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1288:, the ethical issues raised by this experiment went largely unaddressed for some time. As newspaper clippings from 1957 show, the press was initially focused on reporting the political perspective, while Laika's health and retrieval – or lack thereof – only became an issue later.
1245:, when the batteries failed, or that she had been euthanised. Many rumours circulated about the exact manner of her death. In 1999, several Russian sources reported that Laika had died when the cabin overheated on the fourth day. In October 2002, Dimitri Malashenkov, one of the scientists behind the Sputnik
40:
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in Moscow, constructed in 1964, also includes Laika. On 11 April 2008 at the military research facility where staff had been responsible for readying Laika for the flight, officials unveiled a monument of her poised on top of a space rocket. Stamps and envelopes picturing Laika were produced, as well
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document, Laika was placed in the capsule of the satellite on 31 October 1957 – three days before the start of the mission. At that time of year, the temperatures at the launch site were extremely low, and a hose connected to a heater was used to keep her container warm. Two assistants
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1, stunning the world with Soviet prowess. Planners settled on an orbital flight with a dog. Soviet rocket engineers had long intended a canine orbit before attempting human spaceflight; since 1951, they had lofted 12 dogs into sub-orbital space on ballistic flights, working gradually toward an
1213:
At peak acceleration, Laika's respiration increased to between three and four times the pre-launch rate. The sensors showed her heart rate was 103 beats/min before launch and increased to 240 beats/min during the early acceleration. After reaching orbit,
984:. A fan, designed to activate whenever the cabin temperature exceeded 15 °C (59 °F), was added to keep the dog cool. Enough food (in a gelatinous form) was provided for a seven-day flight, and the dog was fitted with a bag to collect waste. A
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One of the technicians preparing the capsule before final lift-off stated: "After placing Laika in the container and before closing the hatch, we kissed her nose and wished her bon voyage, knowing that she would not survive the flight."
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to separate from the payload. The true cause and time of her death were not made public until 2002; instead, it was widely reported that she died when her oxygen ran out on day six or, as the Soviet government initially claimed, she was
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Yazdovsky made the final selection of dogs and their designated roles. Laika was to be the "flight dog" – a sacrifice to science on a one-way mission to space. Albina, who had already flown twice on a high-altitude test
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2, they were kept in progressively smaller cages for periods of up to twenty days. The extensive close confinement caused them to stop urinating or defecating, made them restless, and caused their general condition to deteriorate.
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In the Soviet Union, there was less controversy. Neither the media, books in the following years, nor the public openly questioned the decision to send a dog into space. In 1998, after the collapse of the Soviet regime,
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wandering the streets of Moscow. Soviet scientists chose to use Moscow strays since they assumed that such animals had already learned to endure conditions of extreme cold and hunger. She was a 5 kg (11 lb)
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countries, open criticism of the Soviet space program was difficult because of political censorship, but there were notable cases of criticism in Polish scientific circles. A Polish scientific periodical,
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Before the launch, one of the mission scientists took Laika home to play with his children. In a book chronicling the story of Soviet space medicine, Vladimir
Yazdovsky wrote, "Laika was quiet and charming
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2, therefore, was something of a rushed job, with most elements of the spacecraft being constructed from rough sketches. Aside from the primary mission of sending a living passenger into space, Sputnik
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Meeting the
November deadline meant building a new craft. Khrushchev specifically wanted his engineers to deliver a "space spectacular", a mission that would repeat the triumph of Sputnik
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902:. In 2008, a small monument to Laika depicting her standing atop a rocket was unveiled near the military research facility in Moscow that prepared her flight. She also appears on the
878:. The experiment, which monitored Laika's vital signs, aimed to prove that a living organism could survive being launched into orbit and continue to function under conditions of
1331:
Work with animals is a source of suffering to all of us. We treat them like babies who cannot speak. The more time passes, the more I'm sorry about it. We shouldn't have done it
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female, approximately three years old. Another account reported that she weighed about 6 kg (13 lb). Soviet personnel gave her several names and nicknames, among them
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1230:, Laika's pulse rate had settled back to 102 beats/min, three times longer than it had taken during earlier ground tests, an indication of the stress she was under. The early
1315:
groups at the time called on members of the public to protest at Soviet embassies. Others demonstrated outside the United
Nations in New York. Laboratory researchers in the
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was designed to be fitted to the dog, and there were chains to restrict her movements to standing, sitting, or lying down; there was no room to turn around in the cabin. An
1234:
indicated that Laika was agitated but eating her food. After approximately five to seven hours into the flight, no further signs of life were received from the spacecraft.
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that simulated the acceleration of a rocket launch and were placed in machines that simulated the noises of the spacecraft. This caused their pulses to double and their
1163:, Yazdovsky and Gazenko conducted surgery on the dogs, routing the cables from the transmitters to the sensors that would measure breathing, pulse, and blood pressure.
1045:), "to bark". According to some accounts, the technicians actually renamed her from Kudryavka to Laika due to her loud barking. The American press dubbed her Muttnik (
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1504:
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were assigned to keep a constant watch on Laika before launch. Just prior to liftoff on 3 November 1957, from
Baikonur Cosmodrome, Laika's fur was sponged in a weak
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was jettisoned successfully; however, the "Block A" core did not separate as planned, preventing the thermal control system from operating correctly. Some of the
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plane took them to
Turatam. Training of dogs continued upon arrival; one after another they were placed in the capsules to get familiar with the feeding system.
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Sputnik 2 was not designed to be retrievable, and it had always been accepted that Laika would die. The mission sparked a debate across the globe on the
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934:. Construction had already started on a more sophisticated satellite, but it would not be ready until December; this satellite would later become
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orbital mission set for some time in 1958. To satisfy
Khrushchev's demands, they expedited the orbital canine flight for the November launch.
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did not improve their condition, and the researchers found that only long periods of training proved effective. The dogs were placed in
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1400:, alongside dozens of other organisms, safely returned to Earth. Nonetheless, four other dogs later died in Soviet space missions:
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2 mission, revealed that Laika had died by the fourth circuit of flight from overheating. According to a paper he presented to the
1065:. Her true pedigree is unknown, although it is generally accepted that she was part husky or other Nordic breed, and possibly part
402:
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1384:, the Russian Cosmonaut training facility. Created in 1997, Laika is positioned behind the cosmonauts with her ears erect. The
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monitored heart rate and further instrumentation tracked respiration rate, maximum arterial pressure, and the dog's movements.
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Recently, several
Russian sources revealed that Laika survived in orbit for four days and then died when the cabin overheated.
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Future space missions carrying dogs would be designed to be recovered; the first successful recovery followed the flight of
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2 mission as "regrettable" and criticised not bringing Laika back to Earth alive as "undoubtedly a great loss for science".
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on living creatures at the time of Laika's mission, and animal flights were viewed by engineers as a necessary precursor to
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terrier". A Russian magazine described her temperament as phlegmatic, saying that she did not quarrel with other dogs.
1041:, was the name popularised around the world. Its literal translation would be "Barker", from the Russian verb "layat" (
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Accounts of the time of launch vary from source to source, given as 05:30:42 Moscow Time or 07:22 Moscow Time.
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The Soviet scientists had planned to euthanise Laika with a serving of poisoned food. For many years, the
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Malashenkov, D. C. (2002), "Abstract:Some
Unknown Pages of the Living Organisms' First Orbital Flight",
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2 was made on 10 or 12 October, leaving less than four weeks to design and build the spacecraft. Sputnik
1991:
West, John B. (1 October 2001), "Historical aspects of the early Soviet/Russian manned space program",
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called on all dog owners to observe a minute's silence on each day Laika remained in space, while the
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1128:). The dogs were trained to eat a special high-nutrition gel that would be their food in space.
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were killed when their R‑7 rocket exploded shortly after launch on 28 July 1960, while
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tore loose, raising the cabin temperature to 40 °C (104 °F). After three hours of
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was painted onto the areas where sensors would be placed to monitor her bodily functions.
8:
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2035:"Animals and man in space. A chronology and annotated bibliography through the year 1960"
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1152:" – she was to stay on the ground and be used to test instrumentation and
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2020:
1697:""Epoch of the Dog: Names and Stories of the Soviet Space Exploration" (in Russian)"
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1319:. offered some support for the Soviets, at least before the news of Laika's death.
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2004:
1135:... I wanted to do something nice for her: She had so little time left to live."
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and increased radiation, providing scientists with some of the first data on the
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near the cosmodrome was small, the dogs and crew had to be first flown aboard a
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2 (including Laika's remains) disintegrated during re-entry on 14 April 1958.
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had not yet been developed, Laika's survival was never expected. She died of
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was created from a revision of this article dated 19 November 2011
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We did not learn enough from this mission to justify the death of the dog.
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2041:, ONR TR ACR-64 (AD0272581), archived from the original on 11 August 2015
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19:
This article is about the Soviet dog. For the Greek genre of music, see
3196:
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3153:
2630:
1348:("Who, When, Why"), published in 1958, discussed the mission of Sputnik
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The Soviet Union and United States had previously sent animals only on
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According to
Russian sources, the official decision to launch Sputnik
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2313:"Laika the dog: These are all the animals that have been into space"
1867:"Animals as Cold Warriors: Missiles, Medicine and Man's Best Friend"
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3211:
3106:
3062:
3013:
2408:
Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974
2285:
1696:
1630:"Recalling top dog Laika, 65 years after pathbreaking space flight"
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The craft was equipped with a life-support system consisting of an
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2105:"Message from the First Dog in Space Received 45 Years Too Late"
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1171:
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412:
1148:, was to act as Laika's backup. The third dog, Mushka, was a "
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To adapt the dogs to the confines of the tiny cabin of
Sputnik
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Laika's death was possibly caused by a failure of the central
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1038:
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90:
81:
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Animals In Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle
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Laika is memorialised in the form of a statue and plaque at
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NASA named this soil target on Mars after Laika during the
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2. In the periodical's section dedicated to astronautics,
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in general to advance science. In the United Kingdom, the
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gave conflicting statements that she had died either from
2814:
2757:
288:
271:
2159:, National Society for Medical Research, November 1957,
2447:
Science in the Dock: The man who trained the space dogs
2347:
2335:
1947:
1305:
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
2230:"A New Monument for Laika, Russia's Heroic Space Dog"
1426:
1424:
805:
793:
2593:
2369:
The satellite's orbit had a period of 103.7 minutes.
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hours into the flight, on the craft's fourth orbit.
787:
2107:, Dogs in the News, 3 November 2002, archived from
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1260:
Over five months later, after 2,570 orbits, Sputnik
784:
2181:Boruń, Krzysztof (December 1958), "Astronautyka",
1663:
1421:
1284:Due to the overshadowing issue of the Soviet–U.S.
3298:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
3362:
1914:
1372:"Laika, first traveller into cosmos", issued by
1080:flights. Three dogs were trained for the Sputnik
851:from the streets of Moscow, she flew aboard the
1412:suffered an emergency and had to be detonated.
961:2 also contained instrumentation for measuring
2032:
1869:, National Library of Medicine, 19 June 2006,
16:Soviet dog, first animal to orbit Earth (1957)
2579:
2099:
2097:
1468:"Korolev's Triple Play: Sputniks 1, 2, and 3"
756:
118:
57:
2205:"First in Orbit, Laika the Dog Made History"
2026:
2198:
2196:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1604:"Sputnik-2, more news from distant history"
1568:
1267:
2586:
2572:
2094:
1890:
1830:
1433:"Russia opens monument to space dog Laika"
1430:
1092:, and Laika. Soviet space-life scientists
763:
749:
3264:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation
1138:
859:on 3 November 1957. As the technology to
2513:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
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1953:
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1657:
1655:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1033:). Laika, the Russian name for several
403:Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories
3363:
2211:from the original on 24 September 2015
2202:
2122:
1936:from the original on 24 September 2015
1891:Isachenkov, Vladimir (11 April 2008),
1884:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1801:
1799:
1781:, National Space Science Data Center,
1640:from the original on 24 September 2015
1627:
1610:from the original on 24 September 2015
1507:from the original on 24 September 2015
1501:"Sputnik 2: The First Animal in Orbit"
1498:
1445:from the original on 26 September 2015
1431:Isachenkov, Vladimir (11 April 2008),
1307:(RSPCA) received protests even before
1194:solution and carefully groomed, while
870:Little was known about the effects of
2567:
2311:Georgiou, Aristos (3 November 2019).
2180:
2071:
2069:
1841:from the original on 5 September 2015
1831:Whitehouse, David (28 October 2002),
1751:, The British Library, archived from
1724:"A Brief History of Animals in Space"
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
820:
735:List of Soviet and Russian cosmonauts
2323:from the original on 3 November 2023
2258:from the original on 3 December 2022
2236:from the original on 16 October 2015
2149:
2039:US Naval School of Aviation Medicine
1990:
1903:from the original on 29 October 2013
1893:"Space dog monument opens in Russia"
1834:First dog in space died within hours
1813:from the original on 17 October 2015
1730:from the original on 11 October 2004
1721:
1715:
1678:from the original on 3 November 2019
1652:
1584:
1564:
1562:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1474:from the original on 16 January 2001
1456:
1311:had finished announcing the launch.
1178:. From there, a smaller and lighter
3308:Monument to the Conquerors of Space
2174:
2138:from the original on 8 October 2015
2079:, moscowanimals.org, archived from
1984:
1873:from the original on 6 October 2015
1852:
1824:
1796:
1665:"Muscovites Told Space Dog Is Dead"
1529:
1389:as branded cigarettes and matches.
1386:Monument to the Conquerors of Space
905:Monument to the Conquerors of Space
13:
3421:Animal testing in the Soviet Union
2741:(incorporated into Salyut program)
2483:
2445:Angliss, Sarah and Uttley, Colin.
2439:
2066:
1959:
1741:
1628:Sriram, Varsha (3 November 2022).
1485:
1069:. NASA refers to Laika as a "part-
14:
3442:
2464:
2386:Sputnik: The Shock of the Century
2292:from the original on 26 July 2018
2157:"Human Guinea Pigs and Sputnik 2"
2033:Beischer, DE; Fregly, AR (1962),
1703:from the original on 23 July 2020
1662:Frankel, Max (13 November 1957),
1601:
1559:
1532:"The True Story of Laika the Dog"
1518:
1166:Because the existing airstrip at
884:biological effects of spaceflight
3350:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
2669:
2541:
2529:
2495:
2278:"The dog that orbited the Earth"
2203:Savage, Sam (31 December 2004),
2163:from the original on 20 May 2015
1969:, novareinna.com, archived from
1785:from the original on 29 May 2019
1530:Zak, Anatoly (3 November 1999),
780:
38:
3313:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
2363:
2304:
2270:
2240:
1927:
175:First animal to orbit the Earth
1689:
1621:
1301:National Canine Defence League
1:
3259:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
2389:, Bloomsbury Publishing USA,
1993:Journal of Applied Physiology
1415:
826:
126:
2799:Soviet crewed lunar programs
2449:. Retrieved 28 January 2005.
2005:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.4.1501
1809:, Space Today Online, 2004,
911:
221:Soviet crewed lunar programs
7:
2859:International Space Station
2554:History of Sputnik Missions
2288:Magazine. 8 November 2017.
995:
10:
3447:
2375:
1499:LePage, Andrew J. (1997),
1466:Harford, James J. (1997),
915:
855:spacecraft, launched into
431:Expendable launch vehicles
237:Human spaceflight programs
18:
3416:Dog training and behavior
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2419:16 September 2008 at the
2058:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
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1205:
836:who was one of the first
832:– 3 November 1957) was a
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44:Laika in a flight harness
37:
3431:Dogs in the Soviet Union
3411:Deaths from hyperthermia
3406:1957 in the Soviet Union
3345:Space industry of Russia
2559:Sputnik 2 at Astronautix
2134:, BBC, 3 November 1957,
1268:Ethics of animal testing
1061:, or referred to her as
2867:Russian Orbital Segment
1932:, Russianspaceweb.com,
1293:mistreatment of animals
1159:Before leaving for the
2546:Quotations related to
2491:
2471:Listen to this article
2425:Part 2 (page 501-1011)
2383:Dickson, Paul (2009),
1377:
1337:
1281:
1278:Mars Exploration Rover
1139:Preflight preparations
635:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
25:Laika (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
3426:Dogs in human culture
2599:Russian space program
2490:
1410:Korabl-Sputnik 3
1394:Korabl-Sputnik 2
1371:
1356:described the Sputnik
1329:
1275:
1120:to increase by 30–65
1000:Laika was found as a
976:and devices to avoid
922:After the success of
680:Konstantin Feoktistov
665:Alexander Kemurdzhian
2661:Vostochny Cosmodrome
2538:at Wikimedia Commons
2522:More spoken articles
2430:14 July 2019 at the
2183:Kto, Kiedy, Dlaczego
2077:"The Story of Laika"
1755:on 23 September 2015
1346:Kto, Kiedy, Dlaczego
1251:World Space Congress
891:R‑7 sustainer
670:Valentina Tereshkova
212:Soviet space program
184:Soviet space program
3381:1957 in spaceflight
3286:Veterok and Ugolyok
2653:Svobodny Cosmodrome
2648:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
2626:Baikonur Cosmodrome
2414:Part 1 (page 1-500)
1967:"Memorial to Laika"
1722:Gray, Tara (1998),
1699:. 27 January 2018.
1579:2002iaf..confE.288M
1544:on 20 February 2006
1406:Pchyolka and Mushka
1396:, wherein the dogs
1161:Baikonur Cosmodrome
685:Mikhail Tikhonravov
398:Astron (spacecraft)
279:(lunar Soyuz 7K-L1)
162:Cause of death
137:, Soviet Union
34:
3376:1957 animal deaths
3371:1954 animal births
3332:(1997 documentary)
3324:(1995 documentary)
3321:Out of the Present
3254:List of cosmonauts
3231:Images and artwork
3171:Deep Space Network
2818:(Mars/Venus flyby)
2492:
1671:The New York Times
1378:
1282:
1224:thermal insulation
1100:trained the dogs.
1094:Vladimir Yazdovsky
932:October Revolution
206:of articles on the
32:
3358:
3357:
3281:Belka and Strelka
3271:Soviet space dogs
3133:Sputnik programme
3121:
3120:
3054:
3009:
2988:
2967:
2898:
2897:
2863:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2767:
2754:
2742:
2706:Human spaceflight
2657:
2634:
2534:Media related to
2488:
2452:Dubbs, Chris and
2404:Siddiqi, Asif. A.
2396:978-0-8027-1804-4
2232:, 11 April 2008,
2111:on 8 January 2006
2083:on 16 August 2006
1749:"Space Dog Lives"
1402:Bars and Lisichka
1398:Belka and Strelka
990:electrocardiogram
928:Nikita Khrushchev
926:in October 1957,
840:and the first to
773:
772:
700:Vladimir Chelomey
268:
197:
196:
193:5 kg (11 lb)
3438:
3391:Animals in space
3303:Cosmonauts Alley
3166:Luch (satellite)
3052:
3024:
3007:
2986:
2965:
2911:
2910:
2861:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2765:
2752:
2740:
2713:
2712:
2673:
2655:
2628:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2545:
2533:
2512:
2510:
2499:
2498:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2411:
2399:
2370:
2367:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2248:"Laika Monument"
2244:
2238:
2237:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2030:
2024:
2023:
1999:(4): 1501–1511,
1988:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1925:
1912:
1911:
1910:
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1881:
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1693:
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1667:
1659:
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1625:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1599:
1582:
1581:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1540:, archived from
1527:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1496:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1438:Associated Press
1428:
1359:
1351:
1334:
1263:
1248:
1217:
1134:
1106:
1083:
978:oxygen poisoning
974:oxygen generator
963:solar irradiance
960:
956:
952:
944:
900:oxygen depletion
880:weakened gravity
838:animals in space
834:Soviet space dog
831:
828:
824:
822:[ˈlajkə]
819:
815:
808:
803:
802:
799:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
765:
758:
751:
695:Valentin Glushko
645:Mstislav Keldysh
640:Friedrich Zander
378:Lunokhod program
266:
199:
198:
148:
131:
128:
124:
122:
121:
89:, possibly part-
74:Canis familiaris
61:
60:
53:
42:
35:
31:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3401:Deaths in space
3396:Individual dogs
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3335:
3242:
3238:Mission patches
3226:
3175:
3117:
3072:
3028:
3022:
2906:
2894:
2878:
2847:
2779:
2708:
2700:
2679:Launch vehicles
2674:
2665:
2614:
2601:
2592:
2526:
2525:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2503:This audio file
2500:
2493:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2442:
2440:Further reading
2437:
2432:Wayback Machine
2421:Wayback Machine
2397:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2201:
2194:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2031:
2027:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1973:on 22 June 2015
1965:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1926:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1829:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1807:"Dogs in space"
1805:
1804:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1742:
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1613:
1611:
1600:
1585:
1567:
1560:
1547:
1545:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1497:
1486:
1477:
1475:
1464:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1366:
1357:
1354:Krzysztof Boruń
1349:
1332:
1270:
1261:
1246:
1215:
1208:
1185:According to a
1141:
1132:
1104:
1081:
1037:similar to the
998:
958:
954:
950:
942:
920:
914:
829:
817:
806:
783:
779:
769:
740:
739:
730:
720:
719:
630:
629:Notable figures
622:
621:
433:
423:
422:
393:Marsnik program
333:Sputnik program
328:
318:
317:
239:
156:low Earth orbit
150:
149:(aged 2–3)
146:
145:3 November 1957
132:
129:
125:
116:
51:
45:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3329:Mission to Mir
3325:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3293:Ivan Ivanovich
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3129:
3127:
3126:Communications
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3080:
3078:
3077:In development
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3017:
3011:
3002:
2996:
2993:Resurs-DK No.1
2990:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2963:Phobos program
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2933:Luna programme
2930:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2883:In development
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2802:(Moon landing)
2796:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2768:
2760:
2755:
2747:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2539:
2515:
2501:
2494:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:External links
2463:
2462:
2461:
2454:Burgess, Colin
2450:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2412:SP-2000-4408.
2400:
2395:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:Siddiqi (2000)
2346:
2342:Siddiqi (2000)
2334:
2303:
2269:
2239:
2221:
2192:
2173:
2148:
2121:
2093:
2065:
2025:
1983:
1958:
1954:Siddiqi (2000)
1946:
1928:Zak, Anatoly,
1913:
1883:
1851:
1823:
1795:
1765:
1740:
1714:
1688:
1651:
1634:Indian Express
1620:
1583:
1558:
1517:
1484:
1455:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1365:
1362:
1297:animal testing
1269:
1266:
1255:Houston, Texas
1228:weightlessness
1207:
1204:
1140:
1137:
1124:(4.0–8.7
1118:blood pressure
1057:) as a pun on
1035:breeds of dogs
997:
994:
982:carbon dioxide
980:and to absorb
936:Sputnik 3
916:Main article:
913:
910:
876:human missions
771:
770:
768:
767:
760:
753:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
731:
726:
725:
722:
721:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
690:Mikhail Yangel
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
650:Sergei Korolev
647:
642:
637:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
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440:
434:
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428:
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424:
421:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
388:Phobos program
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
329:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
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306:
297:
292:
286:
285:(Moon landing)
280:
274:
269:
261:
256:
251:
246:
240:
235:
234:
231:
230:
229:
228:
223:
215:
214:
208:
207:
195:
194:
191:
187:
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177:
176:
173:
172:Known for
169:
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163:
159:
158:
143:
139:
138:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
84:
78:
77:
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64:
63:
54:
47:
46:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3443:
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3404:
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3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3187:Baikal-Angara
3185:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:(begun 1957)
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2999:Koronas-Foton
2997:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2504:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2366:
2362:
2356:, p. 259
2355:
2350:
2344:, p. 252
2343:
2338:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2257:
2253:
2252:Atlas Obscura
2249:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2055:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1956:, p. 173
1955:
1950:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1677:
1674:, p. 3,
1673:
1672:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1609:
1605:
1602:Grahn, Sven,
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:IAF Abstracts
1565:
1563:
1555:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1460:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1313:Animal rights
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:Tu‑104
1169:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
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1129:
1127:
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1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:(Russian for
1012:
1008:
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993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
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970:
968:
964:
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937:
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929:
925:
919:
909:
907:
906:
901:
897:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
844:the Earth. A
843:
839:
835:
823:
811:
810:
801:
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761:
759:
754:
752:
747:
746:
744:
743:
736:
733:
732:
729:
724:
723:
716:
715:Boris Chertok
713:
711:
710:Vasily Mishin
708:
706:
705:Kerim Kerimov
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
675:Alexei Leonov
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
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648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
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613:
611:
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607:
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603:
599:
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586:
584:
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579:
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571:
569:
566:
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561:
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554:
552:
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547:
544:
543:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
510:
507:
505:
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500:
497:
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492:
491:
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487:
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386:
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341:
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336:
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331:
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327:
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314:
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305:
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281:
278:
275:
273:
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265:
262:
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257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
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224:
222:
219:
218:
217:
216:
213:
210:
209:
205:
201:
200:
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185:
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178:
174:
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164:
160:
157:
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140:
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103:
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83:
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71:
69:
65:
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48:
41:
36:
30:
26:
22:
3327:
3319:
3275:
3105:
2957:Vega program
2945:Zond program
2794:(Moon flyby)
2791:Zond (7K-L1)
2750:Soyuz-Apollo
2643:Kapustin Yar
2619:Launch sites
2550:at Wikiquote
2457:
2407:
2385:
2365:
2349:
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2316:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2281:
2272:
2260:. Retrieved
2251:
2242:
2224:
2213:, retrieved
2207:, redOrbit,
2189:(1): 330–331
2186:
2182:
2176:
2167:28 September
2165:, retrieved
2151:
2142:26 September
2140:, retrieved
2130:
2124:
2113:, retrieved
2109:the original
2087:26 September
2085:, retrieved
2081:the original
2043:, retrieved
2038:
2028:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1977:26 September
1975:, retrieved
1971:the original
1961:
1949:
1938:, retrieved
1905:, retrieved
1896:
1886:
1877:28 September
1875:, retrieved
1845:26 September
1843:, retrieved
1833:
1826:
1817:28 September
1815:, retrieved
1787:, retrieved
1759:26 September
1757:, retrieved
1753:the original
1743:
1734:26 September
1732:, retrieved
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1691:
1680:, retrieved
1669:
1644:26 September
1642:. Retrieved
1633:
1623:
1612:, retrieved
1570:
1553:
1546:, retrieved
1542:the original
1535:
1511:26 September
1509:, retrieved
1478:26 September
1476:, retrieved
1447:, retrieved
1436:
1391:
1379:
1374:Poșta Română
1345:
1338:
1330:
1325:Oleg Gazenko
1321:
1309:Radio Moscow
1290:
1283:
1259:
1239:Soviet Union
1236:
1212:
1209:
1200:
1184:
1180:Il‑14
1165:
1158:
1154:life support
1142:
1130:
1102:
1098:Oleg Gazenko
1075:
1062:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1031:Little Lemon
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:Little Curly
1014:
1010:
999:
971:
948:
940:
921:
903:
888:
869:
775:
774:
660:Yuri Gagarin
654:
563:Soyuz/Vostok
418:Vega program
383:Mars program
373:Zond program
368:Luna program
326:Space probes
291:(Mars flyby)
264:Apollo–Soyuz
226:Luna program
147:(1957-11-03)
135:Russian SFSR
72:
29:
3016:(2011–2019)
3005:Fobos-Grunt
2995:(2006-2016)
2980:(1990-1992)
2974:(1989-1998)
2968:(1988-1989)
2959:(1984-1987)
2953:(1983-1991)
2947:(1964–1970)
2941:(1961–1985)
2935:(1958–1976)
2929:(1972–1996)
2923:(1961–1982)
2763:Shuttle–Mir
2638:Dombarovsky
2131:On this day
1930:"Sputnik-2"
1779:"Sputnik 2"
1341:Warsaw Pact
1150:control dog
1114:centrifuges
1078:sub-orbital
967:cosmic rays
908:in Moscow.
872:spaceflight
865:overheating
830: 1954
812:; Russian:
166:Overheating
130: 1954
97:) and part-
56:Kudryavka (
3365:Categories
3343:See also:
3197:Mars-Grunt
3159:Sputnik 99
3154:Sputnik 41
2810:(moonbase)
2631:Kazakhstan
2518:Audio help
2509:2011-11-19
2327:4 November
2262:3 November
1789:3 November
1682:3 November
1614:2 February
1416:References
1408:died when
1286:Space Race
1084:2 flight:
1023:Little Bug
896:euthanised
728:Cosmonauts
62:, "Curly")
3202:Mercury-P
3192:Laplace-P
3149:Sputnik 3
3144:Sputnik 2
3139:Sputnik 1
3113:Spektr-UV
3084:Luna-Glob
3068:Spektr-RG
3045:Elektro–L
2784:Cancelled
2656:(defunct)
2610:Roscosmos
2115:4 October
1537:Space.com
1382:Star City
1339:In other
1232:telemetry
1220:nose cone
1174:plane to
1110:Laxatives
1051:+ suffix
1027:Limonchik
1011:Kudryavka
924:Sputnik 1
918:Sputnik 2
912:Sputnik 2
898:prior to
857:low orbit
853:Sputnik 2
443:Molniya-M
438:Kosmos-3M
152:Sputnik 2
93:(or part-
3217:Venera-D
3212:Spektr-M
3180:Concepts
3107:Kazachok
3063:Resurs-P
3058:Meteor-M
3023:(failed)
3014:Spektr-R
3008:(failed)
2987:(failed)
2966:(failed)
2907:programs
2709:programs
2520: ·
2428:Archived
2417:Archived
2406:(2000),
2321:Archived
2317:Newsweek
2290:Archived
2286:BBC News
2256:Archived
2234:archived
2209:archived
2161:archived
2136:archived
2054:citation
2021:24284107
2013:11568130
1934:archived
1907:15 April
1901:archived
1897:NBC News
1871:archived
1839:archived
1811:archived
1783:archived
1728:archived
1726:, NASA,
1701:Archived
1676:archived
1638:Archived
1608:archived
1505:archived
1472:archived
1470:, NASA,
1449:4 August
1443:archived
1280:mission.
1243:asphyxia
1176:Tashkent
996:Training
861:de-orbit
408:RELIKT-1
204:a series
202:Part of
133:Moscow,
59:Кудрявка
3386:Sputnik
3247:Related
3099:Luna 28
3094:Luna 27
3089:Luna 26
3053:(joint)
3050:ExoMars
3020:Luna 25
2984:Mars 96
2927:Prognoz
2904:Robotic
2862:(joint)
2771:Energia
2766:(joint)
2753:(joint)
2728:Voskhod
2507: (
2478:minutes
2460:, 2007.
2376:Sources
2296:21 July
2282:Witness
2215:27 July
2045:14 June
1837:, BBC,
1707:23 July
1575:Bibcode
1573:: 288,
1376:in 1957
1214:Sputnik
1192:ethanol
1168:Turatam
1071:Samoyed
1067:terrier
1059:Sputnik
1025:), and
1019:Zhuchka
1007:mongrel
986:harness
849:mongrel
605:Tsyklon
573:Voskhod
568:Sputnik
531:Molniya
484:Energia
353:Molniya
348:GLONASS
309:Energia
267:(joint)
249:Voskhod
117:Laika (
99:terrier
95:Samoyed
87:Mongrel
68:Species
52:name(s)
3040:Bion-M
3033:Active
3025:(2023)
3010:(2011)
3001:(2009)
2989:(1996)
2972:Granat
2951:Astron
2939:Venera
2852:Active
2843:Kliper
2828:Zvezda
2823:Spiral
2807:Zvezda
2733:Salyut
2723:Vostok
2691:Proton
2686:Angara
2595:Soviet
2410:, NASA
2393:
2019:
2011:
1940:23 May
1548:14 May
1364:Legacy
1358:
1350:
1333:
1262:
1247:
1216:
1206:Voyage
1196:iodine
1146:rocket
1133:
1105:
1090:Mushka
1086:Albina
1082:
959:
955:
951:
943:
578:Vostok
536:Polyot
489:Kosmos
448:Proton
413:Venera
358:Meteor
338:Kosmos
295:Spiral
259:Salyut
244:Vostok
190:Weight
108:Female
50:Other
3276:Laika
3222:Sfera
3207:OPSEK
2978:Gamma
2874:Soyuz
2833:Zarya
2775:Buran
2738:Almaz
2696:Soyuz
2548:Laika
2536:Laika
2017:S2CID
1122:torrs
1063:Curly
1043:лаять
1039:husky
1002:stray
846:stray
842:orbit
814:Лайка
776:Laika
655:Laika
541:Soyuz
472:Zenit
460:Soyuz
363:Zenit
313:Buran
300:Almaz
283:N1-L3
254:Soyuz
180:Owner
154:, in
120:Лайка
91:husky
82:Breed
33:Laika
21:Laïko
2914:Past
2890:Orel
2838:MAKS
2716:Past
2629:(in
2597:and
2391:ISBN
2329:2022
2298:2018
2264:2022
2217:2009
2169:2006
2144:2006
2117:2006
2089:2006
2060:link
2047:2011
2009:PMID
1979:2006
1942:2013
1909:2008
1879:2006
1847:2006
1819:2006
1791:2014
1761:2006
1736:2006
1709:2020
1684:2019
1646:2006
1616:2004
1550:2023
1513:2006
1480:2006
1451:2014
1295:and
1218:2's
1187:NASA
1096:and
1054:-nik
1048:mutt
965:and
818:IPA:
526:Luna
343:Bion
277:Zond
142:Died
113:Born
2815:TMK
2758:Mir
2745:TKS
2001:doi
1317:U.S
1253:in
1126:kPa
1017:),
809:-kə
521:R-7
304:TKS
289:TMK
272:Mir
105:Sex
3367::
2921:DS
2773:/
2743:/
2476:14
2456:.
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2319:.
2315:.
2284:.
2280:.
2254:.
2250:.
2195:^
2185:,
2096:^
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2056:}}
2052:{{
2037:,
2015:,
2007:,
1997:91
1995:,
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938:.
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825:;
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509:3M
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