176:
results are calculated by multiplying the finish time by the factored number. The resulting number is the one used to determine the winner in events where the factor system is used. For the 2003/2004 para-Nordic skiing season, the percentage for the classic technique was 79% and percentage for free was 87%. The percentage for the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 para-Nordic ski seasons was 79% for classic and 87% for free technique. In para-Nordic skiing, the percentage for the 2012/2013 ski season was 79% for classic and 87% for free. Each of the subclasses with in LW5/7 had their own factoring for the para-alpine 2011/2012 skiing season. The factoring for LW5/7.1 alpine skiing classification during the 2011/2012 skiing season was 0.982 for slalom, 0.9777 for giant slalom, 0.9851 for super-G and 0.9809 for downhill, for LW5/7.2 was 0.9862 for slalom, 0.9843 for giant slalom, 0.9873 for super-G and 0.9833 for downhill, and for LW5/7.3 was 0.9882 for slalom, 0.9863 for giant slalom, 0.9893 for super-G and 0.9853 for downhill.
199:, this same group competes after the visually impaired classes and sitting classes. In cross-country and biathlon events, this classification is grouped with other standing classes. The IPC advises event organisers to run the men's standing ski group after the blind men's group and before the blind women's group. Women's standing classes are advised to go last. In the biathlon, the skier is required to make sure "that the rifle touches the support in between the marked zone (5 cm in front of/behind the balance point)."
237:
Championships, this class was grouped with other standing skiing classifications. In cross country, this class was eligible to compete in the men and women's 5 km, 10 km and 20 km individual race. In the men and women's biathlon, this classification was again grouped with standing classes in the 7.4 km race with 2 shooting stages 12.5 km race which had four shooting stages. At the 2009 World
Championships, there was one male and one female from this class the standing downhill event.
1248:
249:
80:(IPC) defined this classification for para-alpine as "Competitors with disabilities in both upper limbs skiing with two normal skis and without poles ... The disability shall be such that the functional use of poles is not possible. Typical disability profile of the class is double-arm amputation." In 2002, the
84:
defined this classification for para-alpine as a standing skiing classification with "Two skis, no poles, disability in both arms or hands." The IPC defined this classification for para-Nordic skiing as for "those with impairment in both upper limbs without the use of prosthesis. The impairment must
175:
A factoring system is used in the sport to allow different classes to compete against each other, when there are too few individual competitors in one class in a competition. The factoring system works by having a number for each class based on their functional mobility or vision levels, where the
49:. Skiers develop techniques to ski that compensate for balance issues as a result of missing arms. A factoring system is used in para-alpine and para-Nordic to allow LW5/7 skiers to compete fairly against other skiers with disabilities. While this classification was not grouped with others at the
202:
At times, skiers in this class have injured themselves while skiing. Such injuries have occurred for some in this class of the German national para-alpine skiing team between 1994 and 2006. One incident occurred in 1997 and was a femur-fracture caused as a result of a fall while skiing. Another
236:
in alpine-skiing, LW3, LW5/7 and LW9 were grouped for the men's downhill, super-G, slalom and giant slalom events. On the women's side of the 2002 Games programme, LW1, LW4, LW5 and LW6 classes were combined for the downhill, giant slalom and slalom events. At the 2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World
223:
exhibition competition, it was grouped during events in the 1990s and 2000s. At the 1984 Winter
Olympics exhibition competition, disciplines included on the programme were downhill and giant slalom, and was not grouped with others for medal events for men. At the 1996 Disabled Alpine World
140:
Skiers in this class use two skis and no ski poles in para-alpine and para-Nordic. While skiers are prohibited from using traditional ski poles, they may use mini poles so long as they are unable to hold a traditional ski pole without the use of a prostheses. Skiers are also allowed to use
89:
defined this classification for para-Nordic as "Impairment in both upper limbs (arms) without the use of prosthesis. The impairment must be such that the athlete is unable to use poles. If the athlete is able to use a pole they must compete as LW6 or LW8" in 2012.
1181:
97:
handles classification for domestic competitions. For para-Nordic skiing events, classification is handled by IPC Nordic Skiing
Technical Committee on the international level and by the national sports federation such as
102:
on a country by country level. When being assessed into this classification, a number of things are considered, including reviewing the skiers medical history and medical information on the skier's disability, having a
107:
and an in person assessment of the skier training or competing. If a skier in this classification has the ability to use a ski pole of some sort, they may do so but they need to changes classes and compete in LW6/8.
164:
to hold a ski pole that they may not use in other disciplines. Techniques to compensate for balance issues as a result of an upper limb disability may be corrected by using knee drives or hip motions.
870:
652:
271:
Trends and issues in Winter
Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress -4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7-8, 1998 Nagano, Japan
61:
LW5/7 is used in para-alpine and para-Nordic standing skiing, where LW stands for
Locomotor Winter. People in this class have upper extremity issues in both limbs and may include issue such as
513:
480:
452:
321:
903:
1061:
1188:
45:
Skiers in this class use two skis and no ski poles in para-alpine and para-Nordic, though skiers can use mini-ski poles provided they cannot hold a ski pole without the use of a
804:
179:
In disability skiing events, this classification is grouped with standing classes who are seeded to start after visually impaired classes and before sitting classes in the
960:
International
Paralympic Committee (2007). "IPC Nordic Skiing Biathlon & Cross-Country Skiing Rulebook". Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. p. 3.
625:
432:
153:
rules for ski boots and binding heights are followed for this class. Skiers in this class must wear a slalom helmet in slalom events and crash helmets during the
34:
of the upper limbs. The class has three subclasses defined by the location of the disability on the upper extremities. International classification is done by
1025:
679:
1230:
877:
659:
1149:
United
Insurance Group (2005). "2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships UIG Teacher's Guide". Fort Kent, Maine: United Insurance Group. p. 3.
1117:
United
Insurance Group (2005). "2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships UIG Teacher's Guide". Fort Kent, Maine: United Insurance Group. p. 4.
837:
United
Insurance Group (2005). "2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships UIG Teacher's Guide". Fort Kent, Maine: United Insurance Group. p. 5.
349:
United
Insurance Group (2005). "2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships UIG Teacher's Guide". Fort Kent, Maine: United Insurance Group. p. 2.
132:
The IPC defines this para-alpine classification as both arms amputated or dysfunctional below the elbow, both hands unable to hold or use ski poles.
777:
992:
IPC Nordic Skiing (11 January 2011). "IPC Nordic Skiing Rules 2011-12 Changes, clarification, adjustments". Bonn, Germany: IPC Nordic Skiing.
745:
712:
486:
458:
327:
910:
386:
IPC Nordic Skiing (28 March 2011). "IPC Nordic Skiing Classification Rules and Regulations". Bonn, Germany: IPC Nordic Skiing. p. 27.
593:
IPC Nordic Skiing (28 March 2011). "IPC Nordic Skiing Classification Rules and Regulations". Bonn, Germany: IPC Nordic Skiing. p. 1.
1065:
167:
In the Biathlon, all Paralympic athletes shoot from a prone position. Athletes with amputations can use a rifle support while shooting.
1223:
567:
116:
The IPC defines this para-alpine classification as both arms amputated above the elbow, short stumps, no elbow joints or forearms.
93:
For international para-alpine skiing competitions, classification is done through IPC Alpine Skiing. A national federation such as
813:
538:
629:
298:
38:
Alpine Skiing and IPC Nordic Skiing. On the national level, classification is handled by national sports federation such as
1216:
1358:
77:
35:
653:"Statement from the IPCAS STC and IPC Management regarding Classification and Equipment use in the Sport Class LW 5/7"
1262:
1257:
208:
27:
23:
780:. Organizing Committee of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games 2014 in Sochi. Archived from
686:
934:
30:
for skiers with upper extremity issues in both limbs that may include double amputation of both arms and hands or
124:
The IPC defines this para-alpine classification as one arm amputated above the elbow, the other below the elbow.
81:
781:
150:
53:
Exhibition Competition, it was grouped with other standing classes during events in the 1990s and 2000s.
680:"FIS – Rule Book Alpine Skiing for the Disabled 2005/2009 General In addition to the FIS – Alpine – ICR"
269:
Blomqwist, Birgitta; Kipfer, Mirre (1998). "Invited Experts: Classification". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.).
539:"PARA-ALPINE RACES: Calculating Race Results for Athletes who have not been Internationally Classified"
188:
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719:
233:
229:
204:
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196:
1167:
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69:
in both arms. The disability may be a result of double amputation of both arms and hands or
1290:
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1280:
1275:
220:
104:
99:
86:
50:
39:
1031:(in German). Northeim, Germany: Orthopädische Gemeinschaftspraxis Northeim. pp. 15–26
571:
232:, LW1, LW3 and LW5 were put into one group for medal events in para-alpine events. At the
8:
1337:
1332:
1327:
482:
Australian team media guide : 2002 Salt Lake City Paralympic Games, March 7-16, 2002
457:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 25. Archived from
326:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 11. Archived from
1187:. Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. 2009. Archived from
470:
This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
339:
This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
1154:
1122:
997:
965:
842:
598:
542:
391:
354:
294:
744:
Canadian Ski Coaches Federation; National Coaching Certification Program (2005).
711:
Canadian Ski Coaches Federation; National Coaching Certification Program (2005).
812:. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. p. 25. Archived from
430:
160:
In the slalom event, competitors are more likely to use a partial ski pole or a
806:
Australian Paralympic Committee : media guide Vancouver 2010, 12-21 March
1352:
1208:
254:
225:
180:
94:
628:. United States: United States Ski and Snowboard Association. Archived from
1182:"2009 IPC Alpine Skiing - World Championship - Official Results - Downhill"
184:
154:
1247:
485:. Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2002. 27972. Archived from
142:
273:. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 63–66.
228:, men's LW1, LW3 and LW5 were grouped together for medal events. At the
746:"Alpine Ski Racing Athletes with a Disability Technical Considerations"
713:"Alpine Ski Racing Athletes with a Disability Technical Considerations"
161:
46:
751:. Canada: Canadian Ski Coaches Federation. p. 12. Archived from
718:. Canada: Canadian Ski Coaches Federation. p. 10. Archived from
146:
62:
938:
431:
International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing (5 December 2012).
70:
66:
31:
959:
438:. Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing.
192:
904:"IPCAS - Factor List, IPCAS Handicap System, Season 2011-2012"
286:
1300:
219:
While this classification was not grouped with others at the
685:. Slovenia: FIS-Congress Portoroz (SLO) 2002. Archived from
541:. Calgary, Alberta: Alpine Canada. June 2012. Archived from
1320:
1315:
1310:
1095:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake City 2002. 14 March 2002
1305:
1026:"Sportärztliche Betreuung im Behinderten(leistungs)sport"
1024:
Stinus, Hartmut; Stinus, Dr. H.; Dörner, Dr. J. (2006).
937:. National Capital Area, Alpine Ontario. Archived from
1148:
1116:
1064:. New Zealand: Snow Sports New Zealand. Archived from
836:
348:
1087:
1085:
1083:
803:
Goldman, Judy (2010). "02 Games History and Facts".
244:
626:"USSA: Adaptive Cross Country Classification Rules"
282:
280:
1080:
1023:
909:. Bonn, Germany: IPC Alpine Skiing. Archived from
895:
876:. Bonn, Germany: IPC Nordic Skiing. Archived from
862:
293:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 295.
85:be such that the athlete is unable to use poles."
1112:
1110:
991:
901:
871:"IPC Nordic Skiing Percentages Seasons 2008-2010"
868:
650:
592:
385:
381:
379:
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737:
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287:Douglas B. McKeag; James Moeller (3 July 2007).
277:
207:when a skier injured themselves, resulting in a
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953:
570:. Canadian Paralympic Committee. Archived from
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1062:"History of the New Zealand Disabled Ski Team"
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433:"IPC Alpine Skiing Classification Handbook"
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514:"Para-Nordic Classification Summary Chart"
411:
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314:
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560:
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802:
796:
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1212:
1093:"Alpine skiing | Salt Lake 2002"
902:IPC Alpine Skiing (10 October 2012).
770:
519:. Canada: Cross Country Canada. 2012
658:. IPC Alpine Skiing. Archived from
290:ACSM's Primary Care Sports Medicine
13:
651:IPC Alpine Skiing (6 March 2010).
78:International Paralympic Committee
14:
1375:
1263:Para-Nordic skiing classification
1258:Para-alpine skiing classification
28:para-Nordic skiing classification
1246:
247:
16:Disability skiing classification
82:Australian Paralympic Committee
454:Alpine Skiing Technical Manual
323:Alpine Skiing Technical Manual
1:
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56:
7:
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1359:Parasports classifications
1239:Para-skiing classification
869:IPC Nordic Skiing (2008).
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119:
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203:incident occurred at the
935:"Alpine Disabled Skiing"
170:
234:2002 Winter Paralympics
230:1998 Winter Paralympics
205:1998 Winter Paralympics
136:Equipment and technique
221:1984 Winter Olympics
105:physical examination
100:Cross-Country Canada
87:Cross Country Canada
73:of the upper limbs.
51:1984 Winter Olympics
40:Cross-Country Canada
941:on 15 February 2013
784:on 16 February 2010
665:on 13 January 2012.
209:partial ACL rupture
1068:on 24 January 2016
692:on 4 November 2016
632:on 13 January 2013
548:on 31 October 2012
1346:
1345:
1162:Missing or empty
1130:Missing or empty
1005:Missing or empty
973:Missing or empty
850:Missing or empty
606:Missing or empty
399:Missing or empty
362:Missing or empty
300:978-0-7817-7028-6
224:Championships in
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1353:Categories
1198:10 October
1164:|url=
1132:|url=
1099:10 October
1072:10 October
1035:11 October
1007:|url=
975:|url=
945:10 October
920:2012-10-10
887:10 October
852:|url=
823:2016-03-11
778:"Biathlon"
762:11 October
729:11 October
696:11 October
636:10 October
608:|url=
578:10 October
568:"Biathlon"
552:10 October
465:2012-10-02
401:|url=
364:|url=
334:2012-10-02
241:References
162:prosthetic
143:prostheses
57:Definition
47:prosthesis
493:2 October
306:9 October
63:paralysis
1155:cite web
1123:cite web
998:cite web
966:cite web
843:cite web
788:27 March
599:cite web
523:11 March
392:cite web
355:cite web
189:downhill
147:orthoses
71:dysmelia
67:dysmelia
32:dysmelia
193:super-G
128:LW5/7.3
120:LW5/7.2
112:LW5/7.1
297:
215:Events
195:, and
181:slalom
1301:LW6/8
1296:LW5/7
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187:. In
171:Sport
20:LW5/7
1321:LW12
1316:LW11
1311:LW10
1200:2012
1168:help
1136:help
1101:2012
1074:2012
1037:2012
1011:help
979:help
947:2012
889:2012
856:help
790:2013
764:2012
731:2012
698:2012
638:2012
612:help
580:2012
554:2012
525:2016
495:2012
405:help
368:help
308:2012
295:ISBN
183:and
76:The
26:and
1306:LW9
1291:LW4
1286:LW3
1281:LW2
1276:LW1
151:FIS
145:or
65:or
36:IPC
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1338:B3
1333:B2
1328:B1
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