193:
knowing her fate, Lady Ma cursed him and angrily reprimanded him, "You are a descendant of the barbarian Qiang. You have brought calamity to the whole country! My ancestors were exemplars of morality and my husband's
Huangfu family excelled in civil and martial arts. He was a loyal official in the service of the Han sovereign. Were not your parents servants of the Huangfu family? How dare you violate the wife of a superior!". Dong Zhuo was enraged upon hearing this, he had a carriage brought to the courtyard and hitched Lady Ma to her by the head, ordering his men to whip her, but then she smiled and said, "Why don't you hit harder? "Let me die faster!" so she was beaten to death.
201:
According to
Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Lady Ma was esteemed for her loyalty and righteousness. In one portrait she is called "The one who achieved the ultimate in propriety." Her integrity lay not so much in her loyalty to her family and the Han Dynasty, but in her courage in the face
140:
Huangfu Gui had remarried when his first wife died, the year not recorded. Lady Ma was his second wife, her name and place of origin are not recorded in history. She was a talented woman who was good at writing and had extensive knowledge of literature, due to her ability to write articles she worked
184:
Once, because the
Huangfu family had a lot of influence in the Han court, Dong Zhuo heard about Lady Ma's talents and beauty, so he wanted to marry her. Dong Zhuo was known to be cruel and usurping, including capturing women for forced marriages. Then Dong Zhuo brought a large number of dowries and
180:
Due to Dong Zhuo's many conquests, he gradually gained power, eventually controlling the capital
Luoyang. He took possession of the palace of the Emperor of Han and proclaimed himself chancellor, many Han loyalists turned against him, there was much protest and court intrigue. Dong Zhuo's tyranny
192:
Lady Ma personally went to Dong Zhuo's mansion to confront him, and after he was rejected, Dong Zhuo and his men immediately drawn their swords and threatened Lady Ma. Dong Zhuo declared that he could "bend everyone within the four seas to my will. How could I not have what I want of a woman?",
205:
Chinese records say of her that she "put to shame those lowly and mean people who bow and scrape to despotic power." However, her unflinching courage was also a useful reminder to those who came after that she died defending the morality of the house of Han against barbarians in revolt.
172:, Dong was reinstated and sent to suppress the rebels. While suppressing this rebellion, Dong Zhuo had several tactical and strategic disagreements with Huangfu Song; after Huangfu managed to achieve victory despite Dong's disagreements, Dong became resentful and fearful of Huangfu.
185:
slaves to ask Lady Ma to marry him, but he did not expect that she would meet him in civilian clothes, she knelt down to make a statement, begged to be released, her words were rude and directly reject Dong Zhuo. According to the
141:
as a secretary, her work as secretary was widely admired. In 174 Huangfu Gui died. Lady Ma was widowed at a time when the Han
Dynasty was crumbling due to corruption, numerous rebellions, and the rising power of warlords.
92:
Lady Ma was often celebrated as an example of moral integrity, standing up to the most powerful man of the time and remaining loyal to her family and the Han dynasty even during changes in power. Her case was recorded in
85:, widely admired as a good, beautiful, versatile, and educated woman, skilled at composition, she often helped draft documents in the cabinet of Huangfu family. She is best known for confronting
137:
in the north of China and was rewarded by appointment as Duliao
General. He was stationed on the northern border for several years and won the love and respect of the Qiang people.
129:
was executed in 159, however, Huangfu Gui was appointed to the position of governor of
Taishan. Between 158 and 167, during the last years of the reign of
156:
in the attack on Zhang Jue in Julu. Although his efforts during the rebellion were initially unsuccessful, with the arrival of Lady Ma's nephew,
368:
455:
202:
of brute force. It was exceptional and considered noteworthy for a woman to sacrifice her life for righteousness and moral integrity.
410:
344:
248:
238:
450:
460:
97:
in volume 84, "Biographies of
Exemplary Women" (卷八十四 列女傳 第七十四). She was also immortalized in the historical book
89:, the warlord who usurped power from the Han dynasty for himself, after he tried to force her to marry him.
82:
445:
134:
161:
145:
69:, which records her biography but states that her name and provenance are unknown; however, the
424:
65:
385:, vol.71. Huangfu Song's biography in the same volume recorded some of these disagreements.
153:
8:
465:
130:
60:
419:
362:
240:
Biographical
Dictionary of Chinese Women: Antiquity Through Sui, 1600 B.C.E. - 618 C.E
406:
398:
350:
340:
244:
122:
189:, the dowry was 100 carriages/wagons filled with money, silk, and slave, 20 horses
63:. She was referred to as the wife of Huangfu Gui (皇甫规), a military general, in the
78:
114:
439:
354:
102:
157:
118:
70:
334:
48:
403:
A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three
Kingdoms (23–220 AD)
105:, where her biography is found in volume 1, "Love and Chastity" (情贞类).
169:
336:
Fire over Luoyang : a history of the later Han dynasty, 23-220 AD
181:
threw the capital into chaos, so an anti-Dong Zhuo coalition emerged.
86:
126:
295:
237:
Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Stefanowska, A. D.; Wiles, Sue (2015-03-26).
160:, victory was gained in the winter against the peasants. When the
165:
43:
148:
in the summer of 184, Dong Zhuo, a warlord who later became the
81:. She was a skilled student of literature and an accomplished
113:
Lady Ma married one of the Han's three prominent generals in
164:
occurred and the barbarians rebelled with local gentries
59:(扶风马氏, d. 190) was a Chinese noblewoman from the late
236:
437:
117:, Huangfu Gui, who was the uncle of the general
274:先有扶風馬夫人，大司農皇甫規之妻也，有才學，工隸書。夫人寡，董卓聘以為妻，夫人不屈，卓殺之。
397:
332:
175:
152:ruler of China, was sent to take over from
367:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
16:Chinese Han Dynasty noblewoman (d. 189 CE)
438:
290:
288:
286:
284:
282:
264:
262:
260:
232:
230:
228:
226:
224:
222:
220:
218:
13:
77:(書斷) identifies her as Lady Ma of
14:
477:
456:2nd-century Chinese women writers
279:
257:
215:
375:
326:
313:
1:
209:
108:
7:
333:De Crespigny, Rafe (2017).
133:, Huangfu Gui pacified the
10:
482:
451:2nd-century Chinese people
391:
461:2nd-century Chinese women
196:
42:
34:
26:
21:
176:Struggles with Dong Zhuo
162:Liang Province Rebellion
339:. Leiden. p. 450.
146:Yellow Turban Rebellion
144:At the outbreak of the
121:. Huangfu Gui was from
425:Book of the Later Han
319:(度辽将军规之兄子也。父节，雁门太守。)
187:Book of the Later Han
95:Book of the Later Han
66:Book of the Later Han
296:"情史/1 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆"
83:cursive calligrapher
61:Eastern Han dynasty
399:de Crespigny, Rafe
412:978-90-04-15605-0
405:. Leiden: Brill.
346:978-90-04-32520-3
300:zh.wikisource.org
250:978-1-317-47591-0
57:Lady Ma of Fufeng
54:
53:
38:Huangfu Gui (皇甫规)
22:Lady Ma of Fufeng
473:
446:Chinese nobility
416:
386:
379:
373:
372:
366:
358:
330:
324:
317:
311:
310:
308:
307:
292:
277:
276:
266:
255:
254:
234:
101:(情史) written by
19:
18:
481:
480:
476:
475:
474:
472:
471:
470:
436:
435:
422:(5th century).
413:
394:
389:
380:
376:
360:
359:
347:
331:
327:
318:
314:
305:
303:
294:
293:
280:
268:
267:
258:
251:
235:
216:
212:
199:
178:
111:
99:History of Love
17:
12:
11:
5:
479:
469:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
434:
433:
417:
411:
393:
390:
388:
387:
374:
345:
325:
312:
278:
256:
249:
213:
211:
208:
198:
195:
177:
174:
115:Liang province
110:
107:
52:
51:
46:
40:
39:
36:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
478:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
441:
431:
427:
426:
421:
418:
414:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:
384:
381:(卓大笾恨，由是忌嵩。)
378:
370:
364:
356:
352:
348:
342:
338:
337:
329:
322:
316:
301:
297:
291:
289:
287:
285:
283:
275:
271:
265:
263:
261:
252:
246:
243:. Routledge.
242:
241:
233:
231:
229:
227:
225:
223:
221:
219:
214:
207:
203:
194:
190:
188:
182:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
106:
104:
103:Feng Menglong
100:
96:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
50:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
429:
423:
402:
382:
377:
335:
328:
320:
315:
304:. Retrieved
302:(in Chinese)
299:
273:
269:
239:
204:
200:
191:
186:
183:
179:
158:Huangfu Song
149:
143:
139:
135:Qiang people
131:Emperor Huan
119:Huangfu Song
112:
98:
94:
91:
74:
71:Tang dynasty
64:
56:
55:
49:Han Dynasty
466:190 deaths
440:Categories
321:Houhanshu,
306:2023-03-31
270:張懷瓘《書斷·卷中》
210:References
170:Bian Zhang
109:Background
430:Houhanshu
383:Houhanshu
363:cite book
355:952139252
87:Dong Zhuo
401:(2007).
150:de facto
127:Liang Ji
125:. After
420:Fan, Ye
392:Sources
166:Han Sui
75:Shuduan
44:Dynasty
409:
353:
343:
323:vol.71
247:
197:Legacy
154:Lu Zhi
123:Anding
79:Fufeng
35:Spouse
73:text
407:ISBN
369:link
351:OCLC
341:ISBN
245:ISBN
168:and
27:Died
30:190
442::
432:).
365:}}
361:{{
349:.
298:.
281:^
272:.
259:^
217:^
428:(
415:.
371:)
357:.
309:.
253:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.