Holography - Knowledge

1299: 345: 1314: 410:. The object beam is expanded by passing it through a lens and used to illuminate the subject. The recording medium is located where this light, after being reflected or scattered by the subject, will strike it. The edges of the medium will ultimately serve as a window through which the subject is seen, so its location is chosen with that in mind. The reference beam is expanded and made to shine directly on the medium, where it interacts with the light coming from the subject to create the desired interference pattern. 1102: 337: 6533: 622: 329: 6544: 1447:, on 10 April 2015, a public visual presentation called "Hologramas por la Libertad" (Holograms for Liberty), featuring a ghostly virtual crowd of demonstrators, was used to protest a new Spanish law that prohibits citizens from demonstrating in public places. Although widely called a "hologram protest" in news reports, no actual holography was involved – it was yet another technologically updated variant of the Pepper's ghost illusion. 6789: 267: 418:

interference pattern will be blurred and the hologram spoiled. With living subjects and some unstable materials, that is only possible if a very intense and extremely brief pulse of laser light is used, a hazardous procedure which is rarely done outside of scientific and industrial laboratory settings. Exposures lasting several seconds to several minutes, using a much lower-powered continuously operating laser, are typical.

846:, is still very long compared to the processing time of an electronic computer. The optical processing performed by a dynamic hologram is also much less flexible than electronic processing. On one side, one has to perform the operation always on the whole image, and on the other side, the operation a hologram can perform is basically either a multiplication or a phase conjugation. In optics, addition and 193: 43: 884:. It allows the removal of the wavefront distortions a light beam receives when passing through an aberrating medium, by sending it back through the same aberrating medium with a conjugated phase. This is useful, for example, in free-space optical communications to compensate for atmospheric turbulence (the phenomenon that gives rise to the twinkling of starlight). 1318: 1316: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1321: 893: 1319: 1353:

The Pepper's ghost technique, being the easiest to implement of these methods, is most prevalent in 3D displays that claim to be (or are referred to as) "holographic". While the original illusion, used in theater, involved actual physical objects and persons, located offstage, modern variants replace

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By late 2000, holography kits with inexpensive laser pointer diodes entered the mainstream consumer market. These kits enabled students, teachers, and hobbyists to make several kinds of holograms without specialized equipment, and became popular gift items by 2005. The introduction of holography kits

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retaining wall on a plywood base, supported on stacks of old tires to isolate it from ground vibrations, and filled with sand that had been washed to remove dust. The laser was securely mounted atop the cinder block wall. The mirrors and simple lenses needed for directing, splitting and expanding the

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To record a hologram of a complex object, a laser beam is first split into two beams of light. One beam illuminates the object, which then scatters light onto the recording medium. According to diffraction theory, each point in the object acts as a point source of light so the recording medium can be

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High-security holograms can be used on license plates for vehicles such as cars and motorcycles. As of April 2019, holographic license plates are required on vehicles in parts of India to aid in identification and security, especially in cases of car theft. Such number plates hold electronic data of

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Holographic data storage is a technique that can store information at high density inside crystals or photopolymers. The ability to store large amounts of information in some kind of medium is of great importance, as many electronic products incorporate storage devices. As current storage techniques

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The recorded light pattern is a diffraction grating. When it is illuminated by only one of the waves used to create it, it can be shown that one of the diffracted waves emerges at the same angle at which the second wave was originally incident, so that the second wave has been 'reconstructed'. Thus,

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This is a photograph of a small part of an unbleached transmission hologram viewed through a microscope. The hologram recorded an image of a toy van and car. It is no more possible to discern the subject of the hologram from this pattern than it is to identify what music has been recorded by looking

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A hologram is traditionally generated by overlaying a second wavefront, known as the reference beam, onto a wavefront of interest. This generates an interference pattern, which is then captured on a physical medium. When the recorded interference pattern is later illuminated by the second wavefront,

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surrounding holography that had been spread by overly-enthusiastic scientists and entrepreneurs trying to market the idea. This had the effect of giving the public overly high expectations of the capability of holography, due to the unrealistic depictions of it in most fiction, where they are fully

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produced the "Burberry Prorsum Autumn/Winter 2011 Hologram Runway Show", which included life size 2-D projections of models. The company's own video shows several centered and off-center shots of the main 2-dimensional projection screen, the latter revealing the flatness of the virtual models. The

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In 2006, a large number of surplus holography-quality green lasers (Coherent C315) became available and put dichromated gelatin (DCG) holography within the reach of the amateur holographer. The holography community was surprised at the amazing sensitivity of DCG to green light. It had been assumed

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reach the limit of possible data density (due to the diffraction-limited size of the writing beams), holographic storage has the potential to become the next generation of popular storage media. The advantage of this type of data storage is that the volume of the recording media is used instead of

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This missing key is provided later by shining a laser, identical to the one used to record the hologram, onto the developed film. When this beam illuminates the hologram, it is diffracted by the hologram's surface pattern. This produces a light field identical to the one originally produced by the

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Early on, artists saw the potential of holography as a medium and gained access to science laboratories to create their work. Holographic art is often the result of collaborations between scientists and artists, although some holographers would regard themselves as both an artist and a scientist.

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When the hologram is illuminated by the original reference beam, each of the individual zone plates reconstructs the object wave that produced it, and these individual wavefronts are combined to reconstruct the whole of the object beam. The viewer perceives a wavefront that is identical with the

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in the scene. It can be thought of as viewing a street outside a house through a 120 cm × 120 cm (4 ft × 4 ft) window, then through a 60 cm × 120 cm (2 ft × 4 ft) window. One can see all of the same things through the smaller window (by

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A hologram can be made by shining part of the light beam directly into the recording medium, and the other part onto the object in such a way that some of the scattered light falls onto the recording medium. A more flexible arrangement for recording a hologram requires the laser beam to be aimed

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Holographic interferometry (HI) is a technique that enables static and dynamic displacements of objects with optically rough surfaces to be measured to optical interferometric precision (i.e. to fractions of a wavelength of light). It can also be used to detect optical-path-length variations in

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When a plane wave-front illuminates a negative lens, it is expanded into a wave that appears to diverge from the focal point of the lens. Thus, when the recorded pattern is illuminated with the original plane wave, some of the light is diffracted into a diverging beam equivalent to the original

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The second (reference) beam illuminates the recording medium directly. Each point source wave interferes with the reference beam, giving rise to its own sinusoidal zone plate in the recording medium. The resulting pattern is the sum of all these 'zone plates', which combine to produce a random

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are superimposed. Diffraction occurs when a wavefront encounters an object. The process of producing a holographic reconstruction is explained below purely in terms of interference and diffraction. It is somewhat simplified but is accurate enough to give an understanding of how the holographic

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time to correctly affect the recording medium. Unlike conventional photography, during the exposure the light source, the optical elements, the recording medium, and the subject must all remain motionless relative to each other, to within about a quarter of the wavelength of the light, or the

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is a structure with a repeating pattern. A simple example is a metal plate with slits cut at regular intervals. A light wave that is incident on a grating is split into several waves; the direction of these diffracted waves is determined by the grating spacing and the wavelength of the light.

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to allow automated pre-packing of given volumes, such as a truck or pallet for bulk shipment of goods. Holograms produced in elastomers can be used as stress-strain reporters due to its elasticity and compressibility, the pressure and force applied are correlated to the reflected wavelength,

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A computer-generated hologram is created by digitally modeling and combining two wavefronts to generate an interference pattern image. This image can then be printed onto a mask or film and illuminated with an appropriate light source to reconstruct the desired wavefront. Alternatively, the

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A hologram represents a recording of information regarding the light that came from the original scene as scattered in a range of directions rather than from only one direction, as in a photograph. This allows the scene to be viewed from a range of different angles, as if it were still

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Kodak and Agfa, the former major suppliers of holography-quality silver halide plates and films, are no longer in the market. While other manufacturers have helped fill the void, many amateurs are now making their own materials. The favorite formulations are dichromated gelatin,

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There also exist holographic materials that do not need the developing process and can record a hologram in a very short time. This allows one to use holography to perform some simple operations in an all-optical way. Examples of applications of such real-time holograms include

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much greater than that of traditional helium-neon gas lasers. This was a very important development for amateurs, as the price of red laser diodes had dropped from hundreds of dollars in the early 1980s to about $ 5 after they entered the mass market as a component pulled from

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light, which is very pure in its color and orderly in its composition. Various setups may be used, and several types of holograms can be made, but all involve the interaction of light coming from different directions and producing a microscopic interference pattern which a

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singing synthesizer applications, has produced concerts that have Miku, along with other Crypton Vocaloids, performing on stage as "holographic" characters. These concerts use rear projection onto a semi-transparent DILAD screen to achieve its "holographic" effect.

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Holography has served as an inspiration for many video games with science fiction elements. In many titles, fictional holographic technology has been used to reflect real life misrepresentations of potential military use of holograms, such as the "mirage tanks" in

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it is diffracted to recreate the original wavefront. The 3D image from a hologram can often be viewed with non-laser light. However, in common practice, major image quality compromises are made to remove the need for laser illumination to view the hologram.

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The hologram keeps the information on the amplitude and phase of the field. Several holograms may keep information about the same distribution of light, emitted to various directions. The numerical analysis of such holograms allows one to emulate large

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which is a technique for making three-dimensional images by controlling the motion of specularities on a two-dimensional surface. It works by reflectively or refractively manipulating bundles of light rays, not by using interference and diffraction.

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claimed to have been the first to employ holography artistically. He was certainly the first and best-known surrealist to do so, but the 1972 New York exhibit of Dalí holograms had been preceded by the holographic art exhibition that was held at the

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A small but active group of artists still integrate holographic elements into their work. Some are associated with novel holographic techniques; for example, artist Matt Brand employed computational mirror design to eliminate image distortion from

196: 1227:. Today it is commonly used to study electric and magnetic fields in thin films, as magnetic and electric fields can shift the phase of the interfering wave passing through the sample. The principle of electron holography can also be applied to 131:

which would be needed to optically "freeze" moving subjects as perfectly as the extremely motion-intolerant holographic recording process requires. Early holography required high-power and expensive lasers. Currently, mass-produced low-cost

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While many holographic data storage models have used "page-based" storage, where each recorded hologram holds a large amount of data, more recent research into using submicrometre-sized "microholograms" has resulted in several potential

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realistic images into semi-transparent screens. The rear projection is necessary because otherwise the semi-transparency of the screen would allow the background to be illuminated by the projection, which would break the illusion.

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absorbed much of the incident light. Various methods of converting the variation in transmission to a variation in refractive index (known as "bleaching") were developed which enabled much more efficient holograms to be produced.

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Smalley, D. E.; Nygaard, E.; Squire, K.; Van Wagoner, J.; Rasmussen, J.; Gneiting, S.; Qaderi, K.; Goodsell, J.; Rogers, W.; Lindsey, M.; Costner, K.; Monk, A.; Pearson, M.; Haymore, B.; Peatross, J. (25 January 2018).

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transparent media, which enables, for example, fluid flow to be visualized and analyzed. It can also be used to generate contours representing the form of the surface or the isodose regions in radiation dosimetry.

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enables sound maps of an object to be generated. Measurements of the acoustic field are made at many points close to the object. These measurements are digitally processed to produce the "images" of the object.

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Blanche, P.-A.; Bablumian, A.; Voorakaranam, R.; Christenson, C.; Lin, W.; Gu, T.; Flores, D.; Wang, P.; et al. (2010). "Holographic three-dimensional telepresence using large-area photorefractive polymer".

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The amount of processed information can be very high (terabits/s), since the operation is performed in parallel on a whole image. This compensates for the fact that the recording time, which is in the order of a

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solutions. While this approach to data storage can not attain the high data rates of page-based storage, the tolerances, technological hurdles, and cost of producing a commercial product are significantly lower.

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A photograph clearly maps out the light field of the original scene. The developed hologram's surface consists of a very fine, seemingly random pattern, which appears to bear no relationship to the scene it

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The second beam (known as the 'reference beam') is also spread through the use of lenses, but is directed so that it does not come in contact with the scene, and instead travels directly onto the recording

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Holography is a technique for recording and reconstructing light fields. A light field is generally the result of a light source scattered off objects. Holography can be thought of as somewhat similar to

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The hologram is made with a modified material that interacts with certain molecules generating a change in the fringe periodicity or refractive index, therefore, the color of the holographic reflection.

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made them virtually useless for creating holograms, but when they were eventually put to the test of practical experiment, it was found that not only was this untrue, but that some actually provided a

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Many of these holographers would go on to produce art holograms. In 1983, Fred Unterseher, a co-founder of the San Francisco School of Holography and a well-known holographic artist, published the

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During the 1970s, a number of art studios and schools were established, each with their particular approach to holography. Notably, there was the San Francisco School of Holography established by

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is the application of holography techniques to electron waves rather than light waves. Electron holography was invented by Dennis Gabor to improve the resolution and avoid the aberrations of the

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When the plane wave is incident at a non-normal angle at the time of recording, the pattern formed is more complex, but still acts as a negative lens if it is illuminated at the original angle.

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Holographic scanners are in use in post offices, larger shipping firms, and automated conveyor systems to determine the three-dimensional size of a package. They are often used in tandem with

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When a photograph is cut in half, each piece shows half of the scene. When a hologram is cut in half, the whole scene can still be seen in each piece. This is because, whereas each point in a

950:. Since then, they have been involved in the production of many holographs for many artists as well as companies. Sapan has been described as the "last professional holographer of New York". 935:-controlled shutter, loaded a plate into the holder in the dark, left the room, waited a few minutes to let everything settle, then made the exposure by remotely operating the laser shutter. 194: 717:. None of these studios still exist; however, there is the Center for the Holographic Arts in New York and the HOLOcenter in Seoul, which offers artists a place to create and exhibit work. 1013:

Methylene-Blue-sensitised dichromated gelatin, and diffusion method silver halide preparations. Jeff Blyth has published very accurate methods for making these in a small lab or garage.

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with each other. It is this interference pattern that is imprinted on the recording medium. The pattern itself is seemingly random, as it represents the way in which the scene's light

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During the 1980s, many artists who worked with holography helped the diffusion of this so-called "new medium" in the art world, such as Harriet Casdin-Silver of the United States,

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set-up to lock all the involved elements down in place and damp any vibrations that could blur the interference fringes and ruin the hologram. Cross's home-brew alternative was a

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is a two-dimensional representation that can produce a three-dimensional effect but only from one point of view, whereas the reproduced viewing range of a hologram adds many more

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that this sensitivity would be uselessly slight or non-existent. Jeff Blyth responded with the G307 formulation of DCG to increase the speed and sensitivity to these new lasers.

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and used in other common applications, can be used to make holograms. They have made holography much more accessible to low-budget researchers, artists, and dedicated hobbyists.

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whose intensity varies sinusoidally across the medium. The spacing of the fringe pattern is determined by the angle between the two waves, and by the wavelength of the light.

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Yetisen, AK; Butt, H; da Cruz Vasconcellos, F; Montelongo, Y; Davidson, CAB; Blyth, J; Carmody, JB; Vignolini, S; Steiner, U; Baumberg, JJ; Wilkinson, TD; Lowe, CR (2013).

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that holograms require. A layer of this recording medium (e.g., silver halide) is attached to a transparent substrate, which is commonly glass, but may also be plastic.

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are already easily performed in linear materials, the latter simply by a lens. This enables some applications, such as a device that compares images in an optical way.

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that change realistically with the different angles of viewing. That is, the view of the image from different angles shows the subject viewed from similar angles.

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from a master hologram that requires expensive, specialized and technologically advanced equipment, and are thus difficult to forge. They are used widely in many

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MartíNez-Hurtado, J. L.; Davidson, C. A. B.; Blyth, J.; Lowe, C. R. (2010). "Holographic Detection of Hydrocarbon Gases and Other Volatile Organic Compounds".

957:, an easy-to-read guide to making holograms at home. This brought in a new wave of holographers and provided simple methods for using the then-available AGFA 61:, and has a wide range of other uses, including data storage, microscopy, and interferometry. In principle, it is possible to make a hologram for any type of 3756: 6670: 6501: 4606: 513:

A lens is required in photography to record the image, whereas in holography, the light from the object is scattered directly onto the recording medium.

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holder were similarly supported within the sandbox. The holographer turned off the room light, blocked the laser beam near its source using a small

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A small group of amateurs are even constructing their own pulsed lasers to make holograms of living subjects and other unsteady or moving objects.

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Most holograms produced are of static objects, but systems for displaying changing scenes on dynamic holographic displays are now being developed.

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Beigzadeh, A.M.; Vaziri, M.R. Rashidian; Ziaie, F. (2017). "Modelling of a holographic interferometry based calorimeter for radiation dosimetry".

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in Michigan in 1968 and by the one at the Finch College gallery in New York in 1970, which attracted national media attention. In Great Britain,

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wavefront scattered from the object onto the recording medium, so that it appears that the object is still in place even if it has been removed.

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A photograph can be viewed in a wide range of lighting conditions, whereas holograms can only be viewed with very specific forms of illumination.

3506: 4081: 2361: 84:. In general usage, a hologram is a recording of any type of wavefront in the form of an interference pattern. It can be created by capturing 4280: 3647: 3576: 1249:

atomic holography follows a natural step in the development of the physics (and applications) of atomic beams. Recent developments including

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A photograph can be recorded using normal light sources (sunlight or electric lighting) whereas a laser is required to record a hologram.

6223: 3546: 462:), but with much smaller light-reactive grains (preferably with diameters less than 20 nm), making it capable of the much higher 255:

in December 1947 (patent GB685286). The technique as originally invented is still used in electron microscopy, where it is known as

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were displayed on stage in May 2022. The ABBA performance used technology that was an updated version of Pepper's Ghost created by

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laser beam were affixed to short lengths of PVC pipe, which were stuck into the sand at the desired locations. The subject and the

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in 1960. The development of the laser enabled the first practical optical holograms that recorded 3D objects to be made in 1962 by

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have provided the tools necessary for the creation of atomic holograms, although such holograms have not yet been commercialized.

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opened the San Francisco School of Holography and taught amateurs how to make holograms using only a small (typically 5 mW)

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in 1939. The formulation of holography was an unexpected result of Gabor's research into improving electron microscopes at the

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Holographic portraiture often resorts to a non-holographic intermediate imaging procedure, to avoid the dangerous high-powered

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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

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If the recording medium is illuminated with a point source and a normally incident plane wave, the resulting pattern is a

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For those unfamiliar with these concepts, it is worthwhile to read those articles before reading further in this article.

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In static holography, recording, developing and reconstructing occur sequentially, and a permanent hologram is produced.

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with the original light source – but not the original light source itself. The interference pattern can be considered an

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Upatnieks, J; Leonard, C (1969). "Diffraction efficiency of bleached, photographically recorded interference patterns".

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The MIT Museum and Jonathan Ross both have extensive collections of holography and on-line catalogues of art holograms.

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and translated into the same perception of a three-dimensional image as when the original scene might have been viewed.

1061:. Recent achievements of interferometric microscopy allow one to approach the quarter-wavelength limit of resolution. 6655: 6630: 6194: 4588: 4547: 4254: 4178: 4113: 4103: 3059:

Beigzadeh, A.M. (2018). "Double-exposure holographic interferometry for radiation dosimetry: A new developed model".

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A holographic recording requires a second light beam (the reference beam) to be directed onto the recording medium.

316:, who invented a way to create holograms that can be viewed with natural light instead of lasers. These are called 451:

Several different materials can be used as the recording medium. One of the most common is a film very similar to

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Beigzadeh, A.M. (2017). "Modelling of a holographic interferometry based calorimeter for radiation dosimetry".

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Since the beginning of holography, many holographers have explored its uses and displayed them to the public.

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version of the scene, requiring a particular key – the original light source – in order to view its contents.

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can produce about 1000 different images a second at 1024×1024-bit resolution which would result in about one-

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as recording medium. The reconstruction is then retrieved via computation. Due to the shorter wavelength of

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Fictional depictions of holograms have, however, inspired technological advances in other fields, such as

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There are many optical effects that are falsely confused with holography, such as the effects produced by

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in 2003 made it possible for hobbyists to create holograms without the bother of wet chemical processing.

7310: 6756: 6468: 5745: 5247: 4328: 2124:(1962). "On the reflection of optical properties of an object in a wave field of light scattered by it". 1398: 96:

light to record the light field. The reproduced light field can generate an image that has the depth and

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which are intense and coherent, x-ray holography has been used to capture ultrafast dynamic processes.

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considered to be illuminated by a set of point sources located at varying distances from the medium.

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sound recording in which any listening angle of a sound field can be reproduced in the reproduction.

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Richardson, Martin J.; Wiltshire, John D. (2017). Richardson, Martin J.; Wiltshire, John D. (eds.).

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and inexpensive home-made equipment. Holography had been supposed to require a very expensive metal

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compared to visible light, this approach allows imaging objects with higher spatial resolution. As

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Powell, RL; Stetson, KA (1965). "Interferometric Vibration Analysis by Wavefront Reconstruction".

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unveiled similar digital avatars in December 2023 to tour in their place at the conclusion of the

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therefore its color. Holography technique can also be effectively used for radiation dosimetry.

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players from the mid 1980s onwards. Now, there are thousands of amateur holographers worldwide.

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produced a 120 mm disc that uses a holographic layer to store data to a potential 3.9

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in London, which was billed as the "first London expo of holograms and stereoscopic paintings".

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began using holography as an artistic medium in the late 1960s and had a solo exhibition at the

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from the same light source on a holographic recording medium. The two waves interfere, giving a

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photographic emulsions as the recording medium. They were not very efficient as the produced

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Digital Data Storage in a phase-encoded holographic memory system: data quality and security

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It has been widely used to measure stress, strain, and vibration in engineering structures.

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Ogai, K.; et al. (1993). "An Approach for Nanolithography Using Electron Holography".

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Graube, A (1974). "Advances in bleaching methods for photographically recorded holograms".

2189: 2154: 2010: 1953: 1885: 1829: 1743: 1732:"Synthetic holography in microscopy: opportunities arising from advanced wavefront shaping" 1420: 1355: 1181: 802: 721: 637:

whose focal length is equal to the separation of the point source and the recording plane.

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Leith, E.N.; Upatnieks, J. (1962). "Reconstructed wavefronts and communication theory".

2014: 1957: 1889: 1833: 1747: 737: 729: 498:

Holography may be better understood via an examination of its differences from ordinary

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from a real scene, or it can be generated by a computer, in which case it is known as a

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50, 100, 500, and 2000 rupee notes; and all the currently-circulating banknotes of the

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interference pattern image can be directly displayed on a dynamic holographic display.

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through a series of elements that change it in different ways. The first element is a

7173: 7080: 6894: 6884: 6859: 6352: 6288: 6275: 6206: 5870: 5795: 5785: 5775: 5760: 5624: 5592: 5452: 5287: 5058: 4842: 4638: 4570: 4260: 4250: 4219: 4206: 4189: 4174: 4154: 4141: 4119: 4109: 4099: 4063: 4053: 4003: 3977: 3967: 3804: 3413: 3367: 3305: 3232: 3166: 3088: 3004: 2986: 2912: 2824: 2714: 2667:

Holiday Gifts 2005 Gifts and gadgets for technophiles of all ages: Do-It Yourself-3-D

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ghost agent Nova has access to "holo decoy" as one of her three primary abilities in

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When the two laser beams reach the recording medium, their light waves intersect and

452: 73: 27: 4310: 2955: 2287: 980:. For many years, it had been assumed that certain characteristics of semiconductor 857:

for dynamic holography is an active area of research. The most common materials are

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that divides the beam into two identical beams, each aimed in different directions:

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Lipson A., Lipson SG, Lipson H, Optical Physics, 2011, Cambridge University Press,

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Sung, Carolyn; Gauk-Roger, Topher; Quan, Denise; Iavazzi, Jessica (16 April 2012).

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to be recorded and later reconstructed. It is best known as a method of generating

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Litiholo holography – So easy even a caveman could have done it (apparatus review)

1755: 682: 7095: 6982: 6957: 6904: 6734: 6708: 6412: 6320: 5937: 5685: 5567: 5262: 5209: 5204: 5172: 5157: 5115: 4799: 4789: 4736: 4497: 3012: 2692: 2266:

Phillips, N. J.; Porter, D. (1976). "An advance in the processing of holograms".

1615: 1485: 1413: 1339: 1141: 965: 858: 741: 691: 658: 363: 354: 290: 4296: 3600: 3127:

R. E. Dunin-Borkowski et al., Micros. Res. and Tech. vol. 64, pp. 390–402 (2004)

1580:, that promise to fulfill the fictional depictions of holograms by other means. 1326:

Shows making using of projected images are erroneously marketed as "holographic"

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Sahin, Erdem; Stoykova, Elena; Mäkinen, Jani; Gotchev, Atanas (20 March 2020).

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the source object with a digital screen, which displays imagery generated with

1125: 1121: 866: 699: 407: 313: 216: 151: 4264: 4067: 4023: 3856: 3825: 3782: 2932:"Light-Directed Writing of Chemically Tunable Narrow-Band Holographic Sensors" 1241:

Atomic holography has evolved out of the development of the basic elements of

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vehicles, and have a unique ID number and a sticker to indicate authenticity.

641:

spherical wave; a holographic recording of the point source has been created.

402:

In one common arrangement, the laser beam is split into two, one known as the

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of the original scene. A hologram is usually unintelligible when viewed under

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Holography has been widely referred to in movies, novels, and TV, usually in

1254: 1145: 1101: 973: 958: 947: 915: 862: 456: 436: 428: 301: 282: 5780: 3805:"Technically incorrect: Tomorrow's Miley Cyrus? A hologram live in concert!" 3753:"LA's Anime Expo hosting Hatsune Miku's first US live performance on 2 July" 7226: 7133: 6513: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6347: 6233: 6228: 5882: 5602: 5572: 5354: 5349: 5332: 5177: 4999: 4989: 4979: 3439:

Günther, C.M.; et al. (2011). "Sequential femtosecond X-ray imaging".

3417: 3309: 3252:"Move Over, Lasers: Scientists Can Now Create Holograms from Neutrons, Too" 3236: 2990: 2947: 2916: 2805: 2252: 2209: 2166: 2023: 1998: 1975: 1937: 1915: 1849: 1706: 1489: 1424: 1378: 1192: 1149: 1137: 1133: 990: 981: 923: 870: 771: 634: 530:

on a holographic recording includes information about light scattered from

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that were present in the original scene. These cues are recognized by the

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moving the head to change the viewing angle), but the viewer can see more

7258: 7085: 7017: 6947: 6836: 6518: 6377: 6372: 6305: 6218: 6055: 6030: 5860: 5855: 5840: 5695: 5577: 5557: 5426: 5327: 5219: 5182: 5152: 5105: 5073: 5068: 5029: 4950: 4768: 4731: 4452: 3648:"Super Trouper: ABBA returns to stage as virtual avatars for London gigs" 3278:"Lensless imaging of magnetic nanostructures by X-ray spectro-holography" 3205:

F. Shimizu; J.Fujita (March 2002). "Reflection-Type Hologram for Atoms".

3158: 3103:"Why has the government made high security registration plates mandatory" 2929: 2907: 2880: 2452: 2244: 1635: 1551: 1464: 1402: 1287: 1267: 1242: 1185: 1157: 1106: 939: 907: 843: 706: 573:

For a better understanding of the process, it is necessary to understand

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Tatyana Tishko, Tishko Dmitry, Titar Vladimir, World Scientific (2010),

4216:

Holographic Microscopy of Phase Microscopic Objects: Theory and Practice

3409: 3301: 2201: 1898: 1873: 1841: 1440:

claim that holography was used was reported as fact in the trade media.

1365:

Examples of this digital version of Pepper's ghost illusion include the

613:

the recorded light pattern is a holographic recording as defined above.

435:

One beam (known as the 'illumination' or 'object beam') is spread using

7163: 7158: 7022: 7012: 6987: 6962: 6909: 6840: 6025: 6005: 5919: 5909: 5770: 5710: 5639: 5379: 5364: 5344: 5226: 5162: 5078: 5024: 4741: 4723: 4663: 3569:"Holographic 3D Technology: From Sci-fi Fantasy to Engineering Reality" 1818: 1676: 1468: 1386: 1343: 714: 630: 602: 578: 523: 375: 277:

Optical holography did not really advance until the development of the

263:

in 1971 "for his invention and development of the holographic method".

92:, which can show virtual objects or scenes. Optical holography needs a 3359: 2982: 621: 223:

invented holography in 1948 while he was looking for a way to improve

6417: 5990: 5952: 5914: 5810: 5700: 5167: 5130: 5125: 5110: 5063: 5046: 4863: 4837: 4794: 4784: 4490: 4387: 4320: 4108:

Hariharan P, 2002, Basics of Holography, Cambridge University Press,

2496: 1966: 1941: 1563: 1531: 1521:, who was later converted to "hard light" to make him solid, and the 1517: 1161: 698:

art gallery in 1969. This was followed in 1970 by a solo show at the

54: 4303: 3925: 3277: 1797: 46:

Two photographs of a single hologram taken from different viewpoints

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Hariharan P, 1996, Optical Holography, Cambridge University Press,

2548: 2375: 1557: 1522: 1488:, starting in the late 1970s. Science fiction writers absorbed the 1436: 1428: 1366: 1165: 1117: 791: 328: 266: 109: 97: 2648:"New York's Hologram King is Also the City's Last Pro Holographer" 2403:

Culture, Technology & Creativity in the Late Twentieth Century

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beam holography has been used to see the inside of solid objects.

526:

only represents light scattered from a single point in the scene,

413:

Like conventional photography, holography requires an appropriate

7216: 7153: 7138: 6050: 5199: 5145: 4830: 4480: 4445: 4314: 3830: 2968: 2878: 1390: 1307: 1260: 919: 798:. As of September 2014, no commercial product has been released. 725: 483: 212: 181: 177: 172: 3900:"First Hologram Protest in History Held Against Spain's Gag Law" 386:

In laser holography, the hologram is recorded using a source of

5597: 5014: 4964: 4464: 1870: 1444: 787: 740:) found in holography a way to express themselves and to renew 733: 440: 252: 4919: 2618:

High-frame-rate joint Fourier-transform correlator based on Sn

2053:. SPIE field guides. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE Press. p. 1. 1409:

using the same Pepper's Ghost technology as the ABBA avatars.

6265: 5680: 5140: 4440: 1501:. Examples of this type of depiction include the hologram of 1279: 977: 932: 387: 278: 165: 155: 93: 85: 42: 2474: 2405:. London, England: John Libbey and Company. pp. 65–88. 1730:

Jesacher, Alexander; Ritsch-Marte, Monika (2 January 2016).

1090: 231:. Gabor's work was built on pioneering work in the field of 6650: 4458: 3954:

Johnston, Sean (2006). "The Hologram and Popular Culture".

2514: 1776: 1394: 1214: 1169: 1153: 1053:, which, in turn, enables enhancement of the resolution of 892: 3779:""We can invite Hatsune Miku in my room!", Part 2 (video)" 4167:, Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 4988, pp. 104–111 (2003) 4138:

Lasers and holography: an introduction to coherent optics

3614: 3003:'Elastic hologram' pages 113–117, Proc. of the IGC 2010, 1173: 994: 877:

and even liquids, it was possible to generate holograms.

366:, whereby a sound field created by vibrating matter like 2144: 1286:

can provide ultrashort and x-ray pulses in the range of

1213:

In principle, it is possible to make a hologram for any

1208: 353:

surface. The holographic information is recorded by the

1779:"Computer-Generated Holograms for 3D Imaging: A Survey" 312:

A major advance in the field of holography was made by

4299:", How Stuff Works, by Tracy V. Wilson, 30 August 2023 3547:"Tupac "hologram" merely pretty cool optical illusion" 1112:

Holograms are commonly used for security, as they are

577:

and diffraction. Interference occurs when one or more

16:

Recording to reproduce a three-dimensional light field

2846:

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A

1274:

as radiation sources and pixelated detectors such as

3998:

Johnston, Sean F. (2015). "11 - Channeling Dreams".

2843: 1729: 1549:

are able to use holographic decoys in games such as

1199: 830:("time-reversal" of light), optical cache memories, 4607:

Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology

4228: 2044: 2042: 601:A simple hologram can be made by superimposing two 4173:Sean F. Johnston, Oxford University Press (2006), 3204: 1350:. Such illusions have been called "fauxlography". 834:(pattern recognition of time-varying images), and 4900:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays 7297: 3962:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, UK. pp. 2294: 2179: 2039: 1113: 899:, a Denisyuk DCG hologram by amateur Dave Battin 3781:. Youtube.com. 7 September 2011. Archived from 1097:as a security element in a German identity card 33:"Hologram" redirects here. For other uses, see 6835: 3013:http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/225960 2677: 2572:"Gigabyte capacities for holographic memories" 2265: 1497:that are sometimes tactile through the use of 493: 6821: 6575: 4935: 4336: 4171:Holographic Visions: A History of New Science 3958:Holographic Visions: a History of New Science 2783: 2399:"Holography – Art in the space of technology" 2067: 1266:Holograms with x-rays are generated by using 1037: 1019: 2879:Y.Kuznetsova; A.Neumann, S.R.Brueck (2007). 2713:. HoloWiki. 15 February 2011. Archived from 2268:Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 1393:. Digital avatars of the Swedish supergroup 6492:Conservation and restoration of photographs 4554:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display 3645: 2569: 2376:"The History and Development of Holography" 1412:An even simpler illusion can be created by 539:through the 120 cm (4 ft) window. 62: 6828: 6814: 6788: 6582: 6568: 6224:Comparison of digital and film photography 4942: 4928: 4465:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode 4343: 4329: 4080:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4047: 3617:"Tupac returns as a hologram at Coachella" 3474:von Korff, Schmising; et al. (2014). 2818: 2360:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1725: 1723: 6589: 6444:Photographs considered the most important 4317:by The Thought Emporium, 19 November 2020 3826:"Hatsune Miku – World is Mine Live in HD" 3599: 3524:"Holographic announcers at Luton airport" 3473: 3383:"Femtosecond time-delay X-ray holography" 3058: 3023: 2906: 2823:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2645: 2305:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2300: 2078:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2073: 2022: 1965: 1897: 1874:"A photophoretic-trap volumetric display" 1423:, a music software company that produced 1338:illusion (or modern variants such as the 3997: 3953: 3275: 2819:Jones, Robert; Wykes, Catherine (1989). 2570:Lang, M.; Eschler, H. (1 October 1974). 2325: 2120: 2114: 1999:"Microscopy by reconstructed wavefronts" 1383:Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival 1312: 1297: 1245:. With the Fresnel diffraction lens and 1100: 1089: 1064: 1057:. The corresponding technique is called 891: 880:A particularly promising application is 620: 562: 343: 335: 327: 265: 191: 41: 4231:The Hologram: Principles and Techniques 4140:W. E. Kock, Dover Publications (1981), 4050:The Hologram: Principles and Techniques 4048:Richardson, Martin (13 November 2017). 3697: 3674:"ABBA's mysterious "Abbatars" revealed" 3544: 3438: 3380: 3249: 2549:"The Jonathan Ross Hologram Collection" 2048: 1720: 1545:that can disguise themselves as trees. 786:In 2005, companies such as Optware and 490:scene and scattered onto the hologram. 323: 7298: 7285:Stereoscopic Displays and Applications 4350: 4283:", 30 September 2004, Nobelprize.org 3993: 3991: 3671: 3589: 2821:Holographic and Speckle Interferometry 2700:, vol. 48, November 2010, pp. 551–552. 2527:"MIT Museum: Collections – Holography" 2419: 2222: 1495:three-dimensional computer projections 972:and introduced the use of inexpensive 775:just the surface. Currently available 661:) pattern as in the photograph above. 6809: 6563: 4923: 4324: 4306:" by The Strange Theory of Light, QED 4205:Takanori Okoshi, Atara Press (2011), 4183: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3902:. revolution-news.com. Archived from 3512:from the original on 7 December 2023. 2396: 2390: 2138: 1996: 1936: 1435:In 2011, in Beijing, apparel company 1209:Holography using other types of waves 817: 4601:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display 4290:", 11 December 1971, by Dennis Gabor 4203:Three-Dimensional Imaging Techniques 3381:Chapman, H. N.; et al. (2007). 3330: 3198: 3136: 2658: 2450: 1458: 1132:5000, 10,000, and 50,000-won notes; 6439:Museums devoted to one photographer 4675:Light-emitting electrochemical cell 4288:Holography, 1948-1971 Nobel Lecture 4186:Practical Holography, Third Edition 3988: 3672:Carter, Ninian (27 November 2018). 3575:. 28 September 2015. Archived from 1561:to confuse and distract the enemy. 1306:illusion made from a clear plastic 588: 251:, England, and the company filed a 13: 5986:Timeline of photography technology 4874:Large-screen television technology 4130: 4052:. Wiltshire, John D. Hoboken, NJ. 3940: 3698:Amorosi, A. D. (3 December 2023). 3276:Eisebitt, S.; et al. (2004). 3250:Swenson, Gayle (20 October 2016). 2872: 2049:Blanche, Pierre-Alexandre (2014). 1707:"What is Holography? | holocenter" 1542:Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2 1293: 647: 439:and directed onto the scene using 14: 7342: 4548:Organic light-emitting transistor 4273: 2100:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971" 1200:High security registration plates 6787: 6542: 6532: 6531: 4911:Comparison of display technology 3573:International Year of Light Blog 3545:Farivar, Cyrus (16 April 2012). 2763:"Jeff Blyth's Film Formulations" 2003:Proceedings of the Royal Society 1225:transmission electron microscope 616: 76:pattern that can reproduce a 3D 6925:Vergence-accommodation conflict 6543: 4949: 4542:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots 4091: 4041: 4016: 3918: 3892: 3871: 3845: 3818: 3797: 3771: 3744: 3719: 3691: 3665: 3639: 3608: 3583: 3561: 3538: 3516: 3467: 3432: 3374: 3324: 3269: 3243: 3173: 3130: 3121: 3095: 3052: 3017: 2997: 2962: 2923: 2837: 2812: 2777: 2755: 2729: 2703: 2646:Strochlic, Nina (27 May 2014). 2639: 2610: 2563: 2541: 2519: 2507: 2489: 2467: 2444: 2368: 2319: 2259: 2216: 2173: 2092: 1671:Plasmon – possible applications 887: 758: 668: 4613:Laser-powered phosphor display 3853:"Burberry Beijing – Full Show" 3750: 3503:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.217203 3331:Pfau, B.; et al. (2014). 2739:. Holowiki.com. Archived from 1990: 1930: 1864: 1812: 1770: 1699: 1626:Digital holographic microscopy 1128:5, 10, 20 and 50-pound notes; 867:semiconductor heterostructures 270:Horizontal symmetric text, by 235:by other scientists including 53:is a technique that enables a 1: 7091:Stereo photography techniques 6036:Painted photography backdrops 5968:Golden triangle (composition) 5243:35 mm equivalent focal length 4879:Optimum HDTV viewing distance 4869:History of display technology 4757:Computer-generated holography 4000:Holograms: A Cultural History 3855:. Youtube.com. Archived from 3646:Brause; Mills (27 May 2022). 3229:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.123201 3081:10.1016/j.radmeas.2018.10.010 2576:Optics & Laser Technology 2453:"Dr. Tung J. Jeong Biography" 1942:"A new microscopic principle" 1756:10.1080/00107514.2015.1120007 1693: 1661:List of emerging technologies 1596:Computer-generated holography 1473: 1124:20, 50, and 100-reais notes; 569:Physics of optical holography 300:Early optical holograms used 7101:Stereoscopic depth rendition 6714:Optical head-mounted display 4459:Organic light-emitting diode 4453:Light-emitting diode display 4281:Dennis Gabor – Autobiography 4024:"Nova - Heroes of the Storm" 3732:(in Japanese). Crypton.co.jp 2596:10.1016/0030-3992(74)90061-9 2427:"Margaret Benyon Holography" 2401:. In Hayward, Philip (ed.). 2329:Design engineer's sourcebook 1450:Holography is distinct from 1399:Industrial Light & Magic 1371:2005 MTV Europe Music Awards 1156:. They can also be found in 873:), atomic vapors and gases, 607:straight-line fringe pattern 421: 7: 6757:Multi-primary color display 5746:Intentional camera movement 4311:Making Real Holograms!!!!!! 4153:H. M. Smith, Wiley (1976), 4002:. Oxford University Press. 3623:. CNN Blogs. Archived from 3601:10.13140/RG.2.2.30421.88802 3526:. BBC News. 31 January 2011 2326:Richards, Keith L. (2018). 1583: 1385:in 2012, rapping alongside 1136:5000 and 10,000 yen notes, 1105:Dove hologram used on some 1079: 855:nonlinear optical materials 633:, which acts as a negative 494:Comparison with photography 285:in the Soviet Union and by 90:computer-generated hologram 21:Holography (disambiguation) 10: 7347: 6434:Most expensive photographs 5791:Multi-exposure HDR capture 4669:Vacuum fluorescent display 4393:Electroluminescent display 3926:"specular holography: how" 3590:Gordon, Marcus A. (2017). 3046:10.1016/j.nima.2017.05.019 2936:Advanced Optical Materials 2866:10.1016/j.nima.2017.05.019 2127:Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 1527:Emergency Medical Hologram 1477: 1462: 1407:End of the Road World Tour 1381:'s virtual performance at 1178:fast-moving consumer goods 1083: 1068: 1059:interferometric microscopy 1044:Interferometric microscopy 1041: 1038:Interferometric microscopy 1026:holographic interferometry 1023: 1020:Holographic interferometry 796:Holographic Versatile Disc 762: 566: 469: 205:Introduction to Holography 187: 166: 156: 32: 25: 18: 7272: 7192: 7124: 7116:Stereoscopic video coding 7111:Stereoscopic spectroscopy 7046: 6933: 6875:Convergence insufficiency 6847: 6783: 6727: 6689: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6527: 6484: 6426: 6331: 6274: 6180: 6064: 5976: 5928: 5668: 5435: 5235: 4957: 4908: 4856: 4818: 4777: 4722: 4626: 4525: 4516:Liquid crystal on silicon 4420: 4367: 4358: 3879:"Burberry lands in China" 2501:Cherry Optical Holography 2288:10.1088/0022-3735/9/8/011 2051:Field guide to holography 1666:Phase-coherent holography 1631:Digital planar holography 1358:to provide the necessary 882:optical phase conjugation 340:Reconstructing a hologram 136:, such as those found on 35:Hologram (disambiguation) 7212:Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D 7149:3D-enabled mobile phones 7106:Stereoscopic rangefinder 6943:Active shutter 3D system 6368:Digital image processing 4707:Fourteen-segment display 4510:Digital Light Processing 4151:Principles of holography 3728: 3594:(MFA). OCAD University. 3461:10.1038/nphoton.2010.287 2515:http://www.zintaglio.com 2497:"The Universal Hologram" 1229:interference lithography 859:photorefractive crystals 765:Holographic data storage 713:Symposiums organised by 696:University of Nottingham 688:Cranbrook Academy of Art 395:, film, or other medium 381: 259:. Gabor was awarded the 59:three-dimensional images 26:Not to be confused with 7326:Photographic techniques 7184:Virtual reality headset 7179:Stereoscopic video game 7028:Virtual retinal display 6719:Virtual retinal display 6476:Photography periodicals 6041:Photography and the law 4713:Sixteen-segment display 4399:Rear-projection display 3483:Physical Review Letters 3340:Applied Physics Letters 3208:Physical Review Letters 2737:"Many methods are here" 2691:8 February 2012 at the 2397:Coyle, Rebecca (1990). 1673:(full color holography) 1611:Australian Holographics 1180:to holographic tags on 970:Shoebox Holography Book 828:phase-conjugate mirrors 811:3D optical data storage 245:British Thomson-Houston 207:(1972 educational film) 7321:Laser image generation 7076:Multiview Video Coding 7071:Computer stereo vision 6880:Correspondence problem 6388:Gelatin silver process 5412:Science of photography 5397:Photographic processes 5375:Perspective distortion 4560:Field-emission display 4475:Liquid-crystal display 4188:. Taylor and Francis. 4184:Saxby, Graham (2003). 3061:Radiation Measurements 2948:10.1002/adom.201300375 2806:10.1364/josa.55.001593 2551:. Jrholocollection.com 2513:Holographic metalwork 2167:10.1364/JOSA.52.001123 2074:Hariharan, P. (1996). 2024:10.1098/rspa.1949.0075 1997:Gabor, Dennis (1949). 1646:Holonomic brain theory 1401:. American rock group 1327: 1310: 1109: 1098: 900: 673: 626: 358: 341: 333: 295:University of Michigan 274: 261:Nobel Prize in Physics 241:William Lawrence Bragg 208: 47: 6591:Emerging technologies 5846:Schlieren photography 5385:Photographic printing 5308:Exposure compensation 4697:Eight-segment display 4691:Seven-segment display 4247:10.1002/9781119088929 3181:"Acoustic Holography" 2301:Hariharan, P (2002). 1786:ACM Computing Surveys 1651:Hogel Processing Unit 1641:Holographic principle 1480:Holography in fiction 1325: 1301: 1104: 1093: 1065:Sensors or biosensors 1001:with self-developing 961:recording materials. 895: 853:The search for novel 631:sinusoidal zone plate 625:Sinusoidal zone plate 624: 563:Physics of holography 548:depth perception cues 460:photographic emulsion 406:and the other as the 347: 339: 331: 269: 203: 102:diffuse ambient light 72:is a recording of an 45: 7316:Hungarian inventions 6968:Head-mounted display 6900:Kinetic depth effect 6704:Head-mounted display 5630:Straight photography 5268:Chromatic aberration 4819:Display capabilities 4702:Nine-segment display 4404:Plasma display panel 3159:10.1143/jjap.32.5988 2908:10.1364/OE.15.006651 2303:Basics of Holography 2245:10.1364/ao.13.002942 1736:Contemporary Physics 1421:Crypton Future Media 1389:during his set with 1369:performances in the 1356:3D computer graphics 1284:free-electron lasers 1272:free-electron lasers 803:InPhase Technologies 332:Recording a hologram 324:Basics of holography 229:electron microscopes 19:For other uses, see 7056:2D to 3D conversion 7008:Specular holography 7003:Polarized 3D system 6920:Stereoscopic acuity 6915:Stereopsis recovery 6745:Holographic display 6699:Bionic contact lens 6502:photographic plates 6182:Digital photography 5360:Hyperfocal distance 5273:Circle of confusion 4848:See-through display 4752:Holographic display 4430:Quantum dot display 4239:2017hpt..book.....R 3579:on 30 October 2017. 3495:2014PhRvL.112u7203V 3453:2011NaPho...5...99G 3410:10.1038/nature06049 3402:2007Natur.448..676C 3352:2014ApPhL.105m2407P 3302:10.1038/nature03139 3294:2004Natur.432..885E 3221:2002PhRvL..88l3201S 3151:1993JaJAP..32.5988O 3073:2018RadM..119..132B 3038:2017NIMPA.864...40B 2977:(19): 15694–15699. 2899:2007OExpr..15.6651K 2858:2017NIMPA.864...40B 2798:1965JOSA...55.1593P 2698:The Physics Teacher 2683:Chiaverina, Chris: 2588:1974OptLT...6..219L 2280:1976JPhE....9..631P 2237:1974ApOpt..13.2942G 2202:10.1364/ao.8.000085 2194:1969ApOpt...8...85U 2159:1962JOSA...52.1123L 2015:1949RSPSA.197..454G 1958:1948Natur.161..777G 1899:10.1038/nature25176 1890:2018Natur.553..486S 1842:10.1038/nature09521 1834:2010Natur.468...80B 1748:2016ConPh..57...46J 1687:Volumetric printing 1601:Holographic display 1570:Heroes of the Storm 1452:specular holography 1348:volumetric displays 1332:lenticular printing 1235:Acoustic holography 1221:Electron holography 1182:electronic products 955:Holography Handbook 944:Holographic Studios 750:specular holography 711:Lake Forest College 595:diffraction grating 368:musical instruments 306:diffraction grating 257:electron holography 7311:British inventions 7038:Wiggle stereoscopy 7033:Volumetric display 6998:Parallax scrolling 6767:Volumetric display 6750:Computer-generated 6001:Autochrome Lumière 5996:Analog photography 5821:Pigeon photography 5610:Social documentary 5089:discontinued films 4890:Color Light Output 4884:High Dynamic Range 4686:Dot-matrix display 4681:Lightguide display 4352:Display technology 4297:How Holograms Work 4163:G. Berger et al., 3785:on 30 October 2021 3759:on 18 October 2012 3145:(12S): 5988–5992. 3139:Jpn. J. Appl. Phys 3107:The Economic Times 2765:. Cabd0.tripod.com 2717:on 6 November 2010 2711:"A Holography FAQ" 2636:, 1666–1668 (2001) 2076:Optical Holography 1682:Volumetric display 1621:Digital holography 1375:48th Grammy Awards 1328: 1311: 1172:, food packaging, 1110: 1099: 1071:Holographic sensor 1055:optical microscopy 1051:numerical aperture 929:photographic plate 901: 897:Peace Within Reach 818:Dynamic holography 794:, a format called 781:gigabit-per-second 627: 359: 342: 334: 275: 209: 48: 7293: 7292: 7254:Sharp Actius RD3D 7174:Stereo microscope 7081:Parallax scanning 6895:Epipolar geometry 6885:Peripheral vision 6860:Binocular rivalry 6803: 6802: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6557: 6556: 6353:Collodion process 6289:Chromogenic print 6276:Color photography 5786:Multiple exposure 5761:Lo-fi photography 5288:Color temperature 4917: 4916: 4843:Always-on display 4634:Electromechanical 4622: 4621: 4224:978-981-4289-54-2 4211:978-0-9822251-4-1 4195:978-0-7503-0912-7 4159:978-0-471-80341-6 4146:978-0-486-24041-1 4124:978-0-521-49345-1 3859:on 4 October 2011 3396:(7154): 676–679. 3360:10.1063/1.4896982 3288:(7019): 885–888. 3009:978-0-9566139-1-2 2983:10.1021/la102693m 2893:(11): 6651–6663. 2632:, Optics Letters 2412:978-0-86196-266-2 2339:978-1-315-35052-3 2153:(10): 1123–1130. 2122:Denisyuk, Yuri N. 2060:978-0-8194-9957-8 2009:(1051): 454–487. 1884:(7689): 486–490. 1792:(2): 32:1–32:35. 1606:Augmented reality 1578:augmented reality 1547:Player characters 1459:Tactile holograms 1323: 1086:Security hologram 912:helium-neon laser 848:Fourier transform 836:optical computing 801:Another company, 453:photographic film 318:rainbow holograms 247:Company (BTH) in 237:Mieczysław Wolfke 201: 7338: 7239:Nvidia 3D Vision 6993:Parallax barrier 6978:Integral imaging 6890:Depth perception 6870:Chromostereopsis 6865:Binocular vision 6830: 6823: 6816: 6807: 6806: 6791: 6790: 6740:Flexible display 6609: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6561: 6560: 6546: 6545: 6535: 6534: 6408:Print permanence 6358:Cross processing 6316:CMYK color model 6301:Color management 6254:Foveon X3 sensor 6249:Three-CCD camera 5893:Miniature faking 5851:Sabattier effect 5463:Astrophotography 5318:Zebra patterning 4944: 4937: 4930: 4921: 4920: 4895:Flexible display 4857:Related articles 4737:Autostereoscopic 4436:Electronic paper 4382:Cathode-ray tube 4365: 4364: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4322: 4321: 4268: 4199: 4086: 4085: 4079: 4071: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4020: 4014: 4013: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3961: 3951: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3906:on 13 April 2015 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3755:. 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Am 2782: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2743:on 7 March 2012 2735: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2693:Wayback Machine 2682: 2678: 2674:, November 2005 2663: 2659: 2652:The Daily Beast 2644: 2640: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2378:. Holophile.com 2374: 2373: 2369: 2353: 2352: 2340: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2299: 2295: 2264: 2260: 2221: 2217: 2178: 2174: 2147:J. Opt. Soc. 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Ars Technica 3537: 3515: 3489:(21): 217203. 3466: 3431: 3373: 3346:(13): 132407. 3323: 3268: 3242: 3215:(12): 123201. 3197: 3172: 3129: 3120: 3094: 3051: 3016: 2996: 2961: 2942:(3): 250–254. 2922: 2886:Optics Express 2871: 2836: 2829: 2811: 2792:(12): 1593–8. 2776: 2754: 2728: 2702: 2676: 2664:Stephen Cass: 2657: 2638: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616:R. Ryf et al. 2609: 2582:(5): 219–224. 2562: 2540: 2518: 2506: 2488: 2466: 2455:. Integraf.com 2443: 2431:Lisson Gallery 2418: 2411: 2389: 2367: 2338: 2332:. Boca Raton. 2318: 2311: 2293: 2258: 2231:(12): 2942–6. 2225:Applied Optics 2215: 2182:Applied Optics 2172: 2137: 2113: 2091: 2084: 2066: 2059: 2038: 1989: 1929: 1863: 1811: 1769: 1719: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1478:Main article: 1475: 1472: 1469:Stopping light 1460: 1457: 1427:, one of many 1336:Pepper's ghost 1304:Pepper's ghost 1295: 1292: 1255:ridged mirrors 1251:atomic mirrors 1247:atomic mirrors 1210: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1120:, such as the 1084:Main article: 1081: 1078: 1069:Main article: 1066: 1063: 1042:Main article: 1039: 1036: 1024:Main article: 1021: 1018: 974:laser pointers 968:published the 889: 886: 863:semiconductors 819: 816: 763:Main article: 760: 757: 700:Lisson Gallery 675: 672: 670: 667: 649: 646: 618: 615: 590: 587: 567:Main article: 564: 561: 560: 559: 555: 540: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 495: 492: 471: 468: 449: 448: 444: 423: 420: 408:reference beam 383: 380: 325: 322: 314:Stephen Benton 189: 186: 28:Pepper's ghost 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7343: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7280:Stereographer 7278: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7244:Panavision 3D 7242: 7240: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7169:Stereo camera 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7144:3D television 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7066:2D-plus-depth 7064: 7062: 7061:2D plus Delta 7059: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7045: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 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6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6449:Photographers 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6343:Bleach bypass 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6330: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6311:primary color 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6296:Reversal film 6294: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6261:Image sharing 6259: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6162:United States 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 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5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5283:Color balance 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5248:Angle of view 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5195:Manufacturers 5193: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4933: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4912: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4885: 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3679: 3675: 3668: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3627:on 4 May 2012 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3548: 3541: 3525: 3519: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3447:(2): 99–102. 3446: 3442: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3201: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3124: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2832: 2830:0-521-34417-4 2826: 2822: 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