2564:
2553:
1105:: "Vertebrate fossils record a faunal turnover indicative of more open and probable arid habitats than those reconstructed earlier in this region, in broad agreement with hypotheses addressing the role of environmental forcing in hominin evolution at this time." This interpretation is consistent with hypotheses that emphasize the
978:
the concentration of carbon dioxide peaked at approximately 389 ppm (in the range 381β427 ppm with 95% confidence), thus similar to the concentration during the 2010s. The
Piacenzian can therefore be used as an analogue to the future climate and sea level to expect if the carbon dioxide concentration
990:
Climate of the
Piacenzian would have started as a somewhat wet and warm period in North America occurring just after a brief cooling period of the Zanclean. Deposition of sediments and mollusks of the Piacenzian correspond with the rise in sea level creating the Tamiami Subsea and Jackson Subsea of
878:
Carbon dioxide levels during the
Piacenzian were similar to those of today, making this age, with global mean temperature 2β3 Β°C higher and sea levels about twenty meters higher than today, an important analogue for predictions of the future of our world.
973:
of
Antarctica was also less prominent than today and sea levels were approximately twenty meters higher than the present. The global mean temperature was 2β3 Β°C warmer than the pre-industrial temperature. During the
1135:
Krijgsman, W.; GarcΓ©s, M.; Langereis, C. G.; Daams, R.; Van Dam, J.; Van Der Meulen, A. J.; AgustΓ, J.; Cabrera, L. (1996). "A new chronology for the middle to late
Miocene continental record in Spain".
1500:
Petuch, Edward J., Ph.D. Florida
Atlantic University, Department of Geodsciences. Cenozoic Seas: The View From Eastern North America. CRC Press, Dec. 29, 2003.
1733:
Thompson, R. S.; Fleming, R. F. (1996). "Middle
Pliocene vegetation: reconstructions, paleoclimatic inferences, and boundary conditions for climate modeling".
1933:
1544:
1361:
1926:
1817:
602:
535:
1032:
date to just after the end of the
Piacenzian (2.58 Ma), a fossilized jawbone that exhibits traits that are transitional between
1402:
1919:
1784:
979:
stabilizes at this level. In particular, the KM5c interglacial during the Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period occurred during an
1339:
1696:
1505:
868:
757:
677:
860:
853:
1063:
17:
1368:
1810:
1790:
1942:
1778:
1091:). Based on geological evidence from the Afar region, the individual would have lived just after a major
591:
975:
497:
931:
The top of the
Piacenzian (the base of the Quaternary System and the Pleistocene Series) is defined
2597:
1654:"The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene)"
1244:"The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene)"
842:
1708:"The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): A new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale"
1286:"The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): A new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale"
2215:
2210:
1803:
1768:
944:
940:
1216:
1092:
966:
563:
1149:
1742:
1612:
1438:
1145:
807:
636:
1724:
1707:
1670:
1653:
1593:
Erin N. DiMaggio EN; Campisano CJ; Rowan J; Dupont-Nivet G; Deino AL; et al. (2015).
1571:
1302:
1285:
1263:
8:
2587:
2546:
980:
932:
803:
1746:
1616:
1519:
1442:
1003:. Dates have been established on the basis of the genera and species of mollusks found.
1854:
1787:
at the website of the
Norwegian network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy
1595:"Late Pliocene fossiliferous sedimentary record and the environmental context of early
1461:
1422:
1340:"Global Chronostratigraphical Correlation Table for the Last 2.7 Million Years. v.2011"
1192:
875:
and Waltonian Stage as late Piacenzian, while others regard them as early Pleistocene.
872:
386:
1243:
2592:
2344:
2308:
1754:
1692:
1630:
1603:
1501:
1466:
1398:
1157:
1106:
1100:
559:
1592:
867:
and Romanian regional stages of Europe, and the Waipipian and Mangapanian stages of
2438:
2313:
2282:
2079:
1750:
1719:
1684:
1665:
1620:
1456:
1446:
1317:
1297:
1258:
1184:
1153:
1022:
984:
1421:
de la Vega, E.; Chalk, T. B.; Wilson, P. A.; Bysani, R. P.; Foster, G. L. (2020).
1044:
in 2015. The find was made by Ethiopian student Chalachew Seyoum at a site called
2538:
2534:
2530:
2407:
2303:
2241:
2136:
2105:
2074:
1172:
943:), and isotopic stage 103. Above this point there are notable extinctions of the
819:
663:
41:
2563:
1134:
2557:
2376:
2246:
2141:
2110:
1451:
1000:
992:
1911:
1781:, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
2581:
2277:
2267:
2236:
2199:
2131:
2100:
1688:
1548:
1078:
1065:
1041:
902:
The base of the Piacenzian is at the base of the Gauss chronozone and at the
846:
811:
772:
759:
692:
679:
626:
72:
1625:
1594:
2568:
2499:
2349:
2272:
1869:
1634:
1470:
1028:
413:
983:
close to the current situation, with similar geographical distribution of
2494:
2363:
2339:
2184:
1979:
1859:
1283:
1241:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
996:
888:
831:
395:
365:
47:
2489:
2449:
2392:
2292:
2189:
2063:
1963:
1367:. Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Natural England. Archived from
1196:
949:
936:
903:
736:
730:
726:
310:
92:
57:
2552:
2504:
2454:
2428:
2387:
2334:
2179:
2155:
2036:
2026:
2015:
1879:
1874:
970:
864:
431:
422:
318:
274:
97:
1188:
2464:
2459:
2423:
2323:
2256:
2225:
2120:
2089:
2050:
2000:
1974:
1950:
1890:
1864:
1844:
1095:, during which forests and waterways were rapidly replaced by arid
907:
896:
827:
823:
815:
556:
457:
440:
404:
376:
351:
250:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
1284:
Rio, Domenico; R. Sprovieri; D. Castradori; E. Di Stefano (1998).
2478:
2418:
2168:
2005:
1989:
1839:
1826:
1795:
1109:
as the ancestral environment which shaped the evolution of early
1096:
857:
518:
330:
288:
102:
77:
2514:
2397:
2031:
1706:
Rio, D.; Sprovieri, R.; Castradori, D.; Stefano, E. Di (1998).
1652:
Castradori, D.; Rio, D.; Hilgen, F. J.; Lourens, L. J. (1998).
925:
850:
838:
667:
1026:. While the oldest known fossils unambiguously identified as
891:
stratigrapher Karl Mayer-Eymar in 1858. It is named after the
1705:
910:
892:
822:
and 2.58 Ma (million years ago). The Piacenzian is after the
671:
1427:
during the Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period and the M2 glaciation"
1242:
Castradori, D.; D. Rio; F. J. Hilgen; L. J. Lourens (1998).
1420:
1016:
921:
750:
1791:
Piacenzian Microfossils: images of Piacenzian Foraminifera
1651:
1099:. Regarding the Afar region, and as stated in the journal
887:
The Piacenzian was introduced in scientific literature by
1679:
Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G.; Smith, A. G., eds. (2005).
1523:
1545:"Oldest known member of human family found in Ethiopia"
1397:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 626.
969:
started to take hold in the Northern hemisphere. The
722:
Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C2r (Matuyama)
654:
Base of Gauss/Gilbert (C2An/C2Ar) magnetic reversal
125:
1416:
1414:
1678:
1395:Oxford Dictionary of Geology & Earth Sciences
1173:"Neogene Expansion of the North American Prairie"
2579:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1170:
924:for the Piacenzian Stage is at Punta Piccola on
863:. It also correlates with the Astian, Redonian,
1941:
1732:
1411:
1927:
1811:
1683:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1230:
1537:
1517:
1164:
1128:
534:Subdivision of the Neogene according to the
1006:
965:The Piacenzian was the last age before the
1934:
1920:
1818:
1804:
1014:The late Piacenzian may be when the genus
1723:
1669:
1624:
1511:
1460:
1450:
1301:
1262:
871:. Some authorities describe the British
818:. It spans the time between 3.6 Β± 0.005
14:
2580:
1572:"'First human' discovered in Ethiopia"
1520:"'First human' discovered in Ethiopia"
1392:
531:
1915:
1799:
1569:
1020:developed out of the ancestral genus
541:Vertical axis: millions of years ago.
991:Florida, Duplin Subsea generally of
856:and falls inside the more extensive
506:
486:
2533:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1138:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
24:
2537:= megaannum (millions years ago);
1825:
935:as the base of the Matuyama (C2r)
25:
2609:
2541:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
1762:
2562:
2551:
45:
1725:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/002
1671:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/003
1586:
1563:
1494:
1477:
1303:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/002
1264:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/003
1570:Ghosh, Pallab (4 March 2015).
1386:
1354:
1332:
1310:
1277:
1209:
861:North American land mammal age
854:South American land mammal age
485:
13:
1:
1980:Pleistocene (11.7 kaβ2.58 Ma)
1645:
1518:Pallab Ghosh (4 March 2015).
1116:
995:, and Yorktown Subsea of the
882:
1755:10.1016/0377-8398(95)00051-8
1158:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00109-4
7:
1943:Geological history of Earth
1320:. British Geological Survey
532:
245:
10:
2614:
2216:Mississippian (323β359 Ma)
2211:Pennsylvanian (299β323 Ma)
1975:Holocene (presentβ11.7 ka)
1681:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
1452:10.1038/s41598-020-67154-8
976:Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period
960:
837:The Piacenzian is roughly
792:1996 (as base of Gelasian)
749:Monte San Nicola Section,
27:Latest age of the Pliocene
2528:
2513:
2500:Paleoarchean (3.2β3.6 Ga)
2477:
2437:
2406:
2375:
2362:
2350:Terreneuvian (521β539 Ma)
2322:
2291:
2255:
2224:
2198:
2167:
2154:
2119:
2088:
2062:
2049:
2014:
1988:
1962:
1949:
1833:
1342:. University of Cambridge
1171:Retallack, G. J. (1997).
845:MN 16, overlaps the late
788:
745:
717:Upper boundary definition
716:
708:
658:
651:Lower boundary definition
650:
642:
632:
622:
617:
609:
597:
587:
582:
574:
569:
552:
498:Messinian salinity crisis
123:
118:
37:
32:
2495:Mesoarchean (2.8β3.2 Ga)
2340:Miaolingian (497β509 Ma)
2185:Guadalupian (260β272 Ma)
2037:Paleocene (56.0β66.0 Ma)
2027:Oligocene (23.0β33.9 Ma)
1735:Marine Micropaleontology
1689:10.1017/CBO9780511536045
1393:Allaby, Michael (2013).
1121:
950:Discoaster pentaradiatus
933:magnetostratigraphically
843:European land mammal age
802:is in the international
731:Discoaster pentaradiatus
128:
2490:Neoarchean (2.5β2.8 Ga)
2455:Orosirian (1.8β2.05 Ga)
2450:Statherian (1.6β1.8 Ga)
2393:Cryogenian (635β720 Ma)
2283:Llandovery (433β444 Ma)
2190:Cisuralian (272β299 Ma)
2001:Pliocene (2.59β5.33 Ma)
1626:10.1126/science.aaa1415
1150:1996E&PSL.142..367K
945:calcareous nannofossils
941:Gauss-Matuyama reversal
914:Globorotalia margaritae
826:and is followed by the
662:Punta Piccola Section,
2460:Rhyacian (2.05β2.3 Ga)
2429:Calymmian (1.4β1.6 Ga)
2388:Ediacaran (539β635 Ma)
2335:Furongian (485β497 Ma)
2180:Lopingian (252β260 Ma)
2006:Miocene (5.33β23.0 Ma)
1040:was discovered in the
967:Quaternary glaciations
201:−10 —
191:−12 —
181:−14 —
171:−16 —
161:−18 —
151:−20 —
141:−22 —
131:−24 —
2465:Siderian (2.3β2.5 Ga)
2424:Ectasian (1.2β1.4 Ga)
2345:Series 2 (509β521 Ma)
2032:Eocene (33.9β56.0 Ma)
1217:"ICS Timescale Chart"
981:orbital configuration
918:Pulleniatina primalis
241:−2 —
231:−4 —
221:−6 —
211:−8 —
2505:Eoarchean (3.6β4 Ga)
2398:Tonian (720 Maβ1 Ga)
2278:Wenlock (427β433 Ma)
2268:Pridoli (419β423 Ma)
1599:from Afar, Ethiopia"
1318:"Red Crag Formation"
1224:www.stratigraphy.org
1113:and other hominins.
1007:Origin of the genus
955:Discoaster surculus
2560: •
2549: •
2547:Geologic time scale
2309:Middle (458β470 Ma)
2273:Ludlow (423β427 Ma)
2242:Middle (383β393 Ma)
2137:Middle (237β247 Ma)
2106:Middle (164β174 Ma)
1747:1996MarMP..27...27T
1617:2015Sci...347.1355D
1487:(2005), p. 28; Rio
1443:2020NatSR..1011002D
1362:"The Naze citation"
1075: /
1058:Afar Regional State
804:geologic time scale
789:Upper GSSP ratified
773:37.1469Β°N 14.2035Β°E
769: /
746:Upper boundary GSSP
737:Discoaster surculus
709:Lower GSSP ratified
693:37.2889Β°N 13.4933Β°E
689: /
659:Lower boundary GSSP
643:Time span formality
2558:Geology portal
2419:Stenian (1β1.2 Ga)
2314:Early (470β485 Ma)
2247:Early (393β419 Ma)
2142:Early (247β252 Ma)
2111:Early (174β201 Ma)
2080:Early (100β145 Ma)
2075:Late (66.0β100 Ma)
1431:Scientific Reports
1404:978-0-19-96530 6-5
873:Red Crag Formation
725:Extinction of the
633:Stratigraphic unit
623:Chronological unit
610:Time scale(s) used
2575:
2574:
2473:
2472:
2439:Paleoproterozoic
2358:
2357:
2304:Late (444β458 Ma)
2237:Late (359β383 Ma)
2150:
2149:
2132:Late (201β237 Ma)
2101:Late (145β164 Ma)
2045:
2044:
1966:(presentβ2.58 Ma)
1954:(presentβ66.0 Ma)
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1785:Neogene timescale
1779:Neogene timescale
796:
795:
583:Usage information
547:
546:
527:
526:
505:
504:
16:(Redirected from
2605:
2569:World portal
2567:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2518:
2482:
2442:
2411:
2408:Mesoproterozoic
2380:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2327:
2296:
2260:
2229:
2203:
2172:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2124:
2093:
2067:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2019:
1993:
1967:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1836:
1835:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1758:
1729:
1727:
1702:
1675:
1673:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1611:(6228): 1355β9.
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1515:
1509:
1498:
1492:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1248:
1239:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1144:(3β4): 367β380.
1132:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1034:Australopithecus
1023:Australopithecus
985:solar insolation
784:
783:
781:
780:
779:
778:37.1469; 14.2035
774:
770:
767:
766:
765:
762:
704:
703:
701:
700:
699:
698:37.2889; 13.4933
694:
690:
687:
686:
685:
682:
553:Formerly part of
522:
512:
507:
500:
492:
487:
460:
452:
443:
434:
425:
416:
407:
398:
389:
379:
370:
360:
345:
323:
304:
279:
268:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
126:
114:
44:
30:
29:
21:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2598:Geological ages
2578:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2561:
2550:
2542:
2524:
2516:
2509:
2480:
2469:
2440:
2433:
2409:
2402:
2378:
2377:Neoproterozoic
2367:(539 Maβ2.5 Ga)
2366:
2365:
2364:Proterozoic Eon
2354:
2325:
2318:
2294:
2287:
2258:
2251:
2227:
2220:
2201:
2194:
2170:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2122:
2115:
2091:
2084:
2065:
2053:
2052:
2041:
2017:
2010:
1991:
1984:
1965:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1884:
1829:
1824:
1765:
1699:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1516:
1512:
1499:
1495:
1482:
1478:
1426:
1423:"Atmospheric CO
1419:
1412:
1405:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1374:on 4 March 2016
1371:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1282:
1278:
1269:
1267:
1246:
1240:
1231:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1199:
1189:10.2307/3515337
1169:
1165:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1083:
1081:
1079:11.36Β°N 40.86Β°E
1077:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1012:
963:
885:
777:
775:
771:
768:
763:
760:
758:
756:
755:
754:
753:, Sicily, Italy
697:
695:
691:
688:
683:
680:
678:
676:
675:
674:
664:Porto Empedocle
548:
543:
542:
540:
523:
517:North American
516:
510:
501:
496:
490:
483:
482:
478:
477:
473:
472:
468:
467:
463:
462:
458:
454:
453:
448:
445:
444:
439:
436:
435:
430:
427:
426:
421:
418:
417:
412:
409:
408:
403:
400:
399:
394:
391:
390:
385:
382:
381:
377:
373:
372:
368:
366:
362:
361:
357:
355:
353:
350:
347:
346:
342:
340:
338:
336:
334:
332:
329:
326:
325:
321:
319:
315:
314:
306:
305:
300:
298:
296:
294:
292:
290:
286:
283:
282:
277:
275:
270:
269:
264:
262:
260:
258:
256:
254:
252:
248:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
40:3.600 β 2.58
39:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2573:
2572:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2370:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2200:Carboniferous
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2162:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2018:(23.0β66.0 Ma)
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1992:(2.58β23.0 Ma)
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1957:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:Pliocene Epoch
1842:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:Neogene Period
1823:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1764:
1763:External links
1761:
1760:
1759:
1741:(1β4): 27β49.
1730:
1703:
1697:
1676:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1585:
1562:
1551:. 4 March 2015
1536:
1510:
1493:
1476:
1424:
1410:
1403:
1385:
1353:
1331:
1309:
1276:
1229:
1208:
1183:(4): 380β390.
1163:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1011:
1005:
1001:North Carolina
993:South Carolina
962:
959:
884:
881:
794:
793:
790:
786:
785:
747:
743:
742:
741:
740:
723:
718:
714:
713:
710:
706:
705:
660:
656:
655:
652:
648:
647:
644:
640:
639:
634:
630:
629:
624:
620:
619:
615:
614:
613:ICS Time Scale
611:
607:
606:
599:
598:Regional usage
595:
594:
589:
588:Celestial body
585:
584:
580:
579:
576:
575:Name formality
572:
571:
567:
566:
554:
550:
549:
545:
544:
529:
528:
525:
524:
515:
513:
503:
502:
495:
493:
484:
480:
479:
475:
474:
470:
469:
465:
464:
456:
455:
447:
446:
438:
437:
429:
428:
420:
419:
411:
410:
402:
401:
393:
392:
384:
383:
375:
374:
364:
363:
349:
348:
328:
327:
317:
316:
308:
307:
285:
284:
272:
271:
247:
246:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
121:
120:
116:
115:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2610:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2476:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:(539 Maβ1 Ga)
2374:
2371:
2369:
2361:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2156:Paleozoic Era
2153:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:(66.0β145 Ma)
2061:
2058:
2056:
2054:(66.0β252 Ma)
2048:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Miocene Epoch
1838:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1698:0-521-78142-6
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1573:
1566:
1550:
1549:New Scientist
1546:
1540:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1506:0-8493-1632-4
1503:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1370:
1363:
1357:
1341:
1335:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1093:climate shift
1088:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Afar Triangle
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
986:
982:
977:
972:
968:
958:
956:
952:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
912:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
880:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:
855:
852:
848:
847:Chapadmalalan
844:
840:
835:
833:
830:(part of the
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
791:
787:
782:
752:
748:
744:
739:
738:
733:
732:
728:
724:
721:
720:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:
635:
631:
628:
625:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
593:
590:
586:
581:
577:
573:
568:
565:
561:
558:
555:
551:
539:
538:, as of 2021.
537:
530:
520:
514:
509:
508:
499:
494:
489:
488:
461:
451:
442:
433:
424:
415:
406:
397:
388:
380:
371:
359:
344:
324:
313:
312:
303:
302:
281:
280:
267:
266:
127:
122:
117:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
31:
19:
18:Late Pliocene
2543:
2479:Archean Eon
2441:(1.6β2.5 Ga)
2326:(485β539 Ma)
2295:(444β485 Ma)
2259:(419β444 Ma)
2228:(359β419 Ma)
2202:(299β359 Ma)
2171:(252β299 Ma)
2159:(252β539 Ma)
2123:(201β252 Ma)
2092:(145β201 Ma)
2051:Mesozoic Era
1951:Cenozoic Era
1895:
1870:Serravallian
1772:
1738:
1734:
1718:(2): 82β87.
1715:
1711:
1680:
1664:(2): 88β93.
1661:
1657:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1513:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1437:(1): 11002.
1434:
1430:
1394:
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1369:the original
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1312:
1296:(2): 82β87.
1293:
1289:
1279:
1268:. Retrieved
1257:(2): 88β93.
1254:
1250:
1223:
1211:
1200:. Retrieved
1180:
1176:
1166:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1110:
1101:
1084:11.36; 40.86
1056:rivers, in
1048:between the
1038:Homo habilis
1037:
1033:
1029:Homo habilis
1027:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1008:
989:
964:
954:
948:
930:
917:
913:
901:
886:
877:
836:
799:
797:
735:
729:
712:January 1997
533:
449:
414:Serravallian
309:
287:
273:
249:
2515:Hadean Eon
2293:Ordovician
2064:Cretaceous
1964:Quaternary
1860:Burdigalian
1574:. bbc.co.uk
1082: /
1046:Ledi-Geraru
999:and inland
997:Outer Banks
869:New Zealand
832:Pleistocene
776: /
727:Haptophytes
696: /
396:Burdigalian
2588:Piacenzian
2582:Categories
2517:(4β4.6 Ga)
2481:(2.5β4 Ga)
2410:(1β1.6 Ga)
2016:Paleogene
1896:Piacenzian
1855:Aquitanian
1769:Piacenzian
1646:Literature
1483:Gradstein
1270:2024-06-12
1202:2008-02-11
1117:References
937:chronozone
908:planktonic
904:extinction
883:Definition
849:and early
810:or latest
806:the upper
800:Piacenzian
764:14Β°12β²13β³E
761:37Β°08β²49β³N
684:13Β°29β²36β³E
681:37Β°17β²20β³N
618:Definition
450:Piacenzian
387:Aquitanian
119:Chronology
33:Piacenzian
2544:See also:
2324:Cambrian
2257:Silurian
2226:Devonian
2121:Triassic
2090:Jurassic
1880:Messinian
1875:Tortonian
971:ice sheet
928:, Italy.
865:Reuverian
841:with the
570:Etymology
432:Messinian
423:Tortonian
2593:Pliocene
2169:Permian
1990:Neogene
1891:Zanclean
1865:Langhian
1775:database
1712:Episodes
1658:Episodes
1635:25739409
1529:22 March
1471:32647351
1378:5 August
1346:5 August
1324:5 August
1290:Episodes
1251:Episodes
939:(at the
897:Piacenza
895:city of
828:Gelasian
824:Zanclean
816:Pliocene
601:Global (
557:Tertiary
459:Gelasian
441:Zanclean
405:Langhian
378:Chattian
1773:GeoWhen
1771:at the
1743:Bibcode
1613:Bibcode
1604:Science
1578:7 March
1555:7 March
1462:7347535
1439:Bibcode
1197:3515337
1177:PALAIOS
1146:Bibcode
1107:savanna
1102:Science
1097:savanna
1070:40Β°52β²E
1067:11Β°22β²N
961:Climate
906:of the
893:Italian
858:Blancan
814:of the
521:expands
519:prairie
511:←
491:←
236:–
226:–
216:–
206:–
196:–
186:–
176:–
166:–
156:–
146:–
136:–
109:↓
2523:
1695:
1633:
1504:
1491:(1998)
1489:et al.
1485:et al.
1469:
1459:
1401:
1195:
1060:(near
926:Sicily
920:. The
911:forams
851:Uquian
839:coeval
668:Sicily
646:Formal
578:Formal
564:System
560:Period
481:
476:
471:
466:
1372:(PDF)
1365:(PDF)
1247:(PDF)
1220:(PDF)
1193:JSTOR
1122:Notes
1054:Awash
1050:Mille
889:Swiss
808:stage
672:Italy
637:Stage
592:Earth
1693:ISBN
1631:PMID
1597:Homo
1580:2015
1557:2015
1531:2015
1502:ISBN
1467:PMID
1399:ISBN
1380:2016
1348:2016
1326:2016
1111:Homo
1052:and
1036:and
1017:Homo
1009:Homo
953:and
922:GSSP
916:and
798:The
751:Gela
734:and
48:Preκ
1751:doi
1720:doi
1685:doi
1666:doi
1621:doi
1609:347
1524:BBC
1457:PMC
1447:doi
1298:doi
1259:doi
1185:doi
1154:doi
1142:142
834:).
812:age
627:Age
603:ICS
536:ICS
2584::
2539:Ga
2535:Ma
2531:ka
1749:.
1739:27
1737:.
1716:21
1714:.
1710:.
1691:.
1662:21
1660:.
1656:.
1629:.
1619:.
1607:.
1601:.
1547:.
1522:.
1465:.
1455:.
1445:.
1435:10
1433:.
1429:.
1413:^
1294:21
1292:.
1288:.
1255:21
1253:.
1249:.
1232:^
1222:.
1191:.
1181:12
1179:.
1175:.
1152:.
1140:.
987:.
957:.
947::
899:.
820:Ma
670:,
666:,
358:o.
98:Pg
42:Ma
1935:e
1928:t
1921:v
1819:e
1812:t
1805:v
1757:.
1753::
1745::
1728:.
1722::
1701:.
1687::
1674:.
1668::
1637:.
1623::
1615::
1582:.
1559:.
1533:.
1508:.
1473:.
1449::
1441::
1425:2
1407:.
1382:.
1350:.
1328:.
1306:.
1300::
1273:.
1261::
1226:.
1205:.
1187::
1160:.
1156::
1148::
605:)
562:/
369:C
367:P
356:i
354:l
352:P
343:e
341:n
339:e
337:c
335:o
333:i
331:M
322:C
320:O
311:Q
301:e
299:n
297:e
295:g
293:o
291:e
289:N
278:g
276:P
265:c
263:i
261:o
259:z
257:o
255:n
253:e
251:C
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:κ
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.