Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines

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The food, for example, is redeeming chicken soup and his bandages are Mary's Joys. Grosmont remains focussed on his overarching theme, but this does not prevent him from digressing—"often deliberate, always conscious"—into intellectual philosophising or personal anecdotes for which he regularly apologises. Grosmont makes full use of his active imagination in his use of language, using colourful and extravagant metaphors, although many of which—the Virgin's milk as a balm against sin, for example—were established tropes in religious writing. His senses are personalised. His body is a castle, with the walls his hands and feet, while his heart is the

303:, around 1354. In his opening remarks he says—"shades of a modern author's acknowledgements", comments Labarge—that they should receive equal credit with him for any benefit the book brings. This was a protracted, and probably not easy, exercise for the duke, as whatever his education he had not been brought up in the expectation of ever facing such a task. It is also unlikely that he was in a position to devote any length of time solely to the book's composition; although during this period war with France and Scotland was at a lull, a parliament took place at 22: 786: 247:, personally directed to Christ in what Pantin calls a "very personal and affectionate way". The prose is not universally popular however; Kaeuper moans that "I fear that some readers who struggle through its turgid prose and allegory gone to seed—244 pages in Anglo-Norman French—may think it penance to read", while Fowler argues that it is "not remarkable" and even Arnould says that in places it is "laborious". It has occasionally been questioned whether Grosmont was the brains behind the work, or whether he had an 760:. Grosmont also demonstrates an understanding of the limits of his suggestions; for example, although he advocates theriac as a poison to destroy other poisons, he is also aware that, if a patient is already poisoned too badly, the new poison will make things worse rather than better. Grosmont would have been associated with medical practitioners of varying degrees of expertise, from battlefield surgeons to court physicians, and his use of medical imagery indicates he learned much from them. During his 1356 374:, stating that "when I was young and strong and agile, I prided myself on my good looks, my figure, my gentle blood and all the qualities and gifts that you, O Lord, had given me for the salvation of my soul". But pride was not confined to himself: he was proud of the richness of his possessions, whether finger rings, shoes, or armour. Likewise his dancing skills or his dress, and much as he flaunted himself he liked, even more, to be praised by others for these things. He also confesses to the sin of 1127:, particularly in the character sloth, which she calls "arguably the most engaging of Henry's projections of his own sinful self". Lady Sloth is portrayed as taking advantage of an honourable man by getting herself invited in—when no man of honour would turn a lady at his gate away—and then abusing his hospitality. That Grosmont is confessing to being a practitioner of her vice makes him more receptive to it and so makes it easier for her to stay. 426:, praying, each time, for a remedy appropriate to the sin. But Grosmont's body is particularly porous: it gushes blood and tears, and wounds are not limited to seven, rather "all the body is so full of wounds." In this way, suggests Arnould, each of his temporal, real-life experiences is given a spiritual equivalent. For example, as a patient of Christ, Grosmont describes how he obtains a 827:

qualities of tenderness, dignity and "gentle candour" through his writing. These qualities are not, however, incompatible, argues Arnould, as the piety the author demonstrates combined with a lack of animosity towards enemies may back up the chivalric image rather than impinge upon it. Batt argues that Grosmont personifies the contradictions inherent in the medieval chivalric ideal

448:, a foxhole and a public fair, or marketplace. The foxhole analogy is of interest, suggests Labarge, as it may reflect events going on in Grosmont's life at the time he wrote the particular paragraph. From March to April 1354 Grosmont was in negotiation with Guy of Boulogne via the medium of "a highly sarcastic exchange of letters" regarding England's attempts to recruit 1132:

a friend of Lady Sloth, let me come in to comfort her’, the gate will be very quickly opened to let in one of her friends, who is then eager to comfort Sloth by saying: ‘Lady, don't worry about anything at all, except your comfort, and especially the comfort of the body; and we shall think about the soul some other day, when we are old and shall have nothing else to do.

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sick man, therefore, he seeks a physician, in this case, Jesus. The remedies, too, are allegorical. To take but one example, he compares his sinfulness to poisoning and spins out an allegory based on antidotes to venom. The medicines to cast out the venomous sin are saintly sermons, good lessons, and true examples received through his ears from good men and good books.

132:. Historians consider it to be one of the most important domestic manuscripts extant from the era, not least due to the status and position of its creator. It exists today in a number of manuscript forms and is used by historians not only as a source for the history of books and literacy but also for the broader social and religious conventions of the English nobility. 415:, and admits—bitterly—to a passion for women, and especially for the "lecherous kisses" of ordinary women–"or worse, whom he liked all the more because, unlike good women, they would not think the worse of him for his conduct". He admits to having taken advantage of his superior social position by extorting money from his tenants, and those "who need it most". 1145:, says Fletcher, raises the question as to who is the better Christian: "the priest, who is a man, but who can neither marry nor shed blood? Or a nobleman, who knows what it is to be a good Christian—thanks to his confessors, preachers and his own upbringing—but who lives in a competitive and violent world, and who desires other women than his wife?" 802:

point he was modest about his own accomplishment", Tavormina argues that this was not necessarily to be taken literally, as a number of similar expressions of self-apology are found in other contemporaneous texts and should be seen as intentional humility. On the other hand, suggests Batt, the breadth of his observations may include references to the

164:, as well as "the prolific literature of sin". Grosmont sententiously informs the reader how he wishes that when he was young he had "as much covetousness for the kingdom of heaven as I had for £100 of land". He blames those parts of his body which he later accuses of sin: his feet are guilty, for example, of being unwilling to allow him on 464:

his house thoroughly to make it worthy of his master who is coming to visit, and as such expels the cat from his best chair, but which—the moment the master has left—is allowed to return to the house and do as it will. Martial imagery is also strong, for example the references to courts, castles, sieges, prisons, ransoms,

1013:, Lancashire. The substantive contents of both are identical, with only minor linguistic differences separating them. The Stonyhurst MS is the earliest, and also the most decorated with numerous coats of arms; that of Cambridge, while looking more modest, says Batt, has an "elegant blue animal skin chemise binding". 1105:

remained perversely attached to his own sinful body". Labarge suggests that its importance to historians lies not so much in its colourful symbolism but Grosmont's extensive, and detailed, use of his own personal experiences to illustrate his message. In its literary value, it has been compared—as a "valuable

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had never been published until Henry Arnould's 1940 edition, which he based primarily on the Stonyhurst copy but compiled after examination of both that and the Cambridge copy. Arnould had intended for his edition to be accompanied by an extensive introduction, but this had to be curtailed on account

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had "a silver banner with a picture in gold of the blessed virgin on it, and, amid a hail of missiles, he displayed the picture on his banner at the walls of the town and he caused the Duke of Lancaster and many of his army to kneel in devotion to it" in a spontaneous act of piety. Conversely, argues

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The whole book is effectively allegorical: so a wounded man needs a physician, so a sinner needs redemption. The metaphors Grosmont uses to describe his remedy—including food, drinks, potions, bandages—"sounds rather banal", comments Pantin, but, rather, is "a work of great freshness and simplicity".

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Sloth comes to the gate of the ear and begs to be let in, because she is very sick, and says that just as soon as she has rested a little while she will go; and she does so much that she gets in, and once she is here she goes to bed and falls asleep. And should anyone come to the gate and say: ‘I am

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indicates the existence, in the nobility, of a class who were not only active in their traditional roles—warfare, royal service, estate management, for example—possessed "quite remarkable versatility, accomplishments and taste", and casts further light—"a third dimension"—on historians' knowledge of

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Grosmont's work is also important, argues Catherine Batt, for what it says about the extent and knowledge of medieval medical knowledge. While predominantly metaphorical and allusional—Christ the doctor, Mary the nurse—it also reflects the practical medical knowledge of its author (for example, the

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These similes, argues Arnould, represent the hidden dangers of the sinful world, a place into which conscience is driven to corner sin, and a meeting place for the sins. Other similes are from the animal world, for example, a cat represents the devil in his allegorical tale of a poor man who cleans

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suffers from seven perilous wounds in his ears, eyes, nose, mouth, hands, feet, and heart through which the seven deadly sins, like enemies breaching a castle, have entered his body (soul). His heart, moreover, he compares to the sea, a fox's hole, and a market-place to show its wickedness. Like a

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rarely touches on chivalry, Arnould has noted a stark difference in the Grosmont known to contemporaries and thence to historians—the great general, diligent royal servant and epitome of chivalry—and the one he presents himself, "so ingenuously humble and sometimes crudely frank". He also displays

801:

tells historians something as to Duke Henry's own upbringing and personality through his own words. He says he was a good looking youth, for example, but, as he was English, knew little French, and the learning that he had, had come to him late in life. Although Fowler comments that "on the latter

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entered the English camp, badly wounded; Grosmont saw to it that his surgeons gave him the best treatment and "healing herbs" they could. It is curious, suggests Batt, that with all Grosmont's life experience, his piety and all the religious foundations he has by now accomplished, that at no point

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that the devil makes work for idle hands. The lengths of paragraphs would appear to reflect the amount of time the author had to work on that section each day, rather than reflect any pre-planning. Structurally, the book is divided into two portions. The first describes the sinner's body, with its

64:

around 1354. It is a work of allegory in which he describes his body as under attack from sin: his heart is the castle, and sin—in all its forms—enters his body via wounds, and against which he begs the assistance of the necessary doctor, Jesus Christ. It exists in two complete copies today, both

1104:

from the perspective of the layman rather than the professional. Conversely, Andrew Taylor has argued that Grosmont demonstrates a tendency to be refractory in his recital of his own sins, perhaps suggesting that rejects absolute humility, even before Christ: "for all his religious instruction,

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Makes us see the cooks and innkeepers incessantly crying their wares, the women better dressed than on Easter, the men drinking in the taverns and going to brothels while citizens and merchants brawled loudly. Meanwhile, the lord's officials inflexibly asserted his rights and collected the tolls

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between 1342 and his death. Grosmont's writings, however, argues Labarge, place him firmly in the milieu of "a new current of personal and emotional piety" who did not just read, but wrote, and in Grosmont's case was not afraid of combining both his natural religious feelings with real-world,

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extensive library, which included over eighty medical books. Batt suggests that the lack of direct influence is useful in itself as a historical reference point as, having "no obvious identifiable single source", it sheds direct light on Grosmont's activities—more precisely, his view of his

92:

combines both elements from Grosmont's life, and the work is noted for the breadth of its imagery and imagination, much of which is taken from his own personal experience. The work describes Grosmont—a self-acknowledged sinner—talking directly to Christ, who is portrayed as a

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regardless of social status. The Bible made it clear to the nobility that, whereas the poor were almost certain to enter heaven, the rich had no such guarantees, and as such the Black Death may have made a more intellectual impact on the aristocracy than the lower classes.

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The governing conceit is that Lancaster's sins and the senses through which they enter are wounds which can only be healed once they have been bathed with the milk and tears of the Virgin, anointed with the blood from Christ's wounds, and bandaged with the Virgin's joys.

810:"is clearly the work of a well-read and cultured author". Coleman suggests there is a tension between the admiration Grosmont had for the French language—being "respectful, rather humble" towards it—and his career as a great fighter in France against all things French. 1040:

will not find Arnould's description of Grosmont's life providing anything new to the field, or "have scant concern with the following hundred pages dealing in minute detail with the phonology, morphology, and a few syntactical points relating to the language".

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breaking out in September 1939. Although Arnould promised a far fuller introduction than he was forced to provide, this did not appear until 1948, in French and published in Paris, and as such without the momentum of the original edition. Rothwell argues that

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Grosmont's college in Leicester (the "new werke", also a play on its location) is used as an example of his earthly power and wealth, which the poet then explains has been turned, on Grosmont's death, into spiritual wealth ("I hope he naue þeron not lost").

1527:

Rothwell's underlying point, however, is that this—and the concomitant lack of interest from scholars of French or literature—is indicative of over-compartmentalisation between subject areas rather than a reflection on either the original work or Arnould's

1165:

manuscript previously thought—thanks to being "carelessly and systematically misbound" around the end of the 17th century—to be a 15th-century medical treatise. It is not known precisely when it entered the university's possession, but it was part of the

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does he refer directly to his personal, real-life religion, never mentioning, for example, his holy thorn or St Mary's Newarke, or even his family or friends. Likewise it is likely that some of his information—such as how to determine the freshness of a

524:, writing a few years after Grosmont, called the duke "wise, full of glory, and valiant, and in his youth eager for honour and feats of arms, and before his death, a fiercely devout Christian". Several modern historians have agreed with this assessment; 479:

In part, this loose structure was probably a direct result of the nature of its composition if, as has been surmised, that Grosmont wrote portions of it each day, dipping in and out of writing in between a myriad of other duties and responsibilities.

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empirical experience. He was not, says Pantin, "a leveller or a prude", as while accepting he was too fond of gorging himself, he recognised that that lifestyle was mandated for the aristocracy, if moderately, "according as their estate demands it".

894:—not Mary's mother— was Grosmont's younger sister. This is not, however, the copy that descended through to Duke Humphrey, as that was presented to him by Thomas Carew, who died in 1429. The same copy appears to have been previously owned by 831:

the warrior knight and the penitent Christian. The book also suggests the extent of Grosmont's own medical knowledge, and more broadly the extent to which continental expertise had impacted England; Grosmont's personal physician was from

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of 1340, for example, uses a similar metaphor to Grosmont, proposing that "Christ is the best physician". Grosmont also points out that wisest of physicians, as such is Christ, will not waste his precious medicine on the incurable.

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does. Grosmont states at the beginning that he had numerous motives for writing the work, but the most important was to "make use of times which were wont to be idle in the service of God;" in other words, following the church's

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tells of the role of the nobility—and especially the martial nobility—in religion, argues that it is probably one of the few works of the period to address the contradiction between the secular and the ecclesiastic in religion.

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has pointed out that by this period, the English nobility was reading for both edification and pleasure, and Tavormina notes that the work's readership would have to be learned in French, which would have comprised the educated

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Even the sense of smell was a frequent occasion of sin to him, as when he delighted in the sweet scent of the ladies or of anything appertaining to them, or again when he took an inordinate pleasure in smelling the fine scarlet

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and his numerous naval voyages. The comparison of his heart to a city marketplace, where all roads led to and therefore where all sin ends up, was clearly a reflection of every town's market day. Labarge describes how Grosmont

1449:—of the later years of the century, all of which contributed to the image of the crusading knight being tarnished. By Grosmont's time, it was as much a sound strategy for financial or political reasons as a religious ideal. 1558:

Wynne also was unsure of the exact nature of the manuscript, and catalogued it as "Fragment of a French M.S. of the fifteenth century—Query, upon religion or medicine—not easy to make out the abbreviations, and some of the

444:"where innocence makes its last stand". A sow pregnant with seven offspring represent a worldly man bearing each deadly sin. Other metaphors for his heart—the area he devotes to his most complex and ambitious imagery—are a 127:

was probably written at the urging of his friends and relatives, for a literary audience which would have primarily comprised his fellow nobility, but would also have included senior ecclesiastics, lawyers and the educated

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of treacle, which he states is "made of poison so that it can destroy other poisons". When the treacle has done its work, the last necessity is a drink of "that rare and precious beverage, the milk of the Virgin Mary".

864:, and as such a very limited audience. It is one of the few devotional treatises which addresses the reader as well as the author; most of the period tended to be directed at the latter as if from an unknown superior. 1123:

practical efficacy of herbs in the springtime). This knowledge, she suggests, shaped his overall philosophy and religion. Batt also argues, however, that there are elements of what to modern perception are found in a

1186:, and while the fragment shows many differences in spelling and grammar from the other two, it does not contain new material. This may indicate that Le Livre had a broader audience than has previously been assumed. 1081:, says Waugh, is "the most spectacular evidence" historians have for this phenomenon. Waugh notes that, while his patronage of the church was extremely generous, it was also a conventional expression of piety: "his 612:—in which, as well as emptying the house of its valuables the monks were taken captive and held to ransom—Clement wrote to the earl asking him to restrain his men from attacking religious buildings or ecclesistics. 716:

and research purposes; Grosmont uses this as a means of expressing his wish that his soul could be so opened up to expose its sin. his knowledge of the dangers of the sea probably stemmed from his official role as

271:

Cest livre estoit comencee et parfaite en l'an de grace Nostre Seignur Jesu Crist MCCCLIIII. Et le fist un fole cheitif peccheour qe l'en appelle ERTSACNAL ED CUD IRNEH, a qi Dieux ses malfaitz pardoynt.

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Batt notes that as of 2014 she had never come across another example of a reverse signature such as Grosmont uses, although occasionally simpler forms are found, for example, Robert being transposed as

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as an ally against France; Guy—believing he had prevented it—wrote that he had "stopp a mousehole", to which Grosmont retorted that "a mouse that knew of only one hole was likely to be in danger".

357:.): "This book was and finished in the year of grace of Our Lord Jesus Christ 1354: and an ignorant wretched sinner made it, called retsacnaL foekud yrneH and may god forgive his misdeeds. Amen" 187:

by the images of everyday life—"and finding in everyone a wealth of 'mystic' interpretations"—with which he illustrates the work. Contemporaries understood that to cleanse the soul, one required

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suggested that this was most likely to have been Grosmont's confessor and that if he could be identified, so would the source of the text's "peculiar quality". Although possibly written by a

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for opening his own treatise, by explaining how the duke begs for mercy for his sins while simultaneously giving thanks for the good things he has enjoyed along the way. A late 14th century

3661:

Batt, C. (2016). "Foul Fiends and Dirty Devils: Henry, Duke of Lancaster's Book of Holy Medicines and the Translation of Fourteenth-Century Devotional Literature". In Fresco, K. L. (ed.).

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argues that—as its ownership by men such as de Grailly suggests—it was highly valued in the chivalric world. He also argues that the book demonstrates Grosmont's belief in the efficacy of

548:, something Grosmont readily admits; while his discussion of things religious is broad, imaginative and wide-ranging, he himself points out that he deliberately avoids "profound matters". 176:

were produced in overwhelming profusion. Duke Henry could scarcely have found a more time-worn topic and method of treatment when he penned his allegory of the sins and their remedies."

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and others' edification. A means of focussing himself on Christ's sacrifice and keeping him from sin, it served as an alternative to traditional forms of devotion, such as prayer.

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concurred, writing that it was, to him, "one of the most interesting and attractive religious treatises of the period, and especially remarkable as the work of a devout layman".

3852:

Fletcher, C. D. (2015). "Masculinité et religion chrétienne dans le Livre de Seyntz Medicines de Henri de Grosmont, duc de Lancastre " de Henri de Grosmont, duc de Lancastre".

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Henry of Grosmont's devotional-medical treatise is notable for being one of only a few written by individuals of such rank and power in the Middle Ages, and, to the historian

560:"a long, painful act of contrition". Labarge argues that he was symbolic of the "more secular" 14th-century knight than his predecessor of the previous century, to whom 323:, with daily additions. Comprising self-reflective, spiritual assessments, as well as religious contemplations on Christ and the Virgin, Grosmont wrote both for his own 488: 668:

Labarge argues that the number and range of metaphors Grosmont uses are testament to the breadth of his life experience and knowledge. Specific examples include that

544:, only the second such creation and the first non-royal dukedom. He was the wealthiest and most powerful peer of the realm, but, comments Janet Coleman, he was no 366:

The book is structured so that the reader receives an overview of Grosmont's self-view before opening himself up to "the Divine assistant and his Assistant", the

1162: 1051:—"the author of which is also one of the most prominent men of his time—should have hitherto passed unnoticed". He compares its "picturesque style" with that of 1545:

is generally thought to be composed, Grosmont's self-identification and adherence to the chivalric code, and of course his known literary ability as seen from

65:

almost identical in language although with different bindings. One of these copies is almost certainly a surviving copy from Grosmont's family, although their

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has suggested that in size the church was "magnificent and elegant", over 200 feet long. According to Pantin, Grosmont was responsible for funding nearly 100

476:". Other images are less obvious, for instance, Grosmont's assertion that a man's nose will give away whether or not he has been taking part in tournaments. 154:

has described the piece as "an allegory on the wounds in Henry's soul, discussing the remedies to be supplied by the Divine Physician and his assistant, the

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are not truly such until they have lived in the sea first, before swimming upstream for breeding purposes (whereby sins are like salmon, which only become

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offers, argues Arnould, "an allegorical, but autobiographical, account of Henry's sins and penances". Arnould had argued in 1937 that it was odd that the

817:, whose treatment of the Lady Sloth character is similar to his, and even though he is not known to have possessed many books, he probably had access to 765: 1541:

being traditionally viewed as taking place in the northwest Midlands, where Grosmont had a concentration of estates, being active at the same time as

1395: 4299:

Rogers, C. J. (2004). Bachrach, B. S.; DeVries, K.; Rogers, C. J. (eds.). "The Bergerac Campaign (1345) and the Generalship of Henry of Lancaster".

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staffed by 30 monks with responsibility for the spiritual wellbeing of 100 poor persons, with 10 female nurses to attend to their physical health.

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through the martial life, not just in the sacrifices it forces one to make but as a form of penance. It is notable in Pantin's view for discussing

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Grosmont, notes Tavormina, "was remembered as the author of a devotional treatise for at least a century after his death". Mary de Percy, widow of

688:, what Batt calls "a classic recipe for chicken soup, necessary food for the convalescent" and the sinner also. Grosmont also uses the metaphor of 1501:

Indeed, by the time Arnould got to write the brief introduction he did, he had already, in his words, "answered the call to arms" and signed the

80:

and a renowned soldier. He was also conventionally pious and able to put his wealth to demonstrate his piety, for example in the foundation of

528:, for example, has called him "one of the outstanding figures of a reign which abounded in colourful chivalric personalities". Grosmont, made 1119:'s now-anonymous author—and the basis for the eponymous hero—as the poem "would have appealed to every facet of Henry's complex character". 3640:

Batt, C. (2010). "Sloth and the Penitential Self in Henry, Duke of Lancaster's Le Livre de seyntz medicines / The Book of Holy Medicines".

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This belief had been weakened, argues Labarge, as a result of the "series of ignominious defeats" the crusading armies had suffered in the

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between April and May 1354 which he attended. He would also have had much business to attend to connected with his diplomatic mission to

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Arnould describes the surviving Stonyhurst copy as being written in a bold, clear hand with each paragraph represented with a large gold

158:", all the while interspersed with personal reminiscences of how he sinned in the first place. Arnould places it within the genre of the 1347:, Theriac was expensive, but a homegrown version-treacle-was readily available and considered to have similarly cathartic properties. 1069:

as being part of an "intense" lay involvement in religious affairs in the mid-14th century, more obviously seen in the building of

61: 596:

was particularly bloody, and involved the burning of many churches, demonstrating what Batt calls both "generous and unsparing...

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had still been a Holy state. His piety appears occasionally throughout his military campaigns. For example, when the citizens of

4416:

Taylor, C. (2009). "English Writings on Chivalry and Warfare during the Hundred Years War". In Coss, P. R.; Tyerman, C. (eds.).

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Rothwell, W. (2004). "Henry of Lancaster and Geoffrey Chaucer: Anglo-French and Middle English in Fourteenth-Century England".

628: 172:

is an exceptional piece of work in its field, the field is a crowded one, arguing that "moralistic and confessional writings...

81: 3543:

Badea, G. (2018). "La Chasse Vers l'Inconscient: Métaphores Cynégétiques de la Confession dans Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines".

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comments that, while cousins, Grosmont's "distance from the throne was sufficient to reckon him as the first non-royal duke".

509: 4444: 937:—to new kings. In Batt's words, Walsingham "seamlessly links the divine and the political", with Grosmont the denominator. 731:

One of the few occasions where Grosmont veers from real-life experience into medieval myth is in his description of curing

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begged for mercy in return for surrender in 1345, Henry replied "who prays for mercy shall have mercy". When an indecisive

1229:—"with whom Henry has much in common in terms of both devotional practice and religious observance"—who was killed at the 1373:

in a tourney, and likewise mouths "beaten and twisted out of shape", reflecting the wounds Christ received during his

4554: 1006: 30: 1005:. Copies may have been made in Grosmont's lifetime. Two entire copies are known of in the 21st century, one held at 4569: 1445:, as well the blatantly political crusades—such as France's invasion of Castille or the papacy's campaign against 1320: 1111: 761: 619:

reflected formal, expected religious practice of the 14th-century nobility, for example, by funding chantries in

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The book was composed, Teresa Tavormina suggests, "at the urging of friends" of the duke, possibly including the

1428:

In spite of this, at least by the 15th century, Grosmont was also credited with the authorship of the now-lost

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Cooke, W. G.; Boulton, J. D. d'A. (1999). "'Sir Gawain and the Green Knight': A Poem for Henry of Grosmont?".

3619:

Batt, C. (2006). "Henry, Duke of Lancaster's Book of Holy Medicines: The Rhetoric of Knowledge and Devotion".

386:, with overindulgence in the best food and drink, with its rich sauces and strong wine. Arnould comments how 4534: 1459: 1167: 1055:, while Ackerman has suggested that, with its "engaging, anecdotal charm" it is close to the spirit of the 1002: 1001:

decorating page borders; this version ended up—Maya, Mexica—in the extensive library of his great-grandson

749: 497: 201:

wounds of sin, while the second explains the spiritual cures and holy medicines necessary for its healing.

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while the sergeant, whom Henry compares to the devil, stood ready to carry out a distraint without mercy.

188: 492:

Portrait of Henry, Duke of Lancaster – William Bruges's Garter Book (c.1440–1450), f.8 – BL Stowe MS 594

263:, including his name written—comments Arnould, "in a naive device prompted by his humbleness"—backwards 4539: 4252:

Magic in the Cloister: Pious Motives, Illicit Interests, and Occult Approaches to the Medieval Universe

1335:

was a medical concoction that had made its way from the East to the West via the trading links of the

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drew clear links between Grosmont's political activity, and importance, and his piety. The chronicler

72:

Grosmont was one of the wealthiest and most powerful men in England at the time. A close companion of

4544: 4288:"Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 218: Henry, Duke of Lancaster, Le livre des Seintes Medicines" 913:, although this copy appears not to have had the title it was given by Grosmont, or indeed any other 814: 709: 836:, for example. New medical concepts entwined with traditional religion as well; a confessional text 756:

which is then placed on the head of the patient; this is his metaphor for receiving the ointment of

609: 399:". He was overly fond of music and dancing he says, and indeed he is known to have employed his own 1238: 521: 1516:

Etude sur le Livre des Saintes Médecines du Duc Henri de Lancastre: Accompagné d'Extraits du Texte

4376:

Tavormina, M. T. (1999). "The Book of Holy Medicines". In Bartlett, A. C.; Bestul, T. H. (eds.).

4220: 887: 640: 516:. A late 14th-century chronicler described him as "one of the best warriors in the world", while 346: 276: 159: 890:, left a copy to Isabel Percy in 1394. Mary was connected to Grosmont through her father, whose 680:

because of the fresh herbs the animal will have eaten by then. He includes a recipe for cooking

1472: 1374: 350:

Grosmont's acknowledgment of authorship; his title, in a reversed hand is on the third line (f.

335: 929:

accession to the throne in 1399 by supposedly writing him a letter recounting the benefits of

692:—a traditional aristocratic pastime—as a way of fighting sin. He describes his confessor as a 4475:"Holy Medicine and Diseases of the Soul: Henry of Lancaster and Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines" 1489: 1115:. Indeed, it has been suggested that Grosmont is an "outstanding candidate" of patron to the 1106: 914: 794: 643: 620: 525: 304: 244: 218: 114: 77: 73: 1323:

Douce Dame, sitting at the side of Christ, and this is the context Grosmont uses the phrase.

4564: 1312: 1183: 704:, under constant threat of attack from vice. He compares fighting in tournaments to Christ 230: 3528:(in French). Vol. I: Le Moyen Âge. Paris: Librairie Générale Française. p. 673. 700:

between the animals and predators, in which the body is the park, a man's virtues are the

395:

And, comments Pantin, "he lets us know that his sensuality did not stop short at smelling

8: 4559: 4287: 1446: 1246: 1226: 1097: 1052: 926: 895: 876: 718: 537: 513: 147: 3547:. Paris: Éditions du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques. pp. 117–131. 334:

reflected a renewed interest in the topic which had appeared in the years following the

4549: 4507: 4474: 4337: 4132: 4000: 3967: 3794: 3701:

Jean-Jacques Rousseau and British Romanticism: Gender and Selfhood, Politics and Nation

1387: 1242: 1230: 1124: 1093: 1010: 950: 942: 938: 854: 589: 577: 565: 561: 449: 375: 331: 4165:

The Nobility of Later Medieval England: The Ford Lectures for 1953 and Related Studies

3495:

Arnould, E. J. F. (1937). "Henry of Lancaster and his 'Livre des Seintes Medicines'".

3474:

Ackerman, R. W. (1962). "The Traditional Background of Henry of Lancaster's 'Livre'".

4512: 4494: 4459: 4440: 4421: 4404: 4381: 4362: 4345: 4308: 4274: 4255: 4206: 4187: 4168: 4151: 4118: 4101: 4066: 4039: 4022: 4005: 3987: 3983: 3952: 3933: 3914: 3895: 3878: 3861: 3838: 3819: 3802: 3763: 3744: 3727: 3704: 3685: 3666: 3649: 3628: 3605: 3586: 3567: 3548: 3529: 3512: 3483: 922: 891: 883:

who had the financial and social independence to control their own regious activity.

837: 785: 757: 541: 533: 423: 419: 110: 179:

It stands out from both of these categorisations due to its highly personal, almost

168:

yet being willing and able to bring him wine. Robert Ackerman has noted that, while

21: 4502: 4486: 4329: 4230: 4091: 3995: 3979: 3786: 3504: 1412: 1304: 1251: 910: 861: 857:, lawyers, ecclesiastics and upper-middle-classes: "a small religious elite", says 705: 408: 308: 151: 129: 85: 4271:

The English Church in the Fourteenth Century: Based on the Birkbeck Lectures, 1948

4242: 319:

before then. Tavormina surmises that it was composed in the months either side of

1476: 1357: 818: 601: 592:, there are "perhaps contradictions in Lancaster's piety", as his 1346 raid into 536:

on his father's death in 1345 and a founding member and the second Knight of the

396: 378:, which beset him to such an extent that he regularly failed to rise in time for 316: 240: 143: 4182:

Norwich, Edward of (2005). Baillie-Groham, W. A.; Baillie-Groham, F. N. (eds.).

3583:

War in Medieval English Society: Social Values in the Hundred Years War, 1337-99

4234: 1308: 1202: 1062: 899: 732: 701: 379: 252: 4490: 4070: 3653: 3516: 3487: 1061:, which Grosmont probably knew of, either in English or French. The historian 4528: 4408: 4349: 4155: 4105: 4026: 3991: 3882: 3865: 3731: 3632: 1057: 849: 803: 529: 501: 472:, as Kaeuper notes; on occasion he refers to God in the feudal language of '" 222: 180: 146:

it is "the most remarkable literary achievement of them all" for the period.

4498: 4312: 3875:

The King's Lieutenant: Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361

3806: 569: 418:

Grosmont then describes the wounds in his soul as having been attacked: the

191:; this was only obtainable after lengthy, close examination of the self, as 4516: 4278: 4009: 1502: 1416: 1408: 1391: 1032: 880: 697: 647: 469: 400: 324: 1678: 1370: 1316: 1269: 1101: 1037: 858: 770: 287:.): "Here ends the book that will be called "The Book of Holy Medicines". 98: 4378:

Cultures of Piety: Medieval English Devotional Literature in Translation

3798: 3602:

Cultures of Piety: Medieval English Devotional Literature in Translation

3508: 1291:

Although it is perhaps curious, suggests Batt, that he never names them.

1195:

Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales, Peniarth, 388 c 2, p. 1-52.

370:. He states that when he was younger, one of his chief sins was that of 217:

hand. This is accompanied by red and blue ornaments and numerous of his

4395:

Taylor, A. (1994). "Reading the body in Le livre de seyntz medecines".

4341: 4096: 4079: 1336: 902:, as both his and Humphrey's armorials are inscribed on various pages. 873: 713: 685: 673: 600:

pitilessness as well as courtliness". This was to the extent that when

584: 505: 260: 248: 165: 66: 34: 1090:

the intellectual activities and abilities of the English aristocracy.

520:

calls him "a good knight" and a "valiant lord, wise and imaginative".

113:

which now permeate him and talks his reader through the necessity for

4223:(2004). "Henry of Lancaster, First Duke of Lancaster (c.1310–1361)". 3911:

Historical Writing in England: c. 1307 to the Early Sixteenth Century

3790: 3524:

Arnould, E. J. F. (1992). "Henri de Lancastre". In Grente, G. (ed.).

1442: 1070: 946: 934: 677: 651: 636: 616: 517: 465: 445: 404: 300: 226: 214: 94: 4333: 1198:

Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, Parker Library, 218, f. 1ra-68ra.

1407:

The only previous ducal creation was that of King Edward's son the

1340: 998: 879:

of later in the century; both are directed primarily to an English

745: 693: 573: 383: 292: 184: 106: 102: 57: 4186:(repr. ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 4117:. Tempe, AZ: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 868:, though, is as conscious of the author's sins as his audience's. 1344: 833: 774: 773:—came not from experience but from contemporary works, such as a 753: 689: 676:

when they reach the heart). Spring is the optimum time to drink

632: 605: 545: 427: 339: 312: 299:, whom he is known to have favoured—or at the instruction of—his 296: 264: 210: 118: 4418:

Soldiers, Nobles and Gentlemen: Essays in Honour of Maurice Keen

3741:

In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It Made

3441: 3439: 1175: 1074: 930: 669: 593: 441: 371: 320: 256: 197: 4380:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 19–40. 4113:

Lancaster, Henry of Grosmont, Duke of (2014). Batt, C. (ed.).

3968:"Venetian treacle and the Foundation of Medicine's Regulation" 3361: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 3604:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 1–17. 3600:

Bartlett, A. C.; Bestul, T. H., eds. (1999). "Introduction".

3373: 3301: 3253: 3229: 3100: 3040: 2747: 2745: 2693: 2691: 2287: 2285: 2210: 1356:

The donjon as a metaphor for the heart was a common medieval

1268:

were medicines made out of a single ingredient rather than a

1154: 994: 925:, for example, describes Grosmont as symbolically supporting 813:

Grosmont may have been influenced by othern writers, such as

681: 4357:

Scotland, James I of (2005). Mooney, L. R.; Arn, M. (eds.).

4181: 3436: 3163: 3112: 3088: 1684: 1255:, although Grosmont's is the longest original piece of work. 997:, at least one of which was a family copy as denoted by his 3349: 3219: 3217: 2876: 2157: 2155: 1888: 1208:

Hurst Green, Stonyhurst College, 24 (HMC 27), f. 1ra-126ra.

696:

whose job is, metaphorically, to maintain a balance in the

412: 2893: 2891: 2786: 2742: 2688: 2551: 2485: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2282: 2253: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2105: 1782: 1780: 1690: 1589: 1587: 280:

The title of the work, written just above the explicit (f.

4053:

Krochalis, J.; Dean, R. J. (1973). "Henry of Lancaster's

3718:

Burne, A. (1949). "Auberoche, 1345: A Forgotten Battle".

3204: 3202: 2920: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2720: 2718: 2655: 2451: 2449: 2383: 2381: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2040: 1942: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1797: 1795: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1746: 1744: 1731: 1729: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 735: 109:

Grosmont describes how his body has been attacked by the

4361:. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications. 3424: 3241: 3214: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2616: 2614: 2502: 2500: 2368: 2366: 2341: 2339: 2302: 2300: 2198: 2152: 2028: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1702: 960:

also aligns Grosmont's piety with his wealth and power:

933:—which the author claimed to have brought back from the 3699:

Boyson, R. (2017). Goulbourne, R.; Higgins, D. (eds.).

3412: 3337: 3277: 3265: 3064: 2888: 2854: 2852: 2837: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2434: 2405: 2312: 2117: 2004: 1777: 1584: 338:

and sporadically since, with a concomitant emphasis on

97:

for the physically sick, and who is accompanied by the

4038:. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. 3390: 3388: 3325: 3313: 3199: 3153: 3151: 3136: 3052: 2956: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2825: 2803: 2801: 2769: 2715: 2587: 2461: 2446: 2378: 2351: 2324: 2265: 2241: 2222: 2179: 2088: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1869: 1819: 1792: 1756: 1741: 1726: 1643: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1109:"—to better-known works with similar messages such as 411:. He was, says Grosmont, equally guilty of the sin of 4080:"Henry of Lancaster and Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines" 3665:(repr. ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 55–64. 3016: 2813: 2626: 2611: 2517: 2515: 2497: 2473: 2393: 2363: 2336: 2297: 2140: 2076: 1992: 1975: 1954: 1840: 1807: 1714: 1369:

This, argues Kaeuper, is because a man's nose may be

1225:

There were others, including Grosmont's contemporary

4017:

Grosmont, Henry of (1940). Arnould, H. E. J. (ed.).

3949:

Henry of Lancaster's Expedition to Aquitaine 1345–46

2849: 2730: 2703: 2667: 2575: 2563: 2527: 1859: 1857: 1855: 508:'s most trusted captains in the early phases of the 4021:(1st ed.). Oxford: Anglo-Norman Text Society. 3854:

Cahiers Électroniques d'Histoire Textuelle du Lamop

3720:

Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research

3703:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 187–208. 3451: 3400: 3385: 3289: 3187: 3175: 3148: 3076: 3004: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2944: 2932: 2903: 2864: 2798: 2539: 2167: 2052: 1911: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1178:, it contains several passages known in the extant 1157:of Grosmont's work were identified as belonging to 4203:Marian Devotion in Thirteenth-century French Lyric 3124: 3028: 2643: 2512: 2422: 2064: 2016: 1930: 1631: 984: 712:were donated the bodies of executed criminals for 76:, he was a major figure in the early years of the 4292:Parker Library On the Web – Spotlight at Stanford 4036:Holy Warriors: The Religious Ideology of Chivalry 2757: 2599: 1852: 1572: 1505:off with "somewhere in France, 23 December 1939". 1471:To which he granted a relic he had been given by 4526: 3545:L'Animal: Une Source d'Inspiration dans les Arts 1666: 1599: 556:Grosmont was also religious, and Rothwell calls 3837:(3rd ed.). London: Yale University Press. 3564:The Chronicle of Geoffrey Le Baker of Swinbrook 1390:calls him a "superb and innovative tactician"; 1148: 822:activities—over the preceding decade. Although 660: 135: 4200: 3877:(1st ed.). New York: Barnes & Noble. 3599: 3259: 2216: 512:and distinguished himself with victory in the 315:that October and diplomatic negotiations with 251:—something he denies in the text—for example, 4420:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 64–84. 4052: 3445: 3118: 3094: 1905: 4229:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4137:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3776: 3367: 3355: 797:—the French dialect of medieval England—the 234: 225:. The title, suggests Catherine Batt, maybe 43: 4150:(repr. ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 967:Þat þe newe werk of Leycetre reised on hiȝ: 407:and had a private dancing chamber built in 4148:Anglo-Norman literature and its Background 3835:Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes 3682:Silk Road: Monks, Warriors & Merchants 941:, writing around 1420, uses Grosmont as a 540:three years later. In 1351 he was created 4506: 4472: 4439:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4375: 4356: 4273:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4205:. -Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 4162: 4095: 3999: 3930:Sir Thomas Gray: Scalacronica (1272-1363) 3818:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3307: 3106: 3046: 2926: 2161: 2134: 2111: 1708: 1696: 1660: 1593: 4319: 3972:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 3908: 3851: 3679: 3585:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 3473: 3418: 3343: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3070: 2440: 2416: 2318: 1786: 1735: 1685:Baillie-Groham & Baillie-Groham 2005 1085:was not." McFarlane has argued that the 784: 487: 434: 345: 275: 62:Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster 20: 4453: 4359:The Kingis Quair and Other Prison Poems 4226:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4077: 4033: 4016: 3965: 3889: 3760:Medieval Readers and Writers, 1350-1400 3757: 3562:Baker, G. le (2012). Barber, R. (ed.). 3523: 3494: 3283: 3271: 3208: 3169: 2962: 2897: 2882: 2843: 2792: 2780: 2751: 2724: 2697: 2637: 2593: 2506: 2491: 2479: 2467: 2455: 2387: 2357: 2330: 2291: 2276: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2204: 2192: 2099: 2010: 1986: 1882: 1834: 1813: 1801: 1771: 1750: 1307:("Sweet, Lovely Lady"), a motif in the 4527: 4415: 4394: 4298: 4285: 4268: 4219: 4057:: Fragments of an Anglo-Norman Work". 3946: 3872: 3813: 3738: 3698: 3580: 3561: 3331: 3319: 3022: 2831: 2819: 2736: 2661: 2620: 2581: 2557: 2533: 2521: 2372: 2345: 2306: 2146: 1998: 1969: 1948: 1846: 1720: 1625: 1578: 1136:Christopher Fletcher, discussing what 1077:by the former for the latter. But the 844: 708:on behalf of mankind. Surgeons at the 239:. The title is placed just before the 4434: 4145: 3913:(repr. ed.). London: Routledge. 3832: 3717: 3542: 2870: 2709: 2682: 2569: 2428: 2034: 1514:Published by Didier as E. J. Arnould 1189: 780: 361: 121:to allow Christ to perform his work. 56:) is a fourteenth-century devotional 4301:Journal of Medieval Military History 4249: 4112: 3951:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. 3927: 3660: 3639: 3618: 3497:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 3457: 3430: 3406: 3394: 3379: 3295: 3193: 3181: 3157: 3142: 3130: 3082: 3058: 3034: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2950: 2938: 2914: 2858: 2807: 2763: 2649: 2605: 2545: 2399: 2173: 2082: 2070: 2058: 2046: 2022: 1936: 1924: 1863: 1672: 1637: 1608: 872:may have been a direct influence on 3526:Dictionnaire des Lettres Françaises 909:comes in 1400, in the catalogue of 627:he founded a college and refounded 13: 4437:England in the Reign of Edward III 4254:. Philadelphia: Penn State Press. 1174:catalogued it in 1864. Written on 789:St Mary de Castro from Castle Yard 764:, for example, the French captain 14: 4581: 4059:National Library of Wales Journal 3928:Gray, T. (2005). King, A. (ed.). 1007:Corpus Christi College, Cambridge 183:tone, and avoids being merely an 3984:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02147.x 1552: 1531: 1521: 1508: 1495: 1482: 1479:—following a tournament in 1352. 1465: 969:Þer-þi maiȝt þou wel wyte and se 16:14th-century devotional treatise 3932:. Woodbridge: Surtees Society. 3856:. Genre Textuel, Genre Social. 3466: 1452: 1435: 1422: 1401: 1380: 1363: 1350: 1326: 1294: 1285: 1275: 1258: 1219: 1112:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 985:Scholarly history and reception 975:I hope he naue þeron not lost. 971:Þat he was lord of gret pouste 965:Þou þat neuere seȝe Duyk Henri, 3743:. London: Simon and Schuster. 1245:in the early 15th century and 993:was originally produced in 26 973:Þat hit made of his ownc cost— 748:) for which he prescribes the 504:, Grosmont became one of King 229:on that of an earlier text by 204: 1: 3816:Medieval Britain, c.1000-1500 3566:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. 1566: 1537:This is due to the events of 483: 243:. The book is written in the 4243:UK public library membership 4019:Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines 3892:Margery Kempe: And her world 3684:. Hong Kong: Odyssey Books. 1149:Further fragments discovered 1003:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 498:Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster 233:, which title in French was 137:Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines 90:Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines 45:Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines 7: 4456:Music in the age of Chaucer 4167:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3663:Translating the Middle Ages 1168:Hengwrt-Peniarth collection 236:Livre des Simples Medicines 10: 4586: 4458:. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer. 4397:Essays in Medieval Studies 4322:The Modern Language Review 4201:O'Sullivan, D. E. (2005). 4115:The Book of Holy Medicines 3260:Bartlett & Bestul 1999 82:St Mary de Castro, Newarke 53:The Book of Holy Medicines 4491:10.1017/S0025727300003999 4473:Yoshikawa, N. K. (2009). 4163:McFarlane, K. B. (1973). 4055:Livre de Seyntz Medicines 3446:Krochalis & Dean 1973 3119:Krochalis & Dean 1973 3095:Krochalis & Dean 1973 1906:Krochalis & Dean 1973 1488:So-called because of the 1430:Livre des Drois de Guerre 1341:alexipharmic, or antidote 1163:National Library of Wales 1161:in the early 1970s, in a 1153:A further 26 fragmentary 815:Guillaume de Deguileville 710:University of Montpellier 623:. The year after writing 610:Saint-Jean-d'Angély abbey 4555:14th-century manuscripts 4435:Waugh, Scott L. (1991). 3642:Leeds Studies in English 3621:Leeds Studies in English 3382:, pp. 407–408, 411. 3368:Cooke & Boulton 1999 3356:Cooke & Boulton 1999 1212: 911:Titchfield Abbey library 551: 317:Cardinal Guy of Boulogne 4570:Anglo-Norman literature 4269:Pantin, W. A.l (1955). 4078:Labarge, M. W. (1980). 4034:Kaeuper, R. W. (2009). 3966:Griffin, J. P. (2004). 3890:Goodman, A. E. (2002). 1182:as well as a number of 1065:has contextualised the 641:Architectural historian 4235:10.1093/ref:odnb/12960 3873:Fowler, K. A. (1969). 3762:. London: Hutchinson. 3739:Cantor, N. F. (2015). 1473:King John II of France 1458:Originally founded by 1303:is a reference to the 1134: 1021: 978: 790: 729: 493: 460: 393: 358: 288: 274: 259:, Grosmont provides a 235: 101:as his nurse. Through 44: 38: 31:Corpus Christi College 4146:Legge, M. D. (1971). 3909:Gransden, A. (1998). 3894:. London: Routledge. 3680:Boulnois, L. (2005). 1697:Mooney & Arn 2005 1235:Le Livre de Chvalerie 1233:in 1356 and authored 1129: 1016: 962: 905:Another reference to 788: 724: 635:of secular canons at 578:Geoffrey the Baker's 526:Margaret Wade Labarge 491: 455: 435:Metaphors and similes 388: 349: 279: 269: 24: 4454:Wilkins, N. (1979). 3978:(3). Wiley: 317–25. 3758:Coleman, J. (1981). 3172:, pp. 352, 353. 2049:, p. 282 n.588. 1313:Guillaume de Machaut 1239:Edward, Duke of York 1205:, Cecil Papers, 312. 661:Life experiences in 604:heard of Grosmont's 496:The son and heir of 231:Matthaeus Platearius 4535:Medieval literature 3947:Gribit, N. (2016). 3814:Crouch, D. (2017). 3581:Barnie, J. (1974). 3509:10.7227/BJRL.21.2.3 3310:, pp. 47, 242. 3238:, p. 317 n.30. 3049:, pp. 400–401. 2885:, pp. 188–189. 2795:, pp. 185–186. 2700:, pp. 183–184. 2560:, p. 107 n.61. 2494:, pp. 382–383. 2294:, pp. 364–365. 2262:, pp. 383–384. 2037:, pp. 218–219. 1447:Frederick the Great 1394:, "brilliant"; and 1247:James I of Scotland 1227:Geoffroi de Charney 1053:St Francis de Sales 1009:, and the other at 919:medieval historians 845:Audience and legacy 806:, and even if not, 719:Admiral of the West 572:took him almost to 538:Order of the Garter 514:Battle of Auberoche 336:Black Death in 1348 4184:The Master of Game 4097:10.3138/flor.2.010 3833:Duffy, E. (2014). 3433:, p. 59 n.22. 3109:, p. 397 n.1. 2754:, p. 234 n.2. 2664:, p. 67 n.16. 1951:, p. 116 n.2. 1699:, pp. 17–112. 1460:Grosmount's father 1388:Clifford J. Rogers 1309:14th-century songs 1243:a hunting treatise 1231:Battle of Poitiers 1190:Extant manuscripts 1011:Stonyhurst College 951:Edmund of Abingdon 939:Thomas Otterbourne 791: 781:Historical context 706:fighting the devil 510:Hundred Years' War 494: 450:Charles of Navarre 362:Sins of the author 359: 289: 78:Hundred Years' War 39: 29:, from Cambridge, 25:First page of the 4540:Religious writers 4465:978-0-85991-052-1 4427:978-1-84383-486-1 4387:978-0-80148-455-1 4368:978-1-58044-093-6 4261:978-0-27106-297-6 4250:Page, S. (2013). 4241:(Subscription or 4212:978-0-80203-885-2 4193:978-0-81221-937-1 4174:978-0-19822-657-4 4124:978-0-86698-467-6 4045:978-0-81224-167-9 3958:978-1-78327-117-7 3939:978-0-85444-079-5 3920:978-0-41515-237-2 3901:978-1-31787-929-9 3844:978-0-300-20708-8 3825:978-0-52119-071-8 3769:978-0-09144-100-5 3750:978-1-47679-774-8 3710:978-1-47425-068-9 3691:978-9-62217-824-3 3672:978-1-31700-721-0 3611:978-0-80148-455-1 3592:978-0-801-40865-6 3573:978-1-84383-691-9 3554:978-2-73550-881-5 3535:978-2-21359-340-1 3476:L'Esprit Créateur 3370:, pp. 46–47. 3145:, pp. 56–57. 3061:, pp. 27–28. 2402:, pp. 53–54. 2207:, pp. 20–22. 2114:, pp. 20–21. 2085:, pp. 11–12. 1492:to the text body. 1264:In this context, 923:Thomas Walsingham 819:Leicester Abbey's 629:St Mary de Castro 542:Duke of Lancaster 420:seven deadly sins 330:Grosmont's focus 111:seven deadly sins 4577: 4545:Literary memoirs 4520: 4510: 4469: 4450: 4446:978-0-52132-5103 4431: 4412: 4391: 4372: 4353: 4316: 4295: 4282: 4265: 4246: 4238: 4216: 4197: 4178: 4159: 4142: 4136: 4128: 4109: 4099: 4074: 4049: 4030: 4013: 4003: 3962: 3943: 3924: 3905: 3886: 3869: 3848: 3829: 3810: 3791:10.2307/43630124 3773: 3754: 3735: 3714: 3695: 3676: 3657: 3636: 3615: 3596: 3577: 3558: 3539: 3520: 3491: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3212: 3206: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2901: 2895: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2686: 2680: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2624: 2618: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2510: 2504: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2376: 2370: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2295: 2289: 2280: 2274: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1973: 1967: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1909: 1903: 1886: 1880: 1867: 1861: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1790: 1784: 1775: 1769: 1754: 1748: 1739: 1733: 1724: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1658: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1612: 1606: 1597: 1591: 1582: 1576: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1535: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1512: 1506: 1499: 1493: 1486: 1480: 1469: 1463: 1456: 1450: 1439: 1433: 1426: 1420: 1413:that of Cornwall 1405: 1399: 1384: 1378: 1367: 1361: 1354: 1348: 1330: 1324: 1305:Douce Dame Jolie 1298: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1262: 1256: 1252:The Kingis Quair 1223: 1125:situation comedy 1098:imitating Christ 877:Mirour de l'Omme 862:William Rothwell 766:Olivier de Mauny 742: 738: 599: 583:describes how a 409:Leicester Castle 309:Pope Innocent VI 238: 181:autobiographical 175: 152:Antonia Gransden 130:mercantile class 105:, symbolism and 86:Leicester Castle 47: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4479:Medical History 4466: 4447: 4428: 4388: 4369: 4334:10.2307/3738748 4286:Parker (2020). 4262: 4240: 4213: 4194: 4175: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4046: 3959: 3940: 3921: 3902: 3845: 3826: 3770: 3751: 3711: 3692: 3673: 3612: 3593: 3574: 3555: 3536: 3469: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3215: 3207: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2904: 2896: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2779: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2689: 2681: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2627: 2619: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2513: 2505: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2379: 2371: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2298: 2290: 2283: 2275: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2223: 2217:O'Sullivan 2005 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2160: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2013:, p. viii. 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1976: 1968: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1923: 1912: 1904: 1889: 1881: 1870: 1862: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1833: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1800: 1793: 1785: 1778: 1770: 1757: 1749: 1742: 1734: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1691: 1683: 1679: 1671: 1667: 1659: 1644: 1636: 1632: 1624: 1615: 1607: 1600: 1592: 1585: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1557: 1553: 1536: 1532: 1526: 1522: 1513: 1509: 1500: 1496: 1487: 1483: 1470: 1466: 1457: 1453: 1440: 1436: 1427: 1423: 1406: 1402: 1396:Nicholas Gribit 1385: 1381: 1368: 1364: 1358:literary device 1355: 1351: 1343:, considered a 1331: 1327: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1276: 1263: 1259: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1192: 1151: 1094:Richard Kaeuper 1022: 987: 977: 974: 972: 970: 968: 966: 896:John de Grailly 847: 783: 762:Siege of Rennes 740: 736: 666: 597: 590:Richard Kaeuper 585:Carmelite prior 554: 486: 461: 437: 364: 356: 353: 286: 283: 265:anagramatically 207: 173: 144:K. B. McFarlane 140: 74:King Edward III 17: 12: 11: 5: 4583: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4522: 4521: 4485:(3): 397–414. 4470: 4464: 4451: 4445: 4432: 4426: 4413: 4392: 4386: 4373: 4367: 4354: 4328:(2): 313–327. 4317: 4296: 4283: 4266: 4260: 4247: 4217: 4211: 4198: 4192: 4179: 4173: 4160: 4143: 4123: 4110: 4075: 4050: 4044: 4031: 4014: 3963: 3957: 3944: 3938: 3925: 3919: 3906: 3900: 3887: 3870: 3849: 3843: 3830: 3824: 3811: 3774: 3768: 3755: 3749: 3736: 3715: 3709: 3696: 3690: 3677: 3671: 3658: 3637: 3616: 3610: 3597: 3591: 3578: 3572: 3559: 3553: 3540: 3534: 3521: 3503:(2): 352–386. 3492: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3450: 3435: 3423: 3411: 3399: 3384: 3372: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3334:, p. 115. 3324: 3322:, p. 233. 3312: 3308:McFarlane 1973 3300: 3288: 3286:, p. 673. 3276: 3274:, p. 352. 3264: 3252: 3250:, p. 318. 3240: 3228: 3226:, p. 317. 3213: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3111: 3107:Yoshikawa 2009 3099: 3087: 3075: 3063: 3051: 3047:Yoshikawa 2009 3039: 3027: 3015: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2955: 2943: 2931: 2929:, p. 401. 2927:Yoshikawa 2009 2919: 2902: 2900:, p. 190. 2887: 2875: 2863: 2861:, p. 411. 2848: 2846:, p. 189. 2836: 2834:, p. 104. 2824: 2812: 2797: 2785: 2783:, p. 184. 2768: 2756: 2741: 2729: 2727:, p. 185. 2714: 2712:, p. 156. 2702: 2687: 2685:, p. 139. 2666: 2654: 2642: 2625: 2623:, p. 206. 2610: 2598: 2596:, p. 183. 2586: 2574: 2572:, p. 117. 2562: 2550: 2548:, p. 196. 2538: 2526: 2511: 2496: 2484: 2472: 2470:, p. 382. 2460: 2458:, p. 374. 2445: 2443:, p. 116. 2433: 2421: 2419:, p. 316. 2404: 2392: 2390:, p. 368. 2377: 2375:, p. 231. 2362: 2360:, p. 373. 2350: 2348:, p. 174. 2335: 2333:, p. 317. 2323: 2321:, p. 131. 2311: 2309:, p. 103. 2296: 2281: 2279:, p. 384. 2264: 2252: 2250:, p. 383. 2240: 2238:, p. 187. 2221: 2219:, p. 112. 2209: 2197: 2195:, p. 364. 2178: 2176:, p. 282. 2166: 2164:, p. 398. 2162:Yoshikawa 2009 2151: 2149:, p. 113. 2139: 2135:Tavormina 1999 2116: 2112:Tavormina 1999 2104: 2102:, p. 186. 2087: 2075: 2063: 2061:, p. 280. 2051: 2039: 2027: 2015: 2003: 2001:, p. 195. 1991: 1974: 1972:, p. 232. 1953: 1941: 1929: 1927:, p. 409. 1910: 1887: 1885:, p. 353. 1868: 1851: 1849:, p. 168. 1839: 1837:, p. 367. 1818: 1806: 1804:, p. 370. 1791: 1789:, p. 114. 1776: 1774:, p. 188. 1755: 1753:, p. 354. 1740: 1725: 1723:, p. 107. 1713: 1711:, p. 242. 1709:McFarlane 1973 1701: 1689: 1677: 1665: 1661:Tavormina 1999 1642: 1640:, p. 407. 1630: 1613: 1598: 1596:, p. 397. 1594:Yoshikawa 2009 1583: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1551: 1530: 1520: 1518:(Paris, 1948). 1507: 1494: 1481: 1477:Christ's crown 1475:—a thorn from 1464: 1451: 1434: 1421: 1400: 1379: 1362: 1349: 1325: 1293: 1284: 1274: 1257: 1217: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1203:Hatfield House 1199: 1196: 1191: 1188: 1150: 1147: 1063:Scott L. Waugh 1015: 986: 983: 963: 927:his grandson's 900:Captal de Buch 888:John, Lord Ros 846: 843: 782: 779: 758:Christ's blood 665: 659: 553: 550: 485: 482: 468:, treason and 454: 436: 433: 363: 360: 354: 351: 284: 281: 253:Dominica Legge 206: 203: 189:self-knowledge 148:William Pantin 139: 134: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4582: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4221:Ormrod, W. M. 4218: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3471: 3460:, p. 58. 3459: 3454: 3448:, p. 90. 3447: 3442: 3440: 3432: 3427: 3421:, p. 69. 3420: 3419:Fletcher 2015 3415: 3409:, p. 28. 3408: 3403: 3397:, p. 26. 3396: 3391: 3389: 3381: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3358:, p. 46. 3357: 3352: 3346:, p. 54. 3345: 3344:Fletcher 2015 3340: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3298:, p. 26. 3297: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3262:, p. 14. 3261: 3256: 3249: 3248:Rothwell 2004 3244: 3237: 3236:Rothwell 2004 3232: 3225: 3224:Rothwell 2004 3220: 3218: 3211:, p. vi. 3210: 3205: 3203: 3196:, p. 16. 3195: 3190: 3184:, p. 14. 3183: 3178: 3171: 3166: 3160:, p. 57. 3159: 3154: 3152: 3144: 3139: 3132: 3127: 3121:, p. 92. 3120: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3097:, p. 91. 3096: 3091: 3085:, p. 61. 3084: 3079: 3073:, p. 55. 3072: 3071:Fletcher 2015 3067: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3031: 3025:, p. 63. 3024: 3019: 3013:, p. 28. 3012: 3007: 3001:, p. 59. 3000: 2995: 2989:, p. 52. 2988: 2983: 2977:, p. 34. 2976: 2971: 2965:, p. 20. 2964: 2959: 2953:, p. 50. 2952: 2947: 2941:, p. 11. 2940: 2935: 2928: 2923: 2917:, p. 37. 2916: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2884: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2845: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2822:, p. 49. 2821: 2816: 2810:, p. 39. 2809: 2804: 2802: 2794: 2789: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2765: 2760: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2739:, p. 68. 2738: 2733: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2711: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2663: 2658: 2652:, p. 32. 2651: 2646: 2640:, p. 19. 2639: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2607: 2602: 2595: 2590: 2584:, p. 22. 2583: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2559: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2536:, p. 89. 2535: 2530: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2509:, p. 41. 2508: 2503: 2501: 2493: 2488: 2482:, p. 39. 2481: 2476: 2469: 2464: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2442: 2441:Ackerman 1962 2437: 2430: 2425: 2418: 2417:Rothwell 2004 2413: 2411: 2409: 2401: 2396: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2359: 2354: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2332: 2327: 2320: 2319:Boulnois 2005 2315: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2278: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2175: 2170: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2148: 2143: 2137:, p. 21. 2136: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2113: 2108: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2084: 2079: 2073:, p. 12. 2072: 2067: 2060: 2055: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2025:, p. 48. 2024: 2019: 2012: 2007: 2000: 1995: 1989:, p. 38. 1988: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1950: 1945: 1939:, p. 35. 1938: 1933: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1908:, p. 87. 1907: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1848: 1843: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1816:, p. 11. 1815: 1810: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1788: 1787:Ackerman 1962 1783: 1781: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1738:, p. 62. 1737: 1736:Gransden 1998 1732: 1730: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1705: 1698: 1693: 1687:, p. xi. 1686: 1681: 1674: 1669: 1663:, p. 20. 1662: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1639: 1634: 1628:, p. 26. 1627: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1555: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1534: 1524: 1517: 1511: 1504: 1498: 1491: 1485: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1461: 1455: 1448: 1444: 1438: 1431: 1425: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1404: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1386:For example, 1383: 1376: 1372: 1366: 1359: 1353: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1288: 1278: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1218: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1172:William Wynne 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1146: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1058:Ancrene Riwle 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 982: 976: 961: 959: 958:Seinte Eglyse 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 875: 871: 867: 863: 860: 856: 851: 850:Janet Coleman 842: 839: 835: 830: 825: 820: 816: 811: 809: 805: 804:Divine Comedy 800: 796: 787: 778: 776: 772: 767: 763: 759: 755: 754:live cockerel 751: 747: 743: 734: 728: 723: 720: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 664: 658: 655: 654: 649: 645: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 595: 591: 586: 582: 581: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 549: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 530:Earl of Derby 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 502:Maud Chaworth 499: 490: 481: 477: 475: 471: 467: 459: 453: 451: 447: 443: 432: 429: 425: 421: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 397:scarlet cloth 392: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 348: 344: 341: 337: 333: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 278: 273: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 245:second person 242: 237: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 202: 199: 194: 190: 186: 182: 177: 171: 167: 163: 162: 157: 153: 149: 145: 138: 133: 131: 126: 122: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 70: 68: 63: 59: 55: 54: 49: 48: 46: 36: 32: 28: 23: 19: 4482: 4478: 4455: 4436: 4417: 4400: 4396: 4377: 4358: 4325: 4321: 4304: 4300: 4291: 4270: 4251: 4224: 4202: 4183: 4164: 4147: 4114: 4087: 4083: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4035: 4018: 3975: 3971: 3948: 3929: 3910: 3891: 3874: 3857: 3853: 3834: 3815: 3785:(1): 42–54. 3782: 3778: 3759: 3740: 3723: 3719: 3700: 3681: 3662: 3645: 3641: 3624: 3620: 3601: 3582: 3563: 3544: 3525: 3500: 3496: 3479: 3475: 3467:Bibliography 3453: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3375: 3363: 3351: 3339: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3291: 3284:Arnould 1992 3279: 3272:Arnould 1937 3267: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3209:Arnould 1940 3189: 3177: 3170:Arnould 1937 3165: 3138: 3133:, p. 7. 3126: 3114: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3037:, p. 5. 3030: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2982: 2970: 2963:Coleman 1981 2958: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2898:Labarge 1980 2883:Labarge 1980 2878: 2873:, p. 9. 2866: 2844:Labarge 1980 2839: 2827: 2815: 2793:Labarge 1980 2788: 2781:Labarge 1980 2766:, p. 6. 2759: 2752:Kaeuper 2009 2732: 2725:Labarge 1980 2705: 2698:Labarge 1980 2657: 2645: 2638:Coleman 1981 2608:, p. 3. 2601: 2594:Labarge 1980 2589: 2577: 2565: 2553: 2541: 2529: 2507:Kaeuper 2009 2492:Arnould 1937 2487: 2480:Kaeuper 2009 2475: 2468:Arnould 1937 2463: 2456:Arnould 1937 2436: 2431:, p. 6. 2424: 2395: 2388:Arnould 1937 2358:Arnould 1937 2353: 2331:Griffin 2004 2326: 2314: 2292:Arnould 1937 2277:Arnould 1937 2260:Arnould 1937 2255: 2248:Arnould 1937 2243: 2236:Labarge 1980 2212: 2205:Wilkins 1979 2200: 2193:Arnould 1937 2169: 2142: 2107: 2100:Labarge 1980 2078: 2066: 2054: 2042: 2030: 2018: 2011:Arnould 1940 2006: 1994: 1987:Kaeuper 2009 1944: 1932: 1883:Arnould 1937 1866:, p. 2. 1842: 1835:Arnould 1937 1814:Goodman 2002 1809: 1802:Arnould 1937 1772:Labarge 1980 1751:Arnould 1937 1716: 1704: 1692: 1680: 1675:, p. 8. 1668: 1633: 1611:, p. 1. 1574: 1554: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1523: 1515: 1510: 1497: 1484: 1467: 1454: 1437: 1429: 1424: 1417:David Crouch 1409:Black Prince 1403: 1392:Alfred Burne 1382: 1375:flagellation 1365: 1352: 1339:. It was an 1332: 1328: 1300: 1296: 1287: 1277: 1265: 1260: 1250: 1241:, who wrote 1234: 1221: 1179: 1158: 1152: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1130: 1121: 1116: 1110: 1092: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1066: 1056: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1038:medievalists 1033:World War II 1027: 1025: 1023: 1017: 990: 988: 979: 964: 957: 954: 906: 904: 885: 881:social class 874:John Gower's 869: 865: 848: 828: 823: 812: 807: 798: 795:Anglo Norman 792: 750:evisceration 730: 725: 667: 662: 652: 648:prebendaries 644:John Goodall 624: 614: 602:Pope Clement 579: 557: 555: 495: 478: 473: 470:safe conduct 462: 456: 438: 422:through his 417: 394: 389: 380:morning mass 367: 365: 332:on mortality 329: 325:genuflection 290: 270: 208: 192: 178: 169: 160: 155: 141: 136: 124: 123: 89: 71: 69:is obscure. 52: 51: 42: 41: 40: 26: 18: 4565:1350s books 4403:: 103–118. 4090:: 183–191. 4084:Florilegium 3779:Medium Ævum 3482:: 114–118. 3332:Taylor 1994 3320:Pantin 1955 3023:Barnie 1974 2832:Taylor 1994 2820:Pantin 1955 2737:Barber 2012 2662:Taylor 2009 2621:Crouch 2017 2582:Gribit 2016 2558:Rogers 2004 2534:Rogers 2004 2522:Ormrod 2004 2373:Pantin 1955 2346:Cantor 2015 2307:Taylor 1994 2147:Taylor 1994 1999:Fowler 1969 1970:Pantin 1955 1949:Taylor 1994 1847:Boyson 2017 1721:Pantin 1955 1626:Fowler 1969 1579:Parker 2020 1398:"stunning". 1319:was also a 1317:Virgin Mary 1102:Christology 989:Grosmont's 838:from Exeter 793:Written in 771:pomegranate 678:goat's milk 615:Grosmont's 522:Thomas Grey 424:five senses 305:Westminster 219:escutcheons 205:Composition 161:Confessions 99:Virgin Mary 60:written by 4560:1354 works 4529:Categories 4307:: 89–110. 4245:required.) 4071:1000744447 3654:1076662979 3627:: 407–14. 3623:. (n.s.). 3517:1017181361 3488:1097339777 2871:Badea 2018 2710:Duffy 2014 2683:Waugh 1991 2570:Burne 1949 2429:Badea 2018 2035:Legge 1971 1567:References 1337:Silk Route 1321:figurative 1301:Douce Dame 1201:Hatfield, 892:first wife 744:(probably 714:dissection 686:bain-marie 650:and other 570:chevauchée 506:Edward III 484:The author 368:Douce Dame 293:Minoresses 261:postscript 249:amanuensis 166:pilgrimage 156:Douce Dame 115:confession 67:provenance 4550:Treatises 4409:641904494 4350:803462593 4156:466274508 4133:cite book 4106:993130796 4065:: 87–94. 4027:187477897 3992:652432642 3883:164491035 3866:862850547 3860:: 51–69. 3732:768817608 3726:: 62–67. 3648:: 25–32. 3633:605082614 3458:Batt 2014 3431:Batt 2016 3407:Batt 2010 3395:Batt 2010 3380:Batt 2006 3296:Batt 2014 3194:Batt 2014 3182:Batt 2014 3158:Batt 2014 3143:Batt 2014 3131:Batt 2014 3083:Batt 2014 3059:Batt 2014 3035:Batt 2014 3011:Page 2013 2999:Batt 2014 2987:Batt 2014 2975:Batt 2014 2951:Batt 2014 2939:Batt 2014 2915:Batt 2014 2859:Batt 2006 2808:Batt 2014 2764:Batt 2014 2650:Batt 2014 2606:Batt 2014 2546:King 2005 2400:Batt 2014 2174:Batt 2014 2083:Batt 2014 2071:Batt 2014 2059:Batt 2014 2047:Batt 2014 2023:Batt 2014 1937:Batt 2014 1925:Batt 2006 1864:Batt 2014 1673:Batt 2014 1638:Batt 2006 1609:Batt 2014 1559:letters". 1443:Holy Land 1249:with his 1071:chantries 955:Mirour de 947:redaction 935:Holy Land 829:vis-à-vis 653:precariae 637:Leicester 621:Lancaster 617:patronage 580:Chronicon 562:crusading 534:Lancaster 532:in 1337, 518:Froissart 474:Sire Dieu 466:vassalage 446:whirlpool 405:minstrels 301:confessor 215:textualis 95:physician 4517:19584959 4499:66411641 4313:51811459 4010:15327592 3807:67118740 3799:43630124 1547:Le Livre 1528:edition. 1490:colophon 1462:in 1330. 1270:compound 1159:Le Livre 1143:Le Livre 1138:Le Livre 1107:analogue 1045:Le Livre 999:armorial 931:a chrism 917:. 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The 1176:vellum 1155:folios 1117:Gawain 995:folios 733:frenzy 674:mortal 670:salmon 598: 594:Poitou 500:, and 442:donjon 401:troupe 391:cloth. 382:, and 372:vanity 321:Easter 257:scribe 227:a play 198:dictum 174: 4338:JSTOR 3795:JSTOR 1213:Notes 1180:Livre 1170:when 1087:Livre 1083:Livre 1079:Livre 1067:Livre 1049:Livre 1028:Livre 991:Livre 943:trope 799:Livre 752:of a 741:] 737:[ 698:chase 684:in a 682:capon 631:, a 552:Piety 376:sloth 272:Amen. 223:seals 213:in a 84:, in 27:Livre 4513:PMID 4495:OCLC 4460:ISBN 4441:ISBN 4422:ISBN 4405:OCLC 4382:ISBN 4363:ISBN 4346:OCLC 4309:OCLC 4275:OCLC 4256:ISBN 4207:ISBN 4188:ISBN 4169:ISBN 4152:OCLC 4139:link 4119:ISBN 4102:OCLC 4067:OCLC 4040:ISBN 4023:OCLC 4006:PMID 3988:OCLC 3953:ISBN 3934:ISBN 3915:ISBN 3896:ISBN 3879:OCLC 3862:OCLC 3839:ISBN 3820:ISBN 3803:OCLC 3764:ISBN 3745:ISBN 3728:OCLC 3705:ISBN 3686:ISBN 3667:ISBN 3650:OCLC 3629:OCLC 3606:ISBN 3587:ISBN 3568:ISBN 3549:ISBN 3530:ISBN 3513:OCLC 3484:OCLC 1073:and 1026:The 702:game 413:lust 221:and 117:and 4503:PMC 4487:doi 4330:doi 4231:doi 4092:doi 3996:PMC 3980:doi 3787:doi 3505:doi 1411:to 1311:of 1031:of 953:'s 949:of 608:of 403:of 311:in 295:of 37:218 4531:: 4511:. 4501:. 4493:. 4483:53 4481:. 4477:. 4401:11 4399:. 4344:. 4336:. 4326:99 4324:. 4305:II 4303:. 4290:. 4135:}} 4131:{{ 4100:. 4086:. 4082:. 4063:18 4061:. 4004:. 3994:. 3986:. 3976:58 3974:. 3970:. 3801:. 3793:. 3783:68 3781:. 3724:27 3722:. 3646:41 3644:. 3625:47 3511:. 3501:21 3499:. 3478:. 3438:^ 3387:^ 3216:^ 3201:^ 3150:^ 2905:^ 2890:^ 2851:^ 2800:^ 2771:^ 2744:^ 2717:^ 2690:^ 2669:^ 2628:^ 2613:^ 2514:^ 2499:^ 2448:^ 2407:^ 2380:^ 2365:^ 2338:^ 2299:^ 2284:^ 2267:^ 2224:^ 2181:^ 2154:^ 2119:^ 2090:^ 1977:^ 1956:^ 1913:^ 1890:^ 1871:^ 1854:^ 1821:^ 1794:^ 1779:^ 1758:^ 1743:^ 1728:^ 1645:^ 1616:^ 1601:^ 1586:^ 1415:; 1237:, 898:, 777:. 739:94 576:, 352:68 282:67 267:: 88:. 35:MS 33:, 4519:. 4489:: 4468:. 4449:. 4430:. 4411:. 4390:. 4371:. 4352:. 4332:: 4315:. 4294:. 4281:. 4264:. 4237:. 4233:: 4215:. 4196:. 4177:. 4158:. 4141:) 4127:. 4108:. 4094:: 4088:2 4073:. 4048:. 4029:. 4012:. 3982:: 3961:. 3942:. 3923:. 3904:. 3885:. 3868:. 3858:8 3847:. 3828:. 3809:. 3789:: 3772:. 3753:. 3734:. 3713:. 3694:. 3675:. 3656:. 3635:. 3614:. 3595:. 3576:. 3557:. 3538:. 3519:. 3507:: 3490:. 3480:2 2524:. 1581:. 1549:. 1432:. 1377:. 1360:. 1272:. 355:r 285:r 50:(

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