22:
371:
480:
416:. Each of these plates has several parallel electrodes running across it. The electrodes on the two plates are at right angles to each other. A voltage applied between the two electrodes one on each plate causes a small segment of gas at the two electrodes to glow. The glow of gas segments is maintained by a lower voltage that is continuously applied to all electrodes. By 2010, consumer plasma displays had been discontinued by numerous manufacturers.
609:
379:
films are placed at each side of the LCD. By generating a controlled electric field between electrodes, various segments or pixels of the liquid crystal can be activated, causing changes in their polarizing properties. These polarizing properties depend on the alignment of the liquid-crystal layer and the specific field-effect used, being either
625:. This means that the image they hold requires no energy to maintain, but instead requires energy to change. This results in a much more energy-efficient display, but with a tendency toward slow refresh rates which are undesirable in an interactive display. Bistable flat-panel displays are beginning deployment in limited applications (
378:
Field-effect LCDs are lightweight, compact, portable, cheap, more reliable, and easier on the eyes than CRT screens. LCD screens use a thin layer of liquid crystal, a liquid that exhibits crystalline properties. It is sandwiched between two glass plates carrying transparent electrodes. Two polarizing
470:
devices such as smartphones are still equipped with OLED displays manufactured by
Samsung as well. Samsung explains on their website that the QLED TV they produce can determine what part of the display needs more or less contrast. Samsung also announced a partnership with Microsoft that will promote
465:
of LCD panels, where the image is still generated by the LCD. In the view of
Samsung, quantum dot displays for large-screen TVs are expected to become more popular than the OLED displays in the coming years; Firms like Nanoco and Nanosys compete to provide the QD materials. In the meantime,
126:
in 1954 as a result of its work on radar monitors. The publication of their findings gave all the basics of future flat-panel TVs and monitors. But GE did not continue with the R&D required and never built a working flat panel at that time. The first production flat-panel display was the
444:
is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld game consoles and PDAs.
399:
Most earlier large LCD screens were back-lit using a number of CCFL (cold-cathode fluorescent lamps). However, small pocket size devices almost always used LEDs as their illumination source. With the improvement of LEDs, almost all new displays are now equipped with
52:
Flat-panel displays are thin, lightweight, provide better linearity and are capable of higher resolution than typical consumer-grade TVs from earlier eras. They are usually less than 10 centimetres (3.9 in) thick. While the highest resolution for consumer-grade
75:
In the 2010s, portable consumer electronics such as laptops, mobile phones, and portable cameras have used flat-panel displays since they consume less power and are lightweight. As of 2016, flat-panel displays have almost completely replaced CRT displays.
391:(VA). Color is produced by applying appropriate color filters (red, green and blue) to the individual subpixels. LC displays are used in various electronics like watches, calculators, mobile phones, TVs, computer monitors and laptops screens etc.
1078:
135:
and as an oscilloscope monitor, but conventional technologies overtook its development. Attempts to commercialize the system for home television use ran into continued problems and the system was never released commercially.
616:
e-reader displaying a page of an e-book. The Kindle's image of the book's text will remain onscreen even if the battery runs out, as it is a static screen technology. Without power, however, the user cannot change to a new
440:(organic light-emitting diode) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of
319:
for numeric displays and becoming the basis for later LED displays. In 1977, James P Mitchell prototyped and later demonstrated what was perhaps the earliest monochromatic flat-panel LED television display.
106:
Flat-panel displays can be divided into two display device categories: volatile and static. The former requires that pixels be periodically electronically refreshed to retain their state (e.g.
161:
featured a relatively flat (for its day) cathode ray tube setup and would be the first commercially released "flat panel" upon its launch in 1958; the
Predicta was a commercial failure. The
150:. By the time the lawsuits were complete, with Aiken's patent applying in the US and Gabor's in the UK, the commercial aspects had long lapsed, and the two became friends. Around this time,
817:
110:(LCD)), and can only show an image when it has power. On the other hand, static flat-panel displays rely on materials whose color states are bistable, such as displays that make use of
1302:
Nagayasu, T.; Oketani, T.; Hirobe, T.; Kato, H.; Mizushima, S.; Take, H.; Yano, K.; Hijikigawa, M.; Washizuka, I. (October 1988). "A 14-in.-diagonal full-color a-Si TFT LCD".
495:
Volatile displays require that pixels be periodically refreshed to retain their state, even for a static image. As such, a volatile screen needs electrical power, either from
457:
have used the same technology to enhance the backlighting of LCD TVs already in 2013. Quantum dots create their own unique light when illuminated by a light source of shorter
503:) or a battery to maintain an image on the display or change the image. This refresh typically occurs many times a second. If this is not done, for example, if there is a
771:
1270:
516:
453:
QLED or quantum dot LED is a flat panel display technology introduced by
Samsung under this trademark. Other television set manufacturers such as
311:. In February 1969, they introduced the HP Model 5082-7000 Numeric Indicator. It was the first alphanumeric LED display, and was a revolution in
824:
596:
241:
870:
560:
95:
technology, which allows the user to interact with the display in a natural manner. For example, modern smartphone displays often use
755:
858:
690:
1479:
1161:
205:(TFT) in 1962. It was a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. The idea of a TFT-based LCD was conceived by
1371:
1340:
245:
573:
Technologies that were extensively researched, but their commercialization was limited or has been ultimately abandoned:
675:
1379:
1348:
1280:
1254:
1088:
1061:
980:
638:
584:
237:
233:
49:
visual content such as text or images. It is present in consumer, medical, transportation, and industrial equipment.
131:, developed in the early 1950s and produced in limited numbers in 1958. This saw some use in military systems as a
1541:
146:, patented a flat-screen CRT in 1958. This was substantially similar to Aiken's concept, and led to a years-long
1607:
1617:
1612:
1557:
1159:; Asars, J. A.; Dixon, G. D. (November 1973). "A 6 × 6 inch 20 lines-per-inch liquid-crystal display panel".
1592:
1517:
380:
1597:
1105:
1602:
685:
626:
578:
428:(ELD), the image is created by applying electrical signals to the plates which make the phosphor glow.
425:
225:
1204:
Morozumi, Shinji; Oguchi, Kouichi (12 October 1982). "Current Status of LCD-TV Development in Japan".
213:
in 1968. B.J. Lechner, F.J. Marlowe, E.O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated the concept in 1968 with a
154:
came across Gabor's work and began an ultimately unsuccessful decade-long effort to commercialize it.
1571:
1003:
Kawamoto, H. (2012). "The
Inventors of TFT Active-Matrix LCD Receive the 2011 IEEE Nishizawa Medal".
280:
267:
research team led by engineer T. Nagayasu demonstrated a 14-inch full-color LCD, which convinced the
42:
303:
technology between 1962 and 1968, by a research team under Howard C. Borden, Gerald P. Pighini, and
535:
296:
507:, the pixels will gradually lose their coherent state, and the image will "fade" from the screen.
1404:
878:
630:
100:
1512:
412:
A plasma display consists of two glass plates separated by a thin gap filled with a gas such as
91:
with color filters used to display colors. In many cases, flat-panel displays are combined with
926:
680:
590:
388:
166:
107:
21:
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842:
26:
1419:
1365:
1334:
1047:
441:
1240:
1453:
1246:
1170:
1120:
1012:
774:, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Volume 31 Issue 11 (November 1984), pp. 1605–1608.
710:
370:
268:
202:
162:
84:
8:
784:
736:
715:
655:
566:
1457:
1174:
1124:
1016:
1315:
951:
384:
272:
214:
206:
181:(metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor) was invented by
798:
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1186:
1138:
1084:
1057:
1028:
976:
943:
496:
304:
264:
182:
1489:
1319:
955:
521:
The following flat-display technologies have been commercialized in 1990s to 2010s:
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1128:
1053:
1020:
935:
670:
660:
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544:
327:
210:
132:
123:
54:
1545:
1080:
Liquid gold: the story of liquid crystal displays and the creation of an industry
1049:
Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid
Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry
972:
Physics and
Technology of Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor CAAC-IGZO: Fundamentals
531:
350:
312:
292:
276:
158:
1396:
342:
produced an organic EL driver capable of lighting in 4,096 colors. In 2004, the
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939:
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467:
229:
194:
151:
46:
1217:
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1024:
947:
720:
613:
488:
346:
331:
323:
221:
147:
1182:
29:
railway station: an orange LED display (top right) and a LCD screen (bottom)
504:
484:
139:
92:
1444:
Tang, C. W.; Vanslyke, S. A. (1987). "Organic electroluminescent diodes".
903:
731:
725:
622:
500:
335:
186:
479:
1304:
Conference Record of the 1988 International
Display Research Conference
1133:
458:
354:
316:
143:
128:
57:
1538:
255:
LCD TVs based on LCD technology were developed in Japan. The 2.1-inch
1336:
Introduction to Thin Film
Transistors: Physics and Technology of TFTs
404:
backlight technology. The image is still generated by the LCD layer.
252:
190:
88:
1465:
621:
Static flat-panel displays rely on materials whose color states are
1484:
695:
665:
608:
271:
that LCD would eventually replace CRTs as the standard television
906:(1960). "Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices".
552:
308:
172:
871:"1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated"
263:
was the first color LCD pocket TV, released in 1984. In 1988, a
1239:
Souk, Jun; Morozumi, Shinji; Luo, Fang-Chen; Bita, Ion (2018).
634:
244:(TFT LCD). Brody and Fang-Chen Luo demonstrated the first flat
178:
69:
1275:
548:
462:
339:
256:
111:
87:(LED) technologies, sometimes combined. Most LCD screens are
61:
1083:( ed.). New Jersey : World Scientific. pp. 176–7.
65:
1106:"Thin Film Transistor Technology—Past, Present, and Future"
705:
539:
461:
such as blue LEDs. This type of LED TV enhances the colour
454:
437:
413:
374:
An LCD screen used as an information display for travellers
343:
96:
629:
displays, manufactured by Magink, in outdoor advertising;
122:
The first engineering proposal for a flat-panel TV was by
1301:
401:
300:
198:
114:, and as such retain content even when power is removed.
80:
1562:
IEEE Spectrum, 7 January 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2017
785:"Flat Screen TV in 1958 – Popular Mechanics (Jan, 1958)"
236:
in 1968. In 1973, Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at
193:
in 1959, and presented in 1960. Building on their work,
1395:
Borden, Howard C.; Pighini, Gerald P. (February 1969).
756:"Proposed Television Sets Would Feature Thin Screens."
25:
Information on two types of flat-panel display at the
169:, according to The History of Plasma Display Panels.
772:"History of the Kaiser-Aiken, thin cathode ray tube"
1238:
924:(June 1962). "The TFT A New Thin-Film Transistor".
448:
357:, released in 2007, was the first OLED television.
295:(HP) and introduced in 1968. It was the result of
1576:CNET, 16 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2017
823:(Interview). IEEE History Center'. Archived from
517:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
1584:
968:
1155:
908:IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference
431:
365:
1203:
863:
840:
291:The first usable LED display was developed by
283:devices use TFT-based active-matrix displays.
173:Liquid-crystal displays (LC displays, or LCDs)
1559:CES 2015 placing bets on new TV technologies.
1394:
637:reader devices from Sony and iRex; anlabels;
1443:
969:Kimizuka, Noboru; Yamazaki, Shunpei (2016).
528:Active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AMLCD)
998:
996:
994:
992:
898:
597:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
419:
242:thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display
1472:
1332:
1076:
1045:
561:Active-matrix organic light-emitting diode
1510:
1437:
1132:
217:LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.
1573:LG leaps quantum dot rivals with new TV.
1002:
989:
962:
815:
728:3D displays requiring no special glasses
691:List of flat panel display manufacturers
607:
478:
369:
20:
841:Adamson, Ian; Kennedy, Richard (1986).
79:Most 2010s-era flat-panel displays use
1585:
1388:
1363:
1357:
1206:Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
975:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 217.
920:
816:Cobleigh, Jaimeson (30 October 1996).
68:in the 2020s are capable of 1080p and
1511:Wilkinson, Scott (19 November 2008).
1372:Springer Science & Business Media
1341:Springer Science & Business Media
1162:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
1113:The Electrochemical Society Interface
844:Sinclair and the 'sunrise' Technology
1539:Sony XEL-1:The world's first OLED TV
1532:
1232:
859:The History of Plasma Display Panels
246:active-matrix liquid-crystal display
1548:, OLED-Info.com (17 November 2008).
1103:
1097:
818:"Interview with William Ross Aiken"
232:'s Thin-Film Devices department at
13:
1424:The Vintage Technology Association
676:Large-screen television technology
639:interferometric modulator displays
557:Light-emitting diode display (LED)
238:Westinghouse Research Laboratories
142:, better known as the inventor of
14:
1629:
585:Interferometric modulator display
234:Westinghouse Electric Corporation
1242:Flat Panel Display Manufacturing
449:Quantum-dot light-emitting diode
338:(OLED) device in 1987. In 2003,
1565:
1551:
1504:
1412:
1367:Advances in Solid State Physics
1326:
1295:
1263:
1197:
1149:
1070:
1039:
914:
407:
360:
286:
1077:Castellano, Joseph A. (2005).
1046:Castellano, Joseph A. (2005).
892:
851:
834:
809:
791:
777:
764:
749:
1:
1005:Journal of Display Technology
799:"Geer Experimental Color CRT"
742:
248:(AM LCD) using TFTs in 1974.
228:(ELD) was made using TFTs by
18:Electronic display technology
432:Organic light-emitting diode
366:Liquid-crystal display (LCD)
165:was invented in 1964 at the
7:
1420:"Hewlett-Packard 5082–7000"
1104:Kuo, Yue (1 January 2013).
644:
510:
483:A large LED display at the
474:
10:
1634:
1333:Brotherton, S. D. (2013).
940:10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288190
686:LED-backlit LCD television
627:cholesteric liquid-crystal
579:electroluminescent display
525:Plasma display panel (PDP)
514:
426:electroluminescent display
394:
334:built the first practical
315:technology, replacing the
226:electroluminescent display
117:
1364:Kramer, Bernhard (2003).
1218:10.1080/00268948308084246
603:
487:displays commercials and
471:the new Samsung QLED TV.
281:electronic visual display
275:. As of 2013, all modern
1513:"Sony KDL-55XBR8 LCD TV"
1312:10.1109/DISPL.1988.11274
1025:10.1109/JDT.2011.2177740
857:Plasma TV Science.org –
761:, November 1954, p. 111.
631:electrophoretic displays
536:Digital Light Processing
420:Electroluminescent panel
297:research and development
101:capacitive touch screens
1544:5 February 2016 at the
1446:Applied Physics Letters
1405:Hewlett-Packard Journal
1183:10.1109/T-ED.1973.17780
879:Computer History Museum
803:www.earlytelevision.org
307:, at HP Associates and
299:(R&D) on practical
240:demonstrated the first
108:liquid-crystal displays
66:interactive flat panels
1397:"Solid-State Displays"
927:Proceedings of the IRE
618:
591:Field-emission display
499:(being plugged into a
492:
375:
167:University of Illinois
30:
1608:Television technology
1247:John Wiley & Sons
611:
515:Further information:
482:
442:organic semiconductor
373:
24:
1618:Industrial equipment
1613:Consumer electronics
770:William Ross Aiken,
711:Plasma display panel
381:Twisted Nematic (TN)
269:electronics industry
203:thin-film transistor
163:plasma display panel
85:light-emitting diode
1593:American inventions
1458:1987ApPhL..51..913T
1175:1973ITED...20..995B
1125:2013ECSIn..22a..55K
1017:2012JDisT...8....3K
830:on 14 January 2007.
737:Transparent display
716:Quantum dot display
656:Display motion blur
567:Quantum dot display
27:Zürich Hauptbahnhof
1598:Display technology
1518:Sound & Vision
1306:. pp. 56–58.
1283:on 4 February 2020
1134:10.1149/2.F06131if
875:The Silicon Engine
641:in a smartwatch).
619:
493:
389:Vertical Alignment
385:In-Plane Switching
376:
349:005 was the first
273:display technology
215:dynamic scattering
207:Bernard J. Lechner
43:electronic display
35:flat-panel display
31:
1603:Computer hardware
1056:. pp. 41–2.
759:Popular Mechanics
497:mains electricity
305:Mohamed M. Atalla
279:and high-quality
183:Mohamed M. Atalla
1625:
1577:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1549:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1492:on 6 August 2020
1488:. Archived from
1480:"History: 2000s"
1476:
1470:
1469:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
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1416:
1410:
1409:
1401:
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1361:
1355:
1354:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1279:. Archived from
1267:
1261:
1260:
1249:. pp. 2–3.
1236:
1230:
1229:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1169:(11): 995–1001.
1153:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1110:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1054:World Scientific
1043:
1037:
1036:
1000:
987:
986:
966:
960:
959:
934:(6): 1462–1469.
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768:
762:
753:
671:Flexible display
661:Electronic paper
651:Computer monitor
545:Electronic paper
328:Steven Van Slyke
211:RCA Laboratories
133:heads up display
124:General Electric
112:e-ink technology
1633:
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1624:
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1546:Wayback Machine
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1466:10.1063/1.98799
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1202:
1198:
1157:Brody, T. Peter
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1098:
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1075:
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1044:
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1001:
990:
983:
967:
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922:Weimer, Paul K.
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614:Kindle Keyboard
606:
532:Rear projection
519:
513:
477:
451:
434:
422:
410:
397:
368:
363:
351:LED-backlit LCD
313:digital display
293:Hewlett-Packard
289:
277:high-resolution
175:
159:Philco Predicta
120:
19:
12:
11:
5:
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1374:. p. 40.
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1349:
1343:. p. 74.
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1231:
1212:(1–2): 43–59.
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701:Mobile display
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577:Active-matrix
571:
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489:movie trailers
476:
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468:Samsung Galaxy
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230:T. Peter Brody
201:developed the
195:Paul K. Weimer
174:
171:
152:Clive Sinclair
119:
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17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1381:9783540401506
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1350:9783319000022
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1490:the original
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1427:. Retrieved
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1281:the original
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93:touch screen
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72:resolution.
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1452:(12): 913.
732:Touch panel
726:Stereoscopy
501:wall socket
336:organic LED
187:Dawon Kahng
58:televisions
1587:Categories
1011:(1): 3–4.
900:Atalla, M.
847:. Penguin.
743:References
459:wavelength
355:Sony XEL-1
317:Nixie tube
224:addressed
220:The first
144:holography
129:Aiken tube
1524:3 October
1429:15 August
1226:0026-8941
1191:0018-9383
1143:1064-8208
1033:1551-319X
948:0096-8390
904:Kahng, D.
612:Amazon's
387:(IPS) or
261:Epson Elf
251:By 1982,
191:Bell Labs
1542:Archived
1485:SK Hynix
1320:20817375
956:51650159
696:MicroLED
666:FPD-Link
645:See also
623:bistable
563:(AMOLED)
511:Examples
475:Volatile
89:back-lit
45:used to
41:) is an
1454:Bibcode
1408:: 2–12.
1287:29 July
1271:"ET-10"
1171:Bibcode
1121:Bibcode
1013:Bibcode
884:29 July
553:Gyricon
395:LED-LCD
309:HP Labs
118:History
64:, many
47:display
1496:8 July
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604:Static
587:(IMOD)
569:(QLED)
424:In an
353:. The
347:Qualia
259:ET-10
253:pocket
179:MOSFET
1400:(PDF)
1316:S2CID
1276:Epson
1109:(PDF)
952:S2CID
828:(PDF)
821:(PDF)
617:page.
593:(FED)
581:(ELD)
549:E Ink
463:gamut
340:Hynix
265:Sharp
257:Epson
62:1080i
1526:2019
1498:2019
1431:2019
1376:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1289:2019
1251:ISBN
1222:ISSN
1187:ISSN
1139:ISSN
1085:ISBN
1058:ISBN
1029:ISSN
977:ISBN
944:ISSN
886:2019
706:OLED
540:LCOS
455:Sony
438:OLED
414:neon
344:Sony
326:and
185:and
177:The
157:The
97:OLED
60:was
1462:doi
1308:doi
1214:doi
1179:doi
1129:doi
1021:doi
936:doi
681:LCD
633:in
436:An
402:LED
330:at
301:LED
209:of
199:RCA
197:at
189:at
83:or
81:LCD
55:CRT
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