612:
88:
31:
3087:
2571:
2206:. The afromontane regions of Africa are discontinuous, separated from each other by lowlands, resembling a series of islands in distribution. Patches of forest with Afromontane floristic affinities occur all along the mountain chains. Afromontane communities occur above 1,500–2,000 m (4,900–6,600 ft) elevation near the equator, and as low as 300 m (980 ft) elevation in the
2214:. Afromontane forests are cool and humid. Rainfall is generally greater than 700 mm/a (28 in/year), and can exceed 2,000 mm (79 in) in some regions, occurring throughout the year or during winter or summer, depending on the region. Temperatures can be extreme at some of the higher altitudes, where snowfalls may occasionally occur.
391:), about 20 in the Canary Islands. This species diversity contrasts with other temperate forest types, which typically have a canopy dominated by one or a few species. Species diversity generally increases towards the tropics. In this sense, the laurel forest is a transitional type between temperate forests and tropical rainforests.
434:, Europe, South America, Antarctica, Africa, and North America when their climate was warmer and more humid. Cloud forests are believed to have retreated and advanced during successive geological eras, and their species adapted to warm and wet conditions were replaced by more cold-tolerant or drought-tolerant
3255:
between 38° and 45° latitude. Rainfall is abundant, from 1,500 to 5,000 mm (59–197 in) according to locality, distributed throughout the year, but with some subhumid
Mediterranean climate influence for 3–4 months in summer. The temperatures are sufficiently invariant and mild, with no
1953:
In Europe the laurel forest has been badly damaged by timber harvesting, by fire (both accidental and deliberate to open fields for crops), by the introduction of exotic animal and plant species that have displaced the original cover, and by replacement with arable fields, exotic timber plantations,
470:
Although some remnants of archaic flora, including species and genera extinct in the rest of the world, have persisted as endemic to such coastal mountain and shelter sites, their biodiversity was reduced. Isolation in these fragmented habitats, particularly on islands, has led to the development of
438:
plant communities. Many of the late
Cretaceous – early Tertiary Gondwanan species of flora became extinct, but some survived as relict species in the milder, moister climate of coastal areas and on islands. Thus Tasmania and New Caledonia share related species extinct on the Australian mainland, and
1875:
reclosed, the species repopulated toward the
Iberian Peninsula to the north and were distributed along with other African species, but the seasonally drier and colder climate, prevented them reaching their previous extent. In Atlantic Europe, subtropical vegetation is interspersed with taxa from
2663:
in character. The semi-sclerophyll character is due (in part) to the sandy soils and often periodic semi-arid nature of the climate. As one moves south into central
Florida, as well as far southern Texas and the Gulf Coastal margin of the southern United States, the sclerophyll character slowly
382:
Laurel forests are typically multi-species, and diverse in both the number of species and the genera and families represented. In the absence of strong environmental selective pressure, the number of species sharing the arboreal stratum is high, although not reaching the diversity of tropical
645:. The northernmost laurel forests in East Asia occur at 39° N. on the Pacific coast of Japan. Altitudinally, the forests range from sea-level up to 1000 metres in warm-temperate Japan, and up to 3000 metres elevation in the subtropical mountains of Asia. Some forests are dominated by
1665:
in 1986 and 1999, respectively. They are considered the best remaining examples of the
Atlantic laurel forest, due to their intact nature. The paleobotanical record of the island of Madeira reveals that laurisilva forests have existed on this island for at least 1.8 million years.
2648:(i.e. topographically induced forest islands) contain many laurel forests. These laurel forests occur mostly in moist depression and floodplains, and are found in moist environments. In many portions of the coastal plain, a low-lying mosaic topography of white sand, silt, and
3702:
1870:
and west and north of Africa, where microclimates in the coastal mountain ranges form inland "islands" favorable to the persistence of laurel forests. In some cases these were genuine islands in the
Tertiary, and in some cases simply areas that remained ice-free. When the
190:. The moisture in the air condenses as rain or fog, creating a habitat characterized by cool, moist conditions in the air and soil. The resulting climate is wet and mild, with the annual oscillation of the temperature moderated by the proximity of the ocean.
4042:
Barrón, E.; Peyrot, D. (2006). "La vegetación forestal en el
Terciario. Paleoambientes y cambio climático (ed. by J. Carrión, S. Fernández and N. Fuentes)". Murcia: Fundación Séneca/Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia:
3137:, usually in the Sub-Andean Sierras. The forest relief is varied and in places where the Andes meet the Amazon, it includes steeply sloped areas. Characteristic of this region are deep ravines formed by the rivers, such as that of the
3927:
Góis-Marques, Carlos A.; Madeira, José; Menezes de
Sequeira, Miguel (7 February 2017). "Inventory and review of the Mio–Pleistocene São Jorge flora (Madeira Island, Portugal): palaeoecological and biogeographical implications".
2631:
According to the recent study by Box and
Fujiwara (Evergreen Broadleaved Forests of the Southeastern United States: Preliminary Description), laurel forests occur in patches in the southeastern United States from southeast
186:. Cloud forests are found on mountain slopes where the dense moisture from the sea or ocean is precipitated as warm moist air masses blowing off the ocean are forced upwards by the terrain, which cools the air mass to the
3607:, Aschan, G., María Soledad Jiménez Parrondo, Domingo Morales Méndez, Reiner Lösch (1994), "Aspectos microclimaticos de un bosque de laurisilva en Tenerife / Microclimatic aspects of a Laurel Forest in Tenerife".
198:
Laurel forests are characterized by evergreen and hardwood trees, reaching up to 40 m (130 ft) in height. Laurel forest, laurisilva, and laurissilva all refer to plant communities that resemble the
518:
Laurel forests occur in small areas where their particular climatic requirements prevail, in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Inner laurel forest ecoregions, a related and distinct community of
3442:
are home to montane laurel forests, from about 1,000 to 2,500 m (3,300–8,200 ft) elevation. These forests include species typical of both
Northern Hemisphere laurel forests, including
4129:
2683:
There are several different broadleaved evergreen canopy trees in the laurel forests of the southeastern United States. In some areas, the evergreen forests are dominated by species of Live oak (
1494:
are common at lower elevations, and conifers and rhododendrons at higher elevations. These forests are distinct in species composition from the lowland tropical forests, which are dominated by
1452:, and Philippines above 1,000 m (3,300 ft) elevation. The flora of these forests is similar to that of the warm-temperate and subtropical laurel forests of East Asia, including oaks
2369:
Trees can be up to 30 or 40 m (98 or 131 ft) tall and distinct strata of emergent trees, canopy trees, and shrub and herb layers are present. Tree species include: Real Yellowwood (
2971:
and almost all Central American countries, normally more than 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above sea level. Tree species include evergreen oaks, members of the Laurel family, and species of
3546:
at NASA – MODIS: Izquierdo, T; de las Heras, P; Marquez, A (2011). Vegetation indices changes in the cloud forest of La Gomera Island (Canary Islands) and their hydrological implications".
2656:), separate these laurel forests. Frequent fire is also thought to be responsible for the disjointed geography of laurel forests across the coastal plain of the southeastern United States.
3652:
Tang, Cindy Q.; Ohsawa, Masahiko (1999). "Altitudinal distribution of evergreen broad-leaved trees and their leaf-size pattern on a humid subtropical mountain, Mt. Emei, Sichuan, China".
4449:
1727:) and some adapted to the cooler and drier climate of Europe and persisted as relicts in places with high mean annual precipitation or in particular river basins, such as sweet bay
603:
areas. Since laurel forests are archaic populations that diversified as a result of isolation on islands and tropical mountains, their presence is a key to dating climatic history.
1273:
ecoregion of Japan, which encompasses the mild temperate climate region of southeastern Japan's Pacific coast. There were three main types of evergreen broadleaf forests, in which
703:. These subtropical forests lie between the temperate deciduous and conifer forests to the north and the subtropical/tropical monsoon forests of Indochina and India to the south.
214:. As in any other rainforest, plants of the laurel forests must adapt to high rainfall and humidity. The trees have adapted in response to these ecological drivers by developing
3550:, 25(10), 1531–41: "esults prove the absence of summer drought stress in the laurel forest implying that the fog drip income is high enough to maintain enough soil moisture".
122:
is high, but can be limited by mild summer drought. The canopies are evergreen, dominated by species with glossy- or leathery-leaves, and with moderate tree diversity.
3193:
1171:
4439:
2931:
There are however, several areas in Mediterranean California, as well as isolated areas of southern Oregon that have evergreen forests. Several species of evergreen
1962:
is in serious danger of extinction. The laurel forest flora is usually strong and vigorous and the forest regenerates easily; its decline is due to external forces.
1240:
1034:
934:
864:
1490:, including orchids, ferns, moss, lichen, and liverworts, are more abundant than in either temperate laurel forests or the adjacent lowland tropical rain forests.
1258:
856:
833:
4444:
2531:
2082:
1103:
1062:
896:
4075:
Fernández-Palacios, José María; Nascimento, Lea de; Otto, Rüdiger; Delgado, Juan D.; García-del-Rey, Eduardo; Arévalo, José Ramón; Whittaker, Robert J. (2011).
1197:
1056:), a pioneer tree species, grows gregariously and forms pure patches of forests on newly exposed slopes, in gullies, beside rivers, and in other moist places.
809:
785:
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1177:
956:
913:
892:
880:
860:
844:
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938:
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850:
815:
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grows in southern Europe, but without reaching the dimensions observed in the temperate evergreen forest of Macaronesia or North Africa. The broad-leaved
2473:
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1233:
1225:
1193:
1159:
1028:
793:
3723:
2467:
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are typically evergreen forests or jungles, and multi-species, which often contain many species of the laurel forest. They occur discontinuously from
2250:
2030:
2016:
1213:
950:
3515:
2897:. Typical tree species included oaks ancestral to present-day California oaks, as well as an assemblage of trees from the Laurel family, including
2503:
1141:
930:
718:
983:
In the temperate zone, the cloud forest between 2,000 and 3,000 m altitude supports broadleaved evergreen forest dominated by plants such as
1201:
4429:
3213:
along the southern coast of Brazil have a tree canopy of Lauraceae and Myrtaceae, with emergent trees of Leguminaceae, and a rich diversity of
3724:"Richness, Climatic Position, and Biogeographic Potential of East Asian Laurophyll Forests, with Particular Reference to Examples from Taiwan"
3173:
occupy a portion of the highlands of southern Brazil, extending into northeastern Argentina. The forest canopy includes species of Lauraceae (
3017:. There are still some temperate evergreen hills in the north. The only cloud forest in the Pacific coastal zone of Central America is on the
4370:
Frith, D.W., Frith, C.B. (1995). Cape York Peninsula: A Natural History. Chatswood: Reed Books Australia. Reprinted with amendments in 2006.
3138:
1758:, a climber or vine that is well represented in most of Europe, where it spread again after the glaciations. The portuguese laurel cherry (
2046:
1346:
364:
designate species of other plant families whose leaves resemble Lauraceae. The term "lauroid" is also applied to climbing plants such as
3225:, which occupy portions of the Brazilian Highlands in southern Brazil and adjacent parts of Argentina and Paraguay, are semi-deciduous.
4077:"A reconstruction of Palaeo-Macaronesia, with particular reference to the long-term biogeography of the Atlantic island laurel forests"
1512:
1318:
1862:
Although the Atlantic laurisilva is more abundant in the Macaronesian archipelagos, where the weather has fluctuated little since the
1527:
611:
3520:
3290:. The laurel forests of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand are home to species related to those in the Valdivian laurel forests,
2149:
2145:
1976:
1356:
4217:
University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 145; April 2000. 3rd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
4176:
Pérez Latorre, Andrés Vicente; Galán de Mera, Antonio; Navas, Patricia; Navas, David; Gil, Yolanda; Cabezudo, Baltasar (1999).
1390:
2644:, mostly along the coast and coastal plain of the Gulf and south Atlantic coast. In the southeastern United States, evergreen
4396:
4254:
4222:
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3581:
1400:
4157:
1428:
615:
3510:
1328:
2672:) increase as the temperate species decline. As such, the southeastern laurel forests gives way to a mixed landscape of
2253:. These scattered highland laurophyll forests of Africa are similar to one another in species composition (known as the
3505:
3485:
emerged around 5 million years ago. In the lee of this collision zone, the ancient rock formations of what is now
1866:, there are small representations and some species contribution to the oceanic and Mediterranean ecoregions of Europe,
1852:
1308:
4375:
2618:
1542:
2600:
4434:
3973:
Uriarte, A. "Historia del clima de la Tierra". Bilbao, Spain: Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco.
3234:
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1768:
riversides, especially in the western part of the peninsula. In other cases, the presence of Mediterranean laurel (
1412:
2659:
Despite being located in a humid climate zone, much of the broadleaf Laurel forests in the Southeast USA are semi-
4007:
1376:
3222:
4459:
3417:
with Australia. New Guinea also has many additional elements of the Antarctic flora, including southern beech (
2596:
2592:
2207:
2177:
2171:
1971:
1701:
glaciations. This progressively deteriorated the Paleotropical flora of Europe, which went extinct in the late
551:. Most Laurel forest species are evergreen, and occur in tropical, subtropical, and mild temperate regions and
106:
from the ocean condenses so that it falls as rain or fog and soils have high moisture levels. They have a mild
4005:
Mai, D.H. (1989). "Development and regional differentiation of the European vegetation during the Tertiary".
3525:
3265:
1537:
1532:
1522:
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predominated. Most of these forests were logged or cleared for cultivation and replanted with faster-growing
625:
Laurel forests are common in subtropical eastern Asia, and form the climax vegetation in far southern Japan,
548:
4076:
3738:
3697:
Otto E. (Otto Emery) Jennings. "Fossil plants from the beds of volcanic ash near Missoula, western Montana"
4464:
3210:
1746:
Descendants of these species can be found today in Europe, throughout the Mediterranean, especially in the
238:", which permits the leaves to shed water despite the humidity, allowing respiration. The scientific names
3501:
identifies several distinct montane laurel forest ecoregions on New Guinea, New Britain, and New Ireland.
637:. In southern China, laurel forest once extended throughout the Yangtze Valley and Sichuan Basin from the
1507:
262:, referring to the shiny surface of the leaves, was proposed in 1969 by Tatuo Kira. The scientific names
3312:, but will also often form the subcanopy in primary forests throughout the country in these areas, with
4177:
3625:
Ashton, Peter S. (2003). "Floristic zonation of tree communities on wet tropical mountains revisited".
3566:
The IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology 2.0: Descriptive profiles for biomes and ecosystem functional groups
3498:
3070:
3060:
2222:
1774:) provides an indication of the previous existence of laurel forest. This species survives natively in
1422:
1366:
1270:
17:
1981:
4061:
3991:
4469:
3368:
3075:
2923:
2581:
2525:
2102:
300:
2366:
mostly but with many endemic species, and the members of the beech family (Fagaceae) are absent.
2338:. Species composition of the Subsaharan laurel forests differs from that of Eurasia. Trees of the
1517:
87:
4424:
4178:"DATOS SOBRE LA FLORA Y VEGETACIÓN DEL PARQUE NATURAL DE LOS ALCORNOCALES (CÁDIZ-MÁLAGA, ESPAÑA)"
3543:
3362:
3256:
month falling below 5 °C (41 °F), and the warmest month below 22 °C (72 °F).
3170:
3065:
3055:
3038:
2585:
2383:
2006:
1646:
1189:
354:
4192:
1110:
This zone is habitat for many other important tree and large shrub species such as pindrow fir (
3205:
2797:
991:
506:
360:
4048:
3978:
3604:
3474:
3409:
of eastern Indonesia, is linked to Australia by a shallow continental shelf, and shares many
3374:
3199:
3149:. Many of the Yungas are degraded or are forests in recovery that have not yet reached their
2936:
2691:
2553:
2479:
2449:
2371:
2328:
2304:
2088:
1815:
1554:
1449:
781:
732:
258:
are often used to name species of other plant families that resemble the Lauraceae. The term
4137:
375:
and low light levels at the forest floor. Some forests are characterized by an overstory of
4454:
3473:). New Guinea and Northern Australia are closely related. Around 40 million years ago, the
2795:
of the evergreen forests is often mixed with other evergreen species from the palm family (
2778:
2772:
2697:
2519:
2497:
1658:
276:
215:
211:
119:
1832:
8:
4242:
3486:
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are native as well to the drier sandy coastal scrub environment of the region, including
2829:
2760:
2741:
2715:
2677:
2537:
2491:
2485:
2425:
2401:
2377:
2334:
2292:
2238:
2234:
2132:
2078:
1928:
1872:
1096:
1017:
944:
725:
528:
464:
342:
2260:
The main species of the Afromontane forests include the broadleaf canopy trees of genus
1828:
1052:, but these species do not extend toward the west beyond central Nepal. Nepalese alder (
4474:
4234:
4104:
4024:
3955:
3810:"MBG: DIVERSITY, ENDEMISM, AND EXTINCTION IN THE FLORA AND VEGETATION OF NEW CALEDONIA"
3677:
3587:
3477:
began to split apart from the ancient supercontinent Gondwana. As it collided with the
3294:
2967:
temperate evergreen cloud forest type. They are found in mountainous areas of southern
2784:
2685:
2407:
2268:
2062:
2000:
1888:. In the Mediterranean region, remnant laurel forest is present on some islands of the
1840:
1501:
1246:
324:
376:
4392:
4371:
4250:
4218:
4096:
4092:
3959:
3857:
3669:
3591:
3577:
3166:
3150:
2947:
2865:
2645:
2513:
2461:
2437:
2322:
2218:
2203:
2108:
2026:
1897:
1765:
1760:
1747:
1118:
1021:
985:
962:
738:
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forests; nearly 100 tree species have been described in the laurisilva rainforest of
348:
99:
4108:
4028:
3899:
3809:
3681:
3561:
1015:
spp. are also present in the upper levels of this zone. Other important species are
4419:
4238:
4196:
4088:
4016:
3945:
3937:
3789:
3778:"Distribution of lucidophyll Oak – Laurel forest formation in Asia and other areas"
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3569:
2941:
2835:
2721:
2673:
2431:
2395:
2286:
2072:
2058:
2052:
1994:
1940:
1822:
1678:
1617:
966:
926:
903:
874:
837:
799:
789:
763:
706:
Associations of Lauraceous species are common in broadleaved forests; for example,
427:
372:
306:
143:
4345:
4319:
4293:
4267:
3941:
3874:
3827:
3030:
2495:. In the undergrowth grasses, herbs and ferns may be locally common: Basketgrass (
1827:
still persist in humid microclimates, such as stream valleys, in the provinces of
779:
spp.). Some other common trees and large shrub species of subtropical forests are
3341:
3175:
2964:
2877:
2859:
2703:
2413:
2310:
2298:
2233:, along the East African Highlands, a long chain of mountains extending from the
1959:
1738:
1568:
1445:
1147:
1134:
1042:
1038:
642:
4215:
A Miocene (10-12 Ma) Evergreen Laurel-Oak Forest from Carmel Valley, California.
3731:
Bulletin of the Institute of Environmental Science, Yokohama National University
3453:
and Lauraceae, and Southern Hemisphere laurel forests, including Southern Beech
2198:
laurel forests describe the plant and animal species common to the mountains of
1876:
Europe and North Africa in bioclimatic enclaves such as the Serra de Monchique,
3573:
3560:
Keith, DA; Brummitt, NA; Faber-Langendoen, D; Corlett, RT; McGlone, MS (2020).
3142:
2871:
2809:
2735:
2709:
2455:
2443:
2316:
2280:
2120:
2114:
2036:
1856:
1770:
1730:
1654:
1572:
1252:
1072:
1066:
920:
868:
638:
527:, and species of this community are now found in several separate areas of the
520:
500:
494:
415:
408:
400:
330:
288:
142:
such as invertebrates, fungi, and microbes on the forest floor are critical to
64:
30:
3665:
3270:
Laurel forest appears on mountains of the coastal strip of New South Wales in
3086:
72:
4413:
4100:
3673:
3564:. In Keith, D.A.; Ferrer-Paris, J.R.; Nicholson, E.; Kingsford, R.T. (eds.).
3478:
3349:
3313:
3300:
3279:
3218:
3187:
3091:
2753:
2350:
2262:
2155:
1946:
1934:
1844:
1673:, Europe took the form of a set of large islands spread through what was the
1219:
1128:
1112:
821:
805:
757:
568:
532:
404:
336:
270:
230:, making them glossy in appearance, and a narrow, pointed oval shape with an
139:
4200:
3638:
403:
that evolved millions of years ago. Lauroid floras have included forests of
3721:
3357:
3309:
3305:
3146:
3010:
2917:
2824:
2820:
2543:
2363:
2359:
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2020:
2010:
in relatively humid areas. Some common forest types in this region include
1992:
In the Himalayas, in Nepal, subtropical forest consists of species such as
1674:
1622:
1082:
1076:
1007:
745:
700:
580:
552:
489:
183:
75:
leaves, known as "laurophyll" or "lauroid". Plants from the laurel family (
3013:
are found in the border zone with Honduras, and most were cleared to grow
579:, but they are pantropical, and for example in Africa they are endemic to
3950:
3444:
3439:
3406:
3337:
3287:
3044:
2815:
2803:
2792:
2669:
2660:
2254:
2195:
2189:
2126:
1955:
1918:
1905:
1723:
1698:
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1612:
1560:
1495:
1481:
1471:
1463:
1416:
671:
665:
600:
556:
540:
476:
460:
440:
435:
135:
63:
and relatively stable, mild temperatures. The forest is characterized by
3794:
3777:
4074:
4020:
3482:
3455:
3419:
3402:
3386:
3275:
3034:
3022:
2973:
2894:
2766:
2548:
2419:
2274:
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1909:
1889:
1867:
1807:
1637:
1577:
564:
479:
282:
264:
200:
53:
4387:
Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002).
3926:
3026:
4389:
Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment
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3106:
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3002:
2994:
2899:
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2339:
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Laurel forests are also prevalent in the montane rain forests of the
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1885:
1803:
1751:
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1650:
1602:
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970:
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187:
158:
150:
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These conditions of temperature and moisture occur in four different
92:
76:
68:
4175:
3559:
3209:) reaching up to 45 m (148 ft) in height. The subtropical
2570:
1502:
Laurel forest ecoregions of Sundaland, Wallacea, and the Philippines
3466:
3424:
3283:
3126:
3018:
2998:
2997:, is the largest in Central America. In some areas of southeastern
2985:
2776:
also may occur as canopy co-dominant in coastal dune forests, with
2664:
declines and more tree species from the tropics (specifically, the
2633:
2230:
1863:
1791:
1717:
1702:
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1632:
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were formerly distributed more widely around the Mediterranean and
419:
384:
312:
235:
168:
Along the western coast of continents between 35° and 50° latitude.
162:
111:
103:
60:
3001:
there are cloud forests, the largest located near the border with
2733:
forest dominates, with a dense evergreen understory of scrub palm
649:, while in others evergreen laurophyll trees of the beech family (
3428:
3398:
3379:
3130:
3118:
2890:
2853:
2653:
2637:
2447:. Shrubs and climbers are common and include: Common Spikethorn (
2355:
2257:
flora), and distinct from the flora of the surrounding lowlands.
2226:
1848:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1686:
1607:
1455:
1384:
1322:
1288:
997:
976:
655:
456:
452:
426:. Some lauroid species that are found outside laurel forests are
423:
318:
223:
175:
123:
107:
98:
Laurel and laurophyll forests have a patchy distribution in warm
35:
3432:
3329:
3114:
3102:
3014:
2979:
2968:
2911:
2905:
2841:
2747:
2344:
2199:
2098:
1901:
1877:
1799:
1755:
1711:
1705:. Some of these species went globally extinct (e.g. laurophyll
1694:
1662:
1597:
1587:
1564:
1432:
1332:
1296:
1207:
775:
708:
696:
677:
626:
619:
596:
536:
484:
448:
444:
294:
56:
3481:
on its northward journey, the high mountain ranges of central
3203:), with an emergent layer of the conifer Brazilian Araucaria (
2935:
forests occur, as well as a mix of evergreen scrub typical of
2921:. Only one native species from the Laurel family (Lauraceae),
1743:, which are fairly widespread around the Mediterranean basin.
368:, whose waxy leaves somewhat resemble those of the Lauraceae.
3414:
3389:
and Northern Australian ecoregions are also closely related.
3353:
3321:
3252:
3244:
3122:
2847:
2641:
2159:
1881:
1836:
1795:
1787:
1370:
1360:
1350:
1340:
1336:
1312:
1153:
827:
588:
576:
560:
127:
115:
3854:
Japan in the 21st century: environment, economy, and society
1855:
has the biggest and best preserved relicts of Laurisilva in
1575:
from 400 to 1200 metres elevation. Trees of the genera
555:
of the northern and southern hemispheres, in particular the
3645:
3448:
3325:
3259:
3134:
1913:
1439:
1380:
1292:
886:
751:
414:
This type of vegetation characterized parts of the ancient
131:
4450:
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the United States
2845:
is present as an evergreen understory. Several species of
1965:
1548:
1444:
Laurel forests occupy the humid tropical highlands of the
3492:
3298:
is often the dominant canopy species of the laural genus
2788:
as a dense evergreen understory (Box and Fujiwara 1988).
1693:) were common along several species of ferns. Around the
523:, evolved millions of years ago on the supercontinent of
475:
species and genera. Thus, fossils dating from before the
365:
227:
3916:. Funchal, Portugal: Francisco Ribeiro & Filhos Lda.
3722:
Box, Elgene O.; Chang-Hung Chou; Kazue Fujiwara (1998).
3627:
Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
3431:, and vegetation ranges from tropical lowland forest to
2893:, oak-laurel forests were found in Central and Southern
1302:
210:, but many have similar foliage to the Lauraceae due to
79:) may or may not be present, depending on the location.
3045:
Laurel forest ecoregions in Mexico and Central America
2719:). In several areas on the barrier islands, a stunted
1697:, the planet began cooling, ultimately leading to the
3893:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
2813:), and several species in the Ilex family, including
1764:) is the only tree that survives as a relict in some
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3609:
Vieraea: Folia scientarum biologicarum canariensium
2176:Laurel forest occurs in the montane rain forest of
1681:with monsoon summer rains. Trees of the laurel and
430:of vegetation that covered much of the mainland of
3708:
3161:The laurel forests of the region are known as the
1802:, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands. The
1092:Acer campbellii, Acer pectinatum, Sorbus cuspidata
3760:
3366:is sometimes called laurel of New Zealand, while
1709:), others survived in the Atlantic islands (e.g.
1407:South China–Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests
102:, often occupying topographic refugia where the
4440:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
4411:
4159:Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats
3693:
3691:
226:leaves are characterized by a generous layer of
653:) are predominant, including ring-cupped oaks (
206:Some species belong to the true laurel family,
171:On islands between 25° and 35° or 40° latitude.
4445:Plant communities of the Eastern United States
3382:grows in Australia, New Caledonia, and Papua.
1269:) were the predominant vegetation type in the
3688:
3156:
2557:) are often abundant along the forest edges.
1059:The common forest types of this zone include
371:Mature laurel forests typically have a dense
4249:. Berkeley: University of California Press,
4041:
3516:New Britain–New Ireland montane rain forests
3025:there are laurisilvas in the "Cordillera de
3141:descending to the San Ramon Valley, or the
2599:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2547:spp. Ferns, shrubs and small trees such as
1563:in the eastern Atlantic, in particular the
1559:Laurel forests are found in the islands of
1347:Guizhou Plateau broadleaf and mixed forests
3856:. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington.
3651:
3427:. New Guinea has the highest mountains in
2560:
1080:forest with such deciduous taxa as maple (
118:and are found in relatively acidic soils.
3949:
3793:
3239:The Valdivian temperate rain forests, or
2619:Learn how and when to remove this message
1528:Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests
3828:"Jian Nan subtropical evergreen forests"
3562:"T2.4 Warm temperate laurophyll forests"
3521:Northern New Guinea montane rain forests
3260:Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand
3085:
2955:can be canopy species in several areas.
2150:South Western Ghats montane rain forests
2146:North Western Ghats montane rain forests
1977:Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests
1669:Around 50 million years ago, during the
1440:Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines
1102:Rhododendron arboreum, Acer campbellii,
1090:; deciduous mixed broadleaved forest of
610:
134:are the predominant seed-dispersers and
86:
29:
3914:Madeira's natural history in a nutshell
3911:
2251:São Tomé, Príncipe, and Annobón forests
1966:Laurel forest ecoregions of Macaronesia
1549:Macaronesia and the Mediterranean Basin
1357:Jiang Nan subtropical evergreen forests
687:, which are members of the tea family (
675:). Other characteristic plants include
510:in the Madeira and the Canary Islands.
126:are the most important herbivores, but
14:
4412:
3775:
3624:
3493:Laurel forest ecoregions of New Guinea
1513:Eastern Java–Bali montane rain forests
1391:Northern Indochina subtropical forests
1319:Chin Hills–Arakan Yoma montane forests
4430:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
4364:
2963:The laurel forest is the most common
2884:
1401:Northern Triangle subtropical forests
1303:Laurel forest ecoregions in East Asia
292:from Greek: Δάφνη, meaning "laurel",
4346:"Central Range montane rain forests"
4247:Terrestrial vegetation of California
2597:adding citations to reliable sources
2564:
1958:and tourist facilities. Most of the
1429:Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests
4004:
3972:
3930:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
3537:
3511:Huon Peninsula montane rain forests
2326:, along with the emergent conifers
1329:Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests
629:, southern China, the mountains of
443:islands of the Atlantic and on the
24:
3506:Central Range montane rain forests
3469:, and trees of the Myrtle family (
2958:
2739:and a variety of vines, including
2221:, laurel forests are found in the
1853:Parque Natural de Los Alcornocales
1309:Changjiang Plain evergreen forests
1265:In ancient times, laurel forests (
193:
182:Some laurel forests are a type of
25:
4486:
4405:
4130:"Parque Natural Los Alcornocales"
3304:in lowland laurel forests in the
3081:
2249:, and in the montane zone of the
2139:
1880:, and the coastal mountains from
1543:Western Java montane rain forests
1299:, and only a few pockets remain.
1124:Acer campbellii, Acer pectinatum,
4391:. Washington, DC: Island Press.
4093:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02427.x
3852:Karan, Pradyumna Prasad (2005).
3438:The highlands of New Guinea and
3235:Valdivian temperate rain forests
3228:
3051:Central American montane forests
2569:
1715:), or in other continents (e.g.
1413:Southern Korea evergreen forests
1145:), Himalayan flowering dogwood (
723:etc., along with such others as
4381:
4338:
4312:
4286:
4260:
4228:
4207:
4169:
4150:
4122:
4068:
4035:
4008:Plant Systematics and Evolution
3998:
3966:
3920:
3905:
3867:
3846:
3820:
3802:
3660:(2). Springer Nature: 221–233.
3217:and trees and shrubs of family
2342:are less prominent, limited to
1377:Northern Annamites rain forests
399:Laurel forests are composed of
4320:"Serra do Mar coastal forests"
3748:
3699:Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum
3618:
3598:
3553:
3489:remained largely undisturbed.
3475:Indo-Australian tectonic plate
3251:from the Pacific Ocean to the
2208:Knysna-Amatole montane forests
2172:Sri Lanka montane rain forests
1972:Azores temperate mixed forests
1689:with lauroid-shape leaves and
1100:; mixed broadleaved forest of
13:
1:
3942:10.1080/14772019.2017.1282991
3875:"Borneo montane rain forests"
3531:
3526:Vogelkop montane rain forests
3392:
3372:belongs to the same genus as
3266:Biodiversity of New Caledonia
2928:remains in California today.
1806:spread through North Africa.
1538:Sumatran montane rain forests
1533:Sulawesi montane rain forests
1523:Mindanao montane rain forests
616:Subtropical evergreen forests
513:
422:and once covered much of the
4268:"Talamancan montane forests"
3568:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
3223:Alto Paraná Atlantic forests
3211:Serra do Mar coastal forests
2165:
1498:and other tropical species.
1005:species, Himalayan hemlock (
606:
439:the same case occurs on the
157:Along the eastern margin of
7:
3755:Sunset Western Garden Book,
1508:Borneo montane rain forests
218:, leaves that repel water.
10:
4491:
4213:Axelrod, Daniel I. (2000)
3574:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.13.en
3263:
3232:
3157:Southeastern South America
3071:Talamancan montane forests
3061:Chimalapas montane forests
2713:), and sweetbay magnolia (
2362:interest and the enormous
2223:Cameroon Highlands forests
2187:
2169:
2143:
1677:. The climate was wet and
1653:and the Laurisilva in the
1645:) are characteristic. The
1552:
1518:Luzon montane rain forests
1423:Taiheiyo evergreen forests
1367:Nihonkai evergreen forests
1271:Taiheiyo evergreen forests
1250:), Himalayan bird cherry (
358:(New Zealand Laurel), and
82:
27:Type of subtropical forest
4294:"Araucaria moist forests"
3902:, Madeira Wind Birds 2005
3611:, (23), 125–41. Dialnet.
3308:and the northeast of the
3021:volcano in Nicaragua. In
2375:), Outeniqua Yellowwood (
2183:
1982:Madeira evergreen forests
1926:forests, associated with
995:in pure or mixed stands.
492:. Isolation gave rise to
394:
59:found in areas with high
4185:Acta Botanica Malacitana
3369:Laurelia novae-zelandiae
3194:Campomanesia xanthocarpa
3076:Veracruz montane forests
2953:Umbellularia californica
2924:Umbellularia californica
2526:Polypodium polypodioides
2103:Lagerstroemia parviflora
1987:
1754:. The most important is
1172:Acanthopanax cissifolius
755:spp.), Himalayan maple (
599:, in lowland forest and
4435:Subtropical rainforests
4201:10.24310/abm.v24i0.8523
4136:(in European Spanish).
4081:Journal of Biogeography
3737:: 61–95. Archived from
3666:10.1023/a:1009856020744
3639:10.1078/1433-8319-00044
3363:Corynocarpus laevigatus
3324:widespread in tropical
3171:Araucaria moist forests
3066:Oaxacan montane forests
3056:Chiapas montane forests
3039:Cordillera de Talamanca
2561:Southeast United States
2384:Trichocladus ellipticus
2012:Castanopsis tribuloides
2007:Castanopsis tribuloides
1932:, and conifers such as
1647:Garajonay National Park
1393:(China, Laos, Myanmar,
1241:Philadelphus tomentosus
1190:Dodecadenia grandiflora
1116:), East Himalayan fir (
1061:Rhododendron arboreum,
1035:Daphniphyllum himalense
935:Hymenodictyon flaccidum
865:Actinodaphne reticulata
498:in the Azores Islands,
355:Corynocarpus laevigatus
178:regions of the tropics.
91:Humid laurel forest in
4350:Terrestrial Ecoregions
4324:Terrestrial Ecoregions
4298:Terrestrial Ecoregions
4272:Terrestrial Ecoregions
4056:Cite journal requires
3986:Cite journal requires
3879:Terrestrial Ecoregions
3832:Terrestrial Ecoregions
3776:Tagawa, Hideo (1995).
3548:Hydrological Processes
3206:Araucaria angustifolia
3098:
2989:. The cloud forest of
2937:Mediterranean climates
2798:Rhapidophyllum hystrix
2695:), southern magnolia (
2245:, in the Highlands of
2044:-Laurales forest with
1259:Viburnum continifolium
942:, winged prickly ash (
857:Heptapleurum venulosum
834:Mahosama similicifolia
622:
507:Laurus novocanariensis
361:Corynocarpus rupestris
95:
38:
4460:Palearctic ecoregions
4352:. World Wildlife Fund
4326:. World Wildlife Fund
4300:. World Wildlife Fund
4274:. World Wildlife Fund
3900:Madeira Laurel Forest
3881:. World Wildlife Fund
3834:. World Wildlife Fund
3375:Laurelia sempervirens
3241:Laurisilva Valdiviana
3200:Parapiptadenia rigida
3145:as it passes through
3089:
2807:), and saw palmetto (
2692:Quercus hemisphaerica
2554:Rapanea melanophloeos
2532:Polystichum tuctuosum
2480:Rhoicissus tridentata
2450:Maytenus heterophylla
2381:), White Witchhazel (
2372:Podocarpus latifolius
2329:Podocarpus latifolius
2305:Rapanea melanophloeos
2089:Rhododendron arboreum
2083:Semicarpus anacardium
1954:cattle pastures, and
1816:Rhododendron ponticum
1555:Laurisilva of Madeira
1450:Greater Sunda Islands
1169:), Siberian ginseng (
1104:Symplocos ramosissima
1063:Rhododendron barbatum
897:Trichilia cannoroides
782:Semecarpus anacardium
743:wild Himalayan pear (
733:Rhododendron arboreum
614:
531:, including southern
504:on the mainland, and
482:show that species of
90:
33:
4193:University of Málaga
3912:Sziemer, P. (2000).
3197:), and Leguminosae (
3165:, after Argentina's
3163:Laurisilva Misionera
2779:Cliftonia monophylla
2773:Osmanthus americanus
2698:Magnolia grandiflora
2593:improve this section
2520:Cyperus albostriatus
2498:Oplismenus hirtellus
2225:along the border of
1839:, in the Portuguese
1659:World Heritage sites
1198:Hydrangea heteromala
819:), Indian mahogany (
810:Glochidion velutinum
786:Crateva unilocularis
216:analogous structures
212:convergent evolution
120:Primary productivity
110:, seldom exposed to
4465:Nearctic ecoregions
4243:Allan A. Schoenherr
4134:juntadeandalucia.es
3795:10.3759/tropics.5.1
3487:Cape York Peninsula
3397:The eastern end of
2991:Sierra de las Minas
2830:Cyrilla racemiflora
2761:Gordonia lasianthus
2742:Bignonia capreolata
2716:Magnolia virginiana
2678:tropical rainforest
2538:Streptocarpus rexii
2492:Burchellia bubalina
2486:Zanthoxylum capense
2426:Kiggelaria africana
2402:Calodendrum capense
2378:Podocarpus falcatus
2354:due to exceptional
2335:Afrocarpus falcatus
2293:Kiggelaria africana
2239:African Great Lakes
2235:Ethiopian Highlands
2133:Castanopsis hystrix
2079:Phyllanthus emblica
2066:hygrophile forest;
1929:Prunus laurocerasus
1873:Strait of Gibraltar
1735:and European holly
1649:, on the island of
1230:Myrsine capitallata
1178:Coriaria terminalis
1097:Magnolia campbellii
1018:Magnolia campbellii
957:Myrsine semiserrata
945:Zanthoxylum armatum
914:Saurauia nepalensis
893:Macaranga pustulata
881:Ardisia thyrsiflora
861:Casearia graveilens
845:Xylosma longifolium
730:tree rhododendron (
726:Engelhardia spicata
715:Persea odoratissima
529:Southern Hemisphere
352:(Portugal laurel),
343:Prunus laurocerasus
4235:Michael G. Barbour
4138:Junta de Andalucía
4021:10.1007/BF00936911
3295:Beilschmiedia tawa
3243:, occupy southern
3099:
2885:Ancient California
2801:), bush palmetto (
2785:Vaccinium arboreum
2731:Quercus virginiana
2686:Quercus virginiana
2501:), Bushman Grass (
2408:Apodytes dimidiata
2269:Apodytes dimidiata
2063:Castanopsis indica
2001:Castanopsis indica
1841:Serra de Monchique
1247:Osmanthus fragrans
1184:Fraxinus macrantha
939:Maytenus thomsonii
910:Wenlendia puberula
872:, Nepalese alder (
851:Boehmeria rugulosa
816:Callicarpa arborea
633:, and the eastern
623:
559:islands, southern
96:
39:
4397:978-1-55963-923-1
4255:978-1-282-35915-4
4223:978-0-520-09839-8
3862:978-0-8131-2342-4
3583:978-2-8317-2077-7
3167:Misiones Province
3151:climax vegetation
2948:Arbutus menziesii
2866:Yucca filamentosa
2827:. In many areas,
2707:), cabbage palm (
2646:Hammock (ecology)
2629:
2628:
2621:
2514:Centella asiatica
2474:Canthium ciliatum
2462:Carissa bispinosa
2438:Xymalos monospora
2390:Rhus chirendensis
2323:Xymalos monospora
2219:Subsaharan Africa
2204:Arabian Peninsula
2202:and the southern
2109:Quercus lamellosa
2027:Lyonia ovalifolia
1761:Prunus lusitanica
1750:and the southern
1748:Iberian Peninsula
1234:Neolitsea umbrosa
1226:Lichelia doltsopa
1217:, common walnut (
1194:Eurya cerasifolia
1160:Deutzia staminea,
1126:Himalayan birch (
1119:Abies spectabilis
1029:Pieris ovalifolia
1022:Michelia doltsopa
992:Q. semecarpifolia
986:Quercus lamellosa
963:Sloanea tomentosa
918:ring-cupped oak (
848:), false nettle (
794:Premna interrupta
773:spp., and birch (
739:Lyonia ovalifolia
349:Prunus lusitanica
346:(cherry laurel),
100:temperate regions
16:(Redirected from
4482:
4400:
4385:
4379:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4264:
4258:
4239:Todd Keeler-Wolf
4232:
4226:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4182:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3871:
3865:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3773:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3728:
3719:
3706:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3557:
3551:
3541:
3413:mammal and bird
3352:as far south as
3109:to northwestern
2965:Central American
2942:Notholithocarpus
2836:Lyonia fruticosa
2722:Quercus geminata
2674:tropical savanna
2624:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2573:
2565:
2468:Secamone alpinii
2432:Nuxia floribunda
2396:Curtisia dentata
2095:Lyoma ovalifolia
2073:Pinus roxburghii
2059:Schima wallichii
2053:Alnus nepalensis
1995:Schima wallichii
1941:Cedrus atlantica
1916:, including the
1823:Rhamnus frangula
1657:were designated
1409:(China, Vietnam)
1244:), sweet olive (
1166:Euonymus tingens
1054:Alnus nepalensis
1049:Sorbus cuspidata
967:Hydrangea aspera
927:Ziziphus incurva
904:Celtis tetrandra
875:Alnus nepalensis
838:Trevesia palmata
800:Ulmus lancifolia
790:Trewia nudiflora
764:Myrica esculenta
581:the Congo region
467:of the Pacific.
144:nutrient cycling
21:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4470:Atlantic Forest
4410:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4386:
4382:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4303:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4277:
4275:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4233:
4229:
4212:
4208:
4180:
4174:
4170:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4142:
4140:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4111:
4073:
4069:
4057:
4055:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4003:
3999:
3987:
3985:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3925:
3921:
3910:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3774:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3726:
3720:
3709:
3696:
3689:
3650:
3646:
3633:(1–2): 87–104.
3623:
3619:
3612:
3603:
3599:
3584:
3558:
3554:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3495:
3395:
3342:Central America
3268:
3262:
3237:
3231:
3182:O. catharinense
3176:Ocotea pretiosa
3159:
3084:
3047:
2961:
2959:Central America
2887:
2878:Opuntia stricta
2860:Yucca aloifolia
2704:Persea borbonia
2689:), Laurel oak (
2625:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2590:
2574:
2563:
2414:Halleria lucida
2360:paleoecological
2311:Halleria lucida
2299:Prunus africana
2192:
2186:
2174:
2168:
2152:
2144:Main articles:
2142:
2136:and Lauraceae.
2031:Eurya acuminata
2017:Schima wallichi
1990:
1968:
1811:(Erica arborea)
1752:Black Sea Basin
1739:Ilex aquifolium
1569:Madeira Islands
1557:
1551:
1504:
1446:Malay Peninsula
1442:
1305:
1214:Litsea elongata
1148:Cornus capitata
1135:Betula alnoides
1107:and Lauraceae.
1043:Acer pectinatum
1039:Acer campbellii
951:Eurya acuminata
813:, beautyberry (
797:, Vietnam elm (
761:), box myrtle (
663:), chinquapin (
661:Cyclobalanopsis
643:Tibetan Plateau
609:
535:, southernmost
521:vascular plants
516:
401:vascular plants
397:
196:
194:Characteristics
85:
52:, is a type of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4488:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4425:Forest ecology
4422:
4407:
4406:External links
4404:
4402:
4401:
4380:
4363:
4337:
4311:
4285:
4259:
4227:
4206:
4168:
4149:
4121:
4087:(2): 226–246.
4067:
4058:|journal=
4034:
4015:(1–4): 79–91.
3997:
3988:|journal=
3965:
3936:(2): 159–177.
3919:
3904:
3892:
3866:
3845:
3819:
3801:
3759:
3747:
3744:on 2015-02-26.
3707:
3687:
3644:
3617:
3597:
3582:
3552:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3494:
3491:
3394:
3391:
3320:are trees and
3264:Main article:
3261:
3258:
3233:Main article:
3230:
3227:
3191:), Myrtaceae (
3158:
3155:
3143:Urubamba River
3083:
3082:Tropical Andes
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3037:, also in the
2960:
2957:
2886:
2883:
2872:Yucca gloriosa
2810:Serenoa repens
2736:Serenoa repens
2710:Sabal palmetto
2640:, and west to
2627:
2626:
2577:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2511:), Pigs-ears (
2504:Stipa dregeana
2456:Scutia myrtina
2453:), Cat-thorn (
2444:Ocotea bullata
2317:Ocotea bullata
2281:Nuxia congesta
2188:Main article:
2185:
2182:
2170:Main article:
2167:
2164:
2141:
2140:Southern India
2138:
2121:Quercus glauca
2115:Quercus lanata
2037:Quercus glauca
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1857:Western Europe
1771:Laurus nobilis
1731:Laurus nobilis
1655:Madeira Island
1573:Canary Islands
1553:Main article:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1420:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1388:
1374:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1326:
1316:
1304:
1301:
1253:Prunus cornuta
1142:Buxus rugulosa
1073:Pieris formosa
931:Camellia kissi
921:Quercus glauca
878:), marlberry (
869:Sapium insigne
719:Persea duthiei
691:), as well as
669:) and tanoak (
639:East China Sea
608:
605:
575:, and central
515:
512:
501:Laurus nobilis
495:Laurus azorica
465:Ryūkyū Islands
416:supercontinent
409:southern beech
396:
393:
195:
192:
180:
179:
172:
169:
166:
165:of 25° to 35°.
84:
81:
65:broadleaf tree
44:, also called
34:Laurisilva of
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4487:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4377:
4376:0-7301-0469-9
4373:
4367:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4161:
4160:
4153:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4063:
4050:
4038:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4001:
3993:
3980:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3951:10400.13/4191
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3896:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3796:
3791:
3788:(1/2): 1–40.
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3654:Plant Ecology
3648:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3479:Pacific Plate
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:South America
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3318:Beilschmiedia
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3301:Beilschmiedia
3297:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3280:New Caledonia
3277:
3273:
3267:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3229:Central Chile
3226:
3224:
3221:. The inland
3220:
3219:Melastomaceae
3216:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:including in
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3093:
3092:Colonia Tovar
3088:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3031:Volcán Arenal
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3011:cloud forests
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2939:. Species of
2938:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2839:, wax myrtle
2838:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2754:Vitis species
2750:
2749:
2745:, as well as
2744:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2636:southward to
2635:
2623:
2620:
2612:
2609:November 2013
2602:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2578:This section
2576:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2351:Beilschmiedia
2347:
2346:
2341:
2340:Laurel family
2337:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:N. floribunda
2283:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2263:Beilschmiedia
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:Western Ghats
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2130:forests with
2129:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2076:forests with
2075:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1947:Abies pinsapo
1943:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1935:Taxus baccata
1931:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:Rif Mountains
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1476:, Lauraceae,
1475:
1473:
1468:, chinquapin
1467:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1238:mock-orange (
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1220:Juglans regia
1216:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1202:Ilex dipyrena
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1154:Corylus ferox
1150:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1129:Betula utilis
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1113:Abies pindrow
1108:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1000:
999:
994:
993:
988:
987:
981:
979:
978:
973:
972:
968:
964:
959:
958:
953:
952:
947:
946:
941:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
922:
917:
915:
911:
906:
905:
900:
898:
894:
889:
888:
883:
882:
877:
876:
871:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
852:
847:
846:
841:
839:
835:
830:
829:
825:), fig tree (
824:
823:
822:Toona ciliata
818:
817:
812:
811:
807:
806:Ulmus chumlia
802:
801:
796:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
777:
772:
771:
766:
765:
760:
759:
758:Acer oblongum
754:
753:
748:
747:
742:
740:
735:
734:
729:
727:
722:
720:
716:
711:
710:
704:
702:
701:rhododendrons
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:
680:
679:
674:
673:
668:
667:
662:
658:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
617:
613:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:New Caledonia
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:cloud forests
550:
549:New Caledonia
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:South America
530:
526:
522:
511:
509:
508:
503:
502:
497:
496:
491:
487:
486:
481:
478:
474:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
405:Podocarpaceae
402:
392:
390:
386:
380:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
362:
357:
356:
351:
350:
345:
344:
339:
338:
333:
332:
327:
326:
321:
320:
315:
314:
309:
308:
303:
302:
297:
296:
291:
290:
285:
284:
279:
278:
273:
272:
271:Daphniphyllum
267:
266:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
191:
189:
185:
177:
173:
170:
167:
164:
160:
156:
155:
154:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
94:
89:
80:
78:
74:
71:, glossy and
70:
67:species with
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:Laurel forest
37:
32:
19:
4388:
4383:
4366:
4354:. Retrieved
4349:
4340:
4328:. Retrieved
4323:
4314:
4302:. Retrieved
4297:
4288:
4276:. Retrieved
4271:
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4084:
4080:
4070:
4049:cite journal
4037:
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3968:
3933:
3929:
3922:
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3883:. Retrieved
3878:
3869:
3853:
3848:
3836:. Retrieved
3831:
3822:
3813:
3804:
3785:
3781:
3757:1995:606–607
3754:
3750:
3739:the original
3734:
3730:
3698:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3613:(in Spanish)
3608:
3600:
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3555:
3547:
3539:
3496:
3460:
3454:
3443:
3437:
3418:
3401:, including
3396:
3384:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3358:Corynocarpus
3317:
3310:South Island
3306:North Island
3299:
3293:
3292:
3269:
3240:
3238:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
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3160:
3147:Machu Picchu
3100:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2962:
2952:
2946:
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2932:
2930:
2922:
2918:Umbellularia
2916:
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2821:Dahoon holly
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2696:
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2684:
2682:
2658:
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2606:
2591:Please help
2579:
2552:
2544:Plectranthus
2542:
2536:
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2368:
2364:biodiversity
2349:
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2303:
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2243:South Africa
2216:
2212:South Africa
2193:
2175:
2158:in southern
2153:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2112:forest with
2107:
2093:
2087:
2077:
2071:
2068:Schima-Pinus
2067:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2025:
2021:Rhododendron
2015:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1956:golf courses
1952:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1861:
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1759:
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1626:
1623:Asparagaceae
1616:
1606:
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1586:
1576:
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1496:Dipterocarps
1486:
1469:
1461:
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1278:
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1264:
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1101:
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1077:Tsuga dumosa
1071:
1060:
1058:
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1047:
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1027:
1016:
1013:Rhododendron
1012:
1008:Tsuga dumosa
1006:
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744:
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670:
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660:
654:
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557:Macaronesian
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505:
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493:
490:North Africa
483:
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413:
398:
381:
370:
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347:
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335:
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323:
317:
311:
305:
301:Laureliopsis
299:
293:
287:
281:
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269:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
232:apical mucro
231:
219:
205:
197:
184:cloud forest
181:
151:geographical
148:
97:
49:
45:
41:
40:
4455:Afromontane
4195:: 133–184.
3445:Lithocarpus
3440:New Britain
3407:Aru Islands
3378:. The tree
3338:New Zealand
3288:New Zealand
3139:Tarma River
2889:During the
2816:Ilex glabra
2804:Sabal minor
2793:shrub layer
2727:Q. geminata
2670:Mesoamerica
2661:sclerophyll
2652:(mostly in
2459:), Numnum (
2255:Afromontane
2237:around the
2196:Afromontane
2190:Afromontane
2127:Castanopsis
2042:Castanopsis
2014:mixed with
1919:Castanopsis
1906:Caspian Sea
1724:Liquidambar
1699:Pleistocene
1691:Castanopsis
1643:Primulaceae
1613:Clethraceae
1561:Macaronesia
1482:Clethraceae
1472:Castanopsis
1464:Lithocarpus
1417:South Korea
1275:Castanopsis
1026:andromeda (
901:hackberry (
672:Lithocarpus
666:Castanopsis
601:Afromontane
541:New Zealand
480:glaciations
477:Pleistocene
441:Macaronesia
436:sclerophyll
373:tree canopy
331:lauriformis
325:laurifolius
260:Lucidophyll
252:lauriformis
248:laurophylla
140:Decomposers
136:pollinators
54:subtropical
50:laurissilva
4414:Categories
4143:2021-12-14
3532:References
3483:New Guinea
3456:Nothofagus
3420:Nothofagus
3403:New Guinea
3393:New Guinea
3387:New Guinea
3276:New Guinea
3215:bromeliads
3035:Monteverde
3023:Costa Rica
2974:Weinmannia
2895:California
2791:The lower
2767:Ilex opaca
2549:Cape Beech
2420:Ilex mitis
2356:biological
2275:Ilex mitis
2247:Madagascar
1910:Azerbaijan
1904:, and the
1890:Aegean Sea
1868:Asia minor
1843:, and the
1808:Tree heath
1675:Tethys Sea
1638:Heberdenia
1578:Apollonias
1397:, Vietnam)
1267:shoyojurin
1205:, privet (
1151:), hazel (
974:spp., and
954:, matipo (
884:), holly (
749:), sumac (
565:Madagascar
514:Ecoregions
319:laurifolia
283:Daphnandra
277:Daphnopsis
265:Daphnidium
244:laurifolia
220:Laurophyll
201:bay laurel
159:continents
46:laurisilva
18:Laurasilva
4475:Lauraceae
4114:5 January
4101:1365-2699
3960:132935444
3814:mobot.org
3674:1385-0237
3592:241360441
3471:Myrtaceae
3467:Podocarps
3462:Araucaria
3425:Eucalypts
3411:marsupial
3356:. In the
3346:Caribbean
3334:Australia
3314:podocarps
3272:Australia
3249:Argentina
3188:O. porosa
3111:Argentina
3107:Venezuela
3096:Venezuela
3090:Yunga in
3033:, called
3007:Nicaragua
3003:Nicaragua
2995:Guatemala
2900:Nectandra
2725:or mixed
2666:Caribbean
2650:limestone
2580:does not
2178:Sri Lanka
2166:Sri Lanka
2056:forests;
2047:Symplocas
1922:and true
1908:coast of
1896:coast of
1894:Black Sea
1892:, on the
1886:Algeciras
1671:Paleocene
1651:La Gomera
1603:Lauraceae
1593:Lauraceae
1583:Lauraceae
1492:Myrtaceae
1488:Epiphytes
1460:, tanoak
1403:(Myanmar)
1208:Ligustrum
1163:spindle (
1139:boxwood (
971:Symplocos
693:magnolias
659:subgenus
647:Lauraceae
635:Himalayas
631:Indochina
607:East Asia
545:Australia
473:vicariant
432:Australia
389:Argentina
256:lauroides
208:Lauraceae
188:dew point
174:In humid
163:latitudes
153:regions:
93:La Gomera
77:Lauraceae
73:elongated
69:evergreen
4245:(2007).
4109:86477003
4029:25109937
3864:. p. 25.
3838:April 8,
3701:, 8(2),
3682:32800204
3544:Abstract
3405:and the
3360:family,
3316:. Genus
3284:Tasmania
3127:Colombia
3019:Mombacho
2999:Honduras
2986:Magnolia
2634:Virginia
2509:elongata
2231:Cameroon
2106:forest,
2070:forest;
1864:Tertiary
1818:baeticum
1792:Portugal
1718:Magnolia
1703:Pliocene
1685:family (
1683:Fagaceae
1679:tropical
1633:Oleaceae
1628:Picconia
1618:Dracaena
1478:Theaceae
1395:Thailand
1289:conifers
1280:Machilus
1088:Magnolia
770:Magnolia
689:Theaceae
684:Camellia
651:Fagaceae
593:Tanzania
585:Cameroon
573:Tasmania
525:Gondwana
420:Gondwana
385:Misiones
377:emergent
313:laurelin
307:laureola
236:drip tip
104:moisture
61:humidity
4420:Forests
4356:June 4,
4330:June 4,
4304:June 4,
4257:, p. 56
4165:. 2007.
3885:June 4,
3782:Tropics
3605:Resumen
3429:Malesia
3399:Malesia
3380:niaouli
3131:Ecuador
3119:Bolivia
3027:Tilarán
2933:Quercus
2891:Miocene
2854:Opuntia
2654:Florida
2638:Florida
2601:removed
2586:sources
2266:, with
2227:Nigeria
1898:Georgia
1849:Morocco
1825:baetica
1820:and/or
1784:Tunisia
1780:Algeria
1776:Morocco
1766:Iberian
1707:Quercus
1608:Clethra
1456:Quercus
1425:(Japan)
1385:Vietnam
1323:Myanmar
1291:, like
1285:Quercus
1256:), and
1211:spp.),
1011:), and
998:Lindera
977:Cleyera
831:spp.),
656:Quercus
641:to the
457:Shikoku
428:relicts
424:tropics
379:trees.
337:laurina
240:laurina
224:lauroid
176:montane
124:Insects
108:climate
83:Ecology
36:Madeira
4395:
4374:
4278:1 June
4253:
4221:
4107:
4099:
4043:56–77.
4027:
3958:
3860:
3703:p. 417
3680:
3672:
3590:
3580:
3433:tundra
3423:) and
3348:, and
3344:, the
3330:Africa
3322:shrubs
3286:, and
3169:. The
3133:, and
3115:Brazil
3103:Yungas
3029:" and
3015:coffee
2983:, and
2980:Drimys
2969:Mexico
2951:, and
2915:, and
2912:Persea
2906:Ocotea
2875:, and
2842:Myrica
2823:, and
2748:Smilax
2541:, and
2489:, and
2441:, and
2345:Ocotea
2320:, and
2200:Africa
2184:Africa
2099:Schima
2050:spp.;
2034:, and
2024:spp.,
2004:, and
1944:, and
1924:laurus
1902:Turkey
1878:Sintra
1851:. The
1833:Málaga
1804:myrtle
1800:Greece
1712:Ocotea
1695:Eocene
1663:UNESCO
1635:) and
1598:Persea
1588:Ocotea
1571:, and
1565:Azores
1480:, and
1433:Taiwan
1333:Bhutan
1297:hinoki
1094:, and
1086:) and
1070:spp.,
1067:Lyonia
1046:, and
1003:Litsea
890:spp),
776:Betula
712:spp.,
709:Litsea
699:, and
697:bamboo
678:Schima
627:Taiwan
620:Taiwan
597:Uganda
595:, and
537:Africa
485:Laurus
463:, and
461:Kyūshū
449:Hainan
445:Taiwan
395:Origin
295:laurus
289:Daphne
254:, and
116:frosts
57:forest
4181:(PDF)
4163:(PDF)
4105:S2CID
4025:S2CID
3956:S2CID
3742:(PDF)
3727:(PDF)
3678:S2CID
3588:S2CID
3354:Chile
3253:Andes
3245:Chile
3123:Chile
3005:. In
2848:Yucca
2642:Texas
2507:var.
2160:India
1988:Nepal
1960:biota
1882:Cadiz
1837:Spain
1829:Cádiz
1796:Italy
1788:Spain
1371:Japan
1361:China
1351:China
1341:Nepal
1337:India
1313:China
1283:, or
1181:ash (
980:spp.
828:Ficus
589:Sudan
577:Chile
561:Japan
366:ivies
128:birds
112:fires
4393:ISBN
4372:ISBN
4358:2011
4332:2011
4306:2011
4280:2011
4251:ISBN
4219:ISBN
4116:2022
4097:ISSN
4062:help
3992:help
3887:2011
3858:ISBN
3840:2011
3670:ISSN
3578:ISBN
3497:The
3449:Ilex
3415:taxa
3385:The
3326:Asia
3247:and
3185:and
3135:Peru
3101:The
3009:the
2851:and
2782:and
2770:and
2751:and
2729:and
2676:and
2668:and
2584:any
2582:cite
2358:and
2332:and
2229:and
2194:The
2148:and
2118:and
2092:and
1914:Iran
1912:and
1900:and
1831:and
1687:oaks
1381:Laos
1293:pine
1083:Acer
1001:and
989:and
887:Ilex
752:Rhus
681:and
547:and
453:Jeju
407:and
234:or "
132:bats
130:and
4197:doi
4089:doi
4017:doi
4013:162
3946:hdl
3938:doi
3790:doi
3662:doi
3658:145
3635:doi
3570:doi
3499:WWF
2595:by
2517:),
2465:),
2387:),
2348:or
2241:to
2217:In
2210:of
1884:to
1847:of
1835:in
1756:ivy
1661:by
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