440:
155:
really do. They try to show that they are not able to do some movement, and that is why we have started functional testing." She goes on to say "The second problem is that when you have a very good athlete who is very well trained in the sport, you don't want to punish that person for their good performance. He or she might be an elite athlete doing a very good sport performance, and you might be tempted to say 'OK, he is doing so well he must be in another class.' We do try to get fewer classes so that we don't get, for example, 10 or 12 gold medals in alpine sports. We try to review the classes, but you always have borderline classes and it is always difficult. In winter the aim is to have three classes, like sitting, standing and blind: that is certainly the future that we are all looking to."
739:, the blind skiers skied first, followed by the sit skiing classified skiers, with the standing classes skiing last. Going into the Games, skiers had to have their classification recorded by a chief classifier by 14 February 2001, with the chief classifiers requiring to submit any amendments by 31 March 2001. This list was then sent to National Paralympic Committees (NPC) by 27 April 2001, with an ability to send in amendments again by 7 August 2001. Any discrepancies between the IPC list and NPC lists were reviewed in August 2001. A final master list for classifications was sent by the IPC to the NPCs on 7 September 2001. On 27 January 2002, the IPC sent a classification evaluation schedule to NPCs.
658:. The major difference is skiers in this group follow sighted guides who give the skiers vocal directions on where to ski. The guide for B1 skiers generally skis behind the skier in order to maximize the ability of the skier to hear the guide. The guide tells the skier things like when weight should be shifted, elements coming up on the course, and how to position themselves to maximize the diagonal run of the course. Guides for B2 and B3 skiers often position themselves differently as the skiers have some vision, which means the things a guide assists with will be different from what is required of a skier who has almost no sight.
2569:
639:(RHC-KREK), was used for the first time at the Paralympics. The decision to use the RHC-KREK and limit it to medals for the three groups was made at the IPC Aline Skiing Sports Assembly in October 2004 in order to limit the number of potential medals being offered. It was implemented immediately for all IPC Paralympic Games and IPC World Championships. The system has been criticized because it relies on historical data from individual skiing competitors inside their own class, without taking into account conditions that could slow a skier such as temperature, visibility and precipitation.
591:
662:
609:, for the Winter Paralympics, the Games Classifiers were Mirre Kipfer, Bob Harney, Richard Altenberger and Dr. Ann-Sophie von Celsing. The Games Classifiers for vision impairment classifications were Roman Tolmatschev, Johan Wirsching and Axel Bolsinger. There were fourteen classifications for the sport, with four of them for sit-skiing, seven for standing and three for vision impairment. A factoring system was used when there were not enough competitors in a class and the classes had to be combined. This was modified at the
528:
555:, Sweden, based on equipment utilised by the skier instead of a true functional classification system. The 1976 Winter Paralympics were the first time that classifications other than spinal cord injury classifications competed at the Paralympic Games. There were only two classifications for alpine skiing. One athlete from Austria with a spinal disability as a result of polio competed in an alpine event. He was able to ski from a standing position and competed against amputee skiers.
2163:
459:
International Stoke
Mandeville Games Federation (ISMWSF). ISMWSF was in charge of classification for athletes with spinal cord related disabilities. In 1981, the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) was created, and took over governance for skiers with visual impairments. In 2003, ISMWSF merged with ISOD, and changed its name to the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS) in 2004.
759:
732:, all disability types were eligible to participate, with classification being run through the International Paralympic Committee, with classification being done based on blind, amputee and sitting disability types. Downhill was open to the LW classification, the Super G had a blind event and an LW event, the Giant was open to blind and LW classes, and the slalom was open to the LW classification.
466:(CP-ISRA) has an interest in the sport because it is open to people with cerebral palsy, it is not governed by them. In 1983, the rules for this sport and approval for classification was done by the CP-ISRA, but in 2002, the rules governing the sport, including classification, were set by the 1994 IPC Handbook. In the United States, the sport is governed by
684:. They may wear a prosthesis, use modified length ski poles, and/or use a ski pole called an outrigger that had a small ski on the end. LW1 skiers use two poles but may ski on one or two skis. LW2 skiers use one ski and two poles. LW3, LW4 skiers use two skis and two poles. LW5 and LW7 skiers do not use poles. LW6 and LW8 skiers use two ski and one pole.
562:. The classification used the classification system designed for track events. There were five cerebral palsy classifications. During the 1980s, there were 3 sit-ski classes and 7 other classes. During the 1980s, while not formally part of the para-skiing classification system, intellectual disability alpine skiing events did exist as part of the
613:, with skiers being grouped into three new categories based on a skiers functional ability: vision impaired, standing and sitting. The 14 classes still exist, but against these three groups with different classes having their results factored based on average historical performances inside that classification.
78:. For skiers with visual impairments, guides are used to assist the skier down the course. For standing skiers, different class rules determine what sort of equipment is allowed in competition, such as one pole, two poles or no poles, or one or two skis. Sit skiers use a specially designed ski called a
569:
By 1984, there were four organisations governing classification for the sport. They included ISOD, ISMGF, IBSA and CP-ISRA. In 1985, Swedish
Brigitta Blomqwist, Swiss Andre Deville and Austrian Richard Altenberger began to develop a classification system for mono-skiing. Their classification system
523:
The earliest classification systems for the sport were developed in
Scandinavia. Classification for winter sport started out as a medical one before moving to a functional system. The original classification system was for amputees, with classification based on the type of amputation as determined by
154:
In 1997, one of the international alpine skiing classifiers was Mirre Kipfer. She said "Sometimes athletes try to cheat, to hide what they can really do. They are athletes who want to be in a class that is more advantageous to for them. In testing and classification they don't show what they can
699:
explains how this works with the following example: "Athlete A is classified as LW6 with a factor of 91% finishes the race in 1 minute, their final race time is 54.6 seconds. Athlete B is classified as LW5 with a factor of 79% finishes the race in 1 minute and 2 seconds, their final race time is
30:
with different types of disabilities. The classifications are grouped into three general disability types: standing, blind and sitting. Classification governance is handled by
International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. Prior to that, several sport governing bodies dealt with classification
487:
palsy as a non-progressive brain lesion that results in impairment. People with cerebral palsy or non-progressive brain damage were eligible for classification by them. The organisation also dealt with classification for people with similar impairments. For their classification system, people with
458:
Para-alpine skiing is governed by the
International Paralympic Committee Alpine Skiing. In the sport's early history, the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD), founded in 1964, governed the sport. In 1980, there were two governing bodies handling classification, ISOD and the
94:
People with cerebral palsy in classifications from CP1 to CP8 are covered by skiing classifications. Skiers from CP5 to CP8 compete standing up with the use of equipment. The blind classifications are based on medical classification, not functional classification. In 1995, the classifications for
746:
the LW5 and LW7 events were combined, as were LW6 and LW8 events. There were 25 men and 18 women in the downhill standing classes, 25 men and 10 women in the downhill sitting classes, and 12 men and 10 women in the downhill vision impaired classes. In the Super
Combined, there were 18 men and 14
578:
that started in using on 1983. Sit skiing was not included on the
Paralympic programme. Norway worked to change this by adding sit-skiing classifications to the World Championships in 1986. The move from a medical classification to a functional classification system was still taking place during
486:
The sport is open to all competitors with a visual or physical disability. It is not open to people with intellectual disabilities. In 1983, Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and
Recreation Association (CP-ISRA) set the eligibility rules for classification for this sport. They defined cerebral
629:
During the 1990s, there were conversations about whether or not less-disabled winter sport athletes should be competing in disability winter sport and if they should instead be competing against able bodied competitors. At the same time, there were people including IPC first vice president Jens
150:
In 2010, there were three vision impaired classifications, B1, B2 and B3. These classifications based on a gradient with B1 being the most severe and B3 being the least severe, with B3 skiers having vision around 2/60 to 6/60. Beyond the level of vision impairment, research done at the
Central
708:
In general, classification for all para-alpine skiers looks at which equipment is utilized by a skier and their body position when they ski. Sit-skiers who are in the wheelchair group are assessed based on the residual muscle strength and level of spinal cord injury. For skiers with a visual
574:. Prior to 1988, the classification assessment process generally involved a medical exam to determine the classification. The change in winter disability sport classification towards a more formal functional classification system happened more quickly as a result of changes being made in
58:
The first classification systems for para-alpine skiing were developed in
Scandinavia in the 1960s, with early systems designed for skiers with amputations. At the time, equipment had yet to be developed to allow participation for skiers with spinal cord injuries. The goal of the early
620:
as a hindrance to the development of an independent classification system not based on the rules for able-bodied sport. At the time, sport administrators were trying to get disability skiing into able bodied competitions like the Olympics. These efforts ended by 1993 as the
90:
The para-alpine skiing classification system ensures fair competition in the sport by categorising skiers according to their functional mobility or vision impairment. Classification for amputees is based on their mobility with the use of an assistive device.
716:. There are three types of classification available for Australian competitors: provisional, national and international. The first is for club level competitions, the second for state and national competitions, and the third for international competitions.
142:
There are 9 standing classifications, on a gradient of most severe being LW1 and LW9 being the least severe. Sit skiing has three classifications, LW10, LW11 and LW12. These are grouped from the most severe at LW10 to least severe at LW12. LW10 have T5-T10
71:, efforts were made to make classification more of a functional system. Ten classes existed by the 1980s, and since then, efforts have been made to improve the efficiency of classification by reducing the number of classes so fewer medals can be rewarded.
646:, is working on improving classification to be more of an evidence-based system as opposed to a performance-based system so as not to punish elite athletes whose performance makes them appear in a higher class alongside competitors who train less.
691:. They use a mono-ski, which has a specially fitted chair attached to the single ski. The skiers also use outrigger poles to aid in balance. The monoskis are sometimes called tubs or buckets. Wheelchair users are classified as sit-skiers.
524:
a medical expert. Other classes of disability were not eligible to compete. During the 1970s, equipment was developed for skiers with spinal injuries and a classification system had yet to become fully developed for the sport.
625:
tried to carve out its own identity and largely ceased efforts for inclusion of disability sport on the Olympic programme. The sport was one sports people with disabilities were more likely to participate in during the 1990s.
1622:
Doll-Tepper, Gudrun; Kröner, Michael; Sonnenschein, Werner; International Paralympic Committee, Sport Science Committee (2001). "Organisation and Administration of the Classification Process for the Paralympics".
1377:
Kahrs, Nina; Kroken, Anne Ragnhild (1998). "Classifying Tests in Nordic Cross-Country Sit-Skiing — A Discussion of the %-System in Relation to the Concept of "Fair Player"". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.).
694:
Classifications were combined for one event in 2002 when there were fewer than six competitors in a single class. When classes are combined, a percentage system is used to determine the winner of a race. The
1770:
Trends and issues in Winter Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress -4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7-8, 1998 Nagano, Japan
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Trends and issues in Winter Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress -4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7-8, 1998 Nagano, Japan
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Trends and issues in Winter Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress -4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7-8, 1998 Nagano, Japan
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Trends and issues in Winter Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress -4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7-8, 1998 Nagano, Japan
151:
Institute on Employment Abilities of the Handicapped in Moscow has found differences in functional capabilities based on differences in visual acuity, which plays a significant role in skiing.
633:
In 2006, skiers with amputation still had a medical component to their classification assessment. The three-group classification system, which utilized the Realistic Handicap Competition and
551:, because they wanted a functional classification, not medical classification system, from the onset. They largely succeeded, although the system that ended up being used was developed in
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were eligible provided the condition did not interfere with their ability to compete. People who had strokes were eligible for classification following medical clearance. Competitors with
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Bromann who entertained discussions about whether or not blind classifications should be combined into a single class like is done in some other disabilities sports.
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impairment, their classification is handled by the International Blind Sports Association. They are tested based on medical classification by an ophthalmologist.
583:. Vision impaired, cerebral palsy and amputee classifications representing standing classifications were the only ones eligible for the Paralympics prior to the
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New Horizons in sport for athletes with a disability : proceedings of the International VISTA '99 Conference, Cologne, Germany, 28 August-1 September 1999
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Three classifications exist for skiers with visual disabilities. Vision impaired skiers generally follow the same rules as sighted skiers laid out by the
617:
82:. Skiers are classified based on medical assessment, and their body position when they ski. Blind skiers are evaluated purely on a medical assessment.
508:
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For Australian competitors in this sport, the sport and classification is managed the national sport federation with support from the
139:. Classification for competitors with cerebral palsy is difficult because the levels of spasticity can change as the race progresses.
55:. The sport is open to all competitors with a visual or physical disability. It is not open to people with intellectual disabilities.
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48.98 seconds. Athlete B wins. Therefore, the athlete who completed the race fastest may not be the winner and gold medalist."
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women in the standing event, 18 men and 10 women in the sitting classes, and 10 men and 10 women in the vision impaired classes.
1127:
Tolmatchev, Roman (1998). "On the Issue of Sports Classification of the Blind and Partially Sighted". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.).
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The debate about inclusion of competitors into able-bodied competitions was seen by some disability sport advocates like
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48:
1787:. Winter Olympic sports; Winter Olympic sports (Crabtree Publishing Company). New York: Crabtree Pub. Co. p. 15.
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The 1984 Olympic Scientific Congress proceedings: Eugene, Ore., 19-26 July 1984 : (also: OSC proceedings)
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were not eligible unless they had medical evidence of loco-motor dysfunction. People with cerebral palsy and
59:
classification systems was to be functional but ended up being medical classification systems. At the first
63:
in 1976, there were two classifications for the sport. By the 1980s, classification existed for skiers with
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2368:
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688:
681:
655:
75:
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Blomqwist, Birgitta; Kipfer, Mirre (1998). "Invited Experts: Classification". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.).
874:
840:
1888:
587:, when sit-ski classifications were added. By 2002, there were three vision impaired classifications.
452:
728:. At the 1988 Games, the Giant Slalom was an exhibition event for amputee classified skiers. At the
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Double leg amputation above the knee, moderate to severe cerebral palsy, or equivalent impairment
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2002:
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The development of a policy : Integration Conference 1990 Adelaide, December 3-5, 1990
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108:
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100:
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Australian Sports Commission; Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled (1990).
8:
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Australian team media guide : 2002 Salt Lake City Paralympic Games, March 7-16, 2002
669:
665:
507:
were not eligible for classification by CP-ISRA, but were eligible for classification by
467:
423:
410:
400:
2067:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 15. Archived from
1861:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 27. Archived from
1018:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 11. Archived from
784:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 19. Archived from
558:
In 1983, classification for cerebral palsy competitors in alpine skiing was done by the
2080:
This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
1874:
This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
1612:
This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
1599:. Salt Lake City, Utah: SaltLake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 21. Archived from
1031:
This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
797:
This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
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532:
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60:
23:
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Competition rules for classes use rules set by or modified from rules created by the
661:
1704:
563:
475:
208:
Double leg amputation below the knee, mild cerebral palsy, or equivalent impairment
52:
2263:
680:
Standing skiers generally follow the same rules as sighted skiers laid out by the
935:
808:
548:
2102:. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. p. 19. Archived from
1830:. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. p. 23. Archived from
1742:. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. p. 22. Archived from
1693:. Bon, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. 2006. pp. 84–86. 62307.
1568:. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. p. 21. Archived from
1101:. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. p. 24. Archived from
515:. The sport was not open to competitors with intellectual disabilities in 2002.
478:
governs the sport and classification for people with intellectual disabilities.
349:
Paraplegia with some upper abdominal function and no functional sitting balance
504:
64:
2096:
Australian Paralympic Committee : media guide Vancouver 2010, 12-21 March
1965:
1824:
Australian Paralympic Committee : media guide Vancouver 2010, 12-21 March
1736:
Australian Paralympic Committee : media guide Vancouver 2010, 12-21 March
1562:
Australian Paralympic Committee : media guide Vancouver 2010, 12-21 March
1095:
Australian Paralympic Committee : media guide Vancouver 2010, 12-21 March
527:
341:
Paraplegia with no upper abdominal function and no functional sitting balance
124:
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764:
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Sit skiers generally follow the same rules as sighted skiers laid out by the
415:
27:
2026:
1990:. Bon, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. 2006. p. 74. 62307.
1642:
1519:
1414:. Bon, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. 2006. p. 28. 62307.
1366:. Bon, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. 2006. p. 82. 62307.
1193:. Bon, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. 2006. p. 78. 62307.
996:
1768:
i Marcet, Pau Serracanta (1998). "Blind Skiing". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.).
1537:. Willoughby, N.S.W.: Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled.
547:, the organisers had a difference of opinion with Paralympic Games founder
488:
2162:
47:(CP-ISRA). Some classification systems are governed by bodies other than
1268:. Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2002. 27972. Archived from
310:
Amputation or equivalent impairment of one arm and one leg below the knee
296:
Amputation or equivalent impairment of one arm and one leg above the knee
1772:. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 19–22.
1397:. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 63–66.
1382:. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 67–69.
1131:. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 71–72.
1471:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983).
1448:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983).
1425:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983).
1325:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983).
1229:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983).
144:
1946:. Homebush Bay, New South Wales: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2012
1475:(Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. pp. 13–38.
1233:(Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. pp. 9–11.
1914:. Maidenhead : New York: Meyer & Meyer Sports. p. 96.
1452:(Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. pp. 4–6.
1329:(Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. pp. 7–8.
1691:
Paralympic winter games 1976-2006 : Ornskoldsvik — Torino
1412:
Paralympic winter games 1976-2006 : Ornskoldsvik — Torino
1364:
Paralympic winter games 1976-2006 : Ornskoldsvik — Torino
1191:
Paralympic winter games 1976-2006 : Ornskoldsvik — Torino
492:
79:
1627:. Vol. 1. Oxford (UK): Meyer & Meyer Sport. p. 290.
1429:(Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA. p. 1.
642:
Going forward, disability sport's major classification body, the
448:
1052:. Edmonton: One Shot Holdings Publ. Division. pp. 159–164.
672:
skier from Russia at the 2013 IPC Alpine World Championships at
1988:
Paralympic winter games 1976-2006 : Ornskoldsvik - Torino
560:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association
464:
Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association
45:
Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association
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265:
229:
116:
112:
1909:
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from Slovakia at the 2013 IPC Alpine World Championships in
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Paraplegia with some leg function and good sitting balance
364:
354:
335:
136:
132:
128:
2041:
92 Ves Jeux Paralympiques : Tignes — Albertville
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for skiers with functional mobility, and governed by the
304:
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120:
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246:
Double arm amputation, one above and one below the elbow
2557:
1910:
Gilbert, Prof., Keith; Schantz, Prof., Otto J (2008).
1912:
The Paralympic Games : empowerment or side show?
1887:. Canadian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from
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964:
2093:
Goldman, Judy (2010). "02 Games History and Facts".
1968:. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee
1821:
Goldman, Judy (2010). "02 Games History and Facts".
1733:
Goldman, Judy (2010). "02 Games History and Facts".
1655:
1559:
Goldman, Judy (2010). "02 Games History and Facts".
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Goldman, Judy (2010). "02 Games History and Facts".
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2293:
2043:. Albertville, France: COPTA 92. 1992. p. 29.
1994:
1707:. Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee
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875:Lin, Vernon W.; et al., eds. (19 March 2010).
841:Lin, Vernon W.; et al., eds. (19 March 2010).
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1662:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 621.
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543:Going into the first winter Paralympic Games, the
509:International Sports Organisation for the Disabled
127:Winter. There were three sit-ski classifications:
33:International Sports Organization for the Disabled
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1248:
1047:
933:
474:(USABA) for skiers with vision impairment, while
2998:
1980:
1683:
1615:
1401:
1341:
1176:
359:Paraplegia with fair functional sitting balance
2083:
1809:
1719:
1549:
1392:
1135:
1074:
1048:Steadward, Robert D; Peterson, Cynthia (1997).
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
878:Spinal Cord Medicine: Principles & Practice
844:Spinal Cord Medicine: Principles & Practice
37:International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation
2153:
1761:
1649:
1526:
1386:
1370:
1245:
1120:
535:at the 2013 IPC Alpine World Championships in
2543:
2279:
2139:
1903:
1149:Michael Hutson; Cathy Speed (17 March 2011).
927:
806:
2000:
1936:
1493:
1464:
1197:
1034:
1008:
1006:
970:
868:
800:
634:
26:designed to ensure fair competition between
1697:
1376:
1284:
472:United States Association of Blind Athletes
2550:
2536:
2286:
2272:
2146:
2132:
2055:
1849:
1587:
1222:
1126:
902:
881:. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 2805.
719:
2033:
2007:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p.
2001:DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995).
1958:
1776:
1500:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p.
1494:DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995).
1441:
1318:
1003:
977:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p.
971:DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995).
847:. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 810.
772:
1767:
1656:Steven J. Karageanes (25 October 2004).
1418:
1155:. Oxford University Press. p. 450.
834:
660:
589:
526:
438:
2092:
1820:
1782:
1732:
1558:
1091:
67:. At that time, with inspiration from
2999:
724:The sport was introduced at the first
378:Double leg amputation above the knees
2531:
2267:
2127:
1473:Classification and sport rules manual
1450:Classification and sport rules manual
1427:Classification and sport rules manual
1327:Classification and sport rules manual
1291:Joseph P. Winnick (27 October 2010).
1231:Classification and sport rules manual
934:Joseph P. Winnick (27 October 2010).
282:Single arm amputation below the elbow
271:Single arm amputation above the elbow
257:Double arm amputation below the elbow
235:Double arm amputation above the elbow
41:International Blind Sports Federation
1659:Principles of Manual Sports Medicine
1297:. Human Kinetics. pp. 560–568.
1294:Adapted Physical Education and Sport
1050:Paralympics : where heroes come
937:Adapted Physical Education and Sport
576:wheelchair basketball classification
221:Single leg amputation below the knee
195:Single leg amputation above the knee
69:wheelchair basketball classification
2559:Cerebral palsy sport classification
570:was put into use in competition in
16:Designed to insure fair competition
13:
644:International Paralympic Committee
623:International Paralympic Committee
49:International Paralympic Committee
14:
3023:
2178:Para-Nordic skiing classification
2173:Para-alpine skiing classification
22:is the classification system for
20:Para-alpine skiing classification
2567:
2161:
757:
636:Kreative Renn Ergebnis Kontrolle
2295:Disability sport classification
714:Australian Paralympic Committee
2064:Alpine Skiing Technical Manual
1858:Alpine Skiing Technical Manual
1596:Alpine Skiing Technical Manual
1015:Alpine Skiing Technical Manual
940:. Human Kinetics. p. 51.
781:Alpine Skiing Technical Manual
481:
451:at the 2012 IPC Nor Am Cup at
428:Visual acuity of 2/60 to 6/60
1:
1885:"Winter Sport Classification"
813:. Human Kinetics Publishers.
750:
697:Canadian Paralympic Committee
434:
85:
689:International Ski Federation
682:International Ski Federation
656:International Ski Federation
321:Sitting classes (monoskiers)
76:International Ski Federation
7:
807:Jan Broekhoff (June 1986).
51:Alpine Skiing, such as the
10:
3028:
3007:Parasports classifications
2154:Para-skiing classification
726:Winter Paralympics in 1976
703:
518:
2929:
2874:
2839:
2799:
2764:
2679:
2629:
2574:
2565:
2489:
2448:
2407:
2301:
2186:
2168:
2159:
1966:"What is Classification?"
649:
635:
453:Copper Mountain, Colorado
386:Visually impaired classes
185:Two skis, two outriggers
1785:Paralympic sports events
1705:"Classification History"
198:One ski, two outriggers
2507:Intellectual disability
1783:Johnson, Robin (2010).
744:2010 Winter Paralympics
737:2002 Winter Paralympics
730:1992 Winter Paralympics
720:At the Paralympic Games
611:2006 Winter Paralympics
607:2002 Winter Paralympics
585:1998 Winter Paralympics
581:1992 Summer Paralympics
545:1976 Winter Paralympics
677:
602:
540:
455:
445:Cameron Rahles Rahbula
123:, where LW stands for
2435:Wheelchair basketball
664:
593:
530:
442:
2004:Disability and sport
1497:Disability and sport
974:Disability and sport
313:Choice of equipment
299:Choice of equipment
224:Two skis, two poles
211:Two skis, two poles
666:Alexandra Frantseva
513:Games of Les Autres
468:Disabled Sports USA
388:
323:
285:Two skis, one pole
274:Two skis, one pole
260:Two skis, no poles
249:Two skis, no poles
238:Two skis, no poles
162:
2481:Wheelchair curling
2461:Para-nordic skiing
2456:Para-alpine skiing
2394:Wheelchair fencing
678:
603:
595:Henrieta Farkasova
541:
533:Anna Schaffelhuber
501:muscular dystrophy
497:multiple sclerosis
456:
418:of less than 2/60
384:
319:
172:Typical equipment
158:
61:Winter Paralympics
24:para-alpine skiing
2994:
2993:
2525:
2524:
2466:Para-snowboarding
2420:Football 7-a-side
2415:Football 5-a-side
2399:Wheelchair tennis
2302:Individual Sports
2261:
2260:
1669:978-0-7817-4189-7
1304:978-0-7360-8918-0
1162:978-0-19-953390-9
947:978-0-7360-8918-0
888:978-1-933864-19-8
854:978-1-933864-19-8
820:978-0-87322-006-4
618:Horst Strokhkendl
531:German sit skier
447:competing in the
432:
431:
382:
381:
317:
316:
3019:
2571:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2517:Wheelchair sport
2490:Disability types
2440:Wheelchair rugby
2288:
2281:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2165:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2109:on 18 March 2016
2108:
2101:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2037:
2031:
2030:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1837:on 18 March 2016
1836:
1829:
1818:
1807:
1806:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1749:on 18 March 2016
1748:
1741:
1730:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1575:on 18 March 2016
1574:
1567:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1339:
1338:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1260:
1243:
1242:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1146:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1108:on 18 March 2016
1107:
1100:
1089:
1072:
1071:
1045:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1010:
1001:
1000:
968:
959:
958:
956:
954:
931:
925:
924:
922:
920:
915:. CP-IRSRA. 2012
914:
906:
900:
899:
897:
895:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
838:
832:
831:
829:
827:
804:
798:
796:
794:
793:
776:
767:
762:
761:
760:
638:
637:
564:Special Olympics
476:Special Olympics
389:
383:
324:
318:
163:
160:Standing classes
157:
53:Special Olympics
3027:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3016:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2925:
2870:
2835:
2795:
2760:
2675:
2625:
2572:
2561:
2556:
2526:
2521:
2485:
2444:
2403:
2354:Para-equestrian
2324:Disability golf
2309:Adaptive rowing
2297:
2292:
2262:
2257:
2182:
2166:
2155:
2152:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2019:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1944:"Winter Sports"
1942:
1941:
1937:
1922:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1810:
1795:
1781:
1777:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1654:
1650:
1635:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1550:
1531:
1527:
1512:
1492:
1488:
1469:
1465:
1446:
1442:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1391:
1387:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1342:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1272:on 8 March 2016
1262:
1261:
1246:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1210:. CP-ISRA. 2012
1207:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1152:Sports Injuries
1147:
1136:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1075:
1060:
1046:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1012:
1011:
1004:
989:
969:
962:
952:
950:
948:
932:
928:
918:
916:
912:
910:"Winter Sports"
908:
907:
903:
893:
891:
889:
873:
869:
859:
857:
855:
839:
835:
825:
823:
821:
805:
801:
791:
789:
778:
777:
773:
763:
758:
756:
753:
722:
706:
652:
549:Ludwig Guttmann
521:
484:
437:
88:
31:including the
17:
12:
11:
5:
3025:
3015:
3014:
3009:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2575:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2502:Cerebral palsy
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2430:Sitting volley
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:Para-athletics
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2121:
2120:
2082:
2054:
2032:
2017:
1993:
1979:
1957:
1935:
1920:
1902:
1891:on 9 July 2013
1876:
1848:
1808:
1793:
1775:
1760:
1718:
1696:
1682:
1668:
1648:
1633:
1614:
1586:
1548:
1525:
1510:
1486:
1463:
1440:
1417:
1400:
1385:
1369:
1340:
1317:
1303:
1283:
1244:
1221:
1196:
1175:
1161:
1134:
1119:
1073:
1058:
1033:
1002:
987:
960:
946:
926:
901:
887:
867:
853:
833:
819:
799:
770:
769:
768:
752:
749:
721:
718:
705:
702:
651:
648:
572:Innsbruck 1988
520:
517:
505:arthrogryposis
483:
480:
436:
433:
430:
429:
426:
420:
419:
413:
407:
406:
405:Totally blind
403:
397:
396:
393:
380:
379:
376:
372:
371:
368:
361:
360:
357:
351:
350:
347:
343:
342:
339:
332:
331:
328:
315:
314:
311:
308:
301:
300:
297:
294:
287:
286:
283:
280:
276:
275:
272:
269:
262:
261:
258:
255:
251:
250:
247:
244:
240:
239:
236:
233:
226:
225:
222:
219:
213:
212:
209:
206:
200:
199:
196:
193:
187:
186:
183:
180:
174:
173:
170:
167:
87:
84:
65:cerebral palsy
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3024:
3013:
3012:Alpine skiing
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2880:Nordic skiing
2877:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2635:Alpine skiing
2632:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Sledge racing
2474:
2472:
2471:Sledge hockey
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:Winter Sports
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Paratriathlon
2367:
2365:
2364:Para-swimming
2362:
2360:
2359:Para-shooting
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2105:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2087:
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482:Eligibility
169:Description
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3001:Categories
2512:Les Autres
2075:2012-10-02
2018:0873228480
1869:2012-10-02
1634:1841260363
1607:2012-10-02
1511:0873228480
1059:0968209203
1026:2012-10-02
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792:2012-10-02
751:References
579:after the
462:While the
435:Governance
145:paraplegia
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