Head-up display - Knowledge

544:. This means that the pilot's eyes do not need to refocus to view the outside world and the HUD display – the image appears to be "out there", overlaying the outside world. This feature is critical for effective HUDs: not having to refocus between HUD-displayed symbolic information and the outside world onto which that information is overlaid is one of the main advantages of collimated HUDs. It gives HUDs special consideration in safety-critical and time-critical manoeuvres, when the few seconds a pilot needs in order to re-focus inside the cockpit, and then back outside, are very critical: for example, in the final stages of landing. Collimation is therefore a primary distinguishing feature of high-performance HUDs and differentiates them from consumer-quality systems that, for example, simply reflect uncollimated information off a car's windshield (causing drivers to refocus and shift attention from the road ahead.) 529:

of a wide FOV is that an aircraft approaching the runway in a crosswind might still have the runway in view through the combiner, even though the aircraft is pointed well away from the runway threshold; whereas with a narrow FOV the runway would be 'off the edge' of the combiner, out of the HUD's view. Because human eyes are separated, each eye receives a different image. The HUD image is viewable by one or both eyes, depending on technical and budget limitations in the design process. Modern expectations are that both eyes view the same image, in other words a "binocular Field of View (FOV)".

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symbol (the circle with short wings and a vertical stabilizer.) The horizon line is visible running across the display with a break at the center, and directly to the left are numbers at ±10 degrees with a short line at ±5 degrees (the +5 degree line is easier to see) which, along with the horizon line, show the pitch of the aircraft. Unlike this color depiction of SVS on a head down primary flight display, the SVS displayed on a HUD is monochrome – that is, typically, in shades of green.

659: 642:, navigation, etc.) aboard the aircraft and perform their own computations rather than receiving previously computed data from the flight computers. On other aircraft (the Boeing 787, for example) the HUD guidance computation for Low Visibility Take-off (LVTO) and low visibility approach comes from the same flight guidance computer that drives the autopilot. Computers are integrated with the aircraft's systems and allow connectivity onto several different data buses such as the 627: 775: 510: 2922: 2942: 4170: 1089: 38: 2932: 292: 1035: 932: 1005:

concept found in 91.175(l) and (m)" In one EVS installation, the camera is actually installed at the top of the vertical stabilizer rather than "as close as practical to the pilots eye position". When used with a HUD however, the camera must be mounted as close as possible to the pilots eye point as the image is expected to "overlay" the real world as the pilot looks through the combiner.

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example, if the pilot had selected an airport to the left, then this symbol would curve off to the left and down. If the pilot keeps the flight path vector alongside the trajectory symbol, the craft will fly the optimum path. This path would be based on information stored in the Flight Management System's database and would show the FAA-approved approach for that airport.

851:. The principal features of this display format are the integration of the flightpath and pursuit guidance information into a narrow field of view, easily assimilated by the pilot with a single glance, and the superposition of vertical and horizontal situation information. The display is a derivative of a successful design developed for conventional transport aircraft. 611:– The displayed image (flight path, pitch and yaw scaling, etc.), is scaled to present to the pilot a picture that overlays the outside world in an exact 1:1 relationship. For example, objects (such as a runway threshold) that are 3 degrees below the horizon as viewed from the cockpit must appear at the −3 degree index on the HUD display. 562:. Modern HUD eyeboxes are usually about 5 lateral by 3 vertical by 6 longitudinal inches (13x8x15 cm.) This allows the viewer some freedom of head movement but movement too far up/down or left/right will cause the display to vanish off the edge of the collimator and movement too far back will cause it to crop off around the edge ( 1008:"Registration", or the accurate overlay of the EVS image with the real world image, is one feature closely examined by authorities prior to approval of a HUD based EVS. This is because of the importance of the HUD matching the real world and therefore being able to provide accurate data rather than misleading information. 881:

head-up display unnecessary for Cat III landings. This delayed the adoption of HUD in commercial aircraft. At the same time, studies have shown that the use of a HUD during landings decreases the lateral deviation from centerline in all landing conditions, although the touchdown point along the centerline is not changed.

860: 1015:. In all other cases the flight crew must comply with all "unaided" visual restrictions. (For example, if the runway visibility is restricted because of fog, even though EVS may provide a clear visual image it is not appropriate (or legal) to maneuver the aircraft using only the EVS below 100 feet above ground level.) 1118:

In some systems, the SVS will calculate the aircraft's current flight path, or possible flight path (based on an aircraft performance model, the aircraft's current energy, and surrounding terrain) and then turn any obstructions red to alert the flight crew. Such a system might have helped prevent the

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The image indicates a wings level aircraft (i.e. the flight path vector symbol is flat relative to the horizon line and there is zero roll on the turn/bank indicator.) Airspeed is 140 knots, altitude is 9,450 feet, heading is 343 degrees (the number below the turn/bank indicator.) Close inspection of

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In the United Kingdom, it was soon noted that pilots flying with the new gunsights were becoming better at piloting their aircraft. At this point, the HUD expanded its purpose beyond weapon aiming to general piloting. In the 1960s, French test-pilot Gilbert Klopfstein created the first modern HUD and

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In the 1st SVS head down image shown on the right, immediately visible indicators include the airspeed tape on the left, altitude tape on the right, and turn/bank/slip/skid displays at the top center. The boresight symbol (-v-) is in the center and directly below that is the flight path vector (FPV)

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in relation to the outside view. A narrow FOV means that the view (of a runway, for example) through the combiner might include little additional information beyond the perimeters of the runway environment; whereas a wide FOV would allow a 'broader' view. For aviation applications, the major benefit

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camera (either single or multi-band) is installed in the nose of the aircraft to display a conformed image to the pilot. "EVS Enhanced Vision System" is an industry-accepted term which the FAA decided not to use because "the FAA believes could be confused with the system definition and operational

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landings and roll-outs. Initially expensive and physically large, these systems were only installed on larger aircraft able to support them. These tended to be the same aircraft that as standard supported autoland (with the exception of certain turbo-prop types that had HUD as an option) making the

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The first in-car HUD was developed by General Motors Corporation in 1999 with the function of displaying the navigation service in front of the driver's line of sight. Moving into 2010, AR technology was introduced and combined with the existing in-car HUD. Based on this technology, the navigation

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1958. The aircraft was designed to fly at very low altitudes at very high speeds and drop bombs in engagements lasting seconds. As such, there was no time for the pilot to look up from the instruments to a bombsight. This led to the concept of a "Strike Sight" that would combine altitude, airspeed

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On the left side of the display is an SVS-unique symbol, with the appearance of a purple, diminishing sideways ladder, and which continues on the right of the display. The two lines define a "tunnel in the sky". This symbol defines the desired trajectory of the aircraft in three dimensions. For

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Since being introduced on HUDs, both the FPV and acceleration symbols are becoming standard on head-down displays (HDD.) The actual form of the FPV symbol on an HDD is not standardized but is usually a simple aircraft drawing, such as a circle with two short angled lines, (180 ± 30 degrees) and

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pilots were having a hard time reacting to the verbal instruction of the radar operator as they approached their targets. They experimented with the addition of a second radar display for the pilot, but found they had trouble looking up from the lit screen into the dark sky in order to find the

1291:(HOE.) The HOE allows for a wider field of view while reducing the size of the device and making the solution customizable for any car model. Mercedes Benz introduced an Augmented Reality-based Head Up Display while Faurecia invested in an eye gaze and finger controlled head up display. 722:

flight or in flight through descending air, then the FPV symbol will be below the horizon even though the boresight symbol is above the horizon. During approach and landing, a pilot can fly the approach by keeping the FPV symbol at the desired descent angle and touchdown point on the

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in an attempt to ease the pilot's burden flying modern jet aircraft and make the instrumentation less complicated during flight. While their research was never incorporated in any aircraft of that time, the crude HUD mockup they built had all the features of today's modern HUD units.

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Order: 8700.1 Appendix: 3 Bulletin Type: Flight Standards Handbook Bulletin for General Aviation (HBGA) Bulletin Number: HBGA 99-16 Bulletin Title: Category III Authorization for Parts 91 and 125 Operators with Head-Up Guidance Systems (HGS); LOA and Operations Effective Date:

1134:(RNP.) Under such conditions the pilot is given a graphical depiction of where the aircraft should be and where it should be going rather than the pilot having to mentally integrate altitude, airspeed, heading, energy and longitude and latitude to correctly fly the aircraft. 1190:, plans Iron Vision to use a number of externally mounted cameras to project the 360° view of a tank's surroundings onto the helmet-mounted visors of its crew members. This allows the crew members to stay inside the tank, without having to open the hatches to see outside. 1108:

the image shows a small purple circle which is displaced from the flight path vector slightly to the lower right. This is the guidance cue coming from the Flight Guidance System. When stabilized on the approach, this purple symbol should be centered

596:), and may vary across the HUD's FOV. In this case the word "conform" means, "when an object is projected on the combiner and the actual object is visible, they will be aligned". This allows the display to show the pilot exactly where the artificial 412:

and the gun/bombsight into a single gunsight-like display. There was fierce competition between supporters of the new HUD design and supporters of the old electro-mechanical gunsight, with the HUD being described as a radical, even foolhardy option.

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and the Buccaneer HUD was manufactured and further developed, continuing up to a Mark III version with a total of 375 systems made; it was given a 'fit and forget' title by the Royal Navy and it was still in service nearly 25 years later.

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information is also displayed via HUD on certain automobiles. In contrast to most HUDs found in aircraft, automotive head-up displays are not parallax-free. The display may not be visible to a driver wearing sunglasses with polarised lenses.

184:) located directly in front of the viewer, that redirects the projected image from projector in such a way as to see the field of view and the projected infinity image at the same time. Combiners may have special coatings that reflect the 604:

is used, for example, the display of runway lights is aligned with the actual runway lights when the real lights become visible. Boresighting is done during the aircraft's building process and can also be performed in the field on many

436:, as the successor to Elliotts via GEC-Marconi Avionics, thus has a claim to the world's first head-up display in operational service. A similar version that replaced the bombing modes with missile-attack modes was part of the 539:

which makes the light rays parallel. Because the light rays are parallel the lens of the human eye focuses on infinity to get a clear image. Collimated images on the HUD combiner are perceived as existing at or near optical

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The use of head-up displays allows commercial aircraft substantial flexibility in their operations. Systems have been approved which allow reduced-visibility takeoffs, and landings, as well as full manual

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For additional information see Evaluation of Alternate Concepts for Synthetic Vision Flight Displays with Weather-Penetrating Sensor Image Inserts During Simulated Landing Approaches, NASA/TP-2003-212643

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being able to view information with the head positioned "up" and looking forward, instead of angled down looking at lower instruments. A HUD also has the advantage that the pilot's eyes do not need to

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HUDs have been proposed or are being experimentally developed for a number of other applications. In military settings, a HUD can be used to overlay tactical information such as the output of a laser

2301: 110:(AR), incorporating a subset of the features needed for the full AR experience, but lacking the necessary registration and tracking between the virtual content and the user's real-world environment. 2116:

Prabhakar, Gowdham; Ramakrishnan, Aparna; Madan, Modiksha; Murthy, L. R. D.; Sharma, Vinay Krishna; Deshmukh, Sachin; Biswas, Pradipta (2020). "Interactive gaze and finger controlled HUD for cars".

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The computer provides the interface between the HUD (i.e. the projection unit) and the systems/data to be displayed and generates the imagery and symbology to be displayed by the projection unit.

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navigation instruction arrow and the speedometer. The arrow is animated to appear scrolling forward as the car approaches the turn. The image is projected without any kind of glass combiner.

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During the 1980s, the United States military tested the use of HUDs in vertical take off and landing (VTOL) and short take off and landing (STOL) aircraft. A HUD format was developed at

253:, which is modulated by an LCD screen to display an image. These systems do not fade or require the high voltages of first generation systems. These systems are on commercial aircraft. 1130:

The tunnel in the sky can also greatly assist the pilot when more precise four-dimensional flying is required, such as the decreased vertical or horizontal clearance requirements of

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aircraft (737-600/700/800/900 series) were the only commercial passenger aircraft available with HUDs. However, the technology is becoming more common with aircraft such as the

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to generate an image on a phosphor screen, having the disadvantage of the phosphor screen coating degrading over time. The majority of HUDs in operation today are of this type.

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with a synthetic vision system display. The HUD combiner is in front of the pilot (with a projector mounted above it.) This combiner uses a curved surface to focus the image.

460:, aiming to centralize critical flight data within the pilot's field of vision. This approach sought to increase the pilot's scan efficiency and reduce "task saturation" and 1899: 1599: 1829: 554:

produces a cylinder of parallel light so the display can only be viewed while the viewer's eyes are somewhere within that cylinder, a three-dimensional area called the

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Vernon K. Merrick, Glenn G. Farris, and Andrejs A. Vanags. "A Head Up Display for Application to V/STOL Aircraft Approach and Landing". NASA Ames Research Center 1990.

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Add-on HUD systems also exist, projecting the display onto a glass combiner mounted above or below the windshield, or using the windshield itself as the combiner.

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Although they were initially developed for military aviation, HUDs are now used in commercial aircraft, automobiles, and other (mostly professional) applications.

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Developed by Pioneer Corporation, AR-HUD became the first aftermarket automotive Head-Up Display to use a direct-to-eye laser beam scanning method, also known as

1100:(SVS) graphic image, which uses high precision navigation, attitude, altitude and terrain databases to create realistic and intuitive views of the outside world. 448:

a standardized system of HUD symbols so that pilots would only have to learn one system and could more easily transition between aircraft. The modern HUD used in

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and contrast to account for ambient lighting, which can vary widely (e.g. from the glare of bright clouds to moonless night approaches to minimally lit fields.)

690: 525: 1981: 761:. Typically this is a circle which fits inside the flight path vector symbol. Pilots can fly along the correct flight path by "flying to" the guidance cue. 4051: 497:. Furthermore, the Airbus A320, A330, A340 and A380 families are currently undergoing the certification process for a HUD. HUDs were also added to the 1862: 1709: 1186:'s Iron Vision, the world's first helmet-mounted head-up display for tanks. Israel's Elbit, which developed the helmet-mounted display system for the 1730:

Goteman, Ö.; Smith, K.; Dekker, S. (2007). "HUD With a Velocity (Flight Path) Vector Reduces Lateral Error During Landing in Restricted Visibility".

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symbol — shows where the aircraft is actually going, as opposed to merely where it is pointed as with the boresight. For example, if the aircraft is

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On aircraft avionics systems, HUDs typically operate from dual independent redundant computer systems. They receive input directly from the sensors (

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terminal-area flight operations. This includes a large variety of flight operations, from STOL flights on land-based runways to VTOL operations on

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navigation data and symbols — for approaches and landings, the flight guidance systems can provide visual cues based on navigation aids such as an

3962: 1710:"Design Guidance for a HUD System is contained in Draft Advisory Circular AC 25.1329-1X, "Approval of Flight Guidance Systems" dated 10/12/2004" 2102: 3867: 423:(RAE) designed the equipment and the earliest usage of the term "head-up-display" can be traced to this time. Production units were built by 2978: 1732: 1262:

introduced a HUD navigation system that replaces the driver-side sun visor and visually overlays animations of conditions ahead, a form of

2253: 766:"wings" on the ends of the descending line. Keeping the FPV on the horizon allows the pilot to fly level turns in various angles of bank. 4046: 1053: 950: 3196: 524:– also "FOV", indicates the angle(s), vertically as well as horizontally, subtended at the pilot's eye, at which the combiner displays 361:

target. In October 1942 they had successfully combined the image from the radar tube with a projection from their standard GGS Mk. II

345: 2030:"Mike, Werner. "Test Driving the SportVue Motorcycle HUD". Motorcycles in the Fast Lane. 8 November 2005. Accessed 14 February 2007" 1522: 733:— typically to the left of the FPV symbol, it is above it if the aircraft is accelerating, and below the FPV symbol if decelerating. 192:

of light to pass through. In some optical layouts combiners may also have a curved surface to refocus the image from the projector.

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The story of how all Miramar Tomcat squadrons got the funds to purchase riflescopes to attach to the HUD of their F-14 fighter jets

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Use of HUDs then expanded beyond military aircraft. In the 1970s, the HUD was introduced to commercial aviation, and in 1988, the

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Falcon 2000 Becomes First Business Jet Certified Category III A by JAA and FAA; Aviation Weeks Show News Online September 7, 1998

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In addition to the generic information described above, military applications include weapons system and sensor data such as:

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While the EVS display can greatly help, the FAA has only relaxed operating regulations so an aircraft with EVS can perform a

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was designed without a HUD, relying solely on the HMD, making it the first modern military fighter not to have a fixed HUD.

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that presents data without requiring users to look away from their usual viewpoints. The origin of the name stems from a

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on a flat area of the windscreen, and later in the gunsight itself. A key upgrade was the move from the original

42: 1787: 1270:(VRD.) AR-HUD's core technology involves a miniature laser beam scanning display developed by MicroVision, Inc. 4021: 3948: 3189: 3087: 3046: 2825: 263:

Fourth Generation—Use a scanning laser to display images and even video imagery on a clear transparent medium.

4206: 4174: 4130: 3923: 3882: 2903: 2820: 2737: 921: 889: 582:– Aircraft HUD components are very accurately aligned with the aircraft's three axes – a process called 1307:. A prototype HUD has also been developed that displays information on the inside of a swimmer's goggles or 4094: 3918: 3354: 3311: 2935: 2277: 1859: 1327: 1120: 420: 280: 2268: 2161:"Clothier, Julie. "Smart Goggles Easy on the Eyes". CNN.Com. 27 June 2005. CNN. Accessed 22 February 2007" 1944:"A visual reasoning-based approach for driving experience improvement in the AR-assisted head-up displays" 391:'s Office of Naval Research and Development did some research with a mockup HUD concept unit along with a 4231: 4196: 4137: 3624: 3256: 2964: 2684: 2321: 1326:

A HUD product developed in 2012 could perform real-time language translation. In an implementation of an

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to provide pilots of VTOL and STOL aircraft with complete flight guidance and control information for

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and to retail its SkyDisplay HUD for $ 25,000 without installation for a single piston-engine as the

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Spitzer, Cary R., ed. "Digital Avionics Handbook". Head-Up Displays. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001

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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

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symbol — is fixed on the display and shows where the nose of the aircraft is actually pointing.

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The green arrow on the windshield near the top of this picture is a Head-Up Display on a 2013

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and several business jets featuring the displays. HUDs have become standard equipment on the

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approaches to landing was developed in 1975. Klopfstein pioneered HUD technology in military

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product allows superimposed computer-generated graphic files to be displayed on a lens. The

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HUDs are split into four generations reflecting the technology used to generate the images.

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jet trainer aircraft with a glass plate combiner and a convex collimating lens just below it

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In recent years, it has been argued that conventional HUDs will be replaced by holographic

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Oxford Dictionary of English, Angus Stevenson, Oxford University Press – 2010, page 809 (

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These displays are becoming increasingly available in production cars, and usually offer

427:, and the system was first integrated in 1958. The Cintel HUD business was taken over by 404: 97: 89: 2018:"Madhaven—Scanned Laser Pico-Projectors: Seeing the Big Picture (with a Small Device)". 1161:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

566:.) The pilot is able to view the entire display as long as one eye is inside the eyebox. 4147: 3612: 3435: 3077: 3036: 3008: 2987: 2704: 2578: 2213: 2141: 2033: 1749: 1367: 792:

indicator — places a cue over an air or ground target (which is typically derived from

478: 381: 31: 2209:"Lake, Matt (26 April 2001). "How It Works: Retinal Displays Add a Second Data Layer"" 303: 30:

This article is about the military and vehicle technology. For its use in gaming, see

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The terrain is entirely computer generated from a high resolution terrain database.

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at its focus. This setup (a design that has been around since the invention of the

158: 63: 617:– HUD components are designed to be compatible with other avionics, displays, etc. 4115: 3847: 3835: 3767: 3737: 3720: 3690: 3639: 3404: 3223: 2815: 2742: 2558: 2487: 1866: 1688: 1510: 909: 737: 719: 715: 366: 353: 315: 170: 123: 1538: 3862: 3732: 3600: 3471: 3061: 2762: 2664: 2568: 2563: 2129: 897: 593: 260:

to produce images directly in the combiner rather than use a projection system.

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Jaguar Unveils 'Virtual Widescreen' Technology to Assist Drivers – Latin Post

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single-engine turboprops: 5 to 10% of a traditional HUD cost albeit it is non-

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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

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indicators. These instruments are the minimum required by 14 CFR Part 91.

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Newer micro-display imaging technologies are being introduced, including

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light projected onto it from the projector unit while allowing all other

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Transparent display presenting data within normal sight lines of the user

3940: 3174: 3747: 3617: 3590: 3286: 3163: 3018: 2719: 2636: 2588: 2535: 2448: 2443: 2278:'Elliott Brothers to BAE SYSTEMS' – a short history of Elliott Brothers 2263: 2103:"Augmented reality heads-up displays for cars are finally a real thing" 1236: 827:— includes type and number of weapons selected, available, arming, etc. 639: 600:

is, as well as the aircraft's projected path with great accuracy. When

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that moved based on the speed and turn rate to solve for the amount of

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to view the outside after looking at the optically nearer instruments.

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or sensor line of sight — shows where a seeker or sensor is pointing.

742:— shows the wing's angle relative to the airflow, often displayed as 643: 573: 2306: 4026: 4016: 3877: 3585: 3580: 3158: 2810: 2694: 2550: 2509: 2079:"AR Smart Driving Tool Set to Replace GPS? - L'Atelier BNP Paribas" 2003: 1932:

Peter Felstead, Tel Aviv - IHS Jane's Defence Weekly, 27 March 2017

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Until a few years ago, the Embraer 190, Saab 2000, Boeing 727, and

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Norris, G.; Thomas, G.; Wagner, M. & Forbes Smith, C. (2005).

1511:"The History of Air Intercept Radar & the British Nightfigher" 1311:. HUD systems that project information directly onto the wearer's 3798: 3595: 3097: 2631: 2514: 2406: 2264:'Clinical evaluation of the 'head-up' display of anesthesia data' 1449: 1209: 675: 597: 517:

There are several factors that interplay in the design of a HUD:

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Augmented reality glasses perform real-time language translation

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service began to be displayed on the windshield of the vehicle.

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Second Generation—Use a solid state light source, for example

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14 CFR Part 91.175 change 281 "Takeoff and Landing under IFR"

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The combiner is typically an angled flat piece of glass (a

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U.S. DOT/FAA – Final Rule: Enhanced Flight Vision Systems

1204: 250: 69: 2055:"WayRay's AR in-car HUD convinced me HUDs can be better" 1942:

Liang, Yongshi; Zheng, Pai; Xia, Liqiao (January 2023).

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can be projected on the $ 1,800 Epic Optix Eagle 1 HUD.

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became the first production car with a head-up display.

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article on flying using an early Specto head-up display

854: 177:, i.e. the focal point is perceived to be at infinity. 1375:- A stage play version of a similar reflection effect. 831: 72: 601: 130:A typical HUD contains three primary components: a 66: 1578:. Aerospace Technical Publications International. 1541:, Digital Commons Macalester College, 2016, p. 54 1096:HUD systems are also being designed to display a 915: 419:sponsored the development of a Strike Sight. The 4188: 2180: 1560: 1558: 1556: 106:Head-up displays were a precursor technology to 1623: 1413:head-up display (N.Amer. also heads-up display) 2254:Rochester Archives Article—'Buccaneer HUD PDU' 1930:IDF to trial Elbit's IronVision in Merkava MBT 173:in 1900) produces an image where the light is 3956: 3190: 2972: 2322: 1941: 1553: 1476: 1092:A synthetic vision system display (Honeywell) 662:Displayed data symbology of a head-up display 203:Other than fixed mounted HUD, there are also 2259:BBC Article—'Pacman comes to life virtually' 1785: 1766: 1733:International Journal of Aviation Psychology 1450:Fred H. Previc; William R. Ercoline (2004). 1283:technologies, such as the ones developed by 2158: 1803: 1801: 1523:"Windshield TV Screen To Aid Blind Flying." 1018: 1013:CATEGORY I approach to CATEGORY II minimums 226:) use both a HUD and HMD concurrently. The 145:The projection unit in a typical HUD is an 4169: 3963: 3949: 3197: 3183: 2979: 2965: 2329: 2315: 1600:"Airbus A318 approved for Head Up Display" 693:and data are also available in some HUDs: 341:needed to hit a target while maneuvering. 3970: 3204: 1923: 1295:Further development and experimental uses 1076:Learn how and when to remove this message 996:In more advanced systems, such as the US 973:Learn how and when to remove this message 346:Telecommunications Research Establishment 1798: 1602:. Airbus.com. 2007-12-03. Archived from 1214: 1203: 1087: 984: 858: 773: 657: 625: 508: 399:HUD technology was next advanced by the 302: 290: 117: 36: 770:Military aircraft specific applications 718:up but descending as may occur in high 407:, the prototype of which first flew on 14: 4189: 3568: 2986: 1576:Boeing 787 Dreamliner—Flying Redefined 1353:Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics 1276:HUDs are also commercially available. 295:Longitudinal cross-section of a basic 3944: 3868:Software related to augmented reality 3415:Simultaneous localization and mapping 3178: 2960: 2336: 2310: 2118:Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces 2032:. News.motorbiker.org. Archived from 3149:Integrated standby instrument system 2931: 2206: 1141: 1028: 925: 855:Civil aircraft specific applications 3467:Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera 2904:Vehicle identification number (VIN) 2269:'When will the Head-up go Civil' – 1998:Ulanoff, Lance (January 11, 2012). 384:that further eased head-up flying. 322:-free optical sight technology for 24: 3441:Image-based modeling and rendering 1786:Matt Thurber (December 26, 2018). 1453:Spatial Disorientation in Aviation 1123:into a mountain in December 1995. 888:, MyGoFlight expects to receive a 778:FA-18 HUD while engaged in a mock 630:Head-up display of an F-14A Tomcat 214:Many modern fighters (such as the 25: 4243: 2247: 2185:. Cs.nps.navy.mil. Archived from 832:VTOL/STOL approaches and landings 653: 504: 4168: 3124:Air data inertial reference unit 2940: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2347:Part of a series of articles on 2233:Borghino, Dario (29 July 2012). 1980:Alabaster, Jay (June 28, 2013). 1948:Advanced Engineering Informatics 1767:Matt Thurber (August 24, 2018). 1146: 1033: 992:viewed through a head-up display 930: 62: 2227: 2200: 2174: 2152: 2109: 2095: 2071: 2047: 2022: 2010: 1992: 1974: 1935: 1892: 1871: 1853: 1822: 1813: 1779: 1760: 1723: 1702: 1693: 1674: 1665: 1644: 1617: 1592: 1567: 1513:, Pen & Sword, 2007, p. 207 1132:Required Navigation Performance 998:Federal Aviation Administration 809:— closing velocity with target. 572:– Displays have adjustments in 3088:Horizontal situation indicator 3047:Horizontal situation indicator 1544: 1531: 1516: 1503: 1470: 1443: 1418: 1405: 1193: 916:Enhanced flight vision systems 666:Typical aircraft HUDs display 233: 13: 1: 3883:Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK 2738:Approach and departure angles 1769:"A HUD For the Rest of Us by" 1399: 922:Enhanced flight vision system 759:Wide Area Augmentation System 4095:Optical head-mounted display 3919:List of PlayStation VR games 3312:Virtual reality applications 1879:"No More Flying Blind, NASA" 1483:. Ashgate Pub. p. 189. 1328:Optical head-mounted display 1289:holographic optical elements 1121:American Airlines Flight 965 1058:Knowledge's inclusion policy 955:Knowledge's inclusion policy 421:Royal Aircraft Establishment 344:During the early 1940s, the 281:organic light-emitting diode 163:light emitting diode display 7: 4138:Multi-primary color display 2801:Automotive light bulb types 1550:Rochester Avionics Archives 1341: 1338:was another early product. 815:— to target, waypoint, etc. 621: 369:to the microwave-frequency 113: 10: 4248: 3277:Projection augmented model 3093:Inertial navigation system 3083:Course deviation indicator 2130:10.1007/s12193-019-00316-9 2016:Freeman, Champion (2014). 1348:Index of aviation articles 1303:or squadmate locations to 1200:Automotive head-up display 1197: 1022: 919: 798:inertial navigation system 469:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 442:English Electric Lightning 415:The Air Arm branch of the 286: 29: 4164: 4108: 4070: 3992: 3985: 3978: 3914:List of Oculus Rift games 3896: 3818: 3811: 3786: 3663: 3561: 3510: 3493:Omnidirectional treadmill 3480: 3462:Free viewpoint television 3449: 3431:Asynchronous reprojection 3423: 3392: 3337: 3330: 3267:On-set virtual production 3252:Computer-mediated reality 3247:Cinematic virtual reality 3239: 3213: 3116: 3070: 3027: 2994: 2916: 2879: 2841: 2791: 2780: 2730: 2657: 2597: 2549: 2528: 2365: 2356: 2344: 2207:Lake, Matt (2001-04-26). 1960:10.1016/j.aei.2023.101888 1900:"PowerPoint Presentation" 1746:10.1080/10508410709336939 1627:Digital Avionics Handbook 1323:) are also being tested. 1223:. It toggles between the 1155:This section needs to be 755:Global Positioning System 751:Instrument Landing System 535:– The projected image is 429:Elliott Flight Automation 273:liquid crystal on silicon 140:video generation computer 3909:List of Meta Quest games 3317:Virtual reality sickness 2821:high-intensity discharge 1687:October 1, 2006, at the 1630:. CRC Press. p. 4. 1624:Cary R. Spitzer (2000). 1363:Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit 1137: 1019:Synthetic vision systems 708:flight path vector (FPV) 352:development, found that 299:(1937 German Revi C12/A) 198: 4212:Automotive technologies 4100:Virtual retinal display 3384:Virtual retinal display 3372:Virtual reality headset 3052:Turn and slip indicator 1384:Virtual retinal display 1321:virtual retinal display 1309:of a scuba diver's mask 1268:virtual retinal display 1264:augmented reality (AR.) 1098:synthetic vision system 1025:synthetic vision system 790:target designation (TD) 450:instrument flight rules 380:. This set produced an 348:(TRE), in charge of UK 242:First Generation—Use a 209:helmet-mounted displays 82:head-up guidance system 4222:Multimodal interaction 3904:List of HTC Vive games 3297:Six degrees of freedom 3154:Primary flight display 2505:Stressed member engine 2284:Head-up Over the Hills 2181:Panagiotis Fiambolis. 1881:. Nasa.gov. 2007-11-30 1539:Rupture of the Virtual 1477:D. N. Jarrett (2005). 1389:VR positional tracking 1228: 1212: 1093: 993: 872: 782: 727:acceleration indicator 663: 631: 514: 481:(737-300/400/500) and 417:UK Ministry of Defence 314:HUDs evolved from the 311: 300: 269:liquid crystal display 228:F-35 Lightning II 207:(HMDs.) These include 167:liquid crystal display 127: 45: 3972:Emerging technologies 3753:The Sword of Damocles 3655:Windows Mixed Reality 3292:Simulation hypothesis 2637:Windshield/windscreen 2083:L'Atelier BNP Paribas 1528:, March 1955, p. 101. 1456:. AIAA. p. 452. 1218: 1207: 1182:will begin trials of 1180:Israel Defense Forces 1091: 988: 862: 777: 661: 629: 512: 375:de Havilland Mosquito 318:, a pre-World War II 306: 294: 277:digital micro-mirrors 256:Third Generation—Use 205:head-mounted displays 121: 40: 4207:Aircraft instruments 4085:Head-mounted display 3873:Virtual reality game 3518:Cyberith Virtualizer 3350:Head-mounted display 3103:Satellite navigation 2806:Daytime running lamp 2290:Flight International 1788:"This HUD's For You" 841:Ames Research Center 462:information overload 393:sidestick controller 4126:Holographic display 4080:Bionic contact lens 2768:Weight distribution 2700:Omniview technology 1810:www.regulations.gov 1606:on December 7, 2007 1480:Cockpit engineering 1315:with a low-powered 1260:Pioneer Corporation 307:Copilot's HUD of a 90:transparent display 4232:British inventions 4197:Vehicle technology 4148:Volumetric display 4131:Computer-generated 3613:Microsoft HoloLens 3436:Foveated rendering 3078:Aircraft periscope 3037:Attitude indicator 3009:Airspeed indicator 2988:Flight instruments 2887:Registration plate 2214:The New York Times 1865:2004-11-01 at the 1368:HUD (video gaming) 1229: 1213: 1094: 994: 873: 783: 664: 632: 570:Luminance/contrast 552:optical collimator 515: 440:HUD fitted to the 382:artificial horizon 312: 301: 258:optical waveguides 147:optical collimator 128: 56:, also known as a 46: 32:HUD (video gaming) 4184: 4183: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4155: 3938: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3807: 3806: 3581:Golden-i headsets 3506: 3505: 3498:Wearable computer 3302:Spatial computing 3218:Augmented reality 3172: 3171: 3042:Heading indicator 2954: 2953: 2912: 2911: 2776: 2775: 2607:Glass run channel 2541:Trunk/boot/dickie 2338:Automotive design 2189:on April 13, 2008 2163:. Edition.cnn.com 2159:Clothier, Julie. 1637:978-1-4200-3687-9 1526:Popular Mechanics 1463:978-1-60086-451-3 1394:Wearable computer 1358:Augmented reality 1274:Motorcycle helmet 1241:navigation system 1178:In mid-2017, the 1176: 1175: 1086: 1085: 1078: 983: 982: 975: 849:aircraft carriers 646:, ARINC 629, and 371:AI Mk. VIII radar 122:HUD mounted in a 108:augmented reality 16:(Redirected from 4239: 4172: 4171: 4121:Flexible display 3990: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3942: 3941: 3841:virtual graffiti 3816: 3815: 3686:Google Cardboard 3576:Apple Vision Pro 3566: 3565: 3533:PlayStation Move 3457:360-degree video 3335: 3334: 3272:Persistent world 3206:Extended reality 3199: 3192: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3098:Magnetic compass 3057:Turn coordinator 2981: 2974: 2967: 2958: 2957: 2944: 2934: 2933: 2924: 2923: 2871:Window deflector 2854:Side-view mirror 2789: 2788: 2412:Continental tire 2375:Backbone chassis 2363: 2362: 2331: 2324: 2317: 2308: 2307: 2242: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2194: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2168: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2036:on 30 March 2010 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 1996: 1990: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1912:on March 9, 2008 1911: 1905:. Archived from 1904: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1875: 1869: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1842:on March 9, 2008 1841: 1835:. Archived from 1834: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1796: 1795: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1712:. Airweb.faa.gov 1706: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1654:. Airweb.faa.gov 1652:"14 CFR Part 91" 1648: 1642: 1641: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1535: 1529: 1520: 1514: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1498: 1497: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1422: 1416: 1409: 1171: 1168: 1162: 1150: 1149: 1142: 1081: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1061: 1037: 1036: 1029: 978: 971: 967: 964: 958: 934: 933: 926: 886:general aviation 682:, turn/bank and 513:Headset computer 410: 327:fighter aircraft 159:cathode-ray tube 79: 78: 75: 74: 71: 68: 54:heads-up display 21: 18:Heads up display 4247: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4217:Optical devices 4187: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4152: 4116:Autostereoscopy 4104: 4090:Head-up display 4066: 3994:Next generation 3974: 3969: 3939: 3930: 3892: 3848:Meta Horizon OS 3836:Interactive art 3803: 3782: 3768:Virtual fixture 3738:Samsung Gear VR 3691:Google Daydream 3659: 3640:PlayStation VR2 3557: 3502: 3476: 3445: 3419: 3405:Finger tracking 3388: 3362:Head-up display 3326: 3235: 3224:Virtual reality 3209: 3203: 3173: 3168: 3144:Head-up display 3112: 3066: 3023: 2990: 2985: 2955: 2950: 2908: 2875: 2837: 2785: 2783: 2772: 2743:Breakover angle 2726: 2653: 2593: 2545: 2524: 2352: 2340: 2335: 2250: 2245: 2232: 2228: 2219: 2217: 2205: 2201: 2192: 2190: 2179: 2175: 2166: 2164: 2157: 2153: 2114: 2110: 2105:. 10 July 2020. 2101: 2100: 2096: 2087: 2085: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2063: 2061: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2039: 2037: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2011: 1997: 1993: 1979: 1975: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1867:Wayback Machine 1858: 1854: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1806: 1799: 1784: 1780: 1765: 1761: 1728: 1724: 1715: 1713: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1689:Wayback Machine 1679: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1622: 1618: 1609: 1607: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1586: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1536: 1532: 1521: 1517: 1508: 1504: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1448: 1444: 1435: 1433: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1344: 1297: 1202: 1196: 1172: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1151: 1147: 1140: 1082: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1048:Please help by 1047: 1038: 1034: 1027: 1021: 979: 968: 962: 959: 945:Please help by 944: 935: 931: 924: 918: 910:tablet computer 898:Cessna Caravans 863:The cockpit of 857: 834: 807: 772: 738:angle of attack 720:angle of attack 712:velocity vector 656: 624: 602:Enhanced Vision 556:head motion box 507: 495:Boeing 787 483:Next Generation 408: 367:AI Mk. IV radar 354:Royal Air Force 316:reflector sight 297:reflector sight 289: 236: 201: 171:reflector sight 124:PZL TS-11 Iskra 116: 65: 61: 50:head-up display 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4245: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4123: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3998: 3996: 3987: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3968: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3936: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3863:Pervasive game 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3833: 3828: 3822: 3820: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3733:PlayStation VR 3730: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3621: 3620: 3610: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3572: 3570: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3474: 3472:VR photography 3469: 3464: 3459: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3396: 3394: 3393:3D interaction 3390: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3202: 3201: 3194: 3187: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3117:Related topics 3114: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3064: 3062:Turn indicator 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3033: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3000: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2984: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2948: 2938: 2928: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2842:Other elements 2839: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2808: 2803: 2797: 2795: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2763:Turning radius 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2665:Bumper sticker 2661: 2659: 2658:Other elements 2655: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2555: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 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III C 833: 830: 829: 828: 822: 816: 810: 805: 801: 771: 768: 763: 762: 747: 734: 724: 705: 655: 654:Displayed data 652: 623: 620: 619: 618: 612: 606: 594:minutes of arc 577: 567: 545: 530: 506: 505:Design factors 503: 288: 285: 265: 264: 261: 254: 247: 235: 232: 200: 197: 155:concave mirror 132:projector unit 115: 112: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4244: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4227:Mixed reality 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4177: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4163: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 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1983: 1977: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1931: 1926: 1908: 1901: 1895: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1856: 1838: 1831: 1825: 1816: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1774: 1770: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1740:(1): 91–108. 1739: 1735: 1734: 1726: 1711: 1705: 1696: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1668: 1653: 1647: 1639: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1620: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1587: 1585:0-9752341-2-9 1581: 1577: 1570: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1547: 1540: 1534: 1527: 1524: 1519: 1512: 1506: 1492: 1490:0-7546-1751-3 1486: 1482: 1481: 1473: 1465: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1446: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1414: 1408: 1404: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1170: 1167:December 2023 1158: 1153: 1144: 1143: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1090: 1080: 1077: 1069: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1042:This section 1040: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1006: 1003: 999: 991: 990:Thermal image 987: 977: 974: 966: 956: 952: 948: 942: 939:This section 937: 928: 927: 923: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 896:and more for 895: 891: 887: 882: 879: 870: 869:Gulfstream GV 866: 861: 852: 850: 846: 842: 839: 826: 825:weapon status 823: 820: 819:weapon seeker 817: 814: 811: 808: 802: 799: 795: 791: 788: 787: 786: 781: 776: 767: 760: 756: 753:or augmented 752: 748: 745: 741: 739: 735: 732: 728: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 706: 703: 699: 696: 695: 694: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 660: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 628: 616: 615:Compatibility 613: 610: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 586: 581: 578: 575: 571: 568: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 546: 543: 538: 534: 531: 527: 523: 522:Field of View 520: 519: 518: 511: 502: 500: 499:Space Shuttle 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 477: 472: 470: 465: 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