Explanation of different LCD monitor technologies,
3361:Williams, R. (1963). "Domains in liquid crystals".
2694:
2207:, causing the image either not to fill the screen (
1677:
1366:Today, most LCD screens are being designed with an
148:letters being of the same color as the backlight.
6190:
4868:"Quantum dots for ultra-high color gamuts in LCDS"
4015:Guest-host interaction in nematic liquid crystals.
3980:"What's New In Electronics: 100-hour calculator".
3254:(2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 844.
2245:Loss of contrast in high temperature environments.
274:to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the
7713:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
6795:, Apple Support Communities. Retrieved June 2012.
6786:"Eye strain from LED backlighting in MacBook Pro"
6503:"Benchmark Results: Different Brightness Testing"
4507:. Bonnier Corporation. January 1992. p. 87.
4492:, filed September 18, 1992, and January 20, 1993.
4328:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
3474:Castellano, Joseph A. (2006). "Modifying Light".
2303:may make it a potentially harmful contributor to
1849:The zenithal bistable device (ZBD), developed by
1528:How an LCD works using an active-matrix structure
1042:. In 1973, Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at
7734:
6806:"Is an LED monitor better for eyes than an LCD?"
6454:. Xbitlabs.com. January 23, 2007. Archived from
5950:"LG 4K LCD TVs Continue Controversial RGBW Tech"
5611:Scanning limitations of liquid-crystal displays,
3443:
3248:Jonathan W. Steed & Jerry L. Atwood (2009).
956:(TN) in liquid crystals was filed for patent by
5716:Liquid Crystal Display Device with a hysteresis
5216:"Your Guide to Television's Quantum-Dot Future"
4369:. Worldwide.espacenet.com. September 10, 1974.
4017:Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. vol. 8, p. 295, 1969.
3885:
2323:and was deemed "the missing greenhouse gas". NF
1962:
1394:
388:passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs
195:(CRT) displays in nearly all applications. The
6835:, Dell Support Community. Retrieved June 2012.
5505:
5458:
5188:"NEC SpectraView Reference 21 (LCD2180WG LED)"
5098:
5096:
5094:
4835:
4569:Journal of the Society for Information Display
4413:. Worldwide.espacenet.com. November 19, 1996.
4274:A HISTORY OF CREATING INSPIRATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
4165:
4163:
3964:
3399:(1962). "The TFT A New Thin-Film Transistor".
1713:
387:
7149:
7042:Animations explaining operation of LCD panels
4838:"A New Frontier for Quantum Dots in Displays"
4461:. Worldwide.espacenet.com. January 28, 1997.
3062:"BOE Formally Announces B16 G8.7 IT OLED Fab"
2777:"Multi-colored liquid crystal display device"
1576:
1071:North American Rockwell Microelectronics Corp
144:, while other displays have larger elements.
113:that uses the light-modulating properties of
6989:, a presentation and extracts from the book
6099:
4143:Materials and Innovative Product development
4106:"Liquid crystal display unit of matrix type"
3444:Kimizuka, Noboru; Yamazaki, Shunpei (2016).
2998:
2996:
2585:
2583:
2386:List of liquid-crystal-display manufacturers
1733:This pixel layout is found in S-IPS LCDs. A
725:Sometimes wrongfully referred to as GEN 8.6.
7367:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
6288:. Samsung. February 5, 2005. Archived from
5648:
5091:
4707:"Chunghwa Picture Tubes, LTD. - intro_Tech"
4307:
4305:
4160:
3998:Note on the Liquid Crystal Display Industry
3671:
3669:
2835:
1646:
1583:Thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display
1048:thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display
227:of an LCD typically consists of a layer of
7278:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode
7156:
7142:
6936:
6934:
6286:"What Is Samsung's Policy on Dead Pixels?"
6226:"Display Tech Compared: TN vs. VA vs. IPS"
5077:Explanation of CCFL backlighting details,
4987:, Eric Franklin, Retrieved September 2012.
4978:"Monitor buying guide — CNET Reviews"
4790:"The next quantum (Dot) leap for displays"
4287:
4285:
3933:
3718:
3618:"Milestones: Liquid Crystal Display, 1968"
3473:
2614:
2589:
2553:
1750:
1673:A close-up of a corner of an IPS LCD panel
992:with TN-LCDs and numerous other products.
716:Sometimes wrongfully referred to as GEN 8.
210:
30:"LCD" redirects here. For other uses, see
7014:
6396:
4139:
3993:
3991:
3847:
3469:
3467:
3333:
3277:"Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Cholesterins"
3274:
2993:
2580:
2571:
2013:Learn how and when to remove this message
1692:
1328:CCFL: The LCD panel is lit either by two
1168:and LCD televisions. Epson developed the
6804:A discussion of LCD monitor eye strain,
6766:"Pulse Width Modulation on LCD monitors"
6067:SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers
5259:
5121:
5007:, TFT Central. Retrieved September 2012.
4302:
4250:
4248:
3675:
3666:
3437:
3360:
3171:"The History of Liquid-Crystal Displays"
3168:
3029:
3027:
3025:
2077:Can be made in almost any size or shape.
2030:Comparison of CRT, LCD, Plasma, and OLED
1728:
1668:
1622:
1596:
1517:
1467:
1436:
1398:
1318:
900:
353:
306:
214:
45:
7062:LCD Monitor Teardown – engineerguyvideo
6931:
6686:from the original on September 14, 2015
6314:. Lenovo. June 25, 2007. Archived from
6191:NXP Semiconductors (October 21, 2011).
5017:
5015:
5013:
4949:
4566:
4282:
4200:
4198:
4196:
3223:Engineering and Technology History Wiki
2971:
2272:
1631:
1561:amounts of power to maintain an image.
996:, while working with Sardari Arora and
780:Engineering and Technology History Wiki
111:electronically modulated optical device
50:Layers of a reflective twisted nematic
14:
7735:
7163:
6996:David Dunmur & Tim Sluckin (2011)
6919:from the original on December 24, 2022
6903:"Doha amendment to the Kyoto Protocol"
6716:from the original on February 25, 2021
6650:from the original on November 10, 2020
6614:"UCIC Curved 4k monitors LCD Displays"
6428:. University of Oxford. Archived from
6423:
6378:from the original on February 23, 2021
6224:above, VAhomeotropic alignment shown.
6142:from the original on February 25, 2021
5990:from the original on November 24, 2020
5960:from the original on February 28, 2021
5826:
5701:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5371:from the original on November 26, 2020
5228:
5088:, Randy Frank, Retrieved January 2013.
5033:from the original on November 26, 2020
4770:from the original on September 1, 2022
4034:from the original on February 24, 2021
3988:
3787:from the original on February 24, 2021
3628:from the original on November 18, 2014
3503:Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
3464:
3450:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 217.
3395:
3109:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2810:. London, UK: Casio. pp. Page 4.
2509:from the original on September 1, 2022
2465:
2453:from the original on February 25, 2021
1742:Advanced fringe field switching (AFFS)
940:(DSM) LCD that used standard discrete
171:and portable consumer devices such as
7137:
6844:
6405:from the original on October 31, 2017
5930:from the original on January 24, 2021
5840:from the original on January 14, 2012
5813:"Samsung Develops World's Largest (32
5683:from the original on January 23, 2024
4661:from the original on February 4, 2020
4459:"Espacenet — Bibliographic data"
4411:"Espacenet — Bibliographic data"
4367:"Espacenet — Bibliographic data"
4257:The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography
4245:
4054:"Liquid crystal color display device"
3942:Springer Science & Business Media
3892:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
3828:The Electrochemical Society Interface
3648:"Liquid Crystal Displays (1973-1982)"
3562:
3022:
2949:
2817:from the original on January 21, 2022
199:used in CRTs make them vulnerable to
7414:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display
7015:Artamonov, Oleg (January 23, 2007).
6940:
6865:
6483:. Rohde-schwarz.com. August 13, 2010
6184:
5547:Eric Wasatonicundefined (Director).
5528:from the original on January 2, 2015
5124:"Dimming options for LCD brightness"
5010:
4922:
4816:
4727:
4193:
3867:from the original on August 29, 2017
3059:
2935:From optical glass to photonic glass
2748:
2560:Advances in Condensed Matter Physics
1995:adding citations to reliable sources
1966:
1845:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display
1587:Active-matrix liquid-crystal display
1089:'s 'Casiotron'. Color LCDs based on
1064:active-matrix liquid-crystal display
7488:Light-emitting electrochemical cell
6775:, TFT Central. Retrieved June 2012.
6680:"CineMassive CineView II LCD panel"
6262:. December 30, 2004. Archived from
5900:from the original on April 25, 2021
5815:) LCD Panel Without a Color Filter"
5341:from the original on March 19, 2022
5059:from the original on March 19, 2022
4713:. December 23, 2019. Archived from
4112:from the original on March 13, 2021
4086:from the original on April 23, 2021
4060:from the original on March 26, 2021
3818:
3812:
3654:from the original on August 6, 2023
2932:
2919:
2886:
2749:Boer, Willem den (March 15, 2011).
2535:from the original on March 19, 2022
2283:The production of LCD screens uses
2112:inputs in addition to DVI and HDMI.
1831:, which involves uneven patches of
1540:color displays, such as modern LCD
1073:introduced the use of DSM LCDs for
24:
7687:Large-screen television technology
6982:– Video by the Vega Science Trust.
6973:
6746:from the original on March 7, 2021
6564:from the original on March 7, 2021
6534:from the original on March 8, 2021
6426:"Development of bistable displays"
6236:from the original on June 18, 2021
5870:from the original on July 24, 2020
5569:from the original on June 29, 2011
5487:from the original on March 7, 2021
5241:from the original on April 5, 2021
4950:Ibrahim, Dogan (August 22, 2012).
4854:10.1002/j.2637-496X.2018.tb01132.x
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4683:. October 24, 2011. Archived from
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4519:from the original on April 5, 2023
4465:from the original on March 8, 2021
4417:from the original on March 8, 2021
4373:from the original on March 8, 2021
3150:from the original on March 7, 2021
3097:from the original on March 8, 2021
2911:. January 19, 2017. Archived from
2874:from the original on March 8, 2021
2342:'s effects with what it replaced,
1777:
1759:
1473:appear to be fading on the screen.
1050:(TFT LCD). As of 2013, all modern
1044:Westinghouse Research Laboratories
833:Marconi Wireless Telegraph company
392:
25:
7764:
7361:Organic light-emitting transistor
7054:
6815:, SuperUser. Retrieved June 2012.
6223:
6172:from the original on June 7, 2021
6100:Jack H. Park (January 15, 2015).
4605:. engadgetHD. February 19, 2008.
3315:from the original on May 22, 2023
3229:from the original on July 3, 2017
2783:from the original on May 22, 2020
2249:
1876:
1432:
1190:twisted nematic field effect LCDs
7724:Comparison of display technology
6895:
6838:
6818:
6798:
6778:
6758:
6728:
6698:
6672:
6662:
6636:
6606:
6576:
6546:
6514:
6495:
6470:
6444:
6417:
6390:
6360:
6330:
6304:
6278:
6248:
6217:
6154:
6124:
6093:
6058:
6042:. Vertex LCD Inc. Archived from
6028:
6002:
5972:
5942:
5912:
5882:
5852:
5834:"LCD Panel Technology Explained"
5805:
5787:
5769:
5739:
5709:
5669:
5642:
5616:
5603:
5590:
5581:
5563:"Game Boy: User Manual, page 12"
5540:
5514:
5499:
5467:
5452:
5433:
5414:
5395:
5383:
5353:
5327:
5308:
5289:
5276:
5253:
5222:
5208:
5194:
5180:
5166:
5152:
5138:
5122:Moronski, J. (January 3, 2004).
5115:
5071:
5045:
3137:
3060:Ross, Young (December 4, 2023).
2698:Flat Panel Display Manufacturing
2184:switch on and off faster than a
2122:
1971:
1839:"Zero-power" (bistable) displays
1678:Super In-plane switching (S-IPS)
1453:until the mid-1990s, when color
837:"The Liquid Crystal Light Valve"
7355:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots
7097:What is capacitive touchscreen?
6877:used in plasma and LCD screens"
5508:Parts list, LCD Display Drivers
5260:Morrison, G. (March 26, 2016).
4990:
4970:
4943:
4916:
4902:
4888:
4874:
4860:
4829:
4810:
4796:
4782:
4752:
4721:
4699:
4673:
4643:
4631:. Displaybank. December 5, 2007
4621:
4595:
4560:
4531:
4495:
4477:
4451:
4429:
4403:
4385:
4359:
4340:
4267:
4215:
4133:
4124:
4098:
4080:"Liquid crystal display device"
4072:
4046:
4020:
4007:
3973:
3958:
3927:
3879:
3799:
3773:
3743:
3712:
3640:
3610:
3598:National Inventors Hall of Fame
3591:
3556:
3529:
3494:
3389:
3354:
3327:
3268:
3241:
3211:
3162:
3131:
3123:. July 10, 2015. Archived from
3079:
3053:
3037:. March 7, 2017. Archived from
2856:
2829:
2795:
2769:
2742:
2715:
2688:
2594:. World Scientific Publishing.
2168:on and off rather than a CRT's
1982:needs additional citations for
1782:Some LCD panels have defective
1293:
847:. In 1962, Richard Williams of
728:
719:
710:
7426:Laser-powered phosphor display
5797:. June 2, 2016. Archived from
5628:. CRC Press. October 6, 2017.
5053:"LCD optical waveguide device"
4336:10.1109/HISTELCON.2012.6487587
4028:"Liquid crystal display units"
3719:Castellano, Joseph A. (2005).
3336:Journal of Materials Chemistry
2647:
2608:
2590:Castellano, Joseph A. (2005).
2547:
2521:
2495:
2435:
2417:
2366:Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller
1939:Brightness and contrast ratio:
1245:, and later on towards China.
129:to produce images in color or
13:
1:
7692:Optimum HDTV viewing distance
7682:History of display technology
7570:Computer-generated holography
7110:How TFT-LCDs are made, by AUO
5262:"LED local dimming explained"
4490:Liquid crystal display device
4140:Gessinger, Gernot H. (2009).
3678:Journal of Display Technology
3275:Reinitzer, Friedrich (1888).
2410:
2230:reduce perceivable input lag.
2074:range), unlike a CRT monitor.
2034:
1377:high dynamic range television
785:
61:film with a vertical axis to
7272:Organic light-emitting diode
7266:Light-emitting diode display
7019:. X-bit labs. Archived from
5229:Shafer, Rob (June 5, 2019).
4446:which is not 0 or 90 degrees
3819:Kuo, Yue (January 1, 2013).
3807:"Birth of the Active Matrix"
2959:Taiwan Central Glass Company
2529:"Liquid crystal composition"
2309:Geophysical Research Letters
2066:Emits almost no undesirable
1963:Advantages and disadvantages
1864:In 2004, researchers at the
1638:Twisted nematic field effect
1395:Connection to other circuits
1385:full-area local area dimming
1023:In 1972, the concept of the
954:twisted nematic field effect
812:(Liquid Crystals). In 1911,
7:
7036:Overview of 3LCD technology
6848:High-Performance Polymer...
3622:IEEE Global History Network
2933:Gan, Fuxi (July 16, 2003).
2349:
1714:IPS in comparison to AMOLED
1685:was later introduced after
1445:Monochrome and later color
1423:anisotropic conductive film
1094:Matsuura in December 1975.
10:
7769:
7482:Vacuum fluorescent display
7206:Electroluminescent display
7047:September 1, 2009, at the
6987:History of Liquid Crystals
6831:December 13, 2012, at the
6811:November 14, 2011, at the
6527:. CineMassive. p. 7.
5781:February 25, 2021, at the
4998:"Monitor LED Backlighting"
4311:Hirohisa Kawamoto (2013),
3934:Brotherton, S. D. (2013).
3607:(Retrieved April 25, 2014)
3577:10.1109/mspec.2012.6341205
3415:10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288190
3190:10.1109/JPROC.2002.1002521
3169:Kawamoto, Hiroshi (2002).
2964:February 24, 2021, at the
2299:, and its relatively long
2276:
2027:
1859:cholesteric liquid crystal
1842:
1763:
1650:
1635:
1590:
1580:
1577:Active-matrix technologies
1297:
1028:thin-film transistor (TFT)
789:
761:
397:LCD-Glass-sizes-generation
36:
29:
7721:
7669:
7631:
7590:
7535:
7439:
7338:
7329:Liquid crystal on silicon
7233:
7180:
7171:
7038:, Presentation Technology
6861:– via Google Books.
6791:February 3, 2018, at the
5890:"What is the Resolution?"
5427:November 4, 2017, at the
4956:. John Wiley & Sons.
4146:. Elsevier. p. 204.
3755:American Scientist Online
3523:10.1080/15421406908084910
2968:, Retrieved May 20, 2015.
2701:. John Wiley & Sons.
2643:– via ResearchGate.
2641:10.1016/j.tsf.2006.07.159
2479:. Fujitsu. Archived from
2477:Fujitsu technical support
2068:electromagnetic radiation
1886:newer designs that share
1425:or, for lower densities,
1056:electronic visual display
952:On December 4, 1970, the
911:Royal Radar Establishment
706:
401:LCDs are manufactured in
165:aircraft cockpit displays
7520:Fourteen-segment display
7323:Digital Light Processing
7077:August 30, 2009, at the
5160:"Sony KDL-55XBR8 LCD TV"
5084:January 2, 2014, at the
4448:, filed January 9, 1990.
4352:August 10, 2014, at the
4180:; US patent US4783653A;
3698:10.1109/JDT.2011.2177740
3251:Supramolecular Chemistry
3004:"Large Generation Glass"
2909:AU Optronics Corp. (AUO)
2684:– via IEEE Xplore.
2664:10.1109/ASID.1999.762781
2089:transparent and flexible
2050:No geometric distortion.
1647:In-plane switching (IPS)
1544:and televisions, use an
1503:passive-matrix addressed
1286:and quantum dot sheets.
1265:
1248:
1183:
1107:In 1983, researchers at
1102:
1040:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1005:Liquid Crystal Institute
962:Swiss patent No. 532 261
947:
874:
37:Not to be confused with
7743:Liquid crystal displays
7526:Sixteen-segment display
7212:Rear-projection display
7002:Oxford University Press
6955:10.1038/climate.2008.72
6106:www.businesskorea.co.kr
5864:m.engineeringnews.co.za
5732:March 13, 2021, at the
5446:August 1, 2017, at the
5321:August 2, 2017, at the
4983:March 15, 2014, at the
3913:10.1109/T-ED.1973.17780
3603:April 26, 2014, at the
3178:Proceedings of the IEEE
2473:"LCD Image Persistence"
2072:extremely low frequency
1751:Vertical alignment (VA)
1618:digital compact cameras
1548:structure. A matrix of
1111:(BBC) Research Center,
1109:Brown, Boveri & Cie
1046:demonstrated the first
981:Brown, Boveri & Cie
938:dynamic scattering mode
891:dynamic scattering mode
829:Fréedericksz transition
211:General characteristics
7373:Field-emission display
7288:Liquid-crystal display
7115:March 8, 2021, at the
7106:from BaoBao Technology
7102:July 18, 2024, at the
6166:www.ruggedpcreview.com
5926:. September 21, 2016.
5736:; US patent US4664483A
5721:March 8, 2021, at the
5609:P. M. Alt, P. Pleshko
5408:March 8, 2021, at the
5302:July 24, 2020, at the
5128:Electronicproducts.com
5104:US patent RE42428E
4923:OECD (March 7, 2000).
4400:, filed June 28, 1973.
4318:June 15, 2021, at the
4187:March 8, 2021, at the
4176:March 8, 2021, at the
3550:10.1109/proc.1968.6513
3402:Proceedings of the IRE
2986:April 4, 2021, at the
2725:Coatings on Glass 1998
2391:Boogie board (product)
2158:pulse-width modulation
1738:
1693:M+ or RGBW controversy
1674:
1628:
1620:
1529:
1474:
1442:
1427:elastomeric connectors
1419:Tape-automated bonding
1404:
1324:
1058:devices use TFT-based
967:March 9, 2021, at the
906:
778:, can be found at the
398:
367:
331:
220:
138:seven-segment displays
99:liquid-crystal display
94:
7510:Eight-segment display
7504:Seven-segment display
7127:June 6, 2021, at the
7093:from Newhaven Display
7089:May 26, 2022, at the
7084:What's an IPS Display
6943:Nature Climate Change
6508:June 6, 2020, at the
6138:. February 13, 2015.
5565:. February 12, 2011.
5522:"Compaq Portable III"
5272:on November 23, 2017.
5029:. November 13, 2017.
4717:on December 23, 2019.
4575:(9). Wiley: 657–666.
4485:U.S. patent 5,598,285
4437:U.S. patent 5,576,867
4393:U.S. patent 3,834,794
2028:Further information:
1913:Temporal performance:
1890:among pixels and add
1825:, or, less commonly,
1794:respectively. Unlike
1732:
1672:
1626:
1600:
1567:persistence of vision
1550:thin-film transistors
1527:
1480:super-twisted nematic
1471:
1440:
1402:
1322:
1129:U.S. patent 4,634,229
1118:super-twisted nematic
1002:Kent State University
904:
843:was published by Dr.
756:Nippon Electric Glass
734:Also known as GEN 11.
396:
357:
310:
298:Super-twisted nematic
218:
68:Glass substrate with
49:
7632:Display capabilities
7515:Nine-segment display
7217:Plasma display panel
6771:May 6, 2021, at the
6342:www.blazedisplay.com
6318:on December 31, 2006
6016:on September 3, 2011
5956:. January 27, 2017.
5776:Product presentation
5506:Future Electronics.
5459:LG Training Center.
5204:. November 20, 2017.
5190:. November 18, 2005.
5176:. November 14, 2007.
5162:. November 19, 2008.
5003:May 9, 2021, at the
4766:. December 4, 2016.
4728:Morrison, Geoffrey.
4539:"Optical Patterning"
4263:Taylor & Francis
4233:on February 24, 2021
3984:: 87. December 1973.
3761:on December 20, 2008
2658:. pp. 359–363.
2573:10.1155/2018/6386428
2285:nitrogen trifluoride
2273:Environmental impact
2178:LED-backlit monitors
1991:improve this article
1898:Spatial performance:
1866:University of Oxford
1771:Blue phase mode LCDs
1632:Twisted nematic (TN)
1593:List of LCD matrices
1142:handheld televisions
869:thin-film transistor
810:"Flüssige Kristalle"
796:Thin-film transistor
294:thin-film transistor
231:aligned between two
32:LCD (disambiguation)
7748:American inventions
7661:See-through display
7565:Holographic display
7243:Quantum dot display
6985:Timothy J. Sluckin
6646:. August 19, 2019.
6458:on November 1, 2014
6348:on February 5, 2024
6136:www.taipeitimes.com
5984:HardwareZone.com.sg
5757:on January 18, 2020
5365:LaserFocusWorld.com
4929:. OECD Publishing.
4842:Information Display
4687:on October 26, 2011
3905:1973ITED...20..995B
3840:2013ECSIn..22a..55K
3690:2012JDisT...8....3K
3515:1969MolCr...8..293H
3488:10.1511/2006.61.438
3375:1963JChPh..39..384W
3199:on February 9, 2012
2915:on August 24, 2017.
2633:2006TSF...515..896K
2447:Merriam-Webster.com
2443:"Definition of LCD"
2431:. January 29, 2020.
2395:Remarkable (tablet)
2209:letterboxed display
2143:Display motion blur
1823:dirty screen effect
1796:integrated circuits
1766:Blue phase mode LCD
1144:in Japan. In 1980,
990:quartz wristwatches
881:George H. Heilmeier
808:published his work
802:Friedrich Reinitzer
349:alternating current
326:. As a result, the
65:light as it enters.
7753:Display technology
7703:Color Light Output
7697:High Dynamic Range
7499:Dot-matrix display
7494:Lightguide display
7165:Display technology
6558:www.flexenable.com
6401:. Nikkei Tech-On.
6374:. March 31, 2007.
6266:on August 20, 2007
6168:. April 17, 2015.
6036:"AFFS & AFFS+"
5747:"Products - Sharp"
5367:. September 2007.
4806:. January 5, 2015.
4655:technology.ihs.com
4298:May 1984, page 150
4254:Michael R. Peres,
4223:"TV Watch - Epson"
3849:10.1149/2.F06131if
3476:American Scientist
3293:10.1007/BF01516710
3127:on March 25, 2021.
3010:on August 23, 2011
2371:LCD classification
2356:Flat-panel display
2199:either requires a
2151:strobing backlight
2149:display, unless a
1739:
1724:active-matrix OLED
1687:in-plane switching
1675:
1658:In-plane switching
1629:
1621:
1605:1.8 in color
1530:
1475:
1459:Macintosh Portable
1443:
1405:
1325:
1311:Transflective LCDs
1235:In Plane Switching
1195:In Plane Switching
1140:were developed as
919:University of Hull
907:
855:Building on early
825:Vsevolod Frederiks
399:
376:pocket calculators
368:
332:
221:
107:flat-panel display
95:
7730:
7729:
7656:Always-on display
7447:Electromechanical
7435:
7434:
7009:978-0-19-954940-5
6851:Editions OPHRYS.
6624:on March 19, 2020
6594:on March 19, 2020
6205:on March 14, 2014
6079:10.1889/1.2433159
5662:978-1-351-83333-2
5635:978-1-4822-4181-5
5134:on July 28, 2017.
4963:978-1-118-36103-0
4936:978-92-64-18103-8
4792:. March 13, 2018.
4581:10.1889/1.2785199
4548:. August 22, 1996
4211:Jul 1985, page 55
4002:Auburn University
3751:"Modifying Light"
3729:. pp. 41–2.
3383:10.1063/1.1734257
3261:978-0-470-51234-0
2943:10.1117/12.517223
2762:978-0-08-045576-1
2735:978-0-444-50247-6
2708:978-1-119-16134-9
2601:978-981-238-956-5
2483:on April 23, 2012
2205:1:1 pixel mapping
2195:. Displaying any
2193:native resolution
2087:LCDs can be made
2061:native resolution
2023:
2022:
2015:
1920:Color performance
1542:computer monitors
1525:
1333:fluorescent lamps
1270:In October 2011,
1215:Sharp Corporation
1166:computer monitors
1079:Sharp Corporation
1054:and high-quality
973:Wolfgang Helfrich
960:in Switzerland, (
743:
742:
313:Texas Instruments
283:Sharp Corporation
205:image persistence
185:mobile telephones
161:instrument panels
157:computer monitors
59:Polarizing filter
16:(Redirected from
7760:
7708:Flexible display
7670:Related articles
7550:Autostereoscopic
7249:Electronic paper
7195:Cathode-ray tube
7178:
7177:
7158:
7151:
7144:
7135:
7134:
7063:
7032:
7030:
7028:
6967:
6966:
6938:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6918:
6907:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6883:on June 29, 2011
6879:. Archived from
6869:
6863:
6862:
6845:Rabilloud, Guy.
6842:
6836:
6822:
6816:
6802:
6796:
6782:
6776:
6762:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6740:www.fujifilm.com
6732:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6691:
6676:
6670:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6640:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6620:. Archived from
6610:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6590:. Archived from
6580:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6533:
6526:
6518:
6512:
6499:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6482:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6344:. Archived from
6334:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6292:on March 4, 2007
6282:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6204:
6198:. Archived from
6197:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6108:. Archived from
6097:
6091:
6090:
6073:(1): 1079–1082.
6062:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6012:. Archived from
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5946:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5830:
5824:
5821:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5801:on June 2, 2016.
5791:
5785:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5753:. Archived from
5751:www.sharpsma.com
5743:
5737:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5700:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5620:
5614:
5607:
5601:
5594:
5588:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5486:
5479:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5456:
5450:
5437:
5431:
5418:
5412:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5331:
5325:
5312:
5306:
5293:
5287:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5268:. Archived from
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5142:
5136:
5135:
5130:. Archived from
5119:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5089:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5027:OLED Association
5019:
5008:
4994:
4988:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4884:. April 7, 2014.
4878:
4872:
4871:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4543:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4455:
4449:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4363:
4357:
4344:
4338:
4309:
4300:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4265:
4252:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4229:. Archived from
4227:global.epson.com
4219:
4213:
4202:
4191:
4167:
4158:
4157:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4024:
4018:
4011:
4005:
3995:
3986:
3985:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3899:(11): 995–1001.
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3866:
3851:
3825:
3816:
3810:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3757:. Archived from
3747:
3741:
3740:
3727:World Scientific
3716:
3710:
3709:
3673:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3614:
3608:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3544:(7): 1162–1171.
3533:
3527:
3526:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3409:(6): 1462–1469.
3393:
3387:
3386:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3348:10.1039/a902682g
3342:(9): 2037–2050.
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3192:. Archived from
3175:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3041:on March 7, 2017
3031:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3006:. Archived from
3000:
2991:
2975:
2969:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2930:
2917:
2916:
2901:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2809:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2621:Thin Solid Films
2612:
2606:
2605:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2421:
2279:Electronic waste
2197:other resolution
2018:
2011:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1975:
1967:
1933:gamma correction
1707:UHD TV standard.
1526:
1203:by Guenter Baur
1197:(IPS) technology
1136:The first color
1131:
1013:LXD Incorporated
958:Hoffmann-LaRoche
934:RCA Laboratories
735:
732:
726:
723:
717:
714:
413:
412:
290:photolithography
240:indium tin oxide
238:, often made of
193:cathode-ray tube
21:
7768:
7767:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7758:
7757:
7733:
7732:
7731:
7726:
7717:
7665:
7627:
7613:Slide projector
7603:Movie projector
7586:
7531:
7431:
7341:
7334:
7235:
7229:
7182:
7167:
7162:
7129:Wayback Machine
7117:Wayback Machine
7104:Wayback Machine
7091:Wayback Machine
7079:Wayback Machine
7061:
7057:
7049:Wayback Machine
7026:
7024:
7023:on May 16, 2008
6976:
6974:Further reading
6971:
6970:
6949:(808): 99–100.
6939:
6932:
6922:
6920:
6916:
6905:
6901:
6900:
6896:
6886:
6884:
6876:
6871:
6870:
6866:
6859:
6843:
6839:
6833:Wayback Machine
6823:
6819:
6813:Wayback Machine
6803:
6799:
6793:Wayback Machine
6783:
6779:
6773:Wayback Machine
6763:
6759:
6749:
6747:
6734:
6733:
6729:
6719:
6717:
6710:and-fujifilm.jp
6704:
6703:
6699:
6689:
6687:
6678:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6663:
6653:
6651:
6642:
6641:
6637:
6627:
6625:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6597:
6595:
6582:
6581:
6577:
6567:
6565:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6537:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6520:
6519:
6515:
6510:Wayback Machine
6500:
6496:
6486:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6475:
6471:
6461:
6459:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6435:
6433:
6432:on May 23, 2008
6422:
6418:
6408:
6406:
6397:Tetsuo Nozawa.
6395:
6391:
6381:
6379:
6368:"Sony XBR Mura"
6366:
6365:
6361:
6351:
6349:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6321:
6319:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6295:
6293:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6269:
6267:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6239:
6237:
6222:
6218:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6195:
6189:
6185:
6175:
6173:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6145:
6143:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6115:
6113:
6112:on May 12, 2015
6098:
6094:
6063:
6059:
6049:
6047:
6046:on May 18, 2016
6034:
6033:
6029:
6019:
6017:
6008:
6007:
6003:
5993:
5991:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5963:
5961:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5933:
5931:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5903:
5901:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5873:
5871:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5843:
5841:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5783:Wayback Machine
5774:
5770:
5760:
5758:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5734:Wayback Machine
5723:Wayback Machine
5714:
5710:
5694:
5693:
5686:
5684:
5677:"Archived copy"
5675:
5674:
5670:
5663:
5647:
5643:
5636:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5608:
5604:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5572:
5570:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5531:
5529:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5504:
5500:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5457:
5453:
5448:Wayback Machine
5438:
5434:
5429:Wayback Machine
5419:
5415:
5410:Wayback Machine
5400:
5396:
5388:
5384:
5374:
5372:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5344:
5342:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5323:Wayback Machine
5313:
5309:
5304:Wayback Machine
5294:
5290:
5281:
5277:
5258:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5227:
5223:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5101:
5092:
5086:Wayback Machine
5076:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5036:
5034:
5021:
5020:
5011:
5005:Wayback Machine
4995:
4991:
4985:Wayback Machine
4975:
4971:
4964:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4921:
4917:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4834:
4830:
4817:Moynihan, Tim.
4815:
4811:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4773:
4771:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4726:
4722:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4690:
4688:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4664:
4662:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4612:
4610:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4520:
4504:Popular Science
4501:
4500:
4496:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4420:
4418:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4354:Wayback Machine
4345:
4341:
4320:Wayback Machine
4310:
4303:
4293:Popular Science
4290:
4283:
4272:
4268:
4253:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4203:
4194:
4189:Wayback Machine
4178:Wayback Machine
4168:
4161:
4154:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4115:
4113:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4063:
4061:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4037:
4035:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4012:
4008:
3996:
3989:
3982:Popular Science
3979:
3978:
3974:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3932:
3928:
3887:Brody, T. Peter
3884:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3823:
3817:
3813:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3717:
3713:
3674:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3605:Wayback Machine
3596:
3592:
3561:
3557:
3534:
3530:
3499:
3495:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3442:
3438:
3397:Weimer, Paul K.
3394:
3390:
3359:
3355:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3136:
3132:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2988:Wayback Machine
2976:
2972:
2966:Wayback Machine
2954:
2950:
2931:
2920:
2903:
2902:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2693:
2689:
2674:
2652:
2648:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2588:
2581:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2352:
2344:perfluorocarbon
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2275:
2252:
2223:post-processing
2147:sample-and-hold
2125:
2037:
2032:
2019:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1988:
1976:
1965:
1879:
1847:
1841:
1780:
1778:Quality control
1768:
1762:
1760:Blue phase mode
1753:
1744:
1716:
1695:
1680:
1655:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1595:
1589:
1581:Main articles:
1579:
1518:
1435:
1397:
1302:
1296:
1276:tablet computer
1268:
1251:
1186:
1138:LCD televisions
1127:
1120:(STN) structure
1115:, invented the
1105:
1052:high-resolution
969:Wayback Machine
950:
930:Bernard Lechner
877:
821:Georges Friedel
814:Charles Mauguin
798:
790:Main articles:
788:
764:
739:
738:
733:
729:
724:
720:
715:
711:
430:
425:
420:
372:digital watches
345:ionic compounds
259:twisted nematic
213:
173:digital cameras
153:LCD televisions
115:liquid crystals
93:
79:Twisted nematic
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7766:
7756:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7728:
7727:
7722:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7673:
7671:
7667:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7573:
7572:
7567:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7541:
7539:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7523:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7485:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7459:
7454:
7443:
7441:
7437:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7423:
7417:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7404:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7389:Liquid crystal
7386:
7376:
7370:
7364:
7358:
7352:
7346:
7344:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7307:
7306:
7301:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7246:
7239:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7227:
7226:
7225:
7214:
7209:
7203:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7184:
7175:
7173:Video displays
7169:
7168:
7161:
7160:
7153:
7146:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7119:
7107:
7094:
7081:
7069:
7056:
7055:External links
7053:
7052:
7051:
7039:
7033:
7012:
6994:
6983:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6930:
6894:
6874:
6864:
6857:
6837:
6817:
6797:
6777:
6757:
6727:
6697:
6671:
6661:
6635:
6605:
6575:
6545:
6513:
6494:
6469:
6443:
6416:
6389:
6372:Hdtvtest.co.uk
6359:
6329:
6303:
6277:
6247:
6216:
6183:
6153:
6123:
6092:
6057:
6027:
6001:
5971:
5941:
5911:
5881:
5851:
5825:
5804:
5786:
5768:
5738:
5708:
5668:
5661:
5641:
5634:
5615:
5602:
5589:
5580:
5554:
5539:
5513:
5498:
5466:
5451:
5432:
5413:
5394:
5382:
5352:
5326:
5307:
5288:
5275:
5252:
5221:
5207:
5193:
5179:
5165:
5151:
5137:
5114:
5090:
5070:
5044:
5009:
4989:
4969:
4962:
4942:
4935:
4915:
4901:
4887:
4873:
4859:
4828:
4809:
4795:
4781:
4751:
4720:
4698:
4672:
4642:
4620:
4594:
4559:
4530:
4494:
4476:
4450:
4443:
4428:
4402:
4384:
4358:
4339:
4301:
4281:
4266:
4244:
4214:
4192:
4159:
4152:
4132:
4123:
4097:
4071:
4045:
4019:
4006:
3987:
3972:
3957:
3950:
3944:. p. 74.
3926:
3878:
3811:
3805:Brody, T. P.,
3798:
3772:
3742:
3735:
3711:
3665:
3639:
3609:
3590:
3555:
3528:
3509:(1): 293–304.
3493:
3482:(5): 438–445.
3463:
3456:
3436:
3388:
3369:(2): 382–388.
3353:
3326:
3287:(1): 421–441.
3267:
3260:
3240:
3210:
3184:(4): 460–500.
3161:
3130:
3108:
3078:
3052:
3021:
2992:
2970:
2948:
2918:
2905:"Size Matters"
2885:
2864:"Sunic system"
2855:
2848:
2828:
2794:
2768:
2761:
2741:
2734:
2714:
2707:
2687:
2672:
2646:
2627:(3): 896–901.
2607:
2600:
2579:
2546:
2520:
2494:
2464:
2434:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2388:
2383:
2381:LCD television
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2351:
2348:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2321:Kyoto Protocol
2316:
2313:carbon dioxide
2307:. A report in
2305:global warming
2297:greenhouse gas
2292:
2288:
2274:
2271:
2251:
2250:Chemicals used
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2219:
2212:
2189:
2180:, because the
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2098:
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2041:
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2033:
2021:
2020:
1979:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1942:Contrast ratio
1936:
1917:
1910:
1895:
1878:
1877:Specifications
1875:
1840:
1837:
1779:
1776:
1764:Main article:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1715:
1712:
1694:
1691:
1679:
1676:
1651:Main article:
1648:
1645:
1633:
1630:
1609:, used in the
1578:
1575:
1508:response times
1447:passive-matrix
1434:
1433:Passive-matrix
1431:
1396:
1393:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1298:Main article:
1295:
1292:
1267:
1264:
1250:
1247:
1185:
1182:
1124:passive matrix
1104:
1101:
1032:T. Peter Brody
994:James Fergason
949:
946:
924:The idea of a
896:IEEE Milestone
876:
873:
867:developed the
861:Paul K. Weimer
845:George W. Gray
792:Liquid crystal
787:
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427:
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417:
268:incident light
255:electric field
251:liquid crystal
242:(ITO) and two
212:
209:
169:LCD projectors
117:combined with
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
76:
66:
55:
52:liquid crystal
26:
9:
6:
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7357:(ELQD/QD-LED)
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6037:
6031:
6020:September 14,
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5664:
5658:
5655:. CRC Press.
5654:
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5271:
5267:
5266:CNET.com/news
5263:
5256:
5245:September 14,
5240:
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5074:
5063:September 24,
5058:
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5037:September 24,
5032:
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4153:9780080878201
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3951:9783319000022
3947:
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3898:
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3882:
3871:September 27,
3863:
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3736:9789812389565
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3658:September 22,
3653:
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3602:
3599:
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3586:
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3574:
3571:(11): 38–44.
3570:
3566:
3565:IEEE Spectrum
3559:
3551:
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3539:
3532:
3524:
3520:
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3457:9781119247401
3453:
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3368:
3364:
3363:J. Phys. Chem
3357:
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3306:
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3298:
3294:
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3283:(in German).
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3138:Shih, Willy.
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2849:9781482236422
2845:
2842:. CRC Press.
2841:
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2429:IEEE Spectrum
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2401:
2398:
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2376:LCD projector
2374:
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2159:
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2148:
2144:
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2138:
2135:
2131:
2130:viewing angle
2127:
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2123:Disadvantages
2117:
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2038:
2031:
2026:
2017:
2014:
2006:
2003:February 2017
1996:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1980:This section
1978:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1925:
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1918:
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1907:Viewing Angle
1903:
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1551:
1547:
1546:active-matrix
1543:
1539:
1534:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1490:Peter J. Wild
1487:
1482:
1481:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:active-matrix
1452:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1401:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1368:LED backlight
1361:
1357:
1354:
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1346:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1317:
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1198:
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1191:
1181:
1179:
1178:LCD projector
1176:, full-color
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:Citizen Watch
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:Hattori Seiko
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1097:
1092:
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1080:
1076:
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1061:
1060:active matrix
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:active-matrix
1021:
1018:
1014:
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1006:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
985:joint venture
982:
978:
977:Martin Schadt
974:
970:
966:
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945:
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776:Peter J. Wild
773:
769:
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749:
731:
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373:
365:
364:digital watch
362:Alarm Chrono
361:
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
330:are inverted.
329:
325:
324:perpendicular
321:
317:
314:
309:
305:
303:
302:birefringence
299:
295:
291:
286:
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272:perpendicular
269:
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201:image burn-in
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53:
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44:
40:
33:
19:
7618:Transparency
7591:Static media
7545:Stereoscopic
7287:
7025:. Retrieved
7021:the original
6997:
6990:
6946:
6942:
6921:. Retrieved
6909:
6897:
6885:. Retrieved
6881:the original
6867:
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6840:
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6800:
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6760:
6748:. Retrieved
6739:
6730:
6718:. Retrieved
6709:
6700:
6688:. Retrieved
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6638:
6626:. Retrieved
6622:the original
6617:
6608:
6596:. Retrieved
6592:the original
6587:
6578:
6566:. Retrieved
6557:
6548:
6536:. Retrieved
6516:
6497:
6485:. Retrieved
6472:
6460:. Retrieved
6456:the original
6446:
6434:. Retrieved
6430:the original
6424:Chidi Uche.
6419:
6407:. Retrieved
6392:
6380:. Retrieved
6371:
6362:
6350:. Retrieved
6346:the original
6341:
6332:
6320:. Retrieved
6316:the original
6306:
6294:. Retrieved
6290:the original
6280:
6270:September 3,
6268:. Retrieved
6264:the original
6259:
6250:
6238:. Retrieved
6229:
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6209:September 4,
6207:. Retrieved
6200:the original
6186:
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6165:
6156:
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6135:
6126:
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6110:the original
6105:
6095:
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6060:
6048:. Retrieved
6044:the original
6039:
6030:
6018:. Retrieved
6014:the original
6004:
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5983:
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5962:. Retrieved
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5932:. Retrieved
5923:
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5902:. Retrieved
5893:
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5872:. Retrieved
5863:
5854:
5842:. Retrieved
5828:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5807:
5799:the original
5789:
5771:
5761:December 25,
5759:. Retrieved
5755:the original
5750:
5741:
5711:
5685:. Retrieved
5671:
5651:
5644:
5624:
5618:
5610:
5605:
5597:
5596:P. J. Wild,
5592:
5583:
5573:February 12,
5571:. Retrieved
5557:
5548:
5542:
5530:. Retrieved
5516:
5507:
5501:
5491:February 21,
5489:. Retrieved
5469:
5460:
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5435:
5416:
5397:
5385:
5375:September 3,
5373:. Retrieved
5364:
5355:
5345:September 3,
5343:. Retrieved
5329:
5310:
5291:
5278:
5270:the original
5265:
5255:
5243:. Retrieved
5235:DisplayNinja
5234:
5224:
5210:
5196:
5182:
5168:
5154:
5140:
5132:the original
5127:
5117:
5073:
5061:. Retrieved
5047:
5035:. Retrieved
5026:
4992:
4972:
4952:
4945:
4925:
4918:
4904:
4890:
4876:
4862:
4848:(6): 10–31.
4845:
4841:
4831:
4822:
4812:
4798:
4784:
4774:September 2,
4772:. Retrieved
4763:
4754:
4744:February 16,
4742:. Retrieved
4733:
4723:
4715:the original
4710:
4701:
4689:. Retrieved
4685:the original
4675:
4663:. Retrieved
4654:
4645:
4633:. Retrieved
4623:
4611:. Retrieved
4597:
4572:
4568:
4562:
4550:. Retrieved
4545:
4533:
4521:. Retrieved
4503:
4497:
4489:
4479:
4467:. Retrieved
4453:
4441:
4431:
4419:. Retrieved
4405:
4397:
4396:: R. Soref,
4387:
4375:. Retrieved
4361:
4342:
4323:
4291:
4269:
4256:
4235:. Retrieved
4231:the original
4226:
4217:
4204:
4142:
4135:
4126:
4114:. Retrieved
4100:
4088:. Retrieved
4074:
4062:. Retrieved
4048:
4036:. Retrieved
4022:
4014:
4009:
3981:
3975:
3967:The Engineer
3966:
3960:
3936:
3929:
3896:
3890:
3881:
3869:. Retrieved
3834:(1): 55–61.
3831:
3827:
3814:
3806:
3801:
3789:. Retrieved
3775:
3765:December 28,
3763:. Retrieved
3759:the original
3754:
3745:
3721:
3714:
3681:
3677:
3656:. Retrieved
3642:
3630:. Retrieved
3621:
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3593:
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3356:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3319:December 28,
3317:. Retrieved
3284:
3280:
3270:
3250:
3243:
3231:. Retrieved
3222:
3213:
3203:September 1,
3201:. Retrieved
3194:the original
3181:
3177:
3164:
3152:. Retrieved
3143:
3133:
3125:the original
3120:
3111:
3099:. Retrieved
3090:
3081:
3069:. Retrieved
3065:
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3039:the original
3012:. Retrieved
3008:the original
2979:
2973:
2956:
2951:
2934:
2913:the original
2908:
2878:December 22,
2876:. Retrieved
2867:
2858:
2838:
2831:
2821:November 17,
2819:. Retrieved
2803:
2797:
2787:September 3,
2785:. Retrieved
2771:
2755:. Elsevier.
2751:
2744:
2728:. Elsevier.
2724:
2717:
2697:
2690:
2655:
2649:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2591:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2537:. Retrieved
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2497:
2487:December 11,
2485:. Retrieved
2481:the original
2476:
2467:
2457:February 15,
2455:. Retrieved
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2405:Smartglasses
2329:
2308:
2295:is a potent
2282:
2268:
2253:
2227:video scaler
2201:video scaler
2024:
2009:
2000:
1989:Please help
1984:verification
1981:
1956:HDR displays
1938:
1919:
1912:
1897:
1882:
1870:
1863:
1848:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1804:
1788:stuck pixels
1781:
1769:
1754:
1745:
1717:
1703:
1696:
1682:
1681:
1656:
1641:
1571:
1563:
1535:
1531:
1501:
1495:
1478:
1476:
1444:
1415:
1406:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1330:cold cathode
1315:
1303:
1294:Illumination
1288:
1280:
1269:
1252:
1221:
1219:
1204:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1135:
1116:
1106:
1090:
1068:
1036:Westinghouse
1022:
998:Alfred Saupe
951:
923:
908:
889:
878:
854:
840:
836:
818:
809:
806:Otto Lehmann
799:
779:
767:
765:
752:Corning Inc.
744:
730:
721:
712:
431:introduction
400:
384:
380:alphanumeric
369:
333:
287:
280:
222:
187:, including
150:
146:
135:
102:
98:
96:
43:
7582:Fog display
7555:Multiscopic
7472:Fiber-optic
7384:Quantum dot
6750:January 12,
6720:January 12,
6654:January 12,
6628:January 12,
6618:monitorzone
6588:Pro Display
6568:January 12,
6352:January 22,
6240:February 3,
5844:January 13,
5687:January 23,
5361:"StackPath"
4691:October 26,
2868:sunic.co.kr
2400:Raw monitor
2162:CRT monitor
2110:fiber-optic
2081:resolution.
1929:white point
1924:Color gamut
1807:ISO 13406-2
1800:ISO 13406-2
1792:dead pixels
1784:transistors
1260:Displaybank
1239:South Korea
1150:Seiko Epson
1113:Switzerland
1075:calculators
1034:'s team at
434:References
341:smartphones
233:transparent
189:smartphones
181:calculators
7737:Categories
7623:Laser beam
7577:Volumetric
7537:3D display
7477:Nixie tube
7457:Split-flap
7342:generation
7316:Blue Phase
7236:generation
7183:generation
6487:August 15,
6462:August 15,
6382:August 15,
6040:Technology
5894:RTINGS.com
4711:archive.ph
4665:August 13,
4469:August 15,
4421:August 15,
4377:August 15,
4259:, page 306
3684:(1): 3–4.
3538:Proc. IEEE
2539:October 3,
2513:October 3,
2411:References
2277:See also:
2260:terphenyls
2174:eye-strain
2044:would use.
2035:Advantages
1951:Brightness
1888:sub-pixels
1883:Resolution
1853:(formerly
1843:See also:
1699:LG Display
1636:See also:
1614:Cyber-shot
1591:See also:
1554:transistor
1538:resolution
1154:dot matrix
1091:Guest-Host
786:Background
416:Generation
403:cleanrooms
316:calculator
244:polarizing
236:electrodes
131:monochrome
119:polarizers
73:electrodes
7677:Scan line
7651:DisplayID
7608:Neon sign
7598:Monoscope
7440:Non-video
7201:Jumbotron
6963:1758-678X
6910:Unfcc.int
6598:March 18,
6296:August 3,
6176:April 23,
6146:April 23,
6116:April 23,
6087:129569963
4589:1071-0922
4513:0161-7370
4237:April 10,
4116:April 10,
4090:April 10,
4064:April 10,
4038:April 10,
3921:0018-9383
3858:1064-8208
3791:April 10,
3706:1551-319X
3632:August 4,
3423:0096-8390
3301:0026-9247
3154:April 10,
3101:April 10,
3091:SDP.co.jp
2977:Samsung:
2682:137460486
2301:half-life
2256:biphenyls
2216:bit depth
2191:Only one
1902:dot pitch
1833:luminance
1705:the full
1683:Super-IPS
1653:IPS panel
1616:DSC-P93A
1510:and poor
1498:addressed
1486:Crosstalk
1463:backlight
1307:backlight
1300:Backlight
1283:Panasonic
1281:In 2016,
1222:Super IPS
1217:in 1992.
879:In 1964,
819:In 1922,
800:In 1888,
636:2007–2016
574:2002–2004
571:1800–1850
543:2002–2004
540:1250–1300
527:2000–2004
511:2000–2002
479:1996–1998
320:polarizer
318:with top
311:LCD in a
229:molecules
197:phosphors
127:reflector
123:backlight
109:or other
54:display:
7560:Hologram
7467:Eggcrate
7452:Flip-dot
7398:display
7379:Laser TV
7350:microLED
7280:(AMOLED)
7234:Current
7190:Eidophor
7125:Archived
7113:Archived
7100:Archived
7087:Archived
7075:Archived
7045:Archived
6923:March 2,
6914:Archived
6829:Archived
6809:Archived
6789:Archived
6769:Archived
6744:Archived
6714:Archived
6684:Archived
6669:194-201.
6648:Archived
6562:Archived
6529:Archived
6506:Archived
6436:July 13,
6409:June 10,
6403:Archived
6376:Archived
6322:July 13,
6234:Archived
6230:TechSpot
6170:Archived
6140:Archived
6050:June 15,
5994:July 12,
5988:Archived
5964:July 12,
5958:Archived
5934:July 12,
5928:Archived
5924:TechHive
5904:July 12,
5898:Archived
5874:July 12,
5868:Archived
5838:Archived
5779:Archived
5730:Archived
5719:Archived
5697:cite web
5681:Archived
5567:Archived
5532:July 20,
5526:Archived
5482:Archived
5444:Archived
5425:Archived
5406:Archived
5369:Archived
5339:Archived
5319:Archived
5300:Archived
5239:Archived
5082:Archived
5057:Archived
5031:Archived
5001:Archived
4981:Archived
4768:Archived
4764:Engadget
4738:Archived
4659:Archived
4635:June 13,
4613:June 13,
4607:Archived
4552:June 13,
4517:Archived
4463:Archived
4415:Archived
4371:Archived
4350:Archived
4316:Archived
4185:Archived
4174:Archived
4110:Archived
4084:Archived
4058:Archived
4032:Archived
3969:: 34–36.
3862:Archived
3785:Archived
3652:Archived
3626:Archived
3624:. IEEE.
3601:Archived
3431:51650159
3313:Archived
3309:97166902
3233:June 30,
3227:Archived
3225:. ETHW.
3148:Archived
3095:Archived
3071:June 14,
3014:April 4,
2984:Archived
2962:Archived
2872:Archived
2812:Archived
2781:Archived
2533:Archived
2507:Archived
2451:Archived
2361:FPD-Link
2350:See also
2264:eutectic
2170:phosphor
2166:strobing
2128:Limited
2070:(in the
1892:Quattron
1819:clouding
1811:ISO 9241
1697:In 2015
1512:contrast
1451:Game Boy
1359:filters.
1353:RGB LEDs
1338:inverter
1096:TFT LCDs
1069:In 1972
965:Archived
885:dichroic
748:AGC Inc.
691:GEN 10.5
366:with LCD
337:IPS LCDs
63:polarize
7644:CEA-861
7274:(OLED)
7259:Gyricon
7067:YouTube
7027:May 17,
6690:May 14,
6538:May 14,
5954:HD Guru
4523:June 6,
4356:, Epson
4004:, 1995.
3901:Bibcode
3836:Bibcode
3686:Bibcode
3585:7947164
3511:Bibcode
3371:Bibcode
3045:July 3,
2957:Armorex
2629:Bibcode
2566:: 1–6.
2315:. As NF
1851:Qinetiq
1735:chevron
1607:TFT LCD
1558:refresh
1272:Toshiba
1256:LCD TVs
1231:Samsung
1210:Hitachi
1201:Germany
1174:compact
1162:TFT LCD
971:) with
942:MOSFETs
915:Malvern
857:MOSFETs
762:History
659:GEN 8.7
643:GEN 8.6
627:GEN 8.5
597:GEN 7.5
550:GEN 5.5
518:GEN 4.5
486:GEN 3.5
445:200–400
442:200–300
429:Year of
263:helical
247:filters
177:watches
105:) is a
7528:(SISD)
7422:(TDEL)
7416:(FLCD)
7363:(OLET)
7331:(LCoS)
7290:(LCD)
7268:(LED)
7245:(QLED)
7219:(PDP)
7007:
6961:
6887:May 3,
6855:
6260:Forbes
6085:
5659:
5632:
5110:
4960:
4933:
4587:
4546:Nature
4511:
4150:
3948:
3919:
3856:
3733:
3704:
3583:
3454:
3429:
3421:
3307:
3299:
3258:
3144:Forbes
3121:ETNews
2846:
2759:
2732:
2705:
2680:
2670:
2598:
2214:Fixed
1243:Taiwan
1205:et al.
1009:ILIXCO
983:, its
754:, and
675:GEN 10
424:Height
419:Length
328:colors
183:, and
142:pixels
7699:(HDR)
7522:(FSD)
7506:(SSD)
7490:(LEC)
7484:(VFD)
7428:(LPD)
7375:(FED)
7369:(SED)
7340:Next
7325:(DLP)
7254:E Ink
7208:(ELD)
7197:(CRT)
6917:(PDF)
6906:(PDF)
6532:(PDF)
6525:(PDF)
6481:(PDF)
6203:(PDF)
6196:(PDF)
6083:S2CID
5485:(PDF)
5478:(PDF)
4823:Wired
4542:(PDF)
4278:Epson
3865:(PDF)
3824:(PDF)
3581:S2CID
3427:S2CID
3305:S2CID
3197:(PDF)
3174:(PDF)
2815:(PDF)
2808:(PDF)
2678:S2CID
2188:lamp.
2133:LCDs.
1603:Casio
1536:High-
1410:1080p
1266:2010s
1249:2000s
1184:1990s
1103:1980s
1087:Casio
1083:Seiko
1038:, in
1017:Seiko
1011:(now
948:1970s
875:1960s
612:GEN 8
581:GEN 7
565:GEN 6
534:GEN 5
502:GEN 4
470:GEN 3
455:GEN 2
439:GEN 1
408:wafer
360:Casio
276:pixel
225:pixel
223:Each
7639:EDID
7461:Vane
7407:TMOS
7402:IMoD
7396:MEMS
7223:ALiS
7181:Past
7029:2008
7005:ISBN
6959:ISSN
6925:2022
6889:2019
6853:ISBN
6752:2020
6722:2020
6692:2015
6656:2020
6630:2020
6600:2020
6570:2020
6540:2015
6489:2014
6464:2014
6438:2007
6411:2009
6384:2014
6354:2024
6324:2007
6298:2007
6272:2007
6242:2020
6211:2014
6178:2015
6148:2015
6118:2015
6052:2009
6022:2011
5996:2020
5966:2020
5936:2020
5906:2020
5876:2020
5846:2012
5763:2019
5703:link
5689:2024
5657:ISBN
5630:ISBN
5575:2011
5534:2015
5493:2020
5377:2020
5347:2020
5247:2019
5065:2020
5039:2020
4958:ISBN
4931:ISBN
4776:2020
4746:2020
4734:CNET
4693:2011
4667:2017
4637:2008
4615:2008
4585:ISSN
4554:2008
4525:2023
4509:ISSN
4471:2014
4423:2014
4379:2014
4239:2019
4206:Spin
4148:ISBN
4118:2019
4092:2019
4066:2019
4040:2019
3946:ISBN
3917:ISSN
3873:2019
3854:ISSN
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