225:
1576:
1529:
1562:
416:
22:
1548:
293:
36:
1935:
Pokeweed must be prepared properly or it is dangerous. ... The only parts of poke to be eaten are the young shoots and tender stem tips, along with their immature, meristematic leaves. These must be boiled in an ample pot of water and then drained. Eating poke raw can cause serious poisoning. ...
1194:. The most important remedy is temperature-controlled storage, although it is also important to prevent mechanical damage as this provides entryways for pathogens. Uncontaminated water for washing vegetables is of lesser but still significant importance.
480:(or boΔwinka) is a soup that features beet stems and leaves as one of its main ingredients. The word "botwinka" is the diminutive form of "botwina" which refers to leafy vegetables like chard and beet leaves.
1282:
1266:
1256:
1894:
1198:
1226:
224:
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1293:
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1402:
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1886:
1783:
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477:
1834:
1974:
1928:
1703:
1236:
489:
1957:
Golding, John; Tesoriero, Len; Daniel, Rosalie (2020). "10 - Leafy
Vegetables". In LluΓs Palou; Joseph L. Smilanick (eds.).
1528:
1355:
540:. Water in which pokeweed has been prepared contains toxins that have been removed by boiling and should be discarded.
1246:
139:, such as drying and grinding into powder or pulping and pressing for juice, may involve these crop leaves in a diet.
2007:
2000:
1993:
89:
1498:
1179:
1664:
1936:
man became ill from drinking water in which mature poke leaves had been boiled (Jaeckle and
Freemon 1981).
200:
The vitamin K content of leaf vegetables is particularly high since these are photosynthetic tissues, and
1686:
Kessler, F.; Glauser, G. (2014). "Prenylquinone
Profiling in Whole Leaves and Chloroplast Subfractions".
1481:
1414:
1350:
435:
284:
enables large quantities of raw leafy greens to be consumed by blending the leaves with fruit and water.
1366:
384:
1780:
1803:
826:
2025:
1614:
1444:
1187:
544:
272:. Many green leafy vegetables, such as lettuce or spinach, can also be eaten raw, for example, in
1856:
1775:
National
Research Council (U.S.), Board on Science and Technology for International Development,
1609:
1396:
1320:
1311:
1209:
560:
336:(ΟΟΟΟΞ±, literally 'greens') are a typical side dish, eaten hot or cold and usually seasoned with
1916:
1561:
1305:
1221:
1426:
1372:
1338:
1183:
989:
261:
376:
347:
At least 80 different kinds of greens are used, depending on the area and season, including
1326:
1215:
814:
747:
600:
568:
317:
209:
835:
8:
2030:
1463:
1384:
1344:
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1034:
392:
388:
1826:
1758:
1493:
1041:
934:
886:
767:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1970:
1924:
1762:
1750:
1729:"A practical approach to minimize the interaction of dietary vitamin K with warfarin"
1709:
1699:
1450:
1438:
1432:
1420:
1097:
1073:
922:
859:
787:
655:
584:
400:
1740:
1691:
1567:
1408:
1137:
1025:
979:
950:
308:
268:. Leafy greens can be used to wrap other ingredients into an edible package like a
93:
74:
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136:
1962:
1475:
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151:
78:
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2019:
1634:
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879:
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684:
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517:
348:
329:
233:
201:
171:
147:
1754:
1713:
1604:
712:
616:
548:
509:
1661:"Nutrition facts for raw spinach per 100 g; USDA Nutrient Data SR-21"
1553:
1191:
680:
649:
356:
241:
182:
415:
1745:
1728:
1727:
Chang, C. -H.; Wang, Y. -W.; Yeh Liu, P. -Y.; Kao Yang, Y. -H. (2014).
1514:
633:
462:
146:
levels are particularly notable since they are photosynthetic tissues.
216:, must take special care to limit the consumption of leaf vegetables.
1966:
1510:
1121:
1066:
1062:
728:
593:
533:
513:
493:
352:
337:
257:
194:
190:
179:
175:
143:
70:
1639:
1534:
1458:
911:
796:
724:
716:
696:
521:
466:
396:
301:
273:
269:
249:
213:
163:
111:
crops are also edible for humans, but are usually only eaten under
29:
1690:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1153. pp. 213β26.
1619:
1299:
975:
966:
915:
802:
760:
720:
668:
664:
443:
439:
434:, a mixture of different wild boiled leaf vegetables, is used in
420:
360:
124:
116:
101:
97:
25:
21:
142:
Leaf vegetables contain many typical plant nutrients, but their
1585:
1162:
998:
855:
846:
839:
736:
732:
609:
497:
451:
364:
292:
186:
150:, the most common form of the vitamin, is directly involved in
132:
120:
112:
108:
104:. Woody plants of various species also provide edible leaves.
300:
In certain countries of Africa, various species of nutritious
296:
Liponda greens to be cooked and accompany ugali in east Africa
232:
If leaves are cooked for food, they may be referred to in the
35:
1629:
1166:
1146:
1130:
959:
943:
907:
776:
756:
625:
537:
529:
404:
368:
341:
277:
264:. They are also commonly eaten in South Asian dishes such as
128:
228:
Large pot of collard greens being prepared on a US Navy ship
92:
are known. Leaf vegetables most often come from short-lived
1624:
1018:
1002:
676:
524:
greens are commonly cooked and often served with pieces of
505:
372:
265:
253:
245:
66:
40:
1799:
1891:
Italian recipes β Italian food culture β Academia
Barilla
525:
167:
1726:
1584:, an Iranian salad-like dish, here of mixed greens and
316:
or "Lagos spinach" is one of the main boiled greens in
1956:
162:
Spinach, as an example of a leaf vegetable, is low in
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1182:
cause up to 50% losses of leaf vegetables. These are
81:. Leaf vegetables eaten raw in a salad can be called
1959:
Postharvest pathology of fresh horticultural produce
1941:
2017:
1887:"Liguria-style omelette with borage and sausage"
543:Sauteed escarole is a primary ingredient in the
252:, or consumed raw. Leaf vegetables stewed with
1824:
1685:
1733:Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
554:
1744:
1923:. Forager's Harvest. pp. 273, 276.
414:
291:
223:
34:
20:
1174:
427:boiled greens and served with nut sauce
2018:
1915:
1837:from the original on 20 February 2009
1517:can be used to manage some of these.
1049:(Southeast Asia and Indian highlands)
490:cuisine of the Southern United States
1827:"Horta Vrasta β Boiled Leafy Greens"
1197:Common bacterial pathogens include:
494:traditional African-American cuisine
1897:from the original on 19 August 2014
930:(China, Southeast Asia, and Africa)
13:
73:, sometimes accompanied by tender
14:
2042:
1867:from the original on 6 March 2012
1318:Common fungal pathogens include:
446:. One of the main ingredients of
403:and even the fresh leaves of the
16:Plant leaves eaten as a vegetable
1806:from the original on 10 May 2010
1777:Lost Crops of Africa: Vegetables
1574:
1560:
1546:
1527:
483:
1093:(South Asia and Southeast Asia)
88:Nearly one thousand species of
1909:
1879:
1849:
1818:
1792:
1769:
1720:
1679:
1653:
219:
1:
1646:
532:. The boiling water, called
115:conditions. Examples include
1696:10.1007/978-1-4939-0606-2_15
847:Daucus carota subsp. sativus
157:
7:
1592:
1482:Hyaloperonospora parasitica
1415:Golovinomyces cichoracearum
1351:Colletotrichum higginsianum
461:is also sometimes added to
10:
2047:
1520:
1367:Microdochium panattonianum
1284:Pectobacterium carotovorum
1117:(Asia and tropical Africa)
1105:(central and western Asia)
753:various-colored bellflower
558:
240:. Leaf vegetables may be
1857:"dall'olio al preboggion"
1294:Pectobacterium aroidearum
1190:, and much less commonly
1122:Trigonella foenum-graecum
1065:Asia, North America, and
1017:(Europe and southwestern
827:Cnidoscolus aconitifolius
648:, including beet greens,
472:
323:
304:are widely eaten boiled.
287:
256:is a traditional dish in
170:per calorie, and high in
90:plants with edible leaves
1615:Leaf protein concentrate
1445:Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
410:
208:. Accordingly, users of
1921:Incredible Wild Edibles
1610:List of leaf vegetables
1357:Colletotrichum dematium
1321:Alternaria brassicicola
1312:Pseudomonas viridiflava
1210:Pseudomonas viridiflava
1081:(eastern North America)
822:(western North America)
561:List of leaf vegetables
555:List of leaf vegetables
39:A bundle of curly-leaf
1663:. 2014. Archived from
1379:Cladosporium variabile
1306:Pseudomonas marginalis
1200:Xanthomonas campestris
428:
297:
229:
43:
32:
1969:. p. xviii+823.
1786:20 March 2015 at the
1470:A. ipomoeae-aquaticae
1427:Erysiphe cruciferarum
1373:Stemphylium botryosum
990:Nasturtium officinale
418:
295:
262:Southern U.S. cuisine
227:
212:medications, such as
38:
24:
1825:Lynn Livanos Athan.
1667:on 20 September 2014
1500:Peronospora farinosa
1180:Postharvest diseases
1175:Postharvest diseases
815:Claytonia perfoliata
748:Campanula versicolor
601:Alternanthera sissoo
569:Agastache foeniculum
455:(Borago officinalis)
318:West African cuisine
210:vitamin K antagonist
1464:Albugo occidentalis
1461:pathogens include:
1391:C. lactucae-sativae
1385:Cercospora beticola
1110:Solanum aethiopicum
1086:Sauropus androgynus
1035:Indian subcontinent
978:, iceberg lettuce,
107:The leaves of many
1746:10.1111/jcpt.12104
1494:Peronospora effusa
1161:(Europe, northern
1042:Perilla frutescens
935:Hemerocallis fulva
887:Foeniculum vulgare
768:Chenopodium quinoa
429:
401:smooth sow thistle
298:
230:
44:
33:
1976:978-1-315-20918-0
1930:978-0-9766266-2-6
1705:978-1-4939-0605-5
1688:Plant Isoprenoids
1539:Centella asiatica
1421:Podosphaera fusca
1143:garden nasturtium
1098:Spinacia oleracea
1074:Sassafras albidum
1061:(most of Europe,
928:longevity spinach
923:Gynura procumbens
894:(southern Europe)
860:Southwestern Asia
836:YucatΓ‘n Peninsula
803:Cichorium intybus
788:Cichorium endivia
656:Brassica oleracea
585:Allium fistulosum
94:herbaceous plants
2038:
2010:
1988:
1954:
1939:
1938:
1913:
1907:
1906:
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1748:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1657:
1578:
1564:
1550:
1531:
1409:Botrytis cinerea
1138:Tropaeolum majus
1026:Moringa oleifera
980:red leaf lettuce
951:Lepidium meyenii
545:Italian-American
436:Ligurian cuisine
381:black nightshade
309:Celosia argentea
59:vegetable greens
2046:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2026:Leaf vegetables
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
1977:
1955:
1942:
1931:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1880:
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1854:
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1840:
1838:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1788:Wayback Machine
1774:
1770:
1725:
1721:
1706:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
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1649:
1644:
1595:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1565:
1556:
1551:
1542:
1532:
1523:
1488:Bremia lactucae
1397:C. brassicicola
1281:spp. including
1177:
1172:
984:romaine lettuce
940:orange day-lily
867:Eruca vesicaria
622:Malabar spinach
563:
557:
486:
475:
413:
385:lamb's quarters
326:
290:
222:
204:is involved in
160:
137:Food processing
47:Leaf vegetables
17:
12:
11:
5:
2044:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2012:
2011:
1975:
1963:Boca Raton, FL
1940:
1929:
1917:Thayer, Samuel
1908:
1878:
1848:
1831:About.com Food
1817:
1791:
1779:, pp. 6, 35f.
1768:
1719:
1704:
1678:
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1571:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1333:A. arborescens
1278:Pectobacterium
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1150:
1134:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1050:
1047:shisho perilla
1038:
1022:
1010:Malva moschata
1006:
986:
967:Lactuca sativa
963:
947:
931:
919:
899:Gynura bicolor
895:
883:
863:
843:
823:
811:
799:
784:
764:
755:(southeastern
744:
700:
693:mustard greens
689:collard greens
673:Jersey cabbage
652:
637:
630:Southeast Asia
613:
606:sissoo spinach
597:
581:
564:
559:Main article:
556:
553:
485:
482:
474:
471:
412:
409:
325:
322:
289:
286:
282:green smoothie
221:
218:
206:photosynthesis
159:
156:
152:photosynthesis
49:, also called
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2043:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2009:
2008:9781138630833
2005:
2002:
2001:9781351805896
1998:
1995:
1994:9781351805889
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
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1968:
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1697:
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1689:
1682:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1635:Spring greens
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Greens powder
1598:
1597:
1587:
1583:
1582:Sabzi Khordan
1577:
1572:
1569:
1568:Water spinach
1563:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
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1452:
1447:
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1435:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:C. acetosella
1399:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1339:A. tenuissima
1335:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1248:X. campestris
1244:
1243:
1239:
1238:X. campestris
1234:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1222:P. marginalis
1218:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1154:Viola odorata
1151:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:garden sorrel
1056:
1055:
1054:Rumex acetosa
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:
964:
961:
957:
953:
952:
948:
945:
941:
937:
936:
932:
929:
925:
924:
920:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:edible gynura
901:
900:
896:
893:
889:
888:
884:
881:
880:Mediterranean
877:
873:
869:
868:
864:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:
844:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:
824:
821:
817:
816:
812:
809:
805:
804:
800:
798:
794:
790:
789:
785:
782:
781:South America
778:
774:
770:
769:
765:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:
745:
742:
741:radish greens
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:field mustard
706:
705:
704:Brassica rapa
701:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:savoy cabbage
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:
653:
651:
647:
643:
642:
641:Beta vulgaris
638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:
614:
611:
607:
603:
602:
598:
595:
591:
587:
586:
582:
579:
578:North America
575:
571:
570:
566:
565:
562:
552:
550:
546:
541:
539:
536:, is used as
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
484:United States
481:
479:
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468:
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460:
456:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
426:
422:
417:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:hoary mustard
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:black mustard
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:Greek cuisine
321:
319:
315:
311:
310:
305:
303:
294:
285:
283:
279:
275:
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267:
263:
259:
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251:
247:
243:
239:
238:boiled greens
235:
234:United States
226:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:phylloquinone
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
173:
172:dietary fiber
169:
165:
155:
153:
149:
148:Phylloquinone
145:
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134:
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118:
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56:
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1890:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1861:cogornese.it
1860:
1851:
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1830:
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1794:
1776:
1771:
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1736:
1732:
1722:
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1669:. Retrieved
1665:the original
1655:
1605:Healthy diet
1538:
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1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
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1337:
1331:
1327:A. alternata
1325:
1319:
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1267:
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792:
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713:napa cabbage
711:, including
708:
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663:, including
661:wild cabbage
660:
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645:
639:
621:
617:Basella alba
615:
605:
599:
589:
583:
574:anise hyssop
573:
567:
549:Utica greens
542:
510:garden cress
487:
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454:
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431:
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346:
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106:
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83:salad greens
82:
65:, are plant
62:
61:, or simply
58:
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51:leafy greens
50:
46:
45:
28:leaves in a
18:
1554:Swiss chard
1439:E. heraclei
1433:E. polygoni
1345:A. japonica
1272:alisalensis
1268:P. syringae
1258:P. syringae
1228:P. syringae
1216:P. cichorii
1015:musk mallow
681:red cabbage
650:Swiss chard
590:Welsh onion
357:wild sorrel
220:Preparation
183:carotenoids
123:, and most
69:eaten as a
2031:Vegetables
2020:Categories
1985:1104856309
1647:References
1515:prochloraz
1511:Fungicides
1476:A. candida
1288:odoriferum
1262:maculicola
1242:campestris
995:watercress
942:(China or
634:New Guinea
463:minestrone
459:Preboggion
448:preboggion
432:Preboggion
425:preboggion
389:wild leeks
274:sandwiches
242:stir-fried
96:, such as
1967:CRC Press
1763:206036115
1361:spinaciae
1188:bacterial
1127:fenugreek
1079:sassafras
1067:Greenland
1063:temperate
820:palsingat
775:(western
743:,and more
729:komatsuna
594:East Asia
576:(western
534:potlikker
514:dandelion
465:soup and
438:to stuff
419:Ligurian
353:dandelion
338:olive oil
258:soul food
195:vitamin K
191:manganese
180:vitamin A
176:vitamin C
158:Nutrition
144:vitamin K
71:vegetable
55:pot herbs
1919:(2017).
1895:Archived
1865:Archived
1835:Archived
1804:Archived
1784:Archived
1755:24383939
1714:24777800
1640:Mucheong
1593:See also
1586:radishes
1535:Gotukola
1513:such as
1459:oomycete
1451:S. minor
912:Thailand
810:(Europe)
797:escarole
725:choy sum
717:bok choy
699:and more
697:kohlrabi
522:pokeweed
478:Botwinka
467:frittata
457:leaves.
397:charlock
314:argentea
302:amaranth
270:tortilla
214:warfarin
164:calories
75:petioles
30:colander
1620:Mesclun
1521:Gallery
1457:Common
1300:Dickeya
1286:subsp.
1252:raphani
1204:vitians
1103:spinach
1031:moringa
976:celtuce
972:lettuce
916:Myanmar
882:region)
872:arugula
808:chicory
761:Balkans
759:to the
721:bomdong
669:gai lan
665:cabbage
518:mustard
502:collard
488:In the
444:pansoti
440:ravioli
421:pansoti
407:plant.
361:chicory
250:steamed
125:grasses
117:alfalfa
102:spinach
98:lettuce
26:Spinach
2006:
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1983:
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1901:8 June
1871:6 June
1841:6 June
1800:"ECHO"
1761:
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1502:f.sp.
1497:, and
1448:, and
1309:, and
1303:spp.,
1232:aptata
1219:, and
1184:fungal
1163:Africa
1115:nakati
999:Europe
892:fennel
876:rocket
856:Europe
852:carrot
840:Mexico
793:endive
773:quinoa
737:tatsoi
733:rapini
610:Brazil
520:, and
498:turnip
473:Poland
452:borage
377:mallow
365:fennel
334:khorta
324:Greece
288:Africa
278:salads
246:stewed
187:folate
178:, pro-
133:barley
121:clover
113:famine
109:fodder
79:shoots
67:leaves
63:greens
1810:6 May
1781:Books
1759:S2CID
1630:Herbs
1504:betae
1192:viral
1167:Syria
1147:Andes
1131:India
1091:katuk
960:Andes
944:Japan
908:China
832:chaya
777:Andes
757:Italy
646:beets
626:India
547:dish
538:broth
530:bacon
411:Italy
405:caper
369:chard
342:lemon
312:var.
129:wheat
2004:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1981:OCLC
1971:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1903:2015
1873:2012
1843:2012
1812:2019
1751:PMID
1710:PMID
1700:ISBN
1673:2014
1625:Slek
1291:and
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1260:pv.
1250:pv.
1240:pv.
1230:pv.
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1019:Asia
1003:Asia
1001:and
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858:and
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506:kale
492:and
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