Lebanese Civil War

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of the demonstration as it was dissipating. Farid Khazen, sourcing the local histories of Sidon academics and eyewitnesses, gives a run-down of the puzzling events of the day that based on their research. Other interesting facts that Khazen reveals, based on the Sidon academic's work including that Saad was not in dispute with the fishing consortium made up of Yugoslav nationals. In fact, the Yugoslavian representatives in Lebanon had negotiated with the fisherman's union to make the fishermen shareholders in the company; the company offered to modernize the fishermen's equipment, buy their catch, and give their union an annual subsidy. Saad, as a union representative (and not the mayor of Sidon at the time as many erroneous sources claim), was offered a place on the company's board too. There has been some speculation that Saad's attempts to narrow the differences between the fishermen and the consortium, and his acceptance of a place on the board made him a target of attack by the conspirator who sought a full conflagration around the small protest. The events in Sidon were not contained for long. The government began to lose control of the situation in 1975.

3161:

more secular and democratic order, but as this group increasingly included Islamist groups, encouraged to join by the PLO, the more progressive demands of the initial agenda was dropped by January 1976. Islamists did not support a secular order in Lebanon and wished to bring about rule by Muslim clerics. These events, especially the role of Fatah and the Tripoli Islamist movement known as Tawhid, in changing the agenda being pursued by many groups, including Communists. This ragtag coalition has often been referred to as left-wing, but many participants were actually very conservative and had religious elements that did not share any broader ideological agenda; rather, they were brought together by the short-term goal of overthrowing the established political order, each motivated by their own grievances.

3165:

great swathes of south Lebanon, in which the indigenous Shiite population had to suffer the humiliation of passing through PLO checkpoints and now they had worked their way by force into Beirut. The PLO did this with the assistance of so-called volunteers from Libya and Algeria shipped in through the ports it controlled, as well as a number of Sunni Lebanese groups who had been trained and armed by PLO/ Fatah and encouraged to declare themselves as separate militias. However, as Rex Brynen makes clear in his publication on the PLO, these militias were nothing more than "shop-fronts" or in Arabic "Dakakin" for Fatah, armed gangs with no ideological foundation and no organic reason for their existence save the fact their individual members were put on PLO/ Fatah payroll.

1989: 6117:. On 17 August another exploded beside a supermarket, also in a district under LF control. 55 people were killed. Two days later two car bombs went off in a Druze and a Shi'ite district of Beirut. The following day another car bomb exploded in Tripoli. An unknown group, the "Black Brigades", claimed responsibility. The violence quickly escalated with extensive artillery exchanges. It is estimated that in two weeks 300 people were killed. On 15 September fighting broke out in Tripoli between Alawite and Sunni militias. 200,000 people fled the city. The harbour district was heavily bombarded. The arrival of the Syrian army a week later ended the violence which left 500 killed. 5758: 3056:. However, president Chamoun looked to regional pacts to ensure protection from foreign armies: Lebanon historically had a small cosmetic army that was never effective in defending Lebanon's territorial integrity, and this is why in later years the PLO guerrilla factions had found it easy to enter Lebanon and set up bases, as well as take over army barracks on the border with Israel as early as 1968. Early skirmishes saw the army not only lose control over its barracks to the PLO but also lost many soldiers. Even prior to this, president Chamoun was aware of the country's vulnerability to outside forces. 1148: 1139: 516: 601: 5727: 1128: 1109: 490: 4026: 82: 6527: 6058: 1441: 896: 3000: 1179: 1168: 503: 3169:

monopolize fishing along the coast of Lebanon. The injustices perceived by the fishermen evoked sympathy from many Lebanese and reinforced the resentment and antipathy that were widely felt against the state and the economic monopolies. The demonstrations against the fishing company were quickly transformed into a political action supported by the political left and their allies in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). The state tried to suppress the demonstrators, and a sniper reportedly killed a popular figure in the city, the former Mayor of

1232: 1221: 630: 6546: 5354: 1432: 881: 460: 1340: 745: 447: 5813: 1374: 1363: 1352: 1157: 758: 589: 553: 1210: 1315: 709: 4172: 790: 5166: 831: 1385: 777: 996: 985: 343: 317: 14164: 1414: 966: 955: 936: 851: 331: 1450: 1199: 910: 613: 478: 398: 102: 15093: 14117: 1190: 565: 71: 720: 577: 540: 3347: 6808: 5641:, South of Beirut. Four Libyan technicians were killed. Two Syrian soldiers were also killed when their truck and a civilian car were destroyed. Begin later revealed that the United States was informed in advance of the raid. In early July the Syrians ended the three month long siege of Zahleh. The Phalangists' power in the town had been reduced but their alliance with Israel remained intact. The planned deployment of Government troops into 2518: 1034: 1020: 731: 410: 6466: 5270: 5113: 4873: 3209: 2882: 2745: 1078: 1067: 1056: 1045: 422: 2818: 1423: 866: 1404: 1304: 1293: 696: 667: 803: 1254: 1243: 642: 111: 1010: 816: 363: 3786: 91: 2687:, became involved and supported or fought alongside different factions. Over the course of the conflict, these alliances shifted rapidly and unpredictably. While much of the fighting took place between opposing religious and ideological factions, there was also significant conflict within some faith communities, especially amongst both Christians and Shias. Various peacekeeping forces, such as the 5958: 1278: 1267: 655: 1089: 528: 434: 5402: 6212:, head of a government of national unity set up after the failed peace efforts of 1984, was assassinated on 1 June 1987. The assassination was accused on Samir Geagea in coordination with the Lebanese army, but the charge could not be proven. President Gemayel's term of office expired in September 1988. Before stepping down, he appointed another Maronite Christian, 3520:. This funding enabled the newly formed Lebanese Forces militia to establish itself in Maronite-dominated strongholds, and rapidly transformed from an unorganized and poorly equipped militia into a fearsome armed group that now had its own armor, artillery, commando units (SADM), a small Navy, and a highly advanced Intelligence branch. Meanwhile, in the north, the 3067:, a country formed out of the unification of Syria and Egypt, while the majority of Lebanese and especially the Maronites wanted to keep Lebanon as an independent nation with its own independent parliament. President Camille Chamoun feared the toppling of his government and asked for U.S. intervention. At the time the United States was engaged in the 5673: 5030: 3262:

identified with a given community. The two main alliances were the Lebanese Front, consisting of nationalist Maronites who were against Palestinian militancy in Lebanon, and the Lebanese National Movement, which consisted of pro-Palestinian Leftists. The LNM dissolved after the Israeli invasion of 1982 and was replaced by the

3157:, something that the ANM had attempted to do a decade earlier by Nasser's bidding. Jordan, however, responded and expelled the forces into Lebanon. When they arrived they created "a State within the State". This action was not welcomed by the Lebanese government and this shook Lebanon's fragile sectarian climate. 6367:) against Aoun's stronghold around the presidential palace, where hundreds of Aoun supporters were killed. It then cleared out the last Aounist pockets, cementing its hold on the capital. Aoun fled to the French Embassy in Beirut, and later into exile in Paris. He was not able to return until May 2005. 4280:. Hezbollah's main objective was to end Israeli occupation and western influence in Lebanon, and its Islamic ideology attracted many young Shiites eager to fight the new occupation. By 1984, thousands of Shiites had been enlisted into Hezbollah as well as most of the important Shiite clergy, including 6341:

March when Aoun announced a unilateral ceasefire and called for negotiations. During this period East Beirut saw levels of destruction and casualties that it had not experienced during the entire 15 years of civil war. Aoun's forces had made no significant inroads on the areas under Geagea's control.

6340:

On 31 January 1990, Lebanese Army forces loyal to Aoun attacked the LF positions in East Beirut, after Aoun had stated that it was in the national interest for the government to "unify the weapons" (i.e. that the LF must submit to his authority as acting head of state). The fighting continued until 8

5915:

In September 1983, following the Israeli withdrawal and the ensuing battles between the Lebanese Army and opposing factions for control of key terrain during the Mountain War, the Reagan White House approved the use of naval gunfire to subdue Druze and Syrian positions in order to give support to and

5648:

On 17 July 1981, Israeli aircraft bombed multi-story apartment buildings in Beirut that contained offices of PLO associated groups. The Lebanese delegate to the United Nations Security Council claimed that 300 civilians had been killed and 800 wounded. The bombing led to worldwide condemnation, and a

5095:

charged with disentangling the combatants and restoring calm. Other Arab nations were also part of the ADF, but they lost interest relatively soon, and Syria was again left in sole control, now with the ADF as a diplomatic shield against international criticism. The Civil War was officially paused at

5067:

Since January, the Tel al-Zaatar refugee camp in East Beirut had been under siege by Maronite Christian militias. On 12 August 1976, supported by Syria, Maronite forces managed to overwhelm the Palestinian and leftist militias defending the camp. The Christian militia massacred 1,000–1,500 civilians,

3318:

to raise taxes to defend their communities. Road checkpoints were a particularly common way to raise these (claimed) taxes. Such taxes were in principle viewed as legitimate by much of the population who identified with their community's militia. However, many militia fighters would use taxes/customs

6259:

and claiming that he fought for Lebanon's independence. While he seems to have had significant Maronite support for this, he was still perceived as a sectarian leader among others by the Muslim population, who distrusted his agenda. He was also plagued by the challenge to his legitimacy put forth by

5870:

to investigate the circumstances of the Sabra and Shatila massacre. In 1983, the commission published its findings that then-Defense Minister Ariel Sharon was personally responsible for the massacre and should resign. Under pressure, Sharon resigned as defense minister but remained in the government

5862:

began slaughtering civilians while Israeli forces blocked exits from Sabra and Shatila and illuminated the area with flares. IDF officials not only failed to act to stop the killings, but also prevented the escapees from fleeing the Phalangists and aided them later by lighting the camps during night

5079:

and a Communist militia attacked Aishiya, an isolated Maronite village in a mostly Muslim area. The Artillery Corps of the Israel Defense Forces fired 24 shells (66 kilograms of TNT each) from US-made 175-millimeter field artillery units at the attackers, repelling their first attempt. However,

5047:

in order to bring the PLO back under Syrian influence and prevent the disintegration of Lebanon. Despite this, the violence continued to escalate. In March 1976, Lebanese President Suleiman Frangieh requested that Syria formally intervene. Days later, Assad sent a message to the United States asking

3407:

in 1976, the same year as its foundation. He reported that compared to the villages outside of the canton, in Maronite towns and villages no garbage littered the streets, gas was one-fifth the price charged in West Beirut and the price of bread was controlled to levels comparable to pre-war pricing.

3124:

However, estimates of the Phalange's membership by Yezid Sayigh and other academic sources put them at a few thousand. Non-academic sources tend to inflate the Phalanges membership. What should be kept in mind was that this insurrection was met with widespread disapproval by many Lebanese who wanted

2859:

as a safe haven for the Maronites, but included a large Muslim population within the borders. In 1926, Lebanon was declared a republic, and a constitution was adopted. However, the constitution was suspended in 1932. Various factions sought unity with Syria, or independence from the French. In 1936,

6394:

that pardoned all political crimes prior to its enactment. The amnesty was not extended to crimes perpetrated against foreign diplomats or certain crimes referred by the cabinet to the Higher Judicial Council. In May 1991, the militias (with the important exception of Hezbollah) were dissolved, and

5051:

On 8 May 1976, Elias Sarkis, who was supported by Syria, defeated Frangieh in a presidential election held by the Lebanese Parliament. However, Frangieh refused to step down. On 1 June 1976, 12,000 regular Syrian troops entered Lebanon and began conducting operations against Palestinian and leftist

3180:

Many non-academic sources claim a government sniper killed Saad; however, there is no evidence to support such a claim, and it appears that whoever had killed him had intended that what began as a small and quiet demonstration to evolve into something more. The sniper targeted Saad right at the end

3160:

Solidarity to the Palestinians was expressed through the Lebanese Sunni Muslims but with the aim to change the political system from one of consensus amongst different sects, towards one where their power share would increase. Certain groups in the Lebanese National Movement wished to bring about a

3144:

During the 1960s Lebanon was relatively calm, but this would soon change. Fatah and other Palestinian Liberation Organization factions had long been active among the 400,000 Palestinian refugees in Lebanese camps. Throughout the 1960s, the center for armed Palestinian activities had been in Jordan,

3125:

no part in the regional politics and many young men aided the Phalange in their suppression of the insurrection, especially as many of the demonstrators were little more than proxy forces hired by groups such as the ANM and Fatah founders as well as being hired by the defeated parliamentary bosses.

3023:

had attempted to break the stranglehold on Lebanese politics exercised by traditional political families in Lebanon. These families maintained their electoral appeal by cultivating strong client–patron relations with their local communities. Although he succeeded in sponsoring alternative political

8528:

Middle East International No 101, 8 June 1979; pp. 12–14 mass exodus. No 103, 6 July 1979; pp. 12–13 24 June at least twenty killed or wounded. No 106, 17 August 1979; pp. 11–13 3 August commando raid kills between seven and ten. No 107, 31 August 1979; pp. 12–14 21 August eleven killed, 24 August

6344:

In August 1990, the Lebanese Parliament, which did not heed Aoun's order to dissolve, and the new president agreed on constitutional amendments embodying some of the political reforms envisioned at Taif. The National Assembly expanded to 128 seats and was for the first time divided equally between

5891:

on Israeli withdrawal conditioned on the departure of Syrian troops, reportedly after the US and Israel exerted severe pressure on Gemayel. The agreement stated that "the state of war between Israel and Lebanon has been terminated and no longer exists". Thus, the agreement in effect amounted to a

5857:

On 16–18 September 1982, Lebanese Phalangists (allied with the Israeli Defense Force) killed between 460 and 3,500 Lebanese and Palestinian Shiite civilians in the Shatila refugee camp and the adjacent Sabra neighborhood of Beirut. The Israelis had ordered their Phalangist allies to clear out PLO

5781:

On 26 June, a UN Security Council resolution was proposed that "demands the immediate withdrawal of the Israeli forces engaged round Beirut, to a distance of 10 kilometers from the periphery of that city, as a first step towards the complete withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon, and the

5734:

Israel launched Operation Peace for Galilee on 6 June 1982, attacking PLO bases in Lebanon. Israeli forces quickly drove 25 miles (40 km) into Lebanon, moving into East Beirut with the tacit support of Maronite leaders and militia. When the Israeli cabinet convened to authorize the invasion,

5364:

PLO attacks from Lebanon into Israel in 1977 and 1978 escalated tensions between the countries. On 11 March 1978, eleven Fatah fighters landed on a beach in northern Israel and proceeded to hijack two buses full of passengers on the Haifa–Tel-Aviv road, shooting at passing vehicles in what became

3261:

In the run-up to the war and its early stages, militias tried to be politically orientated non-sectarian forces, but due to the sectarian nature of Lebanese society, they inevitably gained their support from the same community as their leaders came from. In the long run almost all militias openly

5820:

The first troops of a multinational force landed in Beirut on 21 August 1982 to oversee the PLO withdrawal from Lebanon and U.S. mediation resulted in the evacuation of Syrian troops and PLO fighters from Beirut. The agreement also provided for the deployment of a multinational force composed of

3843:

meant that he had little real functional opposition to his leadership and although ostensibly rival factions in the PLO existed, this masked a stable loyalty towards Arafat so long as he was able to dispense financial rewards to his followers and members of the PLO guerrilla factions. Unlike the

3164:

These forces enabled the PLO / Fatah (Fatah constituted 80% of the membership of the PLO and Fatah guerrillas controlled most of its institutions now) to transform the Western Part of Beirut into its stronghold. The PLO had taken over the heart of Sidon and Tyre in the early 1970s, it controlled

3116:

came to the president's aid instead to bring a final end to the road blockades which were crippling the major cities. Encouraged by its efforts during this conflict, later that year, principally through violence and the success of general strikes in Beirut, the Phalange achieved what journalists

3084:

and later to become the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and a faction of the PLO, were deployed to Lebanon by Nasser. The ANM were a clandestine militia implicated in attempted coups against both the Jordanian monarchy and the Iraqi president throughout the 1950s at Nasser's

6043:

Following the uprising, the U.S. Marines' position in Lebanon became untenable, and they were looking ready to withdraw. Syria and Muslim groups had gained the upper hand, and stepped up pressure on Gemayel. On 5 March 1984, the Lebanese Government canceled the 17 May Agreement, and the Marines

4976:

at which identification cards were inspected for religious affiliation. Many Palestinians or Lebanese Muslims passing through the roadblocks were killed immediately. Additionally, Phalange members took hostages and attacked Muslims in East Beirut. Muslim and Palestinian militias retaliated with

4405:

parties tended to be Christian by religion and left-wing in outlook, and were therefore uneasy committing to either side of the fighting. As a result, the Armenian parties attempted, with some success, to follow a policy of militant neutrality, with their militias fighting only when required to

3337:. However, much else was also smuggled, such as guns and supplies, all kinds of stolen goods, and regular trade—war or no war, Lebanon would not give up its role as the middleman in European-Arab business. Many battles were fought over Lebanon's ports, to gain smugglers access to the sea routes. 5429:

Israel during the period of the cease-fire, with over 270 documented attacks. People in Galilee regularly had to leave their homes during these shellings. Documents captured in PLO headquarters after the invasion showed they had come from Lebanon. Arafat refused to condemn these attacks on the

4296:

its operational ground. Support for Leftist and Palestinian groups declined, and many Shiites moved their support to their communal parties. In 1988, Hezbollah's militia could boast a total of 25,000 fighters. By the 1990s, Hezbollah was the best organized Shia political party, and enjoyed the

3607:

or Lebanese nationalism. The SSNP was generally aligned with the Syrian government, although it did not ideologically approve of the Ba'athist government (however, this has changed recently, under Bashar Al-Assad, the SSNP having been allowed to exert political activity in Syria as well). The

3168:

The strike of fishermen at Sidon in February 1975 could also be considered the first important episode that set off the outbreak of hostilities. That event involved a specific issue: the attempt of former President Camille Chamoun (also head of the Maronite-oriented National Liberal Party) to

3831:, effectively making him the strongman of the PLO. Arafat allowed little oversight to be exercised over PLO finances as he was the ultimate source for all decisions made in directing financial matters. Arafat's control of funds, channeled directly to him by the oil producing countries like 5096:

this point, and an uneasy quiet settled over Beirut and most of the rest of Lebanon. In the south, however, the climate began to deteriorate as a consequence of the gradual return of PLO combatants, who had been required to vacate central Lebanon under the terms of the Riyadh Accords.

4988:

by Palestinian militias. These two massacres prompted a mass exodus of Muslims and Christians, as people fearing retribution fled to areas under the control of their own sect. The ethnic and religious layout of the residential areas of the capital encouraged this process, and East and

5892:

peace agreement with Israel, and was additionally seen by many Lebanese Muslims as an attempt for Israel to gain a permanent hold on the Lebanese South. The 17 May Agreement was widely portrayed in the Arab world as an imposed surrender, and Amine Gemayel was accused of acting as a

5608:

militia had become dominant and were reinforcing outposts with artillery as well as opening a new road to the coast and their heartland. In early April clashes escalated around the town and the Syrian Army imposed a siege. There were also outbreaks of fighting in neighbouring

5793:

was once again sent to restore order, which he accomplished on 12 August on the heels of IDF's intensive, day-long bombardment of West Beirut. The Habib-negotiated truce called for the withdrawal of both Israeli and PLO elements, as well as a multinational force composed of

5705:

in London. Israel carried out a retaliatory aerial attack on PLO and PFLP targets in West Beirut that led to over 100 casualties. The PLO responded by launching a counterattack from Lebanon with rockets and artillery, which constituted a clear violation of the ceasefire.

5782:

simultaneous withdrawal of the Palestinian armed forces from Beirut, which shall retire to the existing camps;" the United States vetoed the resolution because it was "a transparent attempt to preserve the PLO as a viable political force," However, President

3539:

In 1980, after months of intra Christian clashes, the Tigers militia of Dany Chamoun split with the Lebanese Forces which was dominated by the Kataeb members. Led by Bachir Gemayel, Kataeb launched a surprise attack on the Tigers in what became known as the

3703:. The SLA continued to operate after the civil war but collapsed after the Israeli army withdrew from South Lebanon in 2000. Many SLA soldiers fled to Israel, while others were captured in Lebanon and prosecuted for collaboration with Israel and treason. 5772:

who had retreated into fortified positions. Meanwhile, Arafat attempted through negotiations to salvage politically what was clearly a disaster for the PLO, an attempt which eventually succeeded once the multinational force arrived to evacuate the PLO.

3863:

but did not have a strong core ideology, except the claim to seek the liberation of Palestine. As a result, they gained broad appeal with a refugee population of moderately conservative Islamic values. The more ideological factions, however, included

2619:

from 1920 to 1943, and the country's parliamentary structure favoured a leading position for Lebanese Christians, who constituted the majority of the population. However, the country's Muslims comprised a large minority and the influx of thousands of

5247:, the LNM disintegrated after his death. Although the anti-government pact of leftists, Shi'a, Sunni, Palestinians and Druze would stick together for some time more, their wildly divergent interests tore at opposition unity. Sensing the opportunity, 8942:

and while Israeli troops fired a stream of flares over the Palestinian refugee camps in the Sabra and Shatila districts of West Beirut, the Israeli's Christian Lebanese allies carried out a massacre of innocents there which was to shock the whole

8871:

The carnage began immediately. It was to continue without interruption till Saturday noon. Night brought no respite; the Phalangist liaison officer asked for illumination and the Israelis duly obliged with flares, first from mortars and then from

4261:(later known as Amal). Sadr adamantly opposed the in-fighting and criticized the neglect of Shiite areas by the government and traditional Shiite leaderships. A Palestinian supporter himself, Sadr criticized both Israeli and PLO actions in the 3075:

were going to overthrow his government. Chamoun was responding not only to the revolt of former political bosses, but also to the fact that both Egypt and Syria had taken the opportunity to deploy proxies into the Lebanese conflict. Thus the

6402:

Some violence still occurred. In late December 1991 a car bomb (estimated to carry 220 pounds of TNT) exploded in the Muslim neighborhood of Basta. At least thirty people were killed, and 120 wounded, including former Prime Minister

6112:

attempting to end the fighting between Christian and Druze militias. There followed a series of car bombs in Beirut which were seen as intended to thwart any agreement. On 14 August a car exploded in a Christian district control by the

3424:

as well as from West Germany, Belgium and Israel, and drew supporters from the larger Maronite population in the north of the country, they were generally right-wing in their political outlook, and all the major Christian militias were

4073:) served as an effective Druze militia, building excellent ties to the Soviet Union mainly, and with Syria upon the withdrawal of Israel to the south of the country. However, many Druze in Lebanon at the time were also members of the 5717:

calling for "all the parties to the conflict to cease immediately and simultaneously all military activities within Lebanon and across the Lebanese-Israeli border and no later than 0600 hours local time on Sunday, 6 June 1982".

6337:, which had grown into a rival power broker in the Christian East Beirut, responded by suspending all its broadcasts. Tension with the LF grew, as Aoun feared that the militia was planning to link up with the Hrawi administration. 6196:

between the two sides without any significant territorial changes. Clashes re-erupted in December 1989 in Iqlim al-Tuffah, in which more than 3,500 Amal and Palestinian fighters clashed with 2,000 Hezbollah fighters in the region.

5628:

shot down two Syrian helicopters near Zahleh. Despite this intervention the Syrians were able to take control of the mountain road and tighten the siege of the town. In response to the Israeli action the Syrians moved antiaircraft

4790:

Heavy fighting begins between the Lebanese army still under General Aoun's control and the Lebanese Forces. As well as fighting between Amal and Hezbollah and continued resistance to Israeli occupation and Israeli reprisal raids.

3741:

at the time had training camps in Lebanon, where they received support from the Syrians and the PLO. During the Israeli invasion, all PKK units were ordered to fight the Israeli forces. Eleven PKK fighters died in the conflict.

5735:

Sharon described it as a plan to advance 40 kilometers into Lebanon, demolish PLO strongholds, and establish an expanded security zone that would put northern Israel out of range of PLO rockets. Israeli chief of staff

4933:, and the ever-weaker national government wavering between the need to maintain order and cater to its constituency. On the morning of 13 April 1975, unidentified gunmen in a speeding car fired on a church in the Christian 4473:

between the two parts of the city. Many militias are formed on both sides and hundreds of civilians are killed or taken hostage. The government divides and the army is split. The militias usurp many functions of the state.

13504: 10749: 5177:

The nation was now effectively divided, with southern Lebanon and the western half of Beirut becoming bases for the PLO and Muslim-based militias, and the Christians in control of East Beirut and the Christian section of

2710:

passed an amnesty law that pardoned all political crimes that had been perpetrated prior to the law's time of enactment. In May 1991, all of the armed factions that had been operating in Lebanon were dissolved, excluding

3358:

As central government authority disintegrated and rival governments claimed national authority, the various parties/militias started to create comprehensive state administrations in their territory. These were known as

5433:

Between June and August 1979 the IDF increased its artillery bombardments and air strikes on targets in Southern Lebanon resulting in the killing of around forty people and a mass exodus of civilians. On 27 June four

3556:. The Command Council then elected Hobeika to be LF President, and he appointed Geagea to be LF Chief of Staff. In January 1986, Geagea and Hobeika's relationship broke down over Hobeika's support for the pro-Syrian 6300:, where they agreed to the national reconciliation accord in October. The agreement provided a large role for Syria in Lebanese affairs. Returning to Lebanon, they ratified the agreement on 4 November and elected 3097:, also flew to Lebanon to use the insurrection as a means by which a war could be fomented toward Israel. They participated in the fighting by directing armed forces against the government security in the city of 4670:

The Lebanese army, who controlled Beirut since the Israeli withdrawal, were accused of partisanship with the Lebanese forces, mass arrests, etc. They were expelled from West Beirut following their defeat in the

3883:

Fatah was instrumental in splitting the DF from the PFLP in the early days of the PFLPs formation so as to diminish the appeal and competition the PFLP posed to Fatah. Lesser roles were played by the fractious

5924:

In 1982, the Islamic Republic of Iran established a base in the Syrian-controlled Bekaa Valley in Lebanon. From that base, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) "founded, financed, trained and equipped

6246:

On 8 March 1989 Aoun started the blockade of illegal ports of Muslim militias, and this touched off bloody exchanges of artillery fire that lasted for half a year. Six days later he launched what he termed a

5056:, as Israel had already begun to supply Maronite forces with arms, tanks, and military advisers in May 1976. Syria had its own political and territorial interests in Lebanon, which harbored cells of Sunni 6443:

brings together Maronite-dominated parties (Lebanese Forces, Kataeb, National Liberal Party, National Bloc, Independence Movement) and Sunni-dominated parties (Future Movement, Islamic Group) whereas the

3031:

In previous years, tensions with Egypt had escalated in 1956 when the non-aligned President, Camille Chamoun, did not break off diplomatic relations with the Western powers that attacked Egypt during the

5765:

By 15 June 1982, Israeli units were entrenched outside Beirut. The United States called for PLO withdrawal from Lebanon, and Sharon began to order bombing raids of West Beirut, targeting some 16,000 PLO

8485: 6136:, was overthrown. Shortly afterwards, 21 January, a car bomb killed 20 people in Furn ash-Shebbak, East Beirut. Over the next 10 days a further 5 smaller explosions occurred close to Phalagist targets. 4341:, and a number of minor militias existed due to a general reluctance on the part of Sunnis to join military organisations throughout the civil war. The more prominent groups were secular and holding a 4997:

who had allied with the LNM, and Muslim conservatives with the government, dropped sharply, as the war revealed itself as an utterly sectarian conflict. Another effect of the massacres was to bring in

3679:. The SLA operated in South Lebanon in coordination with the Israelis, and worked for the Israeli-backed parallel government, called "the Government of Free Lebanon". The SLA began as a split from the 5333:

The only political person who remained in East Beirut Achrafiyeh throughout was president Camille Chamoun, who refused to leave. It was fought between the Maronite forces and the Syrian troops of the

5739:

and Sharon had already ordered the invading forces to head straight for Beirut, in accord with Sharon's plan from September 1981. The UN Security Council passed a further resolution on 6 June 1982,

13826: 13675: 6150:

Major combat returned to Beirut in 1987, when Palestinians, leftists, and Druze fighters allied against Amal, eventually drawing further Syrian intervention. On 22 February 1987 eight thousand

4265:

which had cost the lives of thousands of Shiite civilians. Amal quickly attracted the unrepresented Shiites and its armed ranks quickly grew to an estimated 1,500–3,000 or 6,000 according to

12557: 13155: 9872: 3319:

as a pretext to extort money. Furthermore, many people did not recognize militia's tax-raising authority, and viewed all militia money-raising activities as mafia-style extortion and theft.

5409:

Israeli forces withdrew later in 1978, but retained control of the southern region by managing a 12-mile (19 km) wide security zone along the border. These positions were held by the

6739:, from the perspective of a girl who does not speak English and is unfamiliar with Western culture and customs, although the conflict is not specifically indicated, it is heavily implied. 5896:

President; tensions in Lebanon hardened considerably. Syria strongly opposed the agreement and declined to discuss the withdrawal of its troops, effectively stalemating further progress.

11849: 4132: 3989: 4406:

defend the Armenian areas. However, it was not uncommon for individual Armenians to choose to fight in the Lebanese Forces, and a small number chose to fight on the other side for the

5743:

demanding that Israel withdraw to the internationally recognized boundaries of Lebanon. On 8 June 1982, the United States vetoed a proposed resolution demanding that Israel withdraw.

5624:

in order to relieve the Syrian pressure on the Phalangists in Zahleh. On 27 April Syrian troops launched an offensive against the Phalagists' mountain outposts. The following day the

5425:, compared the plight of the Christian minority in southern Lebanon (then about 5% of the population in SLA territory) to that of European Jews during World War II. The PLO routinely 6158:

district twenty-three men and four women were taken from a place of worship and shot and bayoneted to death. A crowd of fifty thousand attended their funeral with calls for revenge.

6329:

On 16 January 1990, General Aoun ordered all Lebanese media to cease using terms like "President" or "Minister" to describe Hrawi and other participants in the Taif government. The

6439:

leading to Syrian military withdrawal from the country. Contemporary political alliances in Lebanon reflect the alliances of the Civil War as well as contemporary geopolitics. The

11639: 6255:

allies. As a result, Syrian pressure on his Lebanese Army and militia pockets in East Beirut grew. Still, Aoun persisted in the "war of liberation", denouncing the government of

3889: 3289:-style organizations with many commanders turning to crime as their main occupation rather than fighting. Finances for the war effort were obtained in one or all of three ways: 8906:

From there, small units of Phalangist militiamen, roughly 150 men each, were sent into Sabra and Shatila, which the Israeli army kept illuminated through the night with flares.

5912:. Israel did not intervene. By September 1983, the Druze had gained control over most of the Chouf, and Israeli forces had pulled out from all but the southern security zone. 5043:

On 22 January 1976, Syrian President Hafez al-Assad brokered a truce between the two sides, while covertly beginning to move Syrian troops into Lebanon under the guise of the

3024:

candidates to enter the elections in 1957, causing the traditional families to lose their positions, these families then embarked upon a war with Chamoun, referred to as the

2632:—contributed to Lebanon's demographic shift towards an eventual Muslim majority. Lebanon's Christian-dominated government had been facing increasing opposition from Muslims, 2576:) was a multifaceted armed conflict that took place from 1975 to 1990. It resulted in an estimated 150,000 fatalities and led to the exodus of almost one million people from 5080:

the PLO and Communists returned at night, when low visibility made Israeli artillery far less effective. The Maronite population of the village fled. They returned in 1982.

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William Harris claims that the Syrian operation could not take place until Syria had reached an agreement with the United States, that in exchange for support against the

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made an impassioned plea to Prime Minister Begin to end the siege. Begin called back within minutes informing the President that he had given the order to end the attack.

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lacked an initial organization of their own and therefore lent their numbers to a wide variety of parties and organizations. They effectively formed the popular base for

15157: 6035:. The day started with the defection of many Muslim and Druze units to the militias, which was a major blow to the government and caused the army to virtually collapse. 5225:, dominated the LF. In 1977–80, through absorbing or destroying smaller militias, he both consolidated control and strengthened the LF into the dominant Maronite force. 3112:, to use the armed forces against Muslim demonstrators, fearing that getting involved in internal politics would split his small and weak multi-confessional force. The 6668:

wrote and recorded a song, in 1986, called "Buenas noches, Beirut" ("Good Night, Beirut"), about the Lebanese Civil War, include on their third eponymous studio album.

6569:

Approximately 900,000 people, representing one-fifth of the pre-war population, were displaced from their homes. Perhaps a quarter of a million emigrated permanently.

6264:. Militarily, this war did not achieve its goal, and instead caused considerable damage to East Beirut and provoked massive emigration among the Christian population. 3580:, most were little more than vehicles for sectarian interests. Still, there existed a number of non-religious groups, primarily but not exclusively of the left and/or 5499:

The first six months of 1981 brought Lebanon some of the worst violence since 1976. In the South, there was an increase in clashes between Haddad's rebel militia and

15177: 13148: 2675:) began in 1975 and generated an alliance between the Palestinians and Lebanese Muslims, pan-Arabists, and leftists. The conflict deepened as foreign powers, namely 6654:" describes the experiences of a man observing the war from a hotel room in Beirut; the titular dominoes act as metaphors for bombs falling on the Lebanese capital. 2337: 13446: 9098: 6448:

is led by the Shia-dominated Hezbollah and Amal parties, as well as assorted Maronite- and Sunni-dominated parties, the SSNP, Ba'athist and Nasserist parties. The

5581:

between East and West Beirut increased, climaxing in April with lengthy artillery exchanges. The main combatants were elements of the Lebanese Army and the Syrian

1488: 386: 14130: 13095: 6695:. The exhibition featured paintings, photographs, drawings, prints and sculptures by Lebanese artists during the war. Its title comes from a series of prints by 6549:

Since 1990, Lebanon has undergone a thorough re-constructive process, in which the Downtown of Beirut was fully restructured according to international standards

3432:

Initially, the most powerful of the Maronite militias was the National Liberal Party, locally known as "Ahrar", who were politically led by the former president

1871: 9493: 6120:

In late December 1985 an agreement was reached between the Syrians and their Lebanese allies to stabilise the situation in Lebanon. It was opposed by President

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of 1979. With Iranian sponsorship and a large pool of disaffected Shi'a refugees from which to draw support, Hezbollah quickly grew into a strong, armed force.

900: 13499: 10908: 9687: 1533: 9350: 8756: 8737: 10744: 6961: 6243:, a Sunni who had succeeded Karami. Lebanon was thus divided between a Maronite military government in East Beirut and a civilian government in West Beirut. 4112:

militia (which absorbed the Kataeb). However, the PSP suffered a major setback after the assassination of Kamal Jumblatt, who was then succeeded by his son

13748: 13141: 12666: 11632: 10776: 12844: 12215: 11601: 11499: 4215: 557: 4977:

force, increasing the total death count to between 200 and 600 civilians and militiamen. After this point, all-out fighting began between the militias.

2723:

slowly began to rebuild as Lebanon's only major non-sectarian armed institution after the conflict, the federal government remained unable to challenge

14852: 7614: 6079:

of 1985–86 as a Syrian-backed coalition headed by the Amal militia sought to rout the PLO from their Lebanese strongholds. Many Palestinians died, and

4441: 1739: 646: 6382:, it would convince Israel not to attack Syrian aircraft approaching Beirut. Aoun claimed in 1990 that the United States "has sold Lebanon to Syria". 13058: 13052: 11455: 7432: 3390: 9442: 5519:

soldiers into areas where UNIFIL forces where stationed. The agreement, which was reached in early March, was rejected by Haddad. On 16 March three

3117:

dubbed the "counterrevolution". By their actions the Phalangists brought down the government of Prime Minister Karami and secured for their leader,

14145: 13643: 12060: 11779: 11545: 9579: 7046: 3873: 9634: 8445:"Lebanon's Legacy of Political Violence: A Mapping of Serious Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Lebanon, 1975–2008" 6566:

gave a figure of 140,000. These figures, equating to 200 killed/week for fourteen years, are much higher than official figures of 35–40,000 dead.

5221:, to form a military wing for the Lebanese Front. From the very beginning, the Kataeb and its Regulatory Forces' militia, under the leadership of 13197: 13040: 13030: 13012: 13006: 13002: 11625: 11269: 10653: 5908:(southeast of Beirut), thus removing the buffer between the Druze and the Maronite militias and triggering another round of brutal fighting, the 9119: 5979:

of U.S. and French forces in Beirut, killing 241 American and 58 French servicemen. On 18 January 1984, American University of Beirut President

13969: 13904: 13806: 12889: 12883: 12877: 12864: 12854: 12848: 12838: 12834: 12828: 12802: 11572:

Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

10771: 7274: 5740: 5714: 2377: 2945:

and the 1940s brought great change to Lebanon and the Middle East. Lebanon was promised independence, which was achieved on 22 November 1943.

14882: 14329: 14012: 13831: 13024: 11844: 10809: 10423: 10121: 9392: 5018: 4235: 3979: 3869: 3396: 1557: 2611:

and Christians populated the country's mountainous areas. At the time, the Lebanese government was under the influence of elites within the

13439: 13118: 11188: 10092: 5405:

The Blue Line demarcation line between Lebanon and Israel, established by the UN after the Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon in 1978

5369:. They killed 37 and wounded 76 Israelis before being killed in a firefight with Israeli forces. Israel invaded Lebanon four days later in 4433: 3609: 2977: 2546: 1481: 6585:

during the mid-1980s were held until June 1992. Lebanese victims of kidnapping and wartime "disappeared" number in the tens of thousands.

6075:

Between 1985 and 1989, sectarian conflict worsened as various efforts at national reconciliation failed. Heavy fighting took place in the

4762:

General Aoun declares war on the Syrian presence in Lebanon. After seven months of shelling a ceasefire is negotiated by the Arab League.

4080:

Under the leadership of Jumblatt, the PSP was a major political element in the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) which supported Lebanon's

15202: 14138: 13927: 13608: 13524: 13191: 12785: 12779: 12053: 11473: 10662: 9004: 7730: 6831: 4041:

in central Lebanon, had no natural allies, and so were compelled to put much effort into building alliances. Under the leadership of the

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as president the following day. Military leader Michel Aoun in East Beirut refused to accept Mouawad, and denounced the Taif Agreement.

3273:

Throughout the war most or all militias operated with little regard for human rights, and the sectarian character of some battles, made

15217: 15187: 14837: 14265: 14054: 13110: 13100: 11302: 8564:

Middle East International No 148, 24 April 1981; Jim Muir p. 3. Events in South, Begin, US blocked Israeli intervention, commando raids

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Since the end of the war, the Lebanese have conducted several elections, most of the militias have been weakened or disbanded, and the

4627: 4437: 3544:, which claimed the lives of up to 83 people, effectively bringing an end to the Tigers as a militia. In 1985, under the leadership of 3198: 1836: 520: 252: 7588: 5653:

began to draw up plans to attack PLO military infrastructure in West Beirut, where PLO headquarters and command bunkers were located.

14832: 13569: 13519: 12521: 12364: 4203: 3723: 2087: 1911: 6538:(LAF) have extended central government authority over about two-thirds of the country. Following the cease-fire which ended 12 July 6200:

Most of the fighting toned down by December 28. Minor skirmishes took place later in 1990, but completely stopped by November 1990.

4807:

assumes command of the country except for the part still occupied by Israel. The armed forces are reunited under a central command.

15207: 14962: 14892: 14857: 13394: 13105: 12659: 12539: 12076: 11060: 10177: 9031: 5987: 4199: 2953:

forces, left the country in 1946. The Maronites assumed power over the country and economy. A parliament was created in which both

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Arab Republic was particularly politically disadvantageous to the Maronite population as most of their leadership was driven into

6272:

The Taif Agreement of 1989 marked the beginning of the end of the fighting. In January of that year, a committee appointed by the

5345:'s task in Lebanon and revealed the true intentions of the Syrians in Lebanon. The conflict resulted in 160 dead and 400 injured. 15182: 15167: 14822: 14120: 13786: 13432: 12165: 11594: 11218: 9423: 6821: 5426: 4120:

in the area under its control. Tolls levied at PSP militia checkpoints provided a major source of income for the administration.

3687:. Their initial goal was to be a bulwark against PLO raids and attacks into the Galilee, although they later focused on fighting 3565: 3134: 2692: 2668: 2312: 2273: 1474: 762: 569: 11292: 5825:

along with French, Italian and British units. However, Israel reported that some 2,000 PLO militants were hiding in Palestinian

1901: 139:

firing a salvo off of the Lebanese coast; smoke seen rising from the ruins of the American barracks in Beirut shortly after the

14334: 13796: 13554: 13364: 13290: 12322: 10880: 7983: 5642: 3719: 3613: 2327: 1857: 293: 6588:

In the 15 years of strife, there were at least 3,641 car bombs, which left 4,386 people dead and thousands more injured.

4697:

The Israelis withdraw from Sidon but remain in the south. Armed resistance to Israeli occupation intensifies. Especially from

14069: 12589: 12573: 12469: 11481: 10688: 10278: 10251: 9723: 9287: 8486:"133 Statement to the press by Prime Minister Begin on the massacre of Israelis on the Haifa – Tel Aviv Road – 12 March 1978" 7258: 7231: 7128: 4211: 4085: 3711: 2625: 2367: 2255: 2219: 1936: 593: 544: 14460: 11106: 14500: 14086: 14024: 13857: 13811: 13781: 13766: 13559: 12433: 10408: 6747: 4782:

is then elected. General Aoun denounces the legitimacy of these presidencies and a new commander of the army is appointed.

4117: 3378: 1821: 1678: 1655: 724: 57: 5633:

missiles into the Northern Beqaa. In Israel the missiles became a political issue. On 27 May Israeli commandos attacked a

4552:

begins and the ceasefire ends. The United Nations sends troops and foreign powers deploy aid to the two sides of the war.

4429:'s control. The Armenian Dashnak militia defeated the Kataeb attacks and retained control. The fighting led to 40 deaths. 4096:, and boasted around 2,500 militiamen at the start of the war, subsequently increasing to 10,000 by early 1984 during the 15197: 15172: 14872: 14817: 13884: 13801: 13581: 13256: 12652: 12513: 12386: 11512: 11235: 10727: 10646: 10315: 10080: 6487: 6140: 5287: 5130: 4890: 3226: 2985: 2903: 2762: 2054: 259: 9268: 14812: 14168: 14074: 13771: 13756: 13623: 13238: 12773: 12697: 12565: 12529: 11925: 11839: 11587: 11176: 10150: 9527: 9476: 9256: 9085: 9057: 8935: 8899: 8827: 8388: 8300: 8217: 8165: 8138: 8111: 8054: 8019: 7922: 7890: 7863: 7836: 7806: 7779: 7743: 7708: 7546: 7343: 7104: 5386: 4638: 4411: 3263: 1779: 467: 7145: 6558:

In all, it is estimated that around 150,000 people were killed, and another 100,000 permanently handicapped. In 1989,

2988:

on 14 May 1948. The ongoing civil war was transformed into a state conflict between Israel and the Arab states in the

15222: 14954: 14877: 13862: 13668: 13638: 12449: 11834: 11386: 10756: 10459: 10051: 10031: 10013: 9999: 9985: 9967: 9949: 9931: 9917: 9903: 9885: 9865: 9851: 9833: 9815: 9791: 9774: 9760: 9743: 8444: 8350: 8190: 7562: 6855: 6677: 6513: 6248: 5571: 5309: 5152: 5006: 4912: 4816: 4227: 3816: 3248: 2929: 2784: 2672: 1769: 1754: 1700: 676: 634: 220: 17: 7769: 6495: 4469:

Christian militia spread to parts of Beirut, especially the downtown area which is totally destroyed leading to the

2911: 2644:

also exerted a disintegrative effect on the country, closely linked to the political polarization that preceded the

1988: 14742: 14734: 14398: 13685: 13591: 13586: 13564: 13511: 13406: 13232: 12617: 12599: 12581: 11486: 11122: 11029: 10870: 10216: 10130: 8753: 8729: 6604: 6542:, the army has for the first time in over three decades moved to occupy and control the southern areas of Lebanon. 5190: 4521: 3564:

resulted in 800 to 1000 casualties before Geagea secured himself as LF leader and Hobeika fled. Hobeika formed the

2539: 2075: 6311:

in Beirut on 22 November as his motorcade returned from Lebanese independence day ceremonies. He was succeeded by

5798:

along with French and Italian units that would ensure the departure of the PLO and protect defenseless civilians.

15237: 14049: 13889: 13761: 13736: 13658: 13603: 13476: 13020: 12225: 12106: 11864: 11442: 8843: 8622:

Middle East International No 149, 8 May 1981; Jim Muir p. 2. No record of number of Syrians killed in helicopters

7333: 6185:

in 1988. In early May, Hezbollah issued a large-scale attack on Amal positions in the southern Beirut suburbs of

5840: 4223: 4074: 3596: 2048: 1688: 14480: 8325: 5337:(ADF). The Syrian troops shelled the Christian Beirut area of Achrafiyeh for 100 days. The conflict resulted in 5236:

was assassinated. The murder was widely blamed on the Syrian government. While Jumblatt's role as leader of the

4993:

were increasingly transformed into what was in effect Christian and Muslim Beirut. Also, the number of Maronite

4925:

Throughout the spring of 1975, minor clashes in Lebanon had been building up towards all-out conflict, with the

4317:, which was pro-Syrian due to the Alawites being dominant in Syria, and mainly acted in Northern Lebanon around 1786: 15232: 14902: 14664: 14258: 14064: 13663: 13455: 13016: 12946: 12940: 12818: 12676: 11403: 10639: 9959: 9800:, a book by Patricia Sarrafian Ward, is an excellent account of human experience during the Lebanese Civil War. 8977: 8415: 8269: 8088: 7684: 6894:

Mays, Terry M. Historical Dictionary of Multinational Peacekeeping. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1996, pp. 9–10

6491: 6359:

involving its army, air force (for the first time since Zahle's siege in 1981) and Lebanese allies (mainly the

5807: 5291: 5134: 4894: 4848: 4374: 4314: 4148: 3230: 2907: 2766: 2688: 1683: 1650: 767: 605: 53: 11258: 11009: 9543:

Upadhyay, P. K. (2009). "Islamization versus Talibanization: Is Pakistan Drifting Towards 'Lebanonization'?".

7618: 7387:"Change and Continuity among the Lebanese Druze Community: The Civil Administration of the Mountains, 1983–90" 3757:

was founded in PLO-controlled territory of West Beirut in 1975. This militia was led by revolutionary fighter

15242: 13909: 13816: 13653: 13549: 13541: 13491: 13328: 13299: 12868: 12725: 12459: 11854: 11282: 10923: 10715: 10472: 7738:. London • New York: Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 42–43, 46, 57, 62–63, 67–69, 77, 79–80, 94, 104, 149. 5969: 4243: 4166: 3592: 3153:. Fatah and other Palestinian groups had attempted to mount a coup in Jordan by incentivizing a split in the 2386: 2352: 2042: 1705: 680: 370: 140: 14470: 14450: 14430: 11145: 11101: 10140: 9609: 8844:"Obituary: Elie Hobeika | World news | The Guardian | Mostyn, Trevor, Friday 25 January 2002" 7495: 7462: 6720:

depicts the civil war and its aftermath. It is partly based on incidents in the life of the Lebanese writer

5761:

An aerial view of the stadium used as an ammunition supply site for the PLO after Israeli airstrikes in 1982

15227: 14847: 14807: 14797: 14346: 14213: 13776: 13613: 13531: 12607: 12173: 11890: 11829: 11759: 11357: 11263: 11077: 10819: 10381: 10170: 8261: 6826: 5976: 5962: 5024: 4660: 3915:

When the war officially started in 1975, Palestinian armed manpower numbered roughly 21,000, divided into:

3885: 3552:, the Lebanese Forces split from the Kataeb and other groups to form an independent militia by the name of 3360: 2612: 2372: 2332: 1997: 1811: 1598: 686: 287: 14363: 7440: 6315:(who remained in office until 1998). Aoun again refused to accept the election, and dissolved Parliament. 3819:(PLO)—by itself undoubtedly Lebanon's most potent fighting force at the time—was little more than a loose 3691:. The officers tended to be mostly Christians, while the ordinary soldiers were an amalgam of Christians, 15117: 14972: 14802: 14792: 13481: 13352: 12812: 12382: 12267: 11492: 11072: 10860: 10738: 10722: 10310: 10256: 10231: 6189:, and by May 11 seized 80% of the suburbs, emerging for the first time as a strong force in the capital. 5597: 5390: 5240: 4735:

begins and the anger toward Israel in Lebanon increases. There are hundreds of Lebanese and Palestinians

4685: 4058: 3807:

movement relocated most of its fighting strength to Lebanon at the end of 1970 after being expelled from

3738: 3557: 3374: 2811: 2532: 2441: 2416: 2261: 1968: 1831: 1610: 494: 9587: 7359: 7053: 5251:

immediately began splitting up both the Maronite and Muslim coalitions in a game of divide and conquer.

14943: 14936: 14867: 14546: 14308: 14017: 13894: 13874: 13648: 13283: 13250: 12958: 12936: 12872: 11397: 11362: 11198: 11193: 11171: 11066: 10946: 10918: 10865: 10560: 10221: 10206: 9638: 6708: 6637: 5972:

in West Beirut killed 63, beginning a series of attacks against U.S. and Western interests in Lebanon.

5872: 5852: 5229: 5009:

on the side of the LNM, as Palestinian sentiment was by now completely hostile to the Maronite forces.

4926: 4717: 4608: 4407: 4386: 4050: 4042: 3766: 3194: 3048:(see Gendzier). However, Nasser had attacked Chamoun because of his suspected support for the U.S. led 2081: 2007: 1951: 1694: 581: 451: 125: 6292:, began to formulate solutions to the conflict. This led to a meeting of Lebanese parliamentarians in 15147: 15137: 15127: 15096: 14897: 14787: 14684: 14373: 14351: 14251: 14079: 14039: 13899: 13847: 13703: 13628: 13463: 13310: 13203: 12924: 12808: 12755: 12703: 12404: 12098: 11824: 11610: 11345: 10966: 10960: 10418: 9843: 8574: 7798:

Urban Unrest in the Middle East: A Comparative Study of Informal Networks in Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon

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each had a set quota of seats. Accordingly, the President was to be a Maronite, the Prime Minister a

2382: 1247: 347: 202: 49: 9026: 8586:

Middle East International No 151, 5 June 1981; John Cooley p. 2. “factions slaughtering each other”.

7281: 5757: 5485:, which claimed the lives of 83 people, most of whom were normal citizens and not from the militia. 5438:

planes were shot down over Southern Lebanon. One of them reportedly hit by Palestinian ground fire.

4373:, fought with the Palestinians against the Israelis during the invasion of 1982. There was also the 3063:

supported Nasser in 1956 and 1958. Lebanese Muslims pushed the government to join the newly created

15142: 15132: 15122: 14405: 13791: 13721: 13713: 13388: 12719: 12715: 12505: 12487: 12394: 12288: 11674: 11416: 11004: 10761: 10732: 10246: 10236: 10117:

Lebanese civil war from 13 April 1975 to 13 October 1990 & War on Lebanon 2006 Full of pictures

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IMPLEMENTATION OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 60/251 OF 15 MARCH 2006 ENTITLED HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL

6759: 6476: 5620:, killing sixteen civilians. Some reports stated that the attack was in response to a request from 5563: 5482: 5210: 5206: 4961: 4195: 4105: 3588: 3517: 3453: 2892: 2803: 2724: 2436: 2362: 2321: 2225: 2180: 1749: 1715: 1538: 1521: 507: 271: 9518:

Rabil, Robert G. (2011). "The Islamists and the Political System: Al-Infitah and Lebanonization".

4116:. From the Israeli withdrawal from the Chouf in 1983 to the end of the civil war, the PSP ran the 2015: 15192: 15058: 14977: 14762: 14231: 13996: 13919: 13879: 13821: 13633: 12986: 12761: 11789: 11340: 11335: 10913: 10783: 10535: 10513: 10487: 10386: 10371: 10325: 10226: 10163: 8790: 8711: 6977: 6480: 6094: 5836: 5280: 5214: 5123: 4883: 4361:

that took its base in Tripoli, and the Jama'a Islamiyya, which gave a Lebanese expression of the

3561: 3521: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3219: 3044:

and Chamoun has often been called pro-Western, though he had signed several trade deals with the

2993: 2958: 2896: 2755: 2629: 2621: 2588: 2504: 1027: 374: 357: 8969: 8959: 8694: 5526:

Another factor was political activity in Israel ahead of elections in June which Prime Minister

3904:(ALF) under Iraqi command. The Syrian government could also count on the Syrian brigades of the 15152: 14485: 13185: 12968: 12964: 12441: 12372: 12356: 12348: 11722: 11437: 11421: 11287: 10449: 10396: 10300: 10135: 9661: 8699: 6851: 6783:' notebooks and tapes made when she was a teenager in Beirut during the civil war in the 1980s. 6582: 6144: 6061: 5909: 5694: 5630: 5198: 4649: 4509: 4330: 4124: 4100:. The militia played a small role in the actual combat, instead limiting itself to fighting in 4097: 3845: 3715: 3700: 3366: 2962: 2592: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 1791: 1774: 1710: 1563: 239: 133: 13133: 10631: 9469:

Iran's Foreign Policy After the Nuclear Agreement: Politics of Normalizers and Traditionalists

9001: 8891: 8885: 8819: 8813: 8207: 8155: 7221: 15043: 14777: 14772: 14649: 14629: 14440: 14410: 14225: 13952: 13937: 13867: 13852: 13276: 13064: 12737: 12259: 11915: 11880: 11769: 11712: 11277: 11090: 10829: 10693: 10575: 10403: 10376: 9013: 7248: 7118: 6911: 6651: 6535: 6360: 5822: 5649:

temporary embargo on the export of U.S. aircraft to Israel. In August 1981, defense minister

5366: 4736: 4239: 4180: 4144: 3961: 3901: 3896:

countries of Syria and Iraq both set up Palestinian puppet organizations within the PLO. The

3692: 2837: 2728: 2720: 2707: 2596: 2392: 2357: 1941: 1931: 1926: 1826: 749: 248: 195: 10086: 9520:

Religion, National Identity, and Confessional Politics in Lebanon: The Challenge of Islamism

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to operate as a proxy army" for Iran. The IRGC organized Hezbollah by drafting members from

3769:

and the PLO, most prominently against Israeli forces and their right-wing allies during the

15078: 15048: 15008: 15003: 14907: 14782: 14619: 14219: 14195: 13991: 13986: 13932: 13731: 13412: 13046: 12952: 12627: 12495: 12330: 12199: 12032: 11975: 11900: 11885: 11774: 11538: 11352: 11325: 11230: 11208: 11166: 10850: 10550: 10540: 10482: 10413: 10320: 10288: 9807: 8001: 7592: 6080: 5582: 5578: 5567: 5342: 5334: 5323: 5183: 5170: 5092: 4954: 4583:

militia, unites all the Christian militias by force, putting in place the political party,

4549: 4470: 4402: 4160: 3680: 3154: 3064: 2421: 2168: 2030: 1725: 1605: 1527: 886: 835: 402: 206: 148: 6526: 5534:

party were expected to lose. Begin publicly acknowledged that Israel had an alliance with

4025: 2814:. The war resulted in the massacre of about 10,000 Christians and at least 6,000 Druzes. 8: 15212: 15068: 14425: 14358: 13976: 13316: 12824: 12749: 12731: 12709: 12233: 11532: 11392: 11297: 11225: 11044: 11034: 10952: 10940: 10930: 10824: 10565: 10391: 10359: 10345: 9273: 8965: 8716: 6766: 6396: 6356: 6324: 6213: 6032: 6014: 6005:

issued a ban on all flights to and from Lebanon. The ban was lifted after 12 years.

5726: 5710: 5382: 5326:

was a sub-conflict within the Lebanese Civil War, which occurred in the Lebanese capital

4980:

On 18 January 1976 an estimated 1,000–1,500 people were killed by Maronite forces in the

4800: 4751: 4672: 4385:, and who rallied later behind his son Mustafa Saad, and now are led by Usama Saad. The 4365:

in terms of political orientations and practice. The main Sunni-led organization was the

4310: 4140: 3385:(a name which had formerly been used for a Druze state in Syria). The Marada area around 3354:. One of many unrecognized administrations or "mini-states" during the Lebanese Civil War 3012: 3004: 2999: 2981: 2716: 2645: 2302: 1946: 1896: 1720: 1668: 7539:

Going all the way : Christian warlords, Israeli adventurers, and the war in Lebanon

7120:

The Ottoman Twilight in the Arab Lands: Turkish Memoirs and Testimonies of the Great War

6057: 81: 15073: 15053: 15013: 14929: 14912: 14887: 14694: 14505: 14475: 14445: 14420: 14101: 14034: 14029: 13957: 13471: 13034: 12990: 12858: 12241: 12091: 11930: 11819: 11330: 11213: 11128: 11096: 11039: 10875: 10766: 10606: 10599: 10501: 10477: 10437: 10198: 10190: 10023: 9895: 9783: 9560: 9077: 9049: 8074: 8025: 7414: 7202: 7194: 6792: 6753: 6633: 6232:. To counter Iran's influence through Amal and Hezbollah, Iraq backed Maronite groups; 6159: 5946: 5410: 5061: 4981: 4561: 4483: 4362: 4184: 4151:. PSP armed members were accused of several massacres that took place during that war. 3804: 3789: 3672: 3452:

in 1936. Kataeb similarly had its own militia which was officially formed in 1961, the

3404: 3351: 3037: 2637: 2108: 1977: 1806: 1759: 1544: 617: 414: 144: 14689: 13268: 6545: 6399:

began to slowly rebuild themselves as Lebanon's only major non-sectarian institution.

3765:. Closely aligned with the Palestinians, ASALA fought many battles on the side of the 1378: 15033: 14724: 14659: 14574: 14554: 12996: 12901: 12691: 12191: 12157: 11910: 11697: 11252: 10799: 10705: 10676: 10518: 10047: 10027: 10009: 9995: 9981: 9963: 9945: 9927: 9913: 9899: 9881: 9861: 9847: 9829: 9811: 9787: 9770: 9756: 9739: 9719: 9564: 9523: 9472: 9379: 9252: 9244: 9081: 9053: 8973: 8931: 8920: 8895: 8823: 8411: 8384: 8306: 8296: 8289: 8284: 8265: 8213: 8186: 8161: 8134: 8107: 8099: 8084: 8050: 8029: 8015: 7961: 7918: 7886: 7859: 7832: 7802: 7775: 7739: 7704: 7680: 7634: 7542: 7503: 7470: 7406: 7339: 7254: 7227: 7206: 7186: 7124: 7100: 7010: 6780: 6774: 6703: 6692: 6440: 6229: 6084: 5625: 4136: 3860: 3525: 3146: 2852: 2411: 2162: 2144: 2138: 2120: 2114: 1615: 1577: 8555:

p. 2. The Damascus agreement, worst fighting in Beirut since 1976, UNIFIL casualties

6603:

in 1983, referring to Israeli minimization of its presence in Lebanon following the

3908:(PLA), formally but not functionally the PLO's regular army. Some PLA units sent by 3314:: The militias, and the political parties they served, believed they had legitimate 3108:

In that year, President Chamoun was unable to convince the Maronite army commander,

14967: 14674: 14639: 14609: 14604: 14579: 14388: 14274: 13947: 13598: 13382: 13358: 13340: 13179: 13084: 12907: 12479: 12306: 12149: 11679: 11465: 11448: 11409: 11084: 11019: 11014: 10986: 10885: 10845: 10615: 10580: 10570: 10555: 10523: 10340: 10273: 9924:

Lebanon in Crisis: Participants and Issues (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)

9825: 9552: 9467:

Rezaei, Farhad (2018). "Iran and Iraq: The Lebanonization Project in the Balance".

8754:"United Nations Security Council Revised Draft Resolution of 25 June 1982 (France)" 8663: 8659: 8595:

Middle East International No 147, 10 April 1981; Jim Muir p. 2. fighting in Baalbek

8007: 7951: 7398: 7178: 7150: 6993: 6629: 6559: 6539: 6449: 6445: 6436: 6193: 6076: 5990:

in East Beirut on 20 September 1984, which killed 24, including 2 U.S. servicemen.

5888: 5867: 5667: 5555: 5442: 5435: 5370: 4704: 4596: 4390: 4389:

was another pro-Palestinian Nasserist minor militia that sided with the PLO in the

4370: 4350: 4318: 4293: 4273: 4262: 3849: 3770: 3750: 3529: 3492:

coalition. Before 1975, Maronite militias were reportedly supplied by weapons from

3098: 3053: 2954: 2600: 2426: 2347: 2342: 2249: 2150: 2132: 1921: 1744: 1673: 1645: 1635: 1356: 1327: 1271: 1203: 1117: 1096: 974: 944: 263: 232: 8613:

Middle East International No 149, 8 May 1981; John Bulloch pp. 6–7. Bashir Gemayil

8351:

https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Report-Lebanon-Mapping-2013-EN_0.pdf

8236:, Boulder • San Francisco • Oxford: Westview Press, 1991, pp. 61–62; Yves Ternon, 7167:"Ottoman Arab Officers between Nationalism and Loyalty during the First World War" 15018: 14987: 14982: 14827: 14767: 14714: 14644: 14624: 14599: 14589: 14490: 14368: 14044: 13942: 13698: 13693: 13376: 13220: 13090: 12743: 12425: 12296: 12207: 11809: 11693: 11161: 11138: 10855: 10814: 10545: 10454: 10263: 10061: 9008: 8955: 8760: 8741: 8405: 8378: 8255: 8128: 8044: 7912: 7880: 7853: 7826: 7796: 7698: 6330: 6252: 6239:

Muslim groups rejected the violation of the National Pact and pledged support to

6174: 6129: 6114: 5980: 5752: 5523:

soldiers serving with UNIFIL were killed by artillery fire from Haddad's forces.

5494: 5474: 5218: 4985: 4600: 4584: 4487: 4358: 3852:

and fought with their Muslim compatriots against the Maronite Lebanese militias.

3774: 3758: 3553: 3436:. The NLP had its own militia which was founded in 1968 and led by Camille's son 3433: 3400: 3315: 3020: 2856: 2702:

marked the beginning of the end for the fighting as a committee appointed by the

2616: 2584: 2564: 2279: 2198: 2192: 1916: 1764: 1592: 1570: 1551: 1282: 1258: 1082: 735: 352: 6364: 5508: 5353: 15023: 14862: 14757: 14752: 14719: 14709: 14699: 14669: 14594: 14584: 14465: 14393: 14288: 14183: 13618: 13370: 13346: 12340: 12314: 12183: 12011: 12006: 11980: 11814: 11552: 11133: 11116: 11111: 10981: 10935: 10620: 10464: 10241: 10098: 9748: 9688:"'Memory Box' Review: A Collection of Family Artifacts Spark Links to the Past" 8776: 8079: 7982:

Sabeh-McGowan, Afaf; Roberts, John; AbuKhalil, As'ad; Mason, Robert S. (1989).

6859: 6813: 6661: 6644: 6596: 6375: 6349: 6256: 6236:

helped Aoun and the Lebanese Forces led by Samir Geagea between 1988 and 1990.

6233: 6068: 5998: 5994: 5905: 5832: 5621: 5535: 5527: 5512: 5473:'s effort to consolidate all the Maronite fighters under his leadership in the 5470: 5454: 5422: 5248: 5244: 5233: 5222: 5202: 5091:. This gave Syria a mandate to keep 40,000 troops in Lebanon as the bulk of an 5075:

On 19 October 1976, the Battle of Aishiya took place, when a combined force of

4942: 4824: 4799:

General Aoun is forced out of the presidential palace and goes into exile. The

4771: 4732: 4623: 4604: 4576: 4537: 4533: 4524:

occurs to instill a ceasefire backed by the deployment of peacekeeping troops.

4426: 4366: 4219: 4128: 4113: 4054: 4046: 4038: 3877: 3743: 3696: 3617: 3541: 3533: 3489: 3465: 3461: 3449: 3441: 3190: 3118: 2865: 2699: 2664: 2608: 2522: 2267: 2243: 2231: 2174: 1640: 1630: 1620: 1297: 1132: 1113: 1049: 940: 795: 482: 437: 378: 321: 189: 9556: 8604:

Middle East International No 148, 24 April 1981; Jim Muir p. 3. Sidon atrocity

8011: 7402: 5952: 5812: 5672: 5029: 4775: 3773:. Melkonian was field commander during these battles, and assisted the PLO in 15111: 15028: 14654: 14634: 14569: 14521: 14435: 14189: 13726: 13424: 13400: 12549: 12133: 11985: 11754: 11505: 11203: 10528: 10330: 8539: 8310: 7965: 7914:

Shi'ite Lebanon: Transnational Religion and the Making of National Identities

7507: 7474: 7410: 7306: 7190: 7182: 6787: 6732: 6721: 6688: 6404: 6261: 6240: 6221: 6209: 6178: 6105: 6028: 6002: 5938: 5884: 5783: 5589: 5520: 5516: 5179: 4998: 4728: 4565: 4417:

The Beirut suburbs of Bourj Hamoud and Naaba were controlled by the Armenian

4258: 4101: 4081: 3865: 3824: 3820: 3684: 3600: 3274: 3090: 3081: 3060: 2822: 2807: 2649: 2186: 2156: 1849: 1323: 1308: 1236: 1225: 1183: 1038: 1013: 959: 782: 713: 382: 211:

Disarmament of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias, excluding Iran-backed

45: 9718:(Politics at My Heels), Editions l'Harmattan, Paris, 2006, Lebanon Chapter ( 7956: 7939: 5441:

In April 1980 the presence of UNIFIL soldiers in the buffer zone led to the

4949:

traveling in Ain el-Rummaneh. Citywide clashes erupted in response to this "

4607:

is elected president on 23 August and assassinated 14 September. Soon after

4288:, where most Shiites lived, became known as the party's recruition hub, the 4171: 2731:, persisted across Lebanon since the formal end of the hostilities in 1990. 15063: 14704: 14564: 14559: 14415: 14341: 14293: 14059: 13964: 13574: 12930: 12249: 12027: 11859: 11804: 11717: 10902: 10804: 10335: 10305: 9977: 9877: 8130:

Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations

6973: 6612: 6600: 6432: 6334: 6301: 6297: 6281: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6101: 6087: 5859: 5835:

was elected president on 23 August. He was assassinated on 14 September by

5826: 5790: 5736: 5702: 5650: 5601: 5547: 5378: 5374: 5194: 4965: 4950: 4946: 4930: 4747: 4612: 4497: 4382: 4289: 4207: 4089: 3941: 3897: 3893: 3832: 3707: 3625: 3549: 3545: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3457: 3445: 3437: 3334: 3174: 3113: 3102: 3094: 3049: 3045: 2950: 2942: 2861: 2653: 2604: 2431: 2237: 1625: 1516: 1092: 1071: 1060: 1004: 1000: 989: 970: 856: 335: 8157:

The Lessons Of Modern War: Volume I: The Arab-israeli Conflicts, 1973–1989

7654: 7566: 7527:

Bregman and El-Tahri, 1998, p. 158. (This reference only mentions Israel.)

6707:, a movie from 2008 that deals with the 1982 Israeli intervention and the 5933:

groups resisting the Israeli occupation and from the main Shi'a movement,

5165: 4309:, followers of a sect of Shia Islam, were represented by the 1,000-strong 14679: 14536: 14383: 14378: 14324: 14303: 14172: 14163: 14096: 13334: 13322: 12980: 12141: 12114: 11970: 11764: 11566: 11024: 10976: 10971: 10700: 10682: 9941: 9371: 9315:

No. 369, 16 February 1990; No. 370 2 March 1990; No. 371, 16 March 1990;

7027:"Beware of Small States: Lebanon, Battleground of the Middle East." p. 62 6743: 6696: 6672: 6391: 6312: 6273: 6217: 6151: 6109: 6097:

exploded in Bir al-Abid, south Beirut, killing 80 and injuring over 400.

5986:

Anti-U.S. attacks continued even after U.S. forces withdrew, including a

5934: 5795: 5543: 5414: 5338: 5084: 4990: 4934: 4820: 4779: 4281: 3727: 3710:

were involved in the early stages of the war: a nationalist one known as

3676: 3109: 3033: 2946: 2833: 2703: 2633: 1344: 1319: 1172: 1161: 1024: 915: 11579: 10040:, Abdallah Naaman, Maison Naaman pour la culture, Jounieh, Lebanon, 1985 9910:

Lebanon: A Shattered Country: Myths and Realities of the Wars in Lebanon

9732:("The Baath and Lebanon"), NY Firzli, Beirut, Dar-al-Tali'a Books, 1973. 7198: 7166: 4750:'s presidential term expires and he appoints the commander of the army, 4688:

take control of West Beirut. The multi-nationals withdraw from Lebanon.

2847:

the French invaders took control of the area under what they called the

14614: 14531: 14526: 14455: 14207: 12767: 11688: 9074:

Peacekeepers at War: Beirut 1983 – The Marine Commander Tells His Story

9046:

Peacekeepers at War: Beirut 1983 – The Marine Commander Tells His Story

8730:

United Nations Security Council Draft Resolution of 8 June 1982 (Spain)

8631:

Middle East International No 151, 5 June 1981; Jim Muir pp. 2–3. Damour

7418: 7386: 6228:

involvement, as Saddam Hussein searched for proxy battlefields for the

5605: 5478: 5294: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5137: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5069: 4897: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4804: 4678: 3577: 3370: 3325:: During the civil war, Lebanon turned into one of the world's largest 3233: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2826: 2769: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2657: 2615:. The link between politics and religion had been reinforced under the 101: 9351:"After 2 Decades, Scars of Lebanon's Civil War Block Path to Dialogue" 7732:

The Shi'a of Lebanon – The Shi'a of Lebanon Clans, Parties and Clerics

70: 14298: 12895: 11799: 11749: 10211: 9873:

The Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians

9109:

Middle East International No 499, 28 April 1995; Fida Nasrallah p. 20

6716: 6658: 6608: 6578: 6182: 5926: 5057: 4969: 4698: 4342: 4277: 4254: 4247: 4191: 4084:

and sympathized with the Palestinians. Jumblatt built a militia, the

3688: 3649: 3469: 3346: 3326: 3072: 2840:

fought in the Ottoman army against the British and French invaders.

2712: 2307: 2024: 1816: 1466: 659: 366: 212: 8922:

The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: people, power, and politics

6465: 6452:

is also having a significant impact on contemporary political life.

5975:

On 23 October 1983, a devastating Iranian-sponsored suicide bombing

5269: 5112: 4872: 3208: 2881: 2744: 15038: 14747: 14243: 14091: 13244: 11379: 11319: 10155: 9362:

Middle East International No 361, 20 October 1989; G.H. Jansen p. 4

9316: 9232: 9216: 9200: 9184: 9171: 9158: 9145: 8552: 7151:

1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

6982:

Things Fall Apart: Containing the Spillover from an Iraqi Civil War

6625: 6379: 6308: 6293: 5942: 5930: 5893: 5768: 5559: 5539: 5504: 4938: 4354: 4346: 4306: 4127:

under the lead of Walid Jumblatt. After the Israelis withdrew from

3657: 3645: 3604: 3581: 3493: 3426: 3421: 3308:

also provided considerable funds. Alliances would shift frequently.

3285:

As the war dragged on, the militias deteriorated ever further into

3121:, a position in the four-man cabinet that was subsequently formed. 3068: 3041: 3016: 2817: 2641: 2126: 2036: 41: 10089: – Washington Post Foreign Service 20 December 1999 7981: 7940:"Hizbollah–Syrian Intelligence Affairs: A Marriage of Convenience" 7078: 6352:

focused his attention on Kuwait, Iraqi supplies to Aoun dwindled.

3052:. Nasser felt that the pro-western Baghdad Pact posed a threat to 13981: 12974: 11965: 11920: 11895: 10186: 6937:

Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis

6563: 6385: 6289: 6285: 6203: 5634: 5610: 5551: 5182:. The main confrontation line in divided Beirut was known as the 4994: 4836: 4418: 3665: 3653: 3417: 3386: 3330: 2706:

began to formulate solutions to the conflict. In March 1991, the

2587:

played a notable role in the lead-up to and during the conflict:

2577: 2294: 1883: 1214: 1009: 362: 228: 11569:

and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each

10146:

A 15-episode documentary about the Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990

9860:(Princeton Series on the Middle East) Harris, William W (1997) ( 8867:

Beware of small states: Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East

7335:

Beware of Small States: Lebanon, Battleground of the Middle East

6599:

is a pejorative political term, first used by Israeli president

5919: 5396: 4436:

refused to take sides in the conflict though its armed wing the

13163: 11955: 11950: 11707: 11702: 10661: 10145: 10103: 8640:

Middle East International No 153, 5 July 1981; Jim Muir pp. 4–5

7223:

The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East

6736: 6665: 6277: 6186: 5776: 5638: 5616:

Meanwhile, in the South, on 19 April, Haddad's militia shelled

5593: 5500: 5466: 5413:(SLA), a Christian-Shi'a militia under the leadership of Major 5357: 5327: 5088: 5053: 4973: 4580: 4466: 4422: 4285: 3890:

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command

3808: 3796: 3785: 3661: 3633: 3501: 3429:-dominated, and other Christian sects played a secondary role. 3301: 2680: 2020: 808: 427: 129: 110: 10058:

Les otages libanais dans les prisons syriennes, jusqu'à quand?

9424:"Beirut in Baghdad: Is the 'Lebanonization' of Iraq complete?" 6636:, a track about the Lebanese Civil war, and in particular the 6100:

On 8 August 1985 a summit was held in Damascus with President

5048:

them not to interfere if he were to send troops into Lebanon.

4937:

suburb of Ain el-Rummaneh, killing four people, including two

3888:(PLF) and another split-off from the PFLP, the Syrian-aligned 14842: 11990: 11960: 11905: 11794: 11784: 11726: 11683: 10710: 9938:

Lebanon: Fire and Embers: A History of the Lebanese Civil War

6425: 6421: 6224:. Conflict in this period was also exacerbated by increasing 6163: 5957: 5698: 5617: 5531: 5462: 5418: 5237: 5002: 4682: 4378: 4334: 4266: 4231: 4093: 4034: 3931: 3909: 3856: 3840: 3828: 3792: 3754: 3641: 3621: 3488:(LF) which acted in unity, and were politically known as the 3297: 3286: 3170: 3086: 2949:

troops, who had invaded Lebanon in 1941 to rid Beirut of the

2676: 1088: 871: 821: 700: 527: 433: 224: 152: 90: 7563:"In the Spotlight: PKK (a.k.a KADEK) Kurdish Worker's Party" 6735:, is based on a true story of a family of asylum seekers to 6027:, was a battle where the parties of West Beirut, led by the 4444:

did carry out assassinations and operations during the war.

2652:

while Muslims, pan-Arabists, and leftists mostly sided with

13164: 9443:"Crocker: Iran is pushing for the 'Lebanonization' of Iraq" 7677:

My Brother's Road: An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia

6371: 6225: 6155: 6154:

entered West Beirut to separate the rival militias. In the

5953:

Suicide bombings against Americans and Europeans in Lebanon

5789:

Finally, amid escalating violence and civilian casualties,

5721: 5401: 4338: 3951: 3836: 3637: 3629: 3568:

which remained allied with Syria until the end of the war.

3497: 3373:", which was the Phalangist/Lebanese Forces territory. The 3305: 2684: 672: 10131:"The Palestinian Fedayeen" (Declassified CIA Report, 1971) 6143:, three western hostages were executed and a new round of 5916:

protect the Lebanese Army, which was under severe duress.

5554:

on several occasions. In South Lebanon there were regular

5430:

grounds that the cease-fire was only relevant to Lebanon.

5389:

calling for immediate Israeli withdrawal and creating the

5205:, a political counterpoint to the LNM. Their militias—the 3827:, controlled the PLO's largest and most dominant faction, 3496:, and by the onset of the war were receiving support from 9635:"The Road to Peace: Paintings in Times of War, 1975–1991" 6192:

On 2 January 1989, clashes erupted in Iqlim al-Tuffah in

5076: 5052:

militias. This technically put Syria on the same side as

4462: 4131:, important battles took place between the PSP backed by 3532:, which became allied with Syria after breaking with the 3059:

But his Lebanese pan-Arabist Sunni Muslim Prime Minister

10116: 9892:

History of Syria Including Lebanon and Palestine, Vol. 2

8510:, (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984), pp. 202, 279. 8234:

Armenian Terrorism: the Past, the Present, the Prospects

8003:

The Shah of Iran, the Iraqi Kurds, and the Lebanese Shia

4849:

first parliamentary elections in twenty years take place

4778:

is elected president and is assassinated 17 days later.

4242:. Shiite clerics commonly joined the underground secret 3855:

The PLO mainstream was represented by Arafat's powerful

3145:

but they were forced to relocate after being evicted by

3003:

U.S. Marine sits in a foxhole outside Beirut during the

2845:

defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922)

13298: 9471:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 113–140. 9331: 9251:. Rimal Publication. Translated by Peter Scott-Hansen. 8407:

Use of Force: The Practice of States Since World War II

6607:, meaning the process of a country degenerating into a 5068:

which unleashed heavy criticism against Syria from the

4968:

members led Phalange to quickly and temporarily set up

4957:

began in October 1975, and lasted until March in 1976.

4512:

occurs. The Syrian army intervenes for the first time.

2695:, were also stationed in the country during this time. 258:

Continued fighting between Israel and Hezbollah in the

13500:

Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus

10006:

Syria's Terrorist War on Lebanon and the Peace Process

7855:

A Lebanon Defied: Musa Al-sadr And The Shi'a Community

6581:

remain buried in the previously contested areas. Some

6572: 6562:

reported 150,000 dead over fourteen and a half years.

5393:(UNIFIL), charged with attempting to establish peace. 11647: 9183:

Middle East International No 259, 27 September 1985;

9170:

Middle East International No 258, 13 September 1985;

8954: 8474:

The World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators

8106:

Rimal Publication. Translated by Peter Scott-Hansen.

4421:

party. In September 1979, these were attacked by the

4357:

ones emerged at later stages of the war, such as the

10038:

The Lebanese War 1975–1985, a bibliographical survey

9858:

Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions

9602: 9144:

Middle East International No 265, 20 December 1985;

8452:

International Center for Transitional Justice Report

8349:

2.1 Sectarian-based Violence in the Shuf. pp. 34–36

7771:

Amal and the Shiʻa: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon

6803: 6530:

War-damaged buildings still standing in Beirut, 2006

5941:. The group found inspiration for its revolutionary 5083:

In October 1976, Syria accepted the proposal of the

4369:, a major west Beirut based force. They were led by 4068: 3464:

succeeded him. Kataeb Regulatory Forces merged with

3184: 3139: 2571: 15163:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia

4862: 3900:was a Syrian-controlled militia, paralleled by the 2806:between Druze and Maronites erupted in the Ottoman 15158:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia 14853:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 9157:Middle East International No 257, 23 August 1985; 8919: 8780:, 27 June 1982, cited in Chomsky, op. cit., p. 198 8288: 7820: 7818: 6415: 6128:. On 15 January 1986 the pro-Syrian leader of the 6038: 5866:Ten days later, the Israeli government set up the 4442:Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia 4037:sect, strategically and dangerously seated on the 3595:(COA). Another notable example was the pan-Syrian 12674: 11347:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) 8551:Middle East International No 147, 10 April 1981; 8326:"Christian massacres in Chouf and in West Beirut" 7937: 6307:Mouawad was assassinated 17 days later in a 5189:In East Beirut, in 1976, Maronite leaders of the 4941:Phalangists. Hours later, Phalangists led by the 4425:in an attempt to bring all Christian areas under 4230:factions and constituted sizeable numbers in the 3576:Although several Lebanese militias claimed to be 238:Expulsion of Palestinians from Lebanon after the 205:strengthened over Christian-reserved position of 15178:History of the Palestine Liberation Organization 15109: 9780:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976 9571: 8811: 8712:"United Nations Security Council Resolution 509" 8695:"United Nations Security Council Resolution 508" 8205: 7910: 7700:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976 7250:Nazira Zeineddine: A Pioneer of Islamic Feminism 6139:In April 1986, following American airstrikes on 5039:Light Green – controlled by Palestinian militias 4447: 3874:Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine 3746:was the commander of all PKK forces in Lebanon. 3071:. Chamoun asked for assistance proclaiming that 201:Political powers of Muslim-reserved position of 11500:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) 9288:"The Ordeal for Lebanon: 14 Years and 7 Months" 9112: 8805: 8538:Middle East International No 103, 6 July 1979; 8154:Wagner, Abraham; Cordesman, Anthony H. (2020). 8153: 7815: 7589:"Abdullah Öcalan en de ontwikkeling van de PKK" 6676:by Maroun Baghdadi, from 1991, was awarded the 4827:is for the first time being put into practice. 3844:Lebanese, the Palestinians were not sectarian. 3416:Maronite Christian militias acquired arms from 13970:Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive 13905:2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria 13454: 9068: 9066: 8679: 8573:Middle East International No 149, 8 May 1981; 8488:, Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1977–79 6386:Lebanon's amnesty law and Hezbollah's hegemony 6204:Iraqi support for Christian anti-Shia factions 5858:fighters. Soldiers loyal to Phalangist leader 5741:United Nations Security Council Resolution 509 5701:, attempted to assassinate Israeli ambassador 5417:backed by Israel. The Israeli Prime Minister, 4532:Multiple massacres of Christians occur in the 3516:, who temporarily cut off their funding after 3484:) and formed an umbrella militia known as the 2595:comprised the majority in the coastal cities; 1879: 219:Continued hostilities between Lebanon and the 14883:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 14330:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 14259: 14146: 13440: 13284: 13149: 12660: 12061: 11633: 11595: 10810:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 10647: 10171: 10151:Bourj Hammoud – Ars Madzounian 10136:The Lebanese civil war and the Taef agreement 9659: 6591: 6220:, as acting Prime Minister, contravening the 5993:On 1 July 1985, following the hijacking of a 5920:Iranian involvement and founding of Hezbollah 5846: 5801: 5341:'s expulsion from East Beirut and the end of 5243:was filled surprisingly smoothly by his son, 5099:During 1975–1977, 60,000 people were killed. 5019:Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War 4104:area. Its main adversaries were the Maronite 3870:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 2540: 1865: 1482: 9912:, Revised Edition Picard, Elizabeth (2002) ( 9840:Death of a country: The civil war in Lebanon 9662:"Face of War Pervades New Beirut Art Center" 6998:Islam and Assisted Reproductive Technologies 6960:UN Human Rights Council. 23 November 2006. " 6318: 6260:the Syrian-backed West Beirut government of 5777:Ceasefire negotiations by the United Nations 4434:Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon 4257:publicly announced the establishment of the 4088:, which received financial support from the 4062: 3880:. Both Habash and Hawatmeh were Christians. 2797: 558:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region 13928:Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists 10663:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 10046:, fourth edition, Charles D. Smith (2001) ( 9926:. Haley P. Edward, Snider Lewis W. (1979) ( 9765:Bregman, Ahron and El-Tahri, Jihan (1998). 9063: 8542:pp. 2–3, pp. 12–13 Palestinian ground fire. 7999: 6939:, New York, St. Martins Press, 1997, p. 105 6832:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 6494:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6047: 5254: 4716:Assassination attempt on Hezbollah leader, 3892:(PFLP-GC). To complicate things, the rival 3591:(LCP) and the more radical and independent 2974:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine 2910:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 14266: 14252: 14153: 14139: 13447: 13433: 13291: 13277: 13156: 13142: 13119:Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement 12667: 12653: 12068: 12054: 11640: 11626: 11602: 11588: 10654: 10640: 10178: 10164: 9822:Crossroads to Civil War: Lebanon 1958–1976 9038: 8209:Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1984–1985 8122: 8120: 7275:"National Council of Arab Americans (NCA)" 6858:due to the latter's refusal to accept the 6795:set in 1982 during the Lebanese Civil War. 6691:curated "The Road to Peace" exhibition at 6420:The post-war occupation of the country by 5970:suicide bombing attack at the U.S. Embassy 5816:US Navy Amphibian arriving in Beirut, 1982 5730:Israeli troops in South Lebanon, June 1982 5656: 4857: 4639:1983 United States embassy bombing occurs. 4438:Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide 4272:A radical turnover occurred following the 4246:, which later partook in the formation of 3683:, a Maronite Christian faction within the 3369:autonomous provinces. The best known was " 3199:List of militias in the Lebanese Civil War 2547: 2533: 1872: 1858: 1489: 1475: 521:Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon 253:South Lebanon security belt administration 14013:Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict 13570:1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing 12829:UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242 12803:UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194 11609: 9767:The Fifty Years War: Israel and the Arabs 9685: 9637:. Beirut Art Center. 2009. Archived from 9522:. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 59–81. 9491: 9421: 8206:Rabinovich, Itamar; Shaked, Haim (1988). 8147: 7955: 7885:. المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات. 7763: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7696: 7496:"Lebanon: Carving Out a Christian Canton" 7463:"Lebanon: Carving Out a Christian Canton" 7433:"Lebanon: Carving Out a Christian Canton" 7047:"Ex-militia fighters in post-war Lebanon" 6514:Learn how and when to remove this message 6267: 5904:In August 1983, Israel withdrew from the 5481:forces launched a surprise attack on the 5448: 5310:Learn how and when to remove this message 5173:that separated West and East Beirut, 1982 5153:Learn how and when to remove this message 4960:On 6 December 1975, a day later known as 4913:Learn how and when to remove this message 4381:that was formed through the followers of 3249:Learn how and when to remove this message 2930:Learn how and when to remove this message 2785:Learn how and when to remove this message 2727:. Religious tensions, especially between 14963:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 14893:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 14858:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 13644:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 11546:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 9542: 9120:Remembering the uprising of Feb. 6, 1984 9032:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 8883: 8403: 8253: 8070: 8068: 8066: 7977: 7975: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7728: 7116: 6854:between the Lebanese government and the 6544: 6525: 6177:flared up again in Shiite areas between 6056: 5956: 5811: 5756: 5725: 5722:Israeli alliance with Christian militias 5671: 5661: 5503:. This followed an agreement reached in 5400: 5352: 5348: 5217:—entered a loose coalition known as the 5164: 5028: 4170: 4123:The PSP played an important role in the 4024: 3784: 3345: 2998: 2871: 2849:French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 2816: 532:Communist Action Organization in Lebanon 14838:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 14823:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 14055:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran 13827:Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents 13609:2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange 12166:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 11219:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 10044:Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict 9492:Rosenfeld, Stephen S. (26 April 1991). 9269:"Doctrine, Dreams Drive Saddam Hussein" 8432:Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict 8283: 8126: 8117: 8104:Goodbye Lebanon. Israel's First Defeat. 7824: 7794: 6822:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 6407:, who was riding in a bulletproof car. 6251:against the Syrians and their Lebanese 5887:, Israel, and the United States signed 5684:Blue – controlled by the United Nations 5377:occupied most of the area south of the 5037:Purple – controlled by Maronite groups; 5012: 4626:was assassinated 22 days after getting 3560:, and an internal civil war began. The 3448:, or Phalangists, which was founded by 3135:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 3128: 2965:Muslim and the Speaker of Parliament a 2836:was hard for the Lebanese. Most of the 2693:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon 288:Syria occupies northern/eastern Lebanon 14: 15110: 14833:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 13111:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement 13101:Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement 9466: 9393:"Lebanon: The Terrible Tally of Death" 9249:Goodbye Lebanon. Israel's First Defeat 8926:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8917: 8257:Armenia in Crisis: The 1988 Earthquake 8180: 8042: 7878: 7851: 7828:Lebanon: Current Issues and Background 7767: 7752: 7669: 7647: 7639:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 7536: 7097:Lebanon: Current Issues and Background 6890: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6699:that depict Lebanese survivors of war. 6428:, or had been assassinated or jailed. 6008: 3599:(SSNP), which promoted the concept of 3411: 2328:Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon 1496: 194:Christian-to-Muslim representation in 14247: 14134: 14070:Views on military action against Iran 13428: 13272: 13137: 12648: 12075: 12049: 11621: 11583: 10635: 10279:Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon 10252:Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon 10159: 9962:(1983) editions 1984, revised 1987. ( 9517: 9440: 8864: 8376: 8063: 7972: 7911:Shaery-Eisenlohr, Roschanack (2011). 7899: 7788: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7541:(1st, rev. ed.). Vintage Books. 7384: 7331: 7246: 6618: 6355:On 13 October 1990, Syria launched a 6166:forbidding attacks on Syrian forces. 6067:fires a salvo against targets in the 5997:aeroplane which eventually landed at 4212:Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party 3524:served as the private militia of the 2368:Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon 2256:Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon 1853: 1470: 738:(left LF in 1978; aligned with Syria) 594:Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party 545:Lebanese Movement in Support of Fatah 198:adjusted from ratio of 55:45 to 50:50 14273: 14087:Israel and state-sponsored terrorism 13858:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 13797:September 2018 Syria missile strikes 13767:December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes 13560:1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats 13106:Israel–Sudan normalization agreement 12845:Israel–Syria disengagement agreement 12522:Southern Israel cross-border attacks 12434:Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel 12365:Iraqi missile attacks against Israel 10185: 10095: – Travel Adventures. 9769:. London: BBC Books. Penguin Books. 9578:Cunningham, Mark (4 February 2022). 9577: 8812:Schiff, Ze'ev; Ya'ari, Ehud (1985). 8323: 8093: 7931: 7882:Arab Shiites: Citizenry and Identity 7607: 7581: 7555: 7226:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 7219: 7164: 7143: 6837: 6492:adding citations to reliable sources 6459: 6455: 6390:In March 1991, parliament passed an 5680:Purple – controlled Maronite groups, 5292:adding citations to reliable sources 5263: 5259: 5135:adding citations to reliable sources 5106: 4895:adding citations to reliable sources 4866: 4731:is assassinated on 1 June 1987. The 4661:1983 Beirut barracks bombing occurs. 4143:, and the Lebanese Forces backed by 4118:Civil Administration of the Mountain 3612:, a Catholic and Abdallah Saadeh, a 3379:Civil Administration of the Mountain 3231:adding citations to reliable sources 3202: 2908:adding citations to reliable sources 2875: 2767:adding citations to reliable sources 2738: 1822:Civil Administration of the Mountain 1679:1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats 14873:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 14121:Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 13885:Yarmouk munitions factory explosion 13807:November 2019 Syria missile strikes 13787:February 2018 Israel–Syria incident 13395:Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip 13300:Wars and conflicts involving Israel 13167:military interventions and supports 10083: – Oxford University 9753:Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947 7146:"Arab Officers in the Ottoman Army" 6875: 6573:Landmines and forced disappearances 6052: 5878: 5542:militia and would intervene if the 5488: 5397:Israel's "Security Zone" in Lebanon 4276:in 1982, with the establishment of 4063: 3608:multi-confessional SSNP was led by 3566:Lebanese Forces – Executive Command 2996:crossing the border into Lebanon. 2986:Israeli Declaration of Independence 2648:. Christians mostly sided with the 2568: 24: 15203:Lebanese National Resistance Front 14813:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 14335:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 14075:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 13772:January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident 13757:January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike 13624:January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident 13096:Israel–UAE normalization agreement 12987:Beirut Summit and peace initiative 11840:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front 11456:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) 10881:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 9708: 9422:Setrakian, Lara (24 August 2010). 9118:Young, Michael. 7 February 2004. " 8791:"Ronald Reagan on War & Peace" 7717: 7352: 6169: 6021:February 6 uprising in West Beirut 5746: 4819:is formed under the leadership of 4412:Lebanese National Resistance Front 3616:. It was active in North Lebanon ( 3264:Lebanese National Resistance Front 3019:Christians and Muslims. President 2855:. The French created the state of 2573:Al-Ḥarb al-Ahliyyah al-Libnāniyyah 25: 15254: 15188:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 14878:Palestine Liberation Organization 13863:2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats 13802:August 2019 Syria missile strikes 13669:Assassination of Hassan Nasrallah 11293:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt 10074: 9610:"Festival de Cannes: Out of Life" 9097:Weekly Standard 25 November 2013 8846:. guardian.co.uk. 25 January 2002 8361: 8240:, Paris: Le Seuil, 1983, p. 218; 8133:. Random House Publishing Group. 8080:Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion 7247:Cooke, Miriam (1 December 2012). 7220:Fisk, Robert (18 December 2007). 6856:Palestine Liberation Organization 5988:bombing of the U.S. embassy annex 5577:In Beirut sniper fire across the 5330:between February and April 1978. 5035:Dark Green – controlled by Syria; 5007:Palestine Liberation Organisation 4564:occurs helping to radicalize the 4297:largest base of popular support. 4070:al-hizb al-taqadummi al-ishtiraki 3817:Palestine Liberation Organization 3815:. The umbrella organization, the 3714:headed by Abdul-Majeed Al-Rafei ( 3185:Political divide and sectarianism 3140:Palestinian insurgency in Lebanon 3085:bidding. The founding members of 2673:Palestine Liberation Organization 1755:January 1986 Lebanese Forces coup 221:Palestine Liberation Organization 169:(15 years and 6 months) 15092: 15091: 14818:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 14501:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 14162: 14116: 14115: 14025:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 13782:March 2017 Israel–Syria incident 13592:2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid 13587:2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid 13565:Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi 13512:Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries 13025:Agreement on Movement and Access 11331:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) 10093:Pictures of Battle Scared Beirut 9679: 9653: 9627: 9536: 9511: 9485: 9460: 9434: 9415: 9385: 9365: 9356: 9340: 9322: 9306: 9280: 9262: 9238: 9222: 9206: 9190: 9177: 9164: 9151: 9138: 9129: 9103: 9091: 8364:The Syrian Occupation of Lebanon 7831:. Nova Publishers. p. 144. 7360:"A Setback for Syria in Lebanon" 6850:The last battle took place from 6806: 6773:The 2021 Lebanese-Canadian film 6605:1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon 6464: 5600:town on the Western edge of the 5546:attacked them. Defence Minister 5268: 5111: 4871: 4863:Sectarian violence and massacres 4324: 4179:As Lebanon's poorest community, 3352:East Beirut canton (Marounistan) 3207: 2880: 2743: 2599:were primarily based throughout 2516: 1987: 1448: 1439: 1430: 1421: 1412: 1402: 1383: 1372: 1361: 1350: 1338: 1313: 1302: 1291: 1276: 1265: 1252: 1241: 1230: 1219: 1208: 1197: 1188: 1177: 1166: 1155: 1146: 1137: 1126: 1107: 1087: 1076: 1065: 1054: 1043: 1032: 1018: 1008: 994: 983: 964: 953: 934: 908: 894: 879: 864: 849: 829: 814: 801: 788: 775: 756: 743: 729: 718: 707: 694: 665: 653: 640: 628: 611: 599: 587: 575: 563: 551: 538: 526: 514: 501: 488: 476: 458: 445: 432: 420: 408: 396: 387:Vanguard of the Maani Army (MDJ) 361: 341: 329: 315: 294:Israel occupies southern Lebanon 109: 100: 89: 80: 69: 15208:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 14461:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 13890:2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq 13762:May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes 13737:Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh 13676:Projectile attacks from Lebanon 13659:20 September 2024 Beirut attack 13604:Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh 13582:2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 13059:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 13053:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 13021:Israeli disengagement from Gaza 12226:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 12107:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency 11865:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 11513:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 11482:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon 11236:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 9974:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War 9738:, NY Firzli, Paris, EMA, 1981. 9686:Weissberg, Jay (1 March 2021). 9580:"Genesis The Last Domino? Tour" 9399:. 23 March 1992. Archived from 9019: 8995: 8986: 8948: 8911: 8877: 8858: 8836: 8783: 8769: 8747: 8722: 8705: 8688: 8670: 8643: 8634: 8625: 8616: 8607: 8598: 8589: 8580: 8567: 8558: 8545: 8532: 8522: 8513: 8500: 8491: 8479: 8466: 8437: 8424: 8397: 8383:. McFarland. pp. 142–144. 8370: 8355: 8343: 8317: 8277: 8247: 8226: 8199: 8174: 8036: 7993: 7872: 7845: 7690: 7679:. New York: I.B. Tauris. p. x. 7530: 7521: 7488: 7455: 7425: 7378: 7325: 7299: 7267: 7240: 7213: 7158: 7137: 7117:Deringil, Selim (3 June 2019). 7110: 7089: 7071: 7039: 7030: 7021: 6615:in reference to the civil war. 6416:Post-conflict Syrian occupation 6039:U.S. disengagement from Lebanon 5899: 5841:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 5676:Power balance in Lebanon, 1983: 5515:officials on the deployment of 5279:needs additional citations for 5122:needs additional citations for 5102: 5033:Power balance in Lebanon, 1976: 4984:, followed two days later by a 4882:needs additional citations for 4611:occurs. The Israelis withdraw. 4536:following the assassination of 4333:factions received support from 4154: 4075:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 3780: 3597:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 3218:needs additional citations for 2754:needs additional citations for 2583:The religious diversity of the 1689:Assassination of Bachir Gemayel 167:13 April 1975 – 13 October 1990 15168:Civil wars of the 20th century 14903:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 14665:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 14065:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel 13664:September 2024 Lebanon strikes 12698:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 12514:Palestinian militancy campaign 10141:Full Lebanese War Photo System 10066:Schulhofer-Wohl, Jonah. 2020. 10020:The War for Lebanon, 1970–1985 9956:Lebanon. The Fractured Country 9494:"Worse Than Being Lebanonized" 8818:. Simon and Schuster. p. 8664:10.1525/jps.1981.11.1.00p0366x 8404:Weisburd, Arthur Mark (1997). 8380:The Ford Presidency: A History 8330:Civil Society Knowledge Centre 8291:Beirut Fragments: A War Memoir 8185:. Princeton University Press. 7079:"Lebanon's History: Civil War" 7003: 6987: 6967: 6954: 6942: 6929: 6897: 6844: 6540:2006 Israeli-Lebanese conflict 6431:In 2005, the assassination of 5808:Multinational Force in Lebanon 5682:Yellow – controlled by Israel, 4609:the Sabra and Shatila massacre 4375:Popular Nasserist Organization 4345:ideology, or otherwise having 3872:(PFLP), and its splinter, the 3722:), and a Marxist one known as 3671:Another secular group was the 3644:), in South Lebanon (Zahrani, 3571: 3036:, angering Egyptian President 2689:Multinational Force in Lebanon 1760:Assassination of Rashid Karami 1684:Multinational Force in Lebanon 768:Multinational Force in Lebanon 606:Popular Nasserist Organization 247:Collapse of the Israel-backed 13: 1: 15218:Shia–Sunni sectarian violence 14050:Warsaw Middle East conference 13910:2024 Israeli strikes on Yemen 13817:July 2022 Damascus airstrikes 13812:January 2021 Syria airstrikes 13654:2024 Lebanon pager explosions 13639:2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings 12786:American trusteeship proposal 11855:Popular Resistance Committees 11283:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 10924:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 10087:Lebanon's Forgotten Civil War 9992:Syria and the Lebanese Crisis 9804:Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92 9660:Patrick Healy (6 July 2009). 8869:. Nation Books. p. 157. 8377:Crain, Andrew Downer (2014). 7944:Journal of Strategic Security 7917:. Columbia University Press. 7774:. University of Texas Press. 7439:. 11 May 2022. Archived from 7307:"History of the Kataeb Party" 6996:, and Soraya Tremayne. 2012. 6869: 6553: 5469:) on 7 July 1980, as part of 4835:Parliament passes the law of 4448:Chronology of decisive events 4292:its training ground, and the 4222:(45% of membership), and the 4200:Communist Action Organization 4190:Shiites formed a majority in 4167:Lebanese Resistance Regiments 3912:were under Arafat's command. 3593:Communist Action Organization 3375:Progressive Socialist Party's 3304:. Other Arab governments and 3277:civilians a frequent target. 2734: 1460:120,000–150,000 people killed 570:Revolutionary Communist Group 371:Lebanese Youth Movement (MKG) 223:(PLO), and PLO Expulsion to 27:1975–1990 conflict in Lebanon 14848:Federation of Arab Republics 14808:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 14798:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 14399:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 14347:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 14214:Eritrean War of Independence 13777:April 2015 Qalamoun incident 13686:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 13614:2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt 13233:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 11487:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 11474:Turkish involvement in Syria 11358:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 11189:Political violence in Turkey 11123:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 11030:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 10909:Italian bombing of Palestine 10871:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 10820:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 10122:"Another Battle of Beirut" ( 10070:. Cambridge University Press 8652:Journal of Palestine Studies 8262:Wayne State University Press 8181:Norton, Augustus R. (2007). 8046:Lebanon: A History, 600–2011 7768:Norton, Augustus R. (1987). 7703:. Harvard University Press. 7655:"Lebanon – Armenian Parties" 7537:Randal, Jonathan C. (1984). 6827:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 6410: 6044:departed a few weeks later. 5963:1983 Beirut barracks bombing 5829:on the outskirts of Beirut. 5678:Green – controlled by Syria; 5025:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 4986:retaliatory strike on Damour 4396: 4259:Movement of the Dispossessed 3886:Palestinian Liberation Front 3405:East Beirut Christian canton 3329:producers, with much of the 2613:Maronite Christian community 2373:Lebanese presidential crisis 2333:Syrian occupation of Lebanon 1912:Bab al-Tabbaneh–Jabal Mohsen 1787:Assassination of René Moawad 687:Islamic Unification Movement 262:, eventually leading to the 7: 14973:Flag of the Arab Federation 14803:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 14793:Arab Socialist Action Party 13482:1999 arrest of Iranian Jews 12383:Palestinian suicide attacks 10739:Turkish War of Independence 10723:Unification of Saudi Arabia 10257:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 9716:La Politique à mes trousses 9072:Geraghty, Timothy J. 2009. 9044:Geraghty, Timothy J. 2009. 8049:. Oxford University Press. 8000:Reisinezhad, Arash (2018). 7591:. Xs4all.nl. Archived from 7469:. 26 July 1976. p. 2. 6799: 5507:between Lebanese President 5391:UN Interim Force in Lebanon 5241:Progressive Socialist Party 4754:as interim prime minister. 4686:Progressive Socialist Party 4300: 4274:Israeli invasion of Lebanon 4226:. Some Shiites also joined 4210:factions allied with Iraq ( 4206:. Some Shiites also joined 4069: 4059:Progressive Socialist Party 3403:correspondent, visited the 3333:production centered in the 3280: 2665:Lebanese Christian militias 2572: 2358:2007 North Lebanon conflict 2262:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate 1832:South Lebanon security belt 1611:1978 South Lebanon conflict 495:Progressive Socialist Party 390:(Other minor organizations) 10: 15259: 15198:Lebanese National Movement 15183:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 15173:Ethnicity-based civil wars 14944:On the Way of Resurrection 14937:The Battle for One Destiny 14868:Lebanese National Movement 14309:Third International Theory 13895:2022 Erbil missile attacks 13875:2012 Cyprus terrorist plot 13649:2024 Haret Hreik airstrike 13516:Iranian strikes on Israel 13456:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 13359:Second invasion of Lebanon 13251:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 12959:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 12947:Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement 12941:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 12873:Palestinian autonomy talks 11404:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 11398:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 11387:Balochi insurgency in Iran 11363:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 11199:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 11194:Islamist uprising in Syria 11172:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 11061:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 10947:Kurdish separatism in Iran 10866:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 9376:Lebanon: What lies beneath 9319:pp. 5–6; pp. 6–8; pp. 9–10 9215:No. 268, 7 February 1986; 9199:No. 260, 11 October 1985; 8295:. New York: Persea Books. 8212:. The Moshe Dayan Center. 7984:"Lebanon: a country study" 7938:Carl Anthony Wege (2011). 7675:Melkonian, Markar (2005). 7123:. Academic Studies PRess. 6742:The war is the subject of 6709:Sabra and Shatila massacre 6638:Sabra and Shatila massacre 6583:Western hostages kidnapped 6322: 6208:Meanwhile, Prime Minister 6031:, decisively defeated the 6012: 5883:On 17 May 1983, Lebanon's 5873:minister without portfolio 5853:Sabra and Shatila massacre 5850: 5847:Sabra and Shatila massacre 5805: 5802:International intervention 5750: 5709:Meanwhile, on 5 June, the 5688: 5665: 5566:. On the night of 9 April 5492: 5230:Lebanese National Movement 5022: 5016: 4927:Lebanese National Movement 4718:Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah 4408:Lebanese National Movement 4387:Sixth of February Movement 4216:Arab Socialist Baath Party 4164: 4158: 3775:its defense of West Beirut 3767:Lebanese National Movement 3628:), in Mount Lebanon (High 3587:Examples of this were the 3468:and several minor groups ( 3341: 3195:Lebanese National Movement 3188: 3132: 3011:In July 1958, Lebanon was 2725:Hezbollah's armed strength 2353:2006–08 political protests 1952:2023 Ain al-Hilweh clashes 1937:Syrian civil war spillover 1740:U.S. embassy annex bombing 1695:Sabra and Shatila massacre 622:Other minor organizations 582:Sixth of February Movement 452:Lebanese National Movement 151:; a Palestinian rally for 15087: 14996: 14953: 14921: 14898:Unified Political Command 14788:Arab Nationalist Movement 14733: 14685:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 14545: 14514: 14481:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 14352:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 14317: 14281: 14179: 14112: 14080:Iranian support for Hamas 14005: 13918: 13900:2022 Istanbul terror plot 13848:Operation Outside the Box 13840: 13747: 13712: 13704:Operation Full Disclosure 13684: 13629:Operation Northern Shield 13550:Israeli–Lebanese conflict 13542:Hezbollah–Israel conflict 13540: 13492:2024 Iran–Israel conflict 13490: 13462: 13361:/First Lebanon War (1982) 13353:First invasion of Lebanon 13306: 13213: 13172: 13073: 12916: 12869:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 12794: 12726:Faisal–Weizmann agreement 12683: 12644: 12417: 12280: 12125: 12083: 12045: 12020: 11999: 11943: 11873: 11760:al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades 11742: 11735: 11665: 11617: 11562: 11525: 11430: 11371: 11311: 11244: 11162:Black September in Jordan 11154: 11053: 10997: 10894: 10838: 10792: 10669: 10593: 10509: 10500: 10445: 10436: 10367: 10358: 10296: 10287: 10197: 10081:Center for Lebanese Study 9994:. Dawisha, A. I. (1980) ( 9557:10.1080/09700160903255749 9313:Middle East International 9229:Middle East International 9213:Middle East International 9197:Middle East International 8884:Friedman, Thomas (1995). 8650:"The Bombing of Beirut". 8254:Verluise, Pierre (1995), 8183:Hezbollah A Short History 8012:10.1007/978-3-319-89947-3 7825:Rolland, John C. (2003). 7795:Denoeux, Guilain (1993). 7729:Shanahan, Rodger (2005). 7697:El-Khazen, Farid (2000). 7565:. Cdi.org. Archived from 7403:10.1080/00263209308700957 7385:Harik, Judith P. (1993). 6682:1991 Cannes Film Festival 6319:Infighting in East Beirut 5045:Palestine Liberation Army 4929:(LNM) pitted against the 4053:leader) and then his son 3906:Palestine Liberation Army 3381:", commonly known as the 3151:Black September in Jordan 3078:Arab Nationalist Movement 3013:threatened by a civil war 2798:Ottoman and European rule 2378:Maritime boundary dispute 1892: 1812:People's Republic of Tyre 1800:Cantons and puppet states 1599:St George's Church attack 1508: 1458: 1398: 1393: 926: 305: 274:across Lebanon since 1990 159: 63: 39: 34: 15223:Wars involving Hezbollah 14406:1952 Egyptian revolution 13792:Operation House of Cards 12908:Israel–Lebanon agreement 12720:Anglo-French Declaration 12716:Declaration to the Seven 12289:Misgav Am hostage crisis 11264:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 11259:1980 Turkish coup d'état 11078:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 11010:1953 Iranian coup d'état 11005:1952 Egyptian revolution 10733:1919 Egyptian revolution 10716:Mount Lebanon starvation 10247:Emirate of Mount Lebanon 9372:"The Rageh Omaar Report" 9099:secret history Hezbollah 9027:Israel and South Lebanon 8887:From Beirut to Jerusalem 8759:25 December 2005 at the 8740:25 December 2005 at the 8685:Smith, op. cit., p. 378. 8676:Smith, op. cit., p. 377. 8519:Smith, op. cit., p. 376. 8244:, 19 January 1984, p. 1. 8043:Harris, William (2014). 7183:10.1177/0968344513494658 7011:"Who are the Maronites?" 6779:is based on co-director 6345:Christians and Muslims. 6090:were largely destroyed. 6048:Fourth phase (1984–1990) 5574:positions in the South. 5255:Second phase (1977–1982) 5228:In March the same year, 5211:Kataeb Regulatory Forces 4086:People's Liberation Army 4020: 3739:Kurdistan Workers' Party 3720:Greek Orthodox Christian 3718:) and Nicola Y. Ferzli ( 3656:) and the Beqqa Valley ( 3589:Lebanese Communist Party 3454:Kataeb Regulatory Forces 3444:. Another party was the 2363:2008 conflict in Lebanon 2226:Emirate of Mount Lebanon 1902:1961 coup d'état attempt 1750:1985 Beirut car bombings 1558:1976 Syrian intervention 508:Lebanese Communist Party 272:Hezbollah armed strength 251:in 1984 and of Israel's 15059:Palestinian nationalism 14978:Flag of the Arab Revolt 14471:1966 Syrian coup d'état 14451:1963 Syrian coup d'état 14431:1961 Syrian coup d'état 13997:2023 Iran drone attacks 13920:Nuclear program of Iran 13880:2012 Burgas bus bombing 13841:International incidents 13822:2023 Damascus airstrike 13634:2019 Beirut drone crash 13532:Israeli strikes on Iran 13407:Israel–Palestine crisis 13198:War in Iraq (2013-2017) 12600:Israel–Palestine crisis 12451:Bringing Home the Goods 11790:Guardians of the Cedars 11493:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 11341:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 11336:Yemeni Civil War (1994) 11146:1966 Syrian coup d'état 11073:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 10914:Allied invasion of Iraq 10861:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 10784:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 10008:. Deeb, Marius (2003) ( 8992:Chomsky, op. cit., 406. 8918:Cobban, Helena (1984). 8127:Bergman, Ronen (2018). 8083:. London: Pluto Press. 7957:10.5038/1944-0472.4.3.1 7879:مؤلفين, مجموعة (2019). 7095:Rolland, John C. 2003. 6978:Kenneth Michael Pollack 6949:World Political Almanac 6793:political thriller film 6714:The 2010 Canadian film 5837:Habib Tanious Shartouni 5657:Third phase (1982–1984) 5215:Guardians of the Cedars 4964:, the killings of four 4858:First phase (1975–1977) 4817:National Reconciliation 4194:parties, including the 4108:militia, and later the 4064:الحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي 3811:in the events known as 3624:), West Beirut (around 3562:Geagea-Hobeika Conflict 3522:Zgharta Liberation Army 3482:Tyous Team of Commandos 3478:Lebanese Youth Movement 3474:Guardians of the Cedars 2569:الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية 1733:Fourth phase: 1984–1990 1585:Second phase: 1977–1982 375:Tyous Team of Commandos 358:Guardians of the Cedars 348:Lebanese Forces Militia 121:Left-to-right from top: 15238:Wars involving Lebanon 14486:1969 Libyan revolution 14364:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 14018:Russia–Hamas relations 13555:South Lebanon conflict 13365:South Lebanon conflict 13017:Sharm El Sheikh Summit 12937:Gaza–Jericho Agreement 12819:Tripartite Declaration 12442:Ain es Saheb airstrike 12323:South Lebanon conflict 11438:2011 Bahraini uprising 11422:South Yemen insurgency 11303:Abu Nidal's executions 11288:1986 Damascus bombings 11067:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 10919:Syria–Lebanon campaign 10689:Middle Eastern theatre 10460:International rankings 10301:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 10126:magazine, 14 May 1973) 9736:The Iraq-Iran Conflict 9337:Baroudi and Tabar 2009 8958:; Ehud Ya'ari (1984). 8700:Jewish Virtual Library 8472:Taylo, Charles Lewis. 7852:Halawi, Majed (2019). 7391:Middle Eastern Studies 7253:. Simon and Schuster. 7015:BBC News – Middle East 6951:, 3rd ed., Chris Cook. 6727:1995 children's book, 6550: 6531: 6268:Taif Agreement of 1989 6175:Violent confrontations 6072: 5965: 5817: 5762: 5731: 5697:, a splinter group of 5695:Abu Nidal Organization 5685: 5570:raided five different 5459:Day of the Long Knives 5449:Day of the Long Knives 5406: 5361: 5199:Lebanese Renewal Party 5191:National Liberal Party 5174: 5040: 4767:October–November 1989 4615:is elected president. 4599:occurs as well as the 4510:Tel al-Zaatar massacre 4500:is elected president. 4176: 4030: 3999:Popular Struggle Front 3846:Palestinian Christians 3800: 3355: 3040:. This was during the 3008: 2978:civil war in Palestine 2830: 2669:Palestinian insurgents 2593:Lebanese Sunni Muslims 2313:Palestinian insurgency 1775:Dahr al-Wahsh massacre 1662:Third phase: 1982–1984 1564:Siege of Tel al-Zaatar 1511:First phase: 1975–1977 927:Commanders and leaders 15233:Wars involving Israel 15044:Jordanian nationalism 14778:Arab Islamic Republic 14773:Arab Higher Committee 14650:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 14630:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 14441:North Yemen civil war 14374:Arab–Israeli conflict 14226:South Yemen civil war 14040:Arab–Israeli alliance 13953:Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan 13938:Massoud Ali-Mohammadi 13868:2012 Bangkok bombings 13853:2009 Sudan airstrikes 13832:Hezbollah involvement 13204:Abqaiq–Khurais attack 13065:John Kerry Parameters 12738:Churchill White Paper 12704:Sykes–Picot Agreement 12260:Coastal Road massacre 11881:Arab Higher Committee 11770:Arab Liberation Front 11713:Palestinian Authority 11611:Arab–Israeli conflict 11278:South Yemen civil war 11177:Shatt al-Arab clashes 11102:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup 11091:North Yemen civil war 11040:1958 Iraqi revolution 10967:1948 Arab–Israeli War 10961:Arab–Israeli conflict 10830:Sheikh Said rebellion 10694:Battle of Robat Karim 10424:Speaker of Parliament 10101: – in 10068:Quagmire in Civil War 9798:The Bullet Collection 9755:. London: Routledge. 9714:Jean-Marc Aractingi, 9231:No. 284, 2 May 1986; 9035:. 5 March 1984. p. 3. 9014:Lebanese Armed Forces 8890:. Macmillan. p. 8865:Hirst, David (2010). 8577:pp. 6–7. Rafael Eitan 8497:Smith, op. cit., 355. 8324:ictj (30 July 2014). 8242:The Armenian Reporter 7332:Hirst, David (2010). 6749:The Vortices of Wrath 6548: 6536:Lebanese Armed Forces 6529: 6397:Lebanese Armed Forces 6214:Lebanese Armed Forces 6108:and Syrian President 6060: 5977:targeted the barracks 5960: 5815: 5760: 5729: 5675: 5662:1982 Israeli invasion 5465:town Safra (north of 5404: 5367:Coastal Road massacre 5356: 5349:1978 Israeli invasion 5168: 5032: 4315:Arab Democratic Party 4240:Arab Liberation Front 4175:Flag of Amal Movement 4174: 4165:Further information: 4159:Further information: 4028: 3962:Arab Liberation Front 3902:Arab Liberation Front 3788: 3771:1982 phase of the war 3349: 3133:Further information: 3002: 2990:1948 Arab–Israeli War 2872:Lebanese independence 2864:party was founded by 2820: 2721:Lebanese Armed Forces 2717:Shia Islamist militia 2708:Parliament of Lebanon 2597:Lebanese Shia Muslims 2393:2020 Beirut explosion 2338:2005 Lebanon bombings 2274:Allied administration 1942:17 October Revolution 1827:State of Free Lebanon 1656:Iraqi Embassy bombing 750:Lebanese Armed Forces 260:Shebaa Farms conflict 249:State of Free Lebanon 196:Parliament of Lebanon 58:Iran–Saudi proxy wars 50:Arab–Israeli conflict 15243:Wars involving Syria 15079:Tunisian nationalism 15049:Lebanese nationalism 15009:Egyptian nationalism 15004:Algerian nationalism 14908:United Arab Republic 14783:Arab Liberation Army 14763:Arab Ba'ath Movement 14620:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 14220:Yemenite War of 1979 14196:Yemenite War of 1972 13992:2021 Natanz incident 13987:2020 Iran explosions 13933:Ardeshir Hosseinpour 13722:Gaza War (2008–2009) 13714:Gaza–Israel conflict 13047:Annapolis Conference 13041:UNSC Resolution 1701 13031:UNSC Resolution 1850 13013:UNSC Resolution 1583 13007:UNSC Resolution 1566 13003:UNSC Resolution 1559 12953:Wye River Memorandum 12809:Armistice agreements 12566:Gaza border protests 12488:Gaza–Israel conflict 12200:Lod Airport massacre 12033:United Arab Republic 11976:United Arab Emirates 11886:Arab Liberation Army 11417:Fatah–Hamas conflict 11353:Operation Desert Fox 11326:1991 Iraqi uprisings 11320:Gulf War (1990–1991) 11231:Grand Mosque seizure 11209:Yemenite War of 1979 11167:Yemenite War of 1972 11107:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup 11097:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 10851:Ahmed Barzani revolt 10762:Turkish–Armenian War 9076:, with forward from 9048:, with forward from 8966:Simon & Schuster 8961:Israel's Lebanon War 8815:Israel's Lebanon War 8658:(1): 218–225. 1981. 8410:. Penn State Press. 7165:Uyar, Mesut (2013). 7059:on 23 September 2015 6905:"The Taif Agreement" 6488:improve this section 5968:On 18 April 1983, a 5839:, affiliated to the 5693:On 3 June 1982, the 5343:Arab Deterrent Force 5335:Arab Deterrent Force 5288:improve this article 5131:improve this article 5093:Arab Deterrent Force 5013:1976 Syrian invasion 4955:Battle of the Hotels 4891:improve this article 4737:imprisoned by Israel 4725:June, December 1987 4545:February–March 1978 4461:Battles between the 4161:History of Hezbollah 3868:'s Marxist-Leninist 3848:similarly supported 3681:Army of Free Lebanon 3227:improve this article 3129:Demographic tensions 3065:United Arab Republic 2994:Palestinian refugees 2904:improve this section 2763:improve this article 2646:1958 Lebanese crisis 2169:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1726:1984 Sohmor massacre 1701:U.S. embassy bombing 1651:1981 Israeli bombing 1528:Battle of the Hotels 1408:25,000 troops (1976) 836:Arab Deterrent Force 683:paramilitary units) 403:Army of Free Lebanon 149:Battle of the Hotels 15228:Wars involving Iran 15069:Sahrawi nationalism 14426:1959 Mosul uprising 14359:Great Syrian Revolt 13977:Bid Kaneh explosion 13317:Reprisal operations 13173:Direct intervention 12890:UNSC Resolution 497 12884:UNSC Resolution 478 12878:UNSC Resolution 452 12865:UNSC Resolution 446 12855:UNSC Resolution 425 12849:UNSC Resolution 350 12839:UNSC Resolution 339 12835:UNSC Resolution 338 12825:Khartoum Resolution 12813:Lausanne Conference 12762:Morrison–Grady Plan 12732:San Remo conference 12710:Balfour Declaration 12582:Gaza–Israel clashes 12574:Gaza–Israel clashes 12349:Mothers' Bus attack 11926:Revolutionary Cells 11565:This list includes 11533:2021 Beirut clashes 11393:2004 Qamishli riots 11270:Turkey–PKK conflict 11226:1979 Qatif Uprising 11045:1959 Mosul uprising 11035:1958 Lebanon crisis 10982:1973 Yom Kippur War 10953:Iran crisis of 1946 10941:Al-Wathbah uprising 10931:1943 Barzani revolt 10825:Great Syrian Revolt 10805:Iraqi Revolt (1920) 10728:Simko Shikak revolt 10099:sans titre/unitiled 9614:festival-cannes.com 9328:Harris, p. 260 9274:The Washington Post 9007:24 May 2006 at the 8717:Global Policy Forum 8238:La Cause arménienne 8232:Francis P. Hyland, 7657:. Countrystudies.us 7595:on 15 December 2010 7144:Provence, Michael. 7036:Halliday, 2005: 117 6791:is a 2018 American 6767:Lebanon Summer 1982 6325:October 13 massacre 6249:"war of liberation" 6216:Commanding General 6025:February 6 Intifada 6015:February 6 Intifada 6009:February 6 Intifada 5713:unanimously passed 5711:UN Security Council 5383:UN Security Council 5060:and anti-Ba'athist 4801:October 13 massacre 4752:General Michel Aoun 4673:February 6 Intifada 4620:September 14, 1982 4454: 4311:Red Knights Militia 4149:Multinational Force 3919: 3412:Maronite Christians 3377:territory was the " 3005:1958 Lebanon crisis 2982:Mandatory Palestine 2589:Lebanese Christians 2585:Lebanese population 2303:1958 Lebanon crisis 2295:Republic of Lebanon 1947:2021 Beirut clashes 1882:Civil conflicts in 1721:February 6 Intifada 1669:1982 Beirut bombing 1539:Black Saturday 1522:Black Thursday 1389:Timothy J. Geraghty 1368:William O'Callaghan 675:(from 1980, mainly 290:until 30 April 2005 15118:Lebanese Civil War 15074:Syrian nationalism 15054:Libyan nationalism 15014:Greater Mauritania 14930:The Arab Awakening 14913:United Arab States 14888:Rejectionist Front 14695:Gamal Abdel Nasser 14506:Yemeni unification 14496:Lebanese Civil War 14476:17 July Revolution 14446:Ramadan Revolution 14421:14 July Revolution 14202:Lebanese Civil War 14035:Axis of Resistance 14030:Ahmad Reza Djalali 13958:Mohsen Fakhrizadeh 13472:Iranian Revolution 13383:Second Lebanon War 13227:Lebanese Civil War 13035:Quartet Principles 12969:Clinton Parameters 12859:Camp David Accords 12242:Savoy Hotel attack 12092:1948 Palestine war 11931:South Lebanon Army 11820:Muslim Brotherhood 11214:Iranian Revolution 11183:Lebanese Civil War 11129:1948 Palestine war 10876:1935 Yazidi revolt 10767:Franco-Turkish War 10473:Telecommunications 10024:Rabinovich, Itamar 9730:Al-Baath wa-Lubnân 9666:The New York Times 9641:on 24 October 2011 9590:on 30 January 2023 9545:Strategic Analysis 9347:The New York Times 9294:. 23 November 1989 9292:The New York Times 9245:Tveit, Odd Karsten 9078:Alfred M. Gray Jr. 9050:Alfred M. Gray Jr. 9002:"17 May Agreement" 8430:Charles D. Smith, 8362:Nisan, Mordechai. 8285:Makdisi, Jean Said 8100:Tveit, Odd Karsten 8075:Amal Saad-Ghorayeb 6935:Ranstorp, Magnus, 6643:English rock band 6619:In popular culture 6551: 6532: 6160:Ayatollah Khomeini 6093:On 8 March 1985 a 6073: 5966: 5947:Iranian Revolution 5863:at their request. 5818: 5763: 5732: 5686: 5637:missile site near 5461:, occurred in the 5411:South Lebanon Army 5407: 5362: 5175: 5062:Muslim Brotherhood 5041: 4982:Karantina Massacre 4562:Iranian revolution 4522:Arab League summit 4484:Karantina massacre 4452: 4363:Muslim Brotherhood 4244:Islamic Dawa Party 4177: 4031: 3971:Popular Resistance 3918: 3823:, but its leader, 3801: 3761:and group-founder 3673:South Lebanon Army 3389:was known as the " 3356: 3038:Gamal Abdel Nasser 3009: 2831: 2561:Lebanese Civil War 2523:Lebanon portal 2406:By city and region 2318:Lebanese Civil War 2109:Rashidun Caliphate 2088:Sassanid interlude 1807:East Beirut canton 1780:War of Elimination 1545:Karantina massacre 1500:Lebanese Civil War 618:Lebanese Arab Army 147:shortly after the 145:Holiday Inn Beirut 35:Lebanese Civil War 15105: 15104: 15034:Iraqi nationalism 14725:Constantin Zureiq 14575:Abdul Rahman Arif 14555:Butrus al-Bustani 14241: 14240: 14128: 14127: 13422: 13421: 13266: 13265: 13214:Noncombat support 13186:Uprising in Herat 13131: 13130: 13127: 13126: 12997:Geneva Initiative 12965:Camp David Summit 12925:Madrid Conference 12902:Reagan peace plan 12875: 12780:UN Partition Plan 12774:London Conference 12756:London Conference 12692:Damascus Protocol 12640: 12639: 12541:Pillar of Defense 12192:Sabena Flight 571 12158:Battle of Karameh 12077:Armed engagements 12041: 12040: 11939: 11938: 11911:Japanese Red Army 11666:Primary countries 11577: 11576: 10800:Franco-Syrian War 10757:Greco-Turkish War 10745:Anglo-Turkish War 10711:Assyrian genocide 10706:Armenian genocide 10677:Italo-Turkish War 10629: 10628: 10589: 10588: 10496: 10495: 10432: 10431: 10409:Political parties 10382:Foreign relations 10354: 10353: 9808:O'Ballance, Edgar 9724:978-2-296-00469-6 9441:Bresnahan, John. 8793:. Ontheissues.org 8366:. pp. 52–53. 7569:on 13 August 2011 7366:. 2 February 1986 7364:Los Angeles Times 7338:. PublicAffairs. 7260:978-1-78074-214-4 7233:978-0-307-42871-4 7130:978-1-64469-090-1 6994:Inhorn, Marcia C. 6838:Explanatory notes 6781:Joana Hadjithomas 6704:Waltz with Bashir 6693:Beirut Art Center 6524: 6523: 6516: 6456:Long-term effects 6441:March 14 Alliance 6104:, Prime Minister 6085:Bourj el-Barajneh 6081:Sabra and Shatila 6071:, 9 January 1984. 5626:Israeli Air Force 5324:Hundred Days' War 5320: 5319: 5312: 5260:Hundred Days' War 5163: 5162: 5155: 4923: 4922: 4915: 4855: 4854: 4812:24 December 1990 4550:Hundred Days' War 4529:March–April 1977 4218:), the Nasserist 4137:Fatah al-Intifada 4018: 4017: 3861:guerrilla warfare 3603:, in contrast to 3558:Tripartite Accord 3259: 3258: 3251: 3026:War of the Pashas 2940: 2939: 2932: 2853:League of Nations 2795: 2794: 2787: 2715:, an Iran-backed 2671:(mainly from the 2663:Fighting between 2607:in the east; and 2557: 2556: 2163:County of Tripoli 2145:Ikhshidid dynasty 2139:Fatimid Caliphate 2121:Abbasid Caliphate 2115:Umayyad Caliphate 1960: 1959: 1847: 1846: 1770:War of Liberation 1716:Battle of Tripoli 1711:Mountain War 1706:Barracks bombings 1616:Battle of Kaukaba 1606:Hundred Days' War 1578:Aishiyeh massacre 1465: 1464: 704:(1976, 1983–1991) 301: 300: 296:until 25 May 2000 18:Lebanon Civil War 16:(Redirected from 15250: 15148:1990s in Lebanon 15138:1980s in Lebanon 15128:1970s in Lebanon 15095: 15094: 14968:Eagle of Saladin 14675:Amin al-Husseini 14640:Faisal I of Iraq 14610:Sultan al-Atrash 14605:Mansur al-Atrash 14580:Abdul Salam Arif 14389:War of Attrition 14275:Arab nationalism 14268: 14261: 14254: 14245: 14244: 14232:Yemeni Civil War 14167: 14166: 14155: 14148: 14141: 14132: 14131: 14119: 14118: 13948:Fereydoon Abbasi 13749:Syrian civil war 13732:Israel–Hamas war 13599:2006 Lebanon War 13449: 13442: 13435: 13426: 13425: 13413:Israel–Hamas war 13341:War of Attrition 13311:Arab–Israeli War 13293: 13286: 13279: 13270: 13269: 13257:Yemeni Civil War 13192:Syrian Civil War 13158: 13151: 13144: 13135: 13134: 13085:Trump peace plan 13077: 12871: 12669: 12662: 12655: 12646: 12645: 12631: 12628:Israel–Hamas war 12623: 12619:Shield and Arrow 12613: 12603: 12595: 12585: 12577: 12569: 12561: 12558:Wave of violence 12553: 12545: 12535: 12525: 12517: 12509: 12501: 12491: 12483: 12475: 12465: 12455: 12445: 12437: 12429: 12410: 12400: 12390: 12378: 12368: 12360: 12352: 12344: 12336: 12326: 12318: 12310: 12302: 12292: 12273: 12263: 12255: 12245: 12237: 12234:Ma'alot massacre 12229: 12221: 12211: 12203: 12195: 12187: 12179: 12169: 12161: 12153: 12150:War of Attrition 12145: 12137: 12118: 12110: 12102: 12099:Arab–Israeli War 12094: 12070: 12063: 12056: 12047: 12046: 11944:Other countries 11740: 11739: 11680:Egyptian Kingdom 11642: 11635: 11628: 11619: 11618: 11604: 11597: 11590: 11581: 11580: 11539:Israel–Hamas war 11466:Syrian civil war 11449:Sinai insurgency 11410:2006 Lebanon War 11085:Dhofar Rebellion 11020:Cyprus Emergency 11015:Jebel Akhdar War 10987:1982 Lebanon War 10977:1967 Six-Day War 10886:Dersim rebellion 10846:Ararat rebellion 10750:Al-Jazeera Front 10656: 10649: 10642: 10633: 10632: 10609: 10602: 10507: 10506: 10468: 10443: 10442: 10365: 10364: 10341:Southern Lebanon 10294: 10293: 10274:Cedar Revolution 10180: 10173: 10166: 10157: 10156: 9826:Salibi, Kamal S. 9784:Khazen, Farid El 9703: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9683: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9657: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9631: 9625: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9606: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9586:. Archived from 9575: 9569: 9568: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9515: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9489: 9483: 9482: 9464: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9438: 9432: 9431: 9419: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9389: 9383: 9369: 9363: 9360: 9354: 9344: 9338: 9335: 9329: 9326: 9320: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9284: 9278: 9277:, 12 August 1990 9266: 9260: 9242: 9236: 9226: 9220: 9210: 9204: 9194: 9188: 9181: 9175: 9168: 9162: 9155: 9149: 9142: 9136: 9133: 9127: 9116: 9110: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9089: 9070: 9061: 9042: 9036: 9023: 9017: 8999: 8993: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8952: 8946: 8945: 8925: 8915: 8909: 8908: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8840: 8834: 8833: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8787: 8781: 8773: 8767: 8751: 8745: 8726: 8720: 8709: 8703: 8692: 8686: 8683: 8677: 8674: 8668: 8667: 8647: 8641: 8638: 8632: 8629: 8623: 8620: 8614: 8611: 8605: 8602: 8596: 8593: 8587: 8584: 8578: 8571: 8565: 8562: 8556: 8549: 8543: 8536: 8530: 8526: 8520: 8517: 8511: 8506:Jillian Becker, 8504: 8498: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8454:. September 2013 8449: 8441: 8435: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8401: 8395: 8394: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8359: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8336: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8294: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8251: 8245: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8178: 8172: 8171: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8124: 8115: 8097: 8091: 8072: 8061: 8060: 8040: 8034: 8033: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7979: 7970: 7969: 7959: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7908: 7897: 7896: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7822: 7813: 7812: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7765: 7750: 7749: 7737: 7726: 7715: 7714: 7694: 7688: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7638: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7621:on 14 March 2012 7617:. Archived from 7611: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7534: 7528: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7502:. 26 July 1976. 7492: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7459: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7303: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7287:on 19 March 2009 7286: 7280:. Archived from 7279: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7114: 7108: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7058: 7052:. Archived from 7051: 7043: 7037: 7034: 7028: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7017:. 6 August 2007. 7007: 7001: 6991: 6985: 6971: 6965: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6940: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6917:on 17 April 2018 6916: 6910:. Archived from 6909: 6901: 6895: 6892: 6863: 6848: 6816: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6649: 6640:, in April 1984. 6630:The Human League 6592:"Lebanonization" 6519: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6499: 6468: 6460: 6450:Syrian civil war 6446:March 8 Alliance 6437:Cedar Revolution 6194:Southern Lebanon 6126:Phalangist Party 6077:War of the Camps 6053:War of the Camps 5879:May 17 Agreement 5868:Kahan Commission 5668:1982 Lebanon War 5489:Battle of Zahleh 5443:At Tiri incident 5371:Operation Litani 5315: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5295: 5272: 5264: 5158: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5138: 5115: 5107: 5005:and thereby the 4918: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4898: 4875: 4867: 4796:13 October 1990 4787:30 January 1990 4705:War of the Camps 4597:1982 Lebanon War 4579:, leader of the 4471:demarcation line 4455: 4451: 4391:War of the Camps 4371:Ibrahim Kulaylat 4353:leanings. A few 4351:Arab nationalist 4072: 4066: 4065: 3920: 3917: 3850:Arab Nationalism 3751:Marxist-Leninist 3708:Ba'ath movements 3460:until 1976 when 3312:Local population 3254: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3211: 3203: 3114:Phalange militia 3054:Arab nationalism 2935: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2884: 2876: 2790: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2747: 2739: 2729:Shias and Sunnis 2638:left-wing groups 2601:southern Lebanon 2575: 2570: 2549: 2542: 2535: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2383:Liquidity crisis 2343:Cedar Revolution 2250:El Assaad Family 2181:Mamluk Sultanate 2151:Mirdasid dynasty 2133:Hamdanid dynasty 2076:Hellenistic rule 1991: 1981: 1963: 1962: 1922:Cedar Revolution 1887: 1886: 1874: 1867: 1860: 1851: 1850: 1745:War of the Camps 1697: 1674:1982 Lebanon War 1646:Battle of Zahleh 1636:At Tiri incident 1595: 1580: 1573: 1566: 1554: 1547: 1534:ASALA insurgency 1530: 1503: 1501: 1491: 1484: 1477: 1468: 1467: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1357:Emmanuel Erskine 1355: 1354: 1353: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1332: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1272:Subhi al-Tufayli 1270: 1269: 1268: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1204:Ibrahim Kulaylat 1202: 1201: 1200: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1122: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1101: 1091: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1012: 999: 998: 997: 988: 987: 986: 979: 969: 968: 967: 958: 957: 956: 949: 939: 938: 937: 914: 912: 911: 899: 898: 897: 885: 883: 882: 870: 868: 867: 855: 853: 852: 834: 833: 832: 820: 818: 817: 807: 805: 804: 794: 792: 791: 781: 779: 778: 761: 760: 759: 748: 747: 746: 734: 733: 732: 723: 722: 721: 712: 711: 710: 699: 698: 697: 671: 669: 668: 658: 657: 656: 645: 644: 643: 633: 632: 631: 616: 615: 614: 604: 603: 602: 592: 591: 590: 580: 579: 578: 568: 567: 566: 556: 555: 554: 543: 542: 541: 530: 519: 518: 517: 506: 505: 504: 493: 492: 491: 481: 480: 479: 463: 462: 461: 450: 449: 448: 436: 426: 424: 423: 413: 412: 411: 401: 400: 399: 365: 346: 345: 344: 334: 333: 332: 320: 319: 318: 264:2006 Lebanon War 161: 160: 113: 104: 93: 84: 73: 32: 31: 21: 15258: 15257: 15253: 15252: 15251: 15249: 15248: 15247: 15143:1990s conflicts 15133:1980s conflicts 15123:1970s conflicts 15108: 15107: 15106: 15101: 15083: 15019:Greater Morocco 14992: 14988:Pan-Arab colors 14983:Hawk of Quraish 14949: 14917: 14768:Arab Federation 14729: 14715:Abdullah Rimawi 14690:Mostéfa Merarda 14645:Muammar Gaddafi 14625:Ahmed Ben Bella 14600:Jamal al-Atassi 14590:Bashar al-Assad 14541: 14510: 14491:Black September 14369:Anglo-Iraqi War 14313: 14277: 14272: 14242: 14237: 14175: 14161: 14159: 14129: 14124: 14108: 14045:Abraham Accords 14001: 13943:Majid Shahriari 13914: 13836: 13743: 13708: 13699:Victoria Affair 13694:Karine A affair 13680: 13536: 13486: 13458: 13453: 13423: 13418: 13377:Second Intifada 13302: 13297: 13267: 13262: 13235:(1980s–present) 13221:Afghan conflict 13209: 13180:Omani Civil War 13168: 13162: 13132: 13123: 13091:Abraham Accords 13075: 13069: 12912: 12894:1981–1982 12790: 12744:Peel Commission 12679: 12677:peace proposals 12673: 12636: 12626: 12616: 12606: 12598: 12588: 12580: 12572: 12564: 12556: 12548: 12538: 12528: 12520: 12512: 12504: 12494: 12486: 12478: 12468: 12458: 12448: 12440: 12432: 12426:Second Intifada 12424: 12413: 12406:Grapes of Wrath 12403: 12393: 12381: 12371: 12363: 12355: 12347: 12339: 12329: 12321: 12313: 12305: 12295: 12287: 12276: 12266: 12258: 12248: 12240: 12232: 12224: 12214: 12208:Munich massacre 12206: 12198: 12190: 12182: 12172: 12164: 12156: 12148: 12140: 12132: 12121: 12113: 12105: 12097: 12090: 12079: 12074: 12037: 12016: 11995: 11935: 11891:Black September 11869: 11810:Lebanese Forces 11731: 11727:Ba'athist Syria 11723:Syrian Republic 11668:and authorities 11667: 11661: 11660: 11646: 11613: 11608: 11578: 11573: 11571: 11558: 11521: 11443:Egyptian Crisis 11426: 11367: 11307: 11240: 11150: 11139:Second Intifada 11049: 10993: 10890: 10856:Simele massacre 10834: 10815:Adwan Rebellion 10788: 10665: 10660: 10630: 10625: 10612: 10605: 10598: 10585: 10561:Public holidays 10492: 10466: 10428: 10350: 10283: 10217:Hellenistic era 10193: 10184: 10111:Primary sources 10077: 10062:Lina Murr Nehme 9896:Hitti Philip K. 9711: 9709:Further reading 9706: 9696: 9694: 9684: 9680: 9670: 9668: 9658: 9654: 9644: 9642: 9633: 9632: 9628: 9618: 9616: 9608: 9607: 9603: 9593: 9591: 9576: 9572: 9541: 9537: 9530: 9516: 9512: 9502: 9500: 9498:Washington Post 9490: 9486: 9479: 9465: 9461: 9451: 9449: 9439: 9435: 9420: 9416: 9406: 9404: 9403:on 8 March 2008 9391: 9390: 9386: 9370: 9366: 9361: 9357: 9345: 9341: 9336: 9332: 9327: 9323: 9311: 9307: 9297: 9295: 9286: 9285: 9281: 9267: 9263: 9243: 9239: 9227: 9223: 9211: 9207: 9195: 9191: 9182: 9178: 9169: 9165: 9156: 9152: 9143: 9139: 9134: 9130: 9117: 9113: 9108: 9104: 9096: 9092: 9080:Potomac Books. 9071: 9064: 9052:Potomac Books. 9043: 9039: 9024: 9020: 9009:Wayback Machine 9000: 8996: 8991: 8987: 8980: 8953: 8949: 8938: 8916: 8912: 8902: 8882: 8878: 8863: 8859: 8849: 8847: 8842: 8841: 8837: 8830: 8810: 8806: 8796: 8794: 8789: 8788: 8784: 8774: 8770: 8761:Wayback Machine 8752: 8748: 8742:Wayback Machine 8727: 8723: 8710: 8706: 8693: 8689: 8684: 8680: 8675: 8671: 8649: 8648: 8644: 8639: 8635: 8630: 8626: 8621: 8617: 8612: 8608: 8603: 8599: 8594: 8590: 8585: 8581: 8572: 8568: 8563: 8559: 8550: 8546: 8537: 8533: 8527: 8523: 8518: 8514: 8505: 8501: 8496: 8492: 8484: 8480: 8471: 8467: 8457: 8455: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8429: 8425: 8418: 8402: 8398: 8391: 8375: 8371: 8360: 8356: 8348: 8344: 8334: 8332: 8322: 8318: 8303: 8282: 8278: 8272: 8264:, p. 143, 8252: 8248: 8231: 8227: 8220: 8204: 8200: 8193: 8179: 8175: 8168: 8152: 8148: 8141: 8125: 8118: 8098: 8094: 8073: 8064: 8057: 8041: 8037: 8022: 7998: 7994: 7986: 7980: 7973: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7909: 7900: 7893: 7877: 7873: 7866: 7850: 7846: 7839: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7793: 7789: 7782: 7766: 7753: 7746: 7735: 7727: 7718: 7711: 7695: 7691: 7674: 7670: 7660: 7658: 7653: 7652: 7648: 7632: 7631: 7624: 7622: 7615:"Archived copy" 7613: 7612: 7608: 7598: 7596: 7587: 7586: 7582: 7572: 7570: 7561: 7560: 7556: 7549: 7535: 7531: 7526: 7522: 7512: 7510: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7479: 7477: 7461: 7460: 7456: 7446: 7444: 7431: 7430: 7426: 7383: 7379: 7369: 7367: 7358: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7330: 7326: 7316: 7314: 7305: 7304: 7300: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7277: 7273: 7272: 7268: 7261: 7245: 7241: 7234: 7218: 7214: 7163: 7159: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7115: 7111: 7094: 7090: 7077: 7076: 7072: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7049: 7045: 7044: 7040: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7022: 7009: 7008: 7004: 6992: 6988: 6972: 6968: 6959: 6955: 6947: 6943: 6934: 6930: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6907: 6903: 6902: 6898: 6893: 6876: 6872: 6867: 6866: 6849: 6845: 6840: 6812: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6647: 6621: 6594: 6575: 6556: 6520: 6509: 6503: 6500: 6485: 6469: 6458: 6418: 6413: 6388: 6363:led by General 6357:major operation 6331:Lebanese Forces 6327: 6321: 6270: 6206: 6172: 6170:War of Brothers 6152:Syrian soldiers 6130:Lebanese Forces 6115:Lebanese Forces 6055: 6050: 6041: 6017: 6011: 5981:Malcolm H. Kerr 5961:Picture of the 5955: 5922: 5902: 5881: 5855: 5849: 5810: 5804: 5779: 5755: 5753:Siege of Beirut 5749: 5747:Siege of Beirut 5724: 5691: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5670: 5664: 5659: 5645:was abandoned. 5564:Beaufort Castle 5497: 5495:Battle of Zahle 5491: 5475:Lebanese Forces 5457:, known as the 5451: 5399: 5351: 5316: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5285: 5273: 5262: 5257: 5219:Lebanese Forces 5159: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5128: 5116: 5105: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5027: 5021: 5015: 4919: 4908: 4902: 4899: 4888: 4876: 4865: 4860: 4837:General Amnesty 4832:26 August 1991 4744:September 1988 4601:Siege of Beirut 4585:Lebanese Forces 4566:Shiite movement 4488:Damour massacre 4450: 4399: 4359:Tawhid Movement 4327: 4303: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4110:Lebanese Forces 4043:Jumblatt family 4029:Flag of the PSP 4023: 3926:Armed manpower 3813:Black September 3783: 3759:Monte Melkonian 3574: 3554:Lebanese Forces 3486:Lebanese Forces 3434:Camille Chamoun 3414: 3391:Northern Canton 3344: 3316:moral authority 3296:: Notably from 3294:Outside support 3283: 3255: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3224: 3212: 3201: 3187: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3021:Camille Chamoun 2936: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2901: 2885: 2874: 2857:Greater Lebanon 2800: 2791: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2760: 2748: 2737: 2553: 2517: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2455: 2447: 2446: 2407: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2297: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2214: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2103: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2070: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2049:Babylonian rule 2010: 1979: 1972: 1961: 1956: 1917:Dinnieh clashes 1888: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1848: 1843: 1802: 1797: 1794: 1792:Battle of Sidon 1765:War of Brothers 1735: 1728: 1693: 1664: 1593:Chouf massacres 1591: 1587: 1576: 1571:Chekka massacre 1569: 1562: 1552:Damour massacre 1550: 1543: 1526: 1513: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1461: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1431: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1420: 1419: 1413: 1411: 1403: 1401: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1379:Gustav Hägglund 1373: 1371: 1370: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1351: 1349: 1348: 1339: 1337: 1328: 1322: 1314: 1312: 1311: 1303: 1301: 1300: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1283:Abbas al-Musawi 1277: 1275: 1274: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1259:Monte Melkonian 1253: 1251: 1250: 1242: 1240: 1239: 1231: 1229: 1228: 1220: 1218: 1217: 1209: 1207: 1206: 1198: 1196: 1195: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1178: 1176: 1175: 1167: 1165: 1164: 1156: 1154: 1153: 1152:Abdallah Saadeh 1147: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1136: 1135: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1108: 1106: 1097: 1086: 1083:Avigdor Ben-Gal 1077: 1075: 1074: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1055: 1053: 1052: 1044: 1042: 1041: 1033: 1031: 1030: 1019: 1017: 1016: 1007: 1003: 995: 993: 992: 984: 982: 981: 975: 965: 963: 962: 954: 952: 951: 945: 935: 933: 922: 918: 909: 907: 903: 895: 893: 889: 880: 878: 874: 865: 863: 859: 850: 848: 845: 844: 830: 828: 826: 815: 813: 802: 800: 789: 787: 776: 774: 766: 757: 755: 753: 744: 742: 736:Marada Brigades 730: 728: 727: 719: 717: 716: 708: 706: 705: 695: 693: 685: 666: 664: 663: 654: 652: 650: 641: 639: 638: 629: 627: 625: 621: 612: 610: 609: 600: 598: 597: 588: 586: 576: 574: 564: 562: 552: 550: 539: 537: 515: 513: 502: 500: 489: 487: 477: 475: 472: 471: 459: 457: 456: 446: 444: 431: 421: 419: 418: 409: 407: 406: 397: 395: 394: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 360: 356: 353:Marada Brigades 342: 340: 330: 328: 325: 324: 316: 314: 282: 240:Battle of Sidon 179: 168: 128:in the city of 126:Martyrs' Square 123: 119: 118: 117: 116: 115: 114: 106: 105: 96: 95: 94: 86: 85: 76: 75: 74: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15256: 15246: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15193:Lebanese Front 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15103: 15102: 15100: 15099: 15088: 15085: 15084: 15082: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15000: 14998: 14997:Related topics 14994: 14993: 14991: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14959: 14957: 14951: 14950: 14948: 14947: 14940: 14933: 14925: 14923: 14919: 14918: 14916: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14863:Islamic Legion 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14753:Al-Mourabitoun 14750: 14745: 14739: 14737: 14731: 14730: 14728: 14727: 14722: 14720:Hamdeen Sabahi 14717: 14712: 14710:Fuad al-Rikabi 14707: 14702: 14700:Adnan Pachachi 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14670:Saddam Hussein 14667: 14662: 14660:Sati' al-Husri 14657: 14652: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14595:Hafez al-Assad 14592: 14587: 14585:Zaki al-Arsuzi 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14551: 14549: 14543: 14542: 14540: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14518: 14516: 14512: 14511: 14509: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14466:Aden Emergency 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14411:Iraqi Intifada 14408: 14403: 14402: 14401: 14396: 14394:Yom Kippur War 14391: 14386: 14381: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14355: 14354: 14344: 14339: 14338: 14337: 14327: 14321: 14319: 14315: 14314: 14312: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14289:Arab socialism 14285: 14283: 14279: 14278: 14271: 14270: 14263: 14256: 14248: 14239: 14238: 14236: 14235: 14229: 14223: 14217: 14211: 14205: 14199: 14193: 14187: 14184:Aden Emergency 14180: 14177: 14176: 14158: 14157: 14150: 14143: 14135: 14126: 14125: 14113: 14110: 14109: 14107: 14106: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14083: 14082: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14021: 14020: 14009: 14007: 14003: 14002: 14000: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13973: 13972: 13962: 13961: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13924: 13922: 13916: 13915: 13913: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13871: 13870: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13844: 13842: 13838: 13837: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13753: 13751: 13745: 13744: 13742: 13741: 13740: 13739: 13729: 13724: 13718: 13716: 13710: 13709: 13707: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13690: 13688: 13682: 13681: 13679: 13678: 13673: 13672: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13619:Francop Affair 13616: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13595: 13594: 13589: 13579: 13578: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13546: 13544: 13538: 13537: 13535: 13534: 13529: 13528: 13527: 13522: 13514: 13509: 13508: 13507: 13496: 13494: 13488: 13487: 13485: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13468: 13466: 13460: 13459: 13452: 13451: 13444: 13437: 13429: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13416: 13415:(2023–present) 13410: 13404: 13398: 13392: 13386: 13380: 13374: 13371:First Intifada 13368: 13362: 13356: 13350: 13347:Yom Kippur War 13344: 13338: 13332: 13329:War over Water 13326: 13320: 13314: 13307: 13304: 13303: 13296: 13295: 13288: 13281: 13273: 13264: 13263: 13261: 13260: 13259:(2014–present) 13254: 13248: 13242: 13236: 13230: 13224: 13223:(1979–present) 13217: 13215: 13211: 13210: 13208: 13207: 13201: 13200:(2014–present) 13195: 13194:(2011–present) 13189: 13183: 13176: 13174: 13170: 13169: 13161: 13160: 13153: 13146: 13138: 13129: 13128: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13121: 13115: 13114: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13087: 13080: 13078: 13071: 13070: 13068: 13067: 13061: 13055: 13049: 13043: 13037: 13027: 13009: 12999: 12993: 12983: 12977: 12971: 12961: 12955: 12949: 12943: 12933: 12927: 12920: 12918: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12910: 12904: 12898: 12892: 12886: 12880: 12861: 12851: 12841: 12831: 12821: 12815: 12805: 12798: 12796: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12788: 12782: 12776: 12770: 12764: 12758: 12752: 12746: 12740: 12734: 12728: 12722: 12712: 12706: 12700: 12694: 12687: 12685: 12681: 12680: 12675:Diplomacy and 12672: 12671: 12664: 12657: 12649: 12642: 12641: 12638: 12637: 12635: 12634: 12633: 12632: 12624: 12614: 12604: 12596: 12586: 12578: 12570: 12562: 12554: 12546: 12536: 12531:Returning Echo 12526: 12518: 12510: 12502: 12484: 12476: 12466: 12456: 12446: 12438: 12430: 12421: 12419: 12415: 12414: 12412: 12411: 12401: 12396:Accountability 12391: 12379: 12369: 12361: 12353: 12345: 12341:First Intifada 12337: 12327: 12319: 12315:Bus 300 affair 12311: 12303: 12293: 12284: 12282: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12274: 12264: 12256: 12246: 12238: 12230: 12222: 12212: 12204: 12196: 12188: 12184:Yom Kippur War 12180: 12170: 12162: 12154: 12146: 12138: 12129: 12127: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12119: 12111: 12103: 12095: 12087: 12085: 12081: 12080: 12073: 12072: 12065: 12058: 12050: 12043: 12042: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12035: 12030: 12024: 12022: 12018: 12017: 12015: 12014: 12012:United Nations 12009: 12007:European Union 12003: 12001: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11981:United Kingdom 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11947: 11945: 11941: 11940: 11937: 11936: 11934: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11877: 11875: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11815:al-Mourabitoun 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11746: 11744: 11737: 11733: 11732: 11730: 11729: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11698:Ba'athist Iraq 11691: 11686: 11677: 11671: 11669: 11663: 11662: 11659: 11658: 11655: 11652: 11648: 11645: 11644: 11637: 11630: 11622: 11615: 11614: 11607: 11606: 11599: 11592: 11584: 11575: 11574: 11563: 11560: 11559: 11557: 11556: 11553:Red Sea crisis 11549: 11542: 11535: 11529: 11527: 11523: 11522: 11520: 11519: 11518: 11517: 11503: 11496: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11478: 11477: 11461: 11460: 11459: 11452: 11440: 11434: 11432: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11383: 11375: 11373: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11315: 11313: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11305: 11300: 11298:Mecca massacre 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11274: 11273: 11261: 11256: 11248: 11246: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11222: 11221: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11158: 11156: 11152: 11151: 11149: 11148: 11143: 11142: 11141: 11136: 11134:First Intifada 11131: 11119: 11117:1964 Hama riot 11114: 11112:Aden Emergency 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11087: 11082: 11081: 11080: 11075: 11063: 11057: 11055: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11001: 10999: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10957: 10956: 10955: 10943: 10938: 10936:Al-Waziri coup 10933: 10928: 10927: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10898: 10896: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10842: 10840: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10796: 10794: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10786: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10719: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10697: 10696: 10679: 10673: 10671: 10667: 10666: 10659: 10658: 10651: 10644: 10636: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10623: 10618: 10611: 10610: 10603: 10595: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10587: 10586: 10584: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10532: 10531: 10521: 10516: 10510: 10504: 10498: 10497: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10446: 10440: 10434: 10433: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10421: 10419:Prime Minister 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10400: 10399: 10394: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10368: 10362: 10356: 10355: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10297: 10291: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10264:French mandate 10261: 10260: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10242:Ottoman Empire 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10203: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10183: 10182: 10175: 10168: 10160: 10154: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10119: 10113: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10096: 10090: 10084: 10076: 10075:External links 10073: 10072: 10071: 10064: 10055: 10041: 10035: 10017: 10003: 9989: 9971: 9960:Gilmour, David 9953: 9935: 9921: 9907: 9889: 9880:(1983, 1999) ( 9869: 9855: 9837: 9819: 9801: 9795: 9777: 9763: 9749:Bregman, Ahron 9746: 9733: 9727: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9704: 9678: 9652: 9626: 9601: 9570: 9551:(6): 805–808. 9535: 9529:978-0230339255 9528: 9510: 9484: 9478:978-3319767895 9477: 9459: 9433: 9428:Foreign Policy 9414: 9384: 9364: 9355: 9339: 9330: 9321: 9305: 9279: 9261: 9257:978-9963715039 9237: 9221: 9205: 9189: 9176: 9163: 9150: 9137: 9128: 9124:The Daily Star 9111: 9102: 9090: 9088:. pp. 165–166. 9086:978-1597974257 9062: 9058:978-1597974257 9037: 9018: 8994: 8985: 8978: 8947: 8937:978-0521272162 8936: 8910: 8901:978-0385413725 8900: 8876: 8857: 8835: 8829:978-0671602161 8828: 8804: 8782: 8777:New York Times 8768: 8765:United Nations 8746: 8734:United Nations 8721: 8704: 8687: 8678: 8669: 8642: 8633: 8624: 8615: 8606: 8597: 8588: 8579: 8566: 8557: 8544: 8531: 8521: 8512: 8499: 8490: 8478: 8465: 8436: 8423: 8416: 8396: 8390:978-0786452996 8389: 8369: 8354: 8342: 8316: 8302:978-0892551507 8301: 8276: 8270: 8246: 8225: 8219:978-0813374451 8218: 8198: 8191: 8173: 8167:978-1000302943 8166: 8146: 8140:978-0679604686 8139: 8116: 8112:978-9963715039 8092: 8062: 8056:978-0190217839 8055: 8035: 8021:978-3319899473 8020: 7992: 7971: 7930: 7924:978-0231144278 7923: 7898: 7892:978-6144452509 7891: 7871: 7865:978-0429722738 7864: 7844: 7838:978-1590338711 7837: 7814: 7808:978-0791415238 7807: 7801:. SUNY Press. 7787: 7781:978-0292730397 7780: 7751: 7745:978-1850437666 7744: 7716: 7710:978-0674081055 7709: 7689: 7668: 7646: 7606: 7580: 7554: 7548:978-0394723594 7547: 7529: 7520: 7487: 7454: 7443:on 11 May 2022 7424: 7397:(3): 377–398. 7377: 7351: 7345:978-0786744411 7344: 7324: 7298: 7266: 7259: 7239: 7232: 7212: 7177:(4): 526–544. 7171:War in History 7157: 7136: 7129: 7109: 7105:978-1590338711 7088: 7070: 7038: 7029: 7020: 7002: 6986: 6966: 6953: 6941: 6928: 6896: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6860:Taif Agreement 6842: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6814:Lebanon portal 6801: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6784: 6771: 6740: 6725: 6712: 6700: 6685: 6669: 6655: 6641: 6620: 6617: 6597:Lebanonization 6593: 6590: 6574: 6571: 6555: 6552: 6522: 6521: 6472: 6470: 6463: 6457: 6454: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6387: 6384: 6376:Saddam Hussein 6374:government of 6350:Saddam Hussein 6323:Main article: 6320: 6317: 6280:and including 6269: 6266: 6257:Hafez al-Assad 6234:Saddam Hussein 6205: 6202: 6171: 6168: 6145:hostage taking 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6013:Main article: 6010: 6007: 5999:Beirut airport 5983:was murdered. 5954: 5951: 5921: 5918: 5906:Chouf District 5901: 5898: 5880: 5877: 5851:Main article: 5848: 5845: 5833:Bachir Gemayel 5806:Main article: 5803: 5800: 5778: 5775: 5751:Main article: 5748: 5745: 5723: 5720: 5715:Resolution 508 5690: 5687: 5666:Main article: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5622:Bashir Gemayel 5536:Bashir Gemayel 5528:Menachem Begin 5513:United Nations 5490: 5487: 5483:Tigers Militia 5471:Bashir Gemayel 5455:Safra massacre 5450: 5447: 5423:Menachem Begin 5398: 5395: 5387:Resolution 425 5350: 5347: 5318: 5317: 5276: 5274: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5249:Hafez al-Assad 5245:Walid Jumblatt 5234:Kamal Jumblatt 5223:Bashir Gemayel 5203:Lebanese Front 5201:joined in the 5161: 5160: 5119: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5017:Main article: 5014: 5011: 5001:'s well-armed 4962:Black Saturday 4921: 4920: 4879: 4877: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4825:Taif Agreement 4813: 4809: 4808: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4772:Taif Agreement 4768: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4759:14 March 1989 4756: 4755: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4733:First Intifada 4726: 4722: 4721: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4695: 4694:February 1985 4691: 4690: 4668: 4667:February 1984 4664: 4663: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4624:Bashir Gemayel 4621: 4617: 4616: 4605:Bashir Gemayel 4593: 4589: 4588: 4577:Bashir Gemayel 4574: 4570: 4569: 4558: 4557:February 1979 4554: 4553: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4538:Kamal Jumblatt 4530: 4526: 4525: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4459: 4458:13 April 1975 4449: 4446: 4427:Bashir Gemayel 4398: 4395: 4393:in the 1980s. 4367:al-Mourabitoun 4326: 4323: 4302: 4299: 4220:al-Mourabitoun 4156: 4153: 4047:Kamal Jumblatt 4022: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3878:Nayef Hawatmeh 3859:, which waged 3782: 3779: 3763:Hagop Hagopian 3744:Mahsum Korkmaz 3706:Two competing 3675:(SLA), led by 3614:Greek Orthodox 3573: 3570: 3542:Safra massacre 3534:Lebanese Front 3518:Black Saturday 3512:, Israel, and 3490:Lebanese Front 3466:Tigers Militia 3462:Bachir Gemayel 3450:Pierre Gemayel 3442:Tigers Militia 3413: 3410: 3383:Jebel-el-Druze 3343: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3320: 3309: 3282: 3279: 3257: 3256: 3215: 3213: 3206: 3191:Lebanese Front 3186: 3183: 3155:Jordanian army 3141: 3138: 3130: 3127: 3119:Pierre Gemayel 3080:(ANM), led by 2992:. This led to 2938: 2937: 2888: 2886: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2866:Pierre Gemayel 2799: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2751: 2749: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2700:Taif Agreement 2658:Arab countries 2617:French Mandate 2555: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2544: 2537: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2268:Beirut Vilayet 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2232:Tripoli Eyalet 2229: 2223: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2175:Zengid dynasty 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2084:(64 BC–646 AD) 2079: 2072: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2039:(1600–1178 BC) 2034: 2033:(1550–1077 BC) 2028: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1993: 1992: 1984: 1983: 1974: 1973: 1966: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1877: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1854: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1837:Administration 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1796: 1795: 1789: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1641:Safra massacre 1638: 1633: 1631:Battle of Qnat 1628: 1623: 1621:Ehden massacre 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1582: 1581: 1574: 1567: 1560: 1555: 1548: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1524: 1519: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1494: 1493: 1486: 1479: 1471: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1409: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1334: 1298:Hafez al-Assad 1288: 1248:Hagop Hagopian 1194:Muhsin Ibrahim 1133:Walid Jumblatt 1114:Kamal Jumblatt 1103: 1050:Menachem Begin 941:Bachir Gemayel 929: 928: 924: 923: 921: 920: 905: 891: 876: 861: 842: 841: 840: 825: 824: 811: 798: 785: 739: 690: 624: 623: 584: 572: 560: 548: 535: 524: 511: 498: 485: 483:Al-Mourabitoun 466: 465: 464: 441: 438:Tigers Militia 392: 391: 379:Zahliote Group 350: 338: 322:Lebanese Front 313: 312: 311: 308: 307: 303: 302: 299: 298: 297: 291: 284: 278: 277: 276: 275: 268: 267: 266: 245: 244: 243: 217: 216: 215: 209: 203:Prime Minister 199: 190:Taif Agreement 185: 181: 180: 177: 175: 171: 170: 165: 157: 156: 108: 107: 99: 98: 97: 88: 87: 79: 78: 77: 68: 67: 66: 65: 64: 61: 60: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15255: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15153:Amal Movement 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15098: 15090: 15089: 15086: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15029:Greater Yemen 15027: 15025: 15024:Greater Syria 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15001: 14999: 14995: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14960: 14958: 14956: 14952: 14946: 14945: 14941: 14939: 14938: 14934: 14932: 14931: 14927: 14926: 14924: 14920: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14740: 14738: 14736: 14735:Organizations 14732: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14655:George Habash 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14635:Izzat Darwaza 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14570:Yasser Arafat 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14552: 14550: 14548: 14547:Personalities 14544: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14522:Arab identity 14520: 14519: 14517: 14513: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14436:Arab Cold War 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14376: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14353: 14350: 14349: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14336: 14333: 14332: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14322: 14320: 14316: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14286: 14284: 14280: 14276: 14269: 14264: 14262: 14257: 14255: 14250: 14249: 14246: 14233: 14230: 14227: 14224: 14221: 14218: 14215: 14212: 14209: 14206: 14203: 14200: 14197: 14194: 14191: 14190:Al-Wadiah War 14188: 14185: 14182: 14181: 14178: 14174: 14170: 14165: 14156: 14151: 14149: 14144: 14142: 14137: 14136: 14133: 14123: 14122: 14111: 14105: 14104: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14081: 14078: 14077: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14019: 14016: 14015: 14014: 14011: 14010: 14008: 14004: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13971: 13968: 13967: 13966: 13963: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13930: 13929: 13926: 13925: 13923: 13921: 13917: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13869: 13866: 13865: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13839: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13754: 13752: 13750: 13746: 13738: 13735: 13734: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13727:2014 Gaza War 13725: 13723: 13720: 13719: 13717: 13715: 13711: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13691: 13689: 13687: 13683: 13677: 13674: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13646: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13584: 13583: 13580: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13552: 13551: 13548: 13547: 13545: 13543: 13539: 13533: 13530: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13517: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13506: 13503: 13502: 13501: 13498: 13497: 13495: 13493: 13489: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13477:Iran–Iraq war 13475: 13473: 13470: 13469: 13467: 13465: 13461: 13457: 13450: 13445: 13443: 13438: 13436: 13431: 13430: 13427: 13414: 13411: 13408: 13405: 13402: 13399: 13396: 13393: 13390: 13387: 13384: 13381: 13378: 13375: 13372: 13369: 13366: 13363: 13360: 13357: 13354: 13351: 13348: 13345: 13342: 13339: 13336: 13333: 13330: 13327: 13324: 13321: 13318: 13315: 13312: 13309: 13308: 13305: 13301: 13294: 13289: 13287: 13282: 13280: 13275: 13274: 13271: 13258: 13255: 13252: 13249: 13246: 13243: 13240: 13237: 13234: 13231: 13228: 13225: 13222: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13212: 13205: 13202: 13199: 13196: 13193: 13190: 13187: 13184: 13181: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13171: 13166: 13159: 13154: 13152: 13147: 13145: 13140: 13139: 13136: 13120: 13116: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13093: 13092: 13088: 13086: 13082: 13081: 13079: 13072: 13066: 13062: 13060: 13056: 13054: 13050: 13048: 13044: 13042: 13038: 13036: 13032: 13028: 13026: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13010: 13008: 13004: 13000: 12998: 12994: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12982: 12978: 12976: 12972: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12960: 12956: 12954: 12950: 12948: 12944: 12942: 12938: 12934: 12932: 12928: 12926: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12915: 12909: 12905: 12903: 12899: 12897: 12893: 12891: 12887: 12885: 12881: 12879: 12874: 12870: 12866: 12862: 12860: 12856: 12852: 12850: 12846: 12842: 12840: 12836: 12832: 12830: 12826: 12822: 12820: 12816: 12814: 12810: 12806: 12804: 12800: 12799: 12797: 12793: 12787: 12783: 12781: 12777: 12775: 12772:1946–47 12771: 12769: 12765: 12763: 12759: 12757: 12753: 12751: 12747: 12745: 12741: 12739: 12735: 12733: 12729: 12727: 12723: 12721: 12717: 12713: 12711: 12707: 12705: 12701: 12699: 12695: 12693: 12689: 12688: 12686: 12682: 12678: 12670: 12665: 12663: 12658: 12656: 12651: 12650: 12647: 12643: 12629: 12625: 12621: 12620: 12615: 12611: 12610: 12609:Breaking Dawn 12605: 12601: 12597: 12593: 12592: 12587: 12583: 12579: 12575: 12571: 12567: 12563: 12559: 12555: 12551: 12547: 12543: 12542: 12537: 12533: 12532: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12498: 12493: 12492: 12489: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12473: 12472: 12471:Autumn Clouds 12467: 12463: 12462: 12457: 12453: 12452: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12416: 12408: 12407: 12402: 12398: 12397: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12380: 12376: 12375: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12358: 12354: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12334: 12333: 12328: 12324: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12299: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12279: 12271: 12270: 12265: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12252: 12247: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12223: 12219: 12218: 12213: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12176: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12135: 12134:Samu incident 12131: 12130: 12128: 12124: 12116: 12112: 12108: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12093: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12071: 12066: 12064: 12059: 12057: 12052: 12051: 12048: 12044: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12025: 12023: 12021:Former states 12019: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12004: 12002: 12000:Transnational 11998: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11986:United States 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11942: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11901:Holy War Army 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11872: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11775:Army of Islam 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11747: 11745: 11741: 11738: 11736:Organizations 11734: 11728: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11695: 11694:Iraqi Kingdom 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11675:All-Palestine 11673: 11672: 11670: 11664: 11657:Organizations 11656: 11653: 11650: 11649: 11643: 11638: 11636: 11631: 11629: 11624: 11623: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11605: 11600: 11598: 11593: 11591: 11586: 11585: 11582: 11570: 11568: 11561: 11555: 11554: 11550: 11548: 11547: 11543: 11541: 11540: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11524: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11509: 11508: 11507: 11506:Yemeni crisis 11504: 11502: 11501: 11497: 11495: 11494: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11476: 11475: 11471: 11470: 11469: 11468: 11467: 11462: 11458: 11457: 11453: 11451: 11450: 11446: 11445: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11435: 11433: 11429: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11411: 11408: 11407: 11406: 11405: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11388: 11384: 11382: 11381: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11370: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11348: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11321: 11317: 11316: 11314: 11310: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11272: 11271: 11267: 11266: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11254: 11253:Iran–Iraq War 11250: 11249: 11247: 11243: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11220: 11217: 11216: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11204:NDF Rebellion 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11153: 11147: 11144: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11126: 11125: 11124: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11092: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11068: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11058: 11056: 11052: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10996: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10964: 10963: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10951: 10950: 10949: 10948: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10905: 10904: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10893: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10837: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10785: 10782: 10778: 10777:United States 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10751: 10748: 10747: 10746: 10743: 10742: 10741: 10740: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10695: 10692: 10691: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10685: 10684: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10657: 10652: 10650: 10645: 10643: 10638: 10637: 10634: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10608: 10604: 10601: 10597: 10596: 10592: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10499: 10489: 10488:Drug industry 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10435: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10389: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10357: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10331:Mount Lebanon 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10286: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10181: 10176: 10174: 10169: 10167: 10162: 10161: 10158: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10110: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10100: 10097: 10094: 10091: 10088: 10085: 10082: 10079: 10078: 10069: 10065: 10063: 10059: 10056: 10054:) (paperback) 10053: 10052:0-312-20828-6 10049: 10045: 10042: 10039: 10036: 10033: 10032:0-8014-9313-7 10029: 10025: 10021: 10018: 10015: 10014:1-4039-6248-0 10011: 10007: 10004: 10001: 10000:0-312-78203-9 9997: 9993: 9990: 9987: 9986:0-19-280130-9 9983: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9969: 9968:0-7474-0074-1 9965: 9961: 9957: 9954: 9951: 9950:0-312-09724-7 9947: 9943: 9939: 9936: 9933: 9932:0-8156-2210-4 9929: 9925: 9922: 9919: 9918:0-8419-1415-X 9915: 9911: 9908: 9905: 9904:1-931956-61-8 9901: 9897: 9893: 9890: 9887: 9886:0-89608-601-1 9883: 9879: 9875: 9874: 9870: 9867: 9866:1-55876-115-2 9863: 9859: 9856: 9853: 9852:0-297-77288-0 9849: 9845: 9844:Bulloch, John 9841: 9838: 9835: 9834:0-88206-010-4 9831: 9827: 9823: 9820: 9817: 9816:0-312-21593-2 9813: 9809: 9805: 9802: 9799: 9796: 9793: 9792:0-674-08105-6 9789: 9785: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9775:0-14-026827-8 9772: 9768: 9764: 9762: 9761:0-415-28716-2 9758: 9754: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9744:2-86584-002-6 9741: 9737: 9734: 9731: 9728: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9712: 9693: 9689: 9682: 9667: 9663: 9656: 9640: 9636: 9630: 9615: 9611: 9605: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9574: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9539: 9531: 9525: 9521: 9514: 9499: 9495: 9488: 9480: 9474: 9470: 9463: 9448: 9444: 9437: 9429: 9425: 9418: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9388: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9368: 9359: 9352: 9348: 9343: 9334: 9325: 9318: 9314: 9309: 9293: 9289: 9283: 9276: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9241: 9234: 9230: 9225: 9218: 9214: 9209: 9202: 9198: 9193: 9186: 9180: 9173: 9167: 9160: 9154: 9147: 9141: 9132: 9125: 9121: 9115: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9069: 9067: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9034: 9033: 9028: 9022: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9006: 9003: 8998: 8989: 8981: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8962: 8957: 8956:Schiff, Ze'ev 8951: 8944: 8939: 8933: 8929: 8924: 8923: 8914: 8907: 8903: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8888: 8880: 8873: 8868: 8861: 8845: 8839: 8831: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8816: 8808: 8792: 8786: 8779: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8750: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8682: 8673: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8646: 8637: 8628: 8619: 8610: 8601: 8592: 8583: 8576: 8570: 8561: 8554: 8548: 8541: 8540:Helena Cobban 8535: 8529:eight killed. 8525: 8516: 8509: 8503: 8494: 8487: 8482: 8475: 8469: 8453: 8446: 8440: 8433: 8427: 8419: 8413: 8409: 8408: 8400: 8392: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8373: 8365: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8331: 8327: 8320: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8298: 8293: 8292: 8286: 8280: 8273: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8258: 8250: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8229: 8221: 8215: 8211: 8210: 8202: 8194: 8192:9780691131245 8188: 8184: 8177: 8169: 8163: 8160:. Routledge. 8159: 8158: 8150: 8142: 8136: 8132: 8131: 8123: 8121: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8096: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8058: 8052: 8048: 8047: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8004: 7996: 7985: 7978: 7976: 7967: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7934: 7926: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7894: 7888: 7884: 7883: 7875: 7867: 7861: 7858:. Routledge. 7857: 7856: 7848: 7840: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7821: 7819: 7810: 7804: 7800: 7799: 7791: 7783: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7747: 7741: 7734: 7733: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7712: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7693: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7656: 7650: 7642: 7636: 7620: 7616: 7610: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7550: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7524: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7458: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7428: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7381: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7347: 7341: 7337: 7336: 7328: 7312: 7308: 7302: 7283: 7276: 7270: 7262: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7243: 7235: 7229: 7225: 7224: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7161: 7153: 7152: 7147: 7140: 7132: 7126: 7122: 7121: 7113: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7092: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7055: 7048: 7042: 7033: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7006: 6999: 6995: 6990: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6974:Byman, Daniel 6970: 6963: 6957: 6950: 6945: 6938: 6932: 6913: 6906: 6900: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6874: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6852:2–6 July 1991 6847: 6843: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6804: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6762: 6761:Endless Night 6757: 6756: 6751: 6750: 6746:'s paintings 6745: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6733:Robert Munsch 6730: 6729:From Far Away 6726: 6723: 6722:Souha Bechara 6719: 6718: 6713: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6689:Saleh Barakat 6686: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6662:rock/new wave 6660: 6656: 6653: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6635: 6634:"The Lebanon" 6631: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6577:Thousands of 6570: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6547: 6543: 6541: 6537: 6528: 6518: 6515: 6507: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6478: 6473:This section 6471: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6408: 6406: 6405:Shafik Wazzan 6400: 6398: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6361:Lebanese Army 6358: 6353: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6336: 6333:(LF), led by 6332: 6326: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6276:, chaired by 6275: 6265: 6263: 6262:Selim al-Hoss 6258: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6241:Selim al-Hoss 6237: 6235: 6231: 6230:Iran–Iraq War 6227: 6223: 6222:National Pact 6219: 6215: 6211: 6210:Rashid Karami 6201: 6198: 6195: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6106:Rachid Karami 6103: 6098: 6096: 6091: 6089: 6088:refugee camps 6086: 6082: 6078: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6059: 6045: 6036: 6034: 6033:Lebanese Army 6030: 6029:Amal Movement 6026: 6022: 6016: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5989: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5971: 5964: 5959: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5939:Amal Movement 5936: 5932: 5928: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5895: 5890: 5886: 5885:Amine Gemayel 5876: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5861: 5854: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5828: 5827:refugee camps 5824: 5814: 5809: 5799: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5785: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5759: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5728: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5674: 5669: 5654: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5568:IDF commandos 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5517:Lebanese army 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5439: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5403: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5365:known as the 5359: 5355: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5314: 5311: 5303: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5277:This section 5275: 5271: 5266: 5265: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5180:Mount Lebanon 5172: 5167: 5157: 5154: 5146: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5120:This section 5118: 5114: 5109: 5108: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4999:Yassir Arafat 4996: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4917: 4914: 4906: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4880:This section 4878: 4874: 4869: 4868: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4729:Rashid Karami 4727: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4657:October 1983 4656: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4592:Summer, 1982 4591: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4517:October 1976 4516: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4479:January 1976 4478: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325:Sunni Muslims 4322: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4305:The Lebanese 4298: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4214:) and Syria ( 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4173: 4168: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4145:Lebanese army 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4102:Mount Lebanon 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4082:Arab identity 4078: 4076: 4071: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4027: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3866:George Habash 3862: 3858: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3825:Yassir Arafat 3822: 3821:confederation 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3749:The Armenian 3747: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3685:Lebanese Army 3682: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3601:Greater Syria 3598: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3353: 3348: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3275:non-combatant 3271: 3269: 3265: 3253: 3250: 3242: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3216:This section 3214: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3136: 3126: 3122: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3101:according to 3100: 3096: 3092: 3091:Yasser Arafat 3088: 3083: 3082:George Habash 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3061:Rashid Karami 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2980:, the end of 2979: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2931: 2923: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2889:This section 2887: 2883: 2878: 2877: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2860:the Maronite 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2824: 2823:Mount Lebanon 2819: 2815: 2813: 2812:Mount Lebanon 2809: 2808:Mutasarrifate 2805: 2789: 2786: 2778: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2752:This section 2750: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2719:. Though the 2718: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2698:In 1989, the 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2650:Western world 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2628:and again in 2627: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2514: 2513: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2348:2006 July War 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2308:Chehabist era 2306: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2290: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2210: 2209: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2157:Seljuk Empire 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2099: 2098: 2090:(610s–628 AD) 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2066: 2065: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2043:Assyrian rule 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2031:Egyptian rule 2029: 2027:(2500–333 BC) 2026: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1932:2008 conflict 1930: 1928: 1927:2007 conflict 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1586: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1457: 1410: 1400: 1397: 1392: 1380: 1369: 1358: 1347: 1346: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1325: 1324:Tony Frangieh 1321: 1310: 1309:Mustafa Tlass 1299: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1273: 1261: 1260: 1249: 1238: 1237:George Habash 1227: 1226:Yasser Arafat 1216: 1205: 1185: 1184:Elias Atallah 1174: 1163: 1134: 1123: 1121: 1115: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1073: 1062: 1051: 1040: 1039:Antoine Lahad 1029: 1026: 1015: 1014:Georges Adwan 1011: 1006: 1002: 991: 980: 978: 972: 961: 960:Amine Gemayel 950: 948: 942: 931: 930: 925: 917: 906: 902: 892: 888: 877: 873: 862: 858: 847: 846: 839: 837: 823: 812: 810: 799: 797: 786: 784: 783:United States 773: 772: 771: 769: 764: 752: 751: 740: 737: 726: 715: 714:Amal Movement 703: 702: 691: 688: 684: 682: 678: 674: 661: 649: 648: 636: 619: 607: 595: 585: 583: 573: 571: 561: 559: 549: 546: 536: 533: 529: 525: 522: 512: 509: 499: 496: 486: 484: 474: 473: 469: 454: 453: 442: 439: 435: 429: 416: 404: 388: 384: 383:Shuraya Party 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 359: 354: 351: 349: 339: 337: 327: 326: 323: 310: 309: 304: 295: 292: 289: 286: 285: 280: 279: 273: 270:Dominance of 269: 265: 261: 257: 256: 254: 250: 246: 241: 237: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 208: 204: 200: 197: 193: 192: 191: 188: 187: 186: 183: 182: 176: 173: 172: 166: 163: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 143:; the ruined 142: 138: 137: 131: 127: 122: 112: 103: 92: 83: 72: 62: 59: 55: 51: 47: 46:Arab Cold War 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 15064:Pan-Islamism 14942: 14935: 14928: 14828:Ba'ath Party 14705:Ameen Rihani 14565:Jassem Alwan 14560:Michel Aflaq 14495: 14416:Algerian War 14342:Iraqi Revolt 14201: 14169:List of wars 14114: 14102: 14060:Little Satan 13965:AMAD Project 13575:AMIA bombing 13525:October 2024 13226: 13033: / 13023: / 13019: / 13015: / 13005: / 12989: / 12967: / 12939: / 12931:Oslo Accords 12876: / 12867: / 12857: / 12847: / 12837: / 12827: / 12811: / 12718: / 12618: 12608: 12590: 12540: 12530: 12496: 12470: 12461:Summer Rains 12460: 12450: 12405: 12395: 12385:(1993–2008; 12374:Bramble Bush 12373: 12331: 12297: 12268: 12250: 12216: 12174: 12028:Soviet Union 11718:Saudi Arabia 11564: 11551: 11544: 11537: 11511: 11510: 11498: 11491: 11472: 11464: 11463: 11454: 11447: 11402: 11385: 11378: 11346: 11318: 11268: 11251: 11182: 11181: 11121: 11089: 11065: 10959: 10945: 10903:World War II 10901: 10737: 10681: 10536:Demographics 10514:Architecture 10455:Central Bank 10387:Human rights 10372:Constitution 10336:Shebaa farms 10326:Governorates 10306:Beqaa Valley 10268: 10232:Crusader era 10123: 10102: 10067: 10057: 10043: 10037: 10019: 10005: 9991: 9978:Fisk, Robert 9973: 9955: 9937: 9923: 9909: 9891: 9878:Noam Chomsky 9871: 9857: 9839: 9821: 9803: 9797: 9779: 9766: 9752: 9735: 9729: 9715: 9695:. Retrieved 9691: 9681: 9669:. Retrieved 9665: 9655: 9643:. Retrieved 9639:the original 9629: 9617:. Retrieved 9613: 9604: 9592:. Retrieved 9588:the original 9583: 9573: 9548: 9544: 9538: 9519: 9513: 9501:. Retrieved 9497: 9487: 9468: 9462: 9450:. Retrieved 9446: 9436: 9427: 9417: 9405:. Retrieved 9401:the original 9396: 9387: 9375: 9367: 9358: 9346: 9342: 9333: 9324: 9312: 9308: 9296:. Retrieved 9291: 9282: 9272: 9264: 9248: 9240: 9228: 9224: 9212: 9208: 9196: 9192: 9179: 9166: 9153: 9140: 9131: 9123: 9114: 9105: 9093: 9073: 9060:. pp. 64–72. 9045: 9040: 9030: 9021: 9012: 8997: 8988: 8960: 8950: 8941: 8921: 8913: 8905: 8886: 8879: 8870: 8866: 8860: 8848:. Retrieved 8838: 8814: 8807: 8795:. Retrieved 8785: 8775: 8771: 8764: 8749: 8733: 8724: 8715: 8707: 8698: 8690: 8681: 8672: 8655: 8651: 8645: 8636: 8627: 8618: 8609: 8600: 8591: 8582: 8575:John Bulloch 8569: 8560: 8547: 8534: 8524: 8515: 8507: 8502: 8493: 8481: 8473: 8468: 8456:. Retrieved 8451: 8439: 8431: 8426: 8406: 8399: 8379: 8372: 8363: 8357: 8345: 8333:. Retrieved 8329: 8319: 8290: 8279: 8256: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8228: 8208: 8201: 8182: 8176: 8156: 8149: 8129: 8103: 8095: 8078: 8045: 8038: 8006:. Springer. 8002: 7995: 7947: 7943: 7933: 7913: 7881: 7874: 7854: 7847: 7827: 7797: 7790: 7770: 7731: 7699: 7692: 7676: 7671: 7659:. Retrieved 7649: 7623:. Retrieved 7619:the original 7609: 7597:. Retrieved 7593:the original 7583: 7571:. Retrieved 7567:the original 7557: 7538: 7532: 7523: 7511:. Retrieved 7499: 7490: 7478:. Retrieved 7466: 7457: 7445:. Retrieved 7441:the original 7436: 7427: 7394: 7390: 7380: 7368:. Retrieved 7363: 7354: 7334: 7327: 7315:. Retrieved 7311:Kataeb Party 7310: 7301: 7289:. Retrieved 7282:the original 7269: 7249: 7242: 7222: 7215: 7174: 7170: 7160: 7149: 7139: 7119: 7112: 7096: 7091: 7082: 7073: 7063:23 September 7061:. Retrieved 7054:the original 7041: 7032: 7023: 7014: 7005: 6997: 6989: 6981: 6969: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6936: 6931: 6919:. Retrieved 6912:the original 6899: 6846: 6786: 6775: 6765: 6760: 6754: 6748: 6728: 6715: 6702: 6671: 6624:The British 6613:failed state 6601:Shimon Peres 6595: 6587: 6576: 6568: 6557: 6533: 6510: 6501: 6486:Please help 6474: 6435:sparked the 6433:Rafik Hariri 6430: 6419: 6401: 6389: 6369: 6365:Émile Lahoud 6354: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335:Samir Geagea 6328: 6306: 6302:Rene Mouawad 6298:Saudi Arabia 6282:Saudi Arabia 6271: 6245: 6238: 6207: 6199: 6191: 6173: 6149: 6138: 6134:Elie Hobeika 6122:Amin Gemayel 6119: 6102:Amin Gemayel 6099: 6092: 6074: 6063: 6042: 6024: 6020: 6018: 6001:, President 5992: 5985: 5974: 5967: 5923: 5914: 5910:Mountain War 5903: 5900:Mountain War 5889:an agreement 5882: 5865: 5860:Elie Hobeika 5856: 5831: 5823:U.S. Marines 5819: 5796:U.S. Marines 5791:Philip Habib 5788: 5780: 5767: 5764: 5737:Rafael Eitan 5733: 5708: 5703:Shlomo Argov 5692: 5651:Ariel Sharon 5647: 5615: 5602:Beqaa Valley 5587: 5576: 5548:Rafael Eitan 5525: 5509:Élias Sarkis 5498: 5458: 5452: 5440: 5432: 5408: 5379:Litani River 5375:Israeli Army 5363: 5332: 5321: 5306: 5297: 5286:Please help 5281:verification 5278: 5227: 5195:Kataeb Party 5188: 5176: 5149: 5140: 5129:Please help 5124:verification 5121: 5103:Uneasy quiet 5098: 5082: 5074: 5066: 5050: 5042: 4979: 4959: 4951:Bus Massacre 4947:Palestinians 4924: 4909: 4900: 4889:Please help 4884:verification 4881: 4844:Summer 1992 4748:Amin Gemayel 4702: 4676: 4650:Mountain War 4645:Summer 1983 4613:Amin Gemayel 4568:in Lebanon. 4505:Summer 1976 4498:Elias Sarkis 4431: 4416: 4400: 4383:Maarouf Saad 4328: 4304: 4271: 4252: 4189: 4178: 4155:Shia Muslims 4125:Mountain War 4122: 4098:Mountain War 4079: 4032: 4012: 4007: 3914: 3882: 3854: 3833:Saudi Arabia 3802: 3795:fighters in 3781:Palestinians 3748: 3736: 3724:"pro-Syrian" 3705: 3670: 3626:Hamra Street 3586: 3575: 3546:Samir Geagea 3538: 3514:Saudi Arabia 3510:West Germany 3506:Pahlavi Iran 3458:William Hawi 3446:Kataeb Party 3438:Dany Chamoun 3431: 3415: 3395: 3382: 3361: 3357: 3335:Bekaa valley 3322: 3311: 3293: 3284: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3245: 3236: 3225:Please help 3220:verification 3217: 3179: 3175:Maarouf Saad 3167: 3163: 3159: 3147:King Hussein 3143: 3123: 3107: 3103:Yezid Sayigh 3095:Khalil Wazir 3089:, including 3058: 3050:Baghdad Pact 3046:Soviet Union 3030: 3025: 3010: 2971: 2951:Vichy French 2943:World War II 2941: 2926: 2917: 2902:Please help 2890: 2842: 2832: 2821:Soldiers in 2801: 2781: 2775:October 2014 2772: 2761:Please help 2756:verification 2753: 2697: 2662: 2634:pan-Arabists 2622:Palestinians 2605:Beqaa Valley 2582: 2560: 2558: 2505:10th century 2317: 2238:Sidon Eyalet 2220:Ottoman rule 2057:(538–332 BC) 2055:Persian rule 2051:(605–538 BC) 2045:(883–605 BC) 2037:Hittite rule 1996: 1906: 1799: 1798: 1732: 1731: 1661: 1660: 1626:Qaa massacre 1584: 1583: 1517:Bus massacre 1510: 1498: 1436:1,000 troops 1427:1,000 troops 1418:1,200 troops 1336: 1329: 1287:Said Shaaban 1263: 1119: 1105: 1098: 1093:Dany Chamoun 1072:Rafael Eitan 1061:Ariel Sharon 1005:Etienne Saqr 1001:Samir Geagea 990:Elie Hobeika 976: 971:William Hawi 946: 932: 857:Saudi Arabia 838:(1976–1982) 827: 770:(1982–1984) 754: 741: 692: 651: 626: 443: 440:(until 1980) 430:(from 1978) 405:(until 1977) 355:(until 1978) 336:Kataeb Party 306:Belligerents 141:1983 bombing 135: 124:Monument at 120: 40:Part of the 29: 14758:Arab Ba'ath 14680:Salah Jadid 14537:Arabization 14384:Six-Day War 14379:Suez Crisis 14325:Arab Revolt 14304:Pan-Arabism 14216:(1977–1990) 14210:(1977–1978) 14204:(1976–1977) 14186:(1963–1967) 14173:South Yemen 14097:Prisoner X2 13391:(2008–2009) 13379:(2000–2005) 13373:(1987–1993) 13367:(1982–2000) 13343:(1967–1970) 13335:Six-Day War 13331:(1964–1967) 13323:Suez Crisis 13319:(1951–1956) 13313:(1948–1949) 13253:(2004–2014) 13247:(2003–2011) 13239:Bosnian War 13229:(1982–1990) 13182:(1973–1976) 12981:Taba Summit 12750:White Paper 12630:(2023–2024) 12560:(2015–2016) 12508:(2008–2009) 12500:(2007–2008) 12480:Lebanon War 12428:(2000–2005) 12343:(1987–1993) 12307:Lebanon War 12220:(1972–1979) 12168:(1968–1982) 12152:(1967–1970) 12142:Six-Day War 12115:Suez Crisis 12109:(1949–1956) 12101:(1948–1949) 11971:North Korea 11765:Arab League 11654:Authorities 11567:World War I 11025:Suez Crisis 10972:Suez Crisis 10701:Arab Revolt 10683:World War I 10450:Agriculture 9942:Hiro, Dilip 9503:18 December 9452:18 December 9135:(Fisk, 609) 8797:23 February 7950:(3): 1–11. 7661:23 February 7625:29 February 7599:23 February 7573:23 February 7313:(in Arabic) 7291:26 February 6744:Nabil Kanso 6697:Aref Rayess 6673:Out of Life 6659:Argentinean 6650:1986 song " 6392:amnesty law 6313:Elias Hrawi 6309:car bombing 6274:Arab League 6218:Michel Aoun 6110:Hafez Assad 5935:Nabih Berri 5588:Across the 5544:Syrian Army 5415:Saad Haddad 5339:Syrian Army 5300:August 2020 5193:(NLP), the 5085:Arab League 4991:West Beirut 4972:throughout 4935:East Beirut 4903:August 2020 4821:Omar Karami 4780:Elias Hrawi 4776:René Moawad 4713:March 1985 4635:April 1983 4453:Chronology 4282:Ragheb Harb 4228:Palestinian 4141:Syrian army 3805:Palestinian 3790:Palestinian 3728:Assem Qanso 3712:"pro-Iraqi" 3677:Saad Haddad 3572:Secularists 3397:Wilton Wynn 3371:Marounistan 3270:in Arabic. 3266:, known as 3239:August 2020 3149:during the 3110:Fuad Chehab 3034:Suez Crisis 2947:Free French 2834:World War I 2825:during the 2704:Arab League 2603:and in the 2500:9th century 2495:8th century 2490:7th century 2485:6th century 2480:5th century 2475:4th century 2470:3rd century 2465:2nd century 2460:1st century 2282:(1920–1943) 2280:French rule 2276:(1918–1920) 2270:(1888–1917) 2264:(1861–1918) 2258:(1843-1861) 2252:(1749–1957) 2246:(1697–1842) 2240:(1660–1864) 2234:(1579–1864) 2228:(1516–1840) 2222:(1516–1918) 2201:(1493–1860) 2195:(1490–1697) 2189:(1306–1591) 2183:(1291–1515) 2177:(1127–1250) 2171:(1099–1291) 2165:(1099–1291) 2159:(1037–1194) 2153:(1024–1080) 2078:(332–64 BC) 1978:History of 1897:1958 crisis 1345:Michel Aoun 1320:Nabih Berri 1173:George Hawi 1162:Assem Qanso 1025:Saad Haddad 916:South Yemen 904:(1976 only) 765:(from 1978) 689:(from 1982) 662:(1985–1990) 470:(1982–1990) 455:(1975–1982) 417:(from 1976) 281:Territorial 54:Iran–Israel 15213:Proxy wars 15112:Categories 14922:Literature 14615:Tariq Aziz 14532:Arab world 14527:Arab Union 14456:Dhofar War 14208:Ogaden War 14171:involving 13520:April 2024 13464:Background 13117:2022 13089:2020 13083:2019 13063:2016 13057:2013 13051:2010 13045:2007 13039:2006 13029:2006 13011:2005 13001:2004 12995:2003 12985:2002 12979:2001 12973:2000 12963:2000 12957:1999 12951:1998 12945:1995 12935:1994 12929:1993 12923:1991 12906:1983 12900:1982 12888:1981 12882:1980 12863:1979 12853:1978 12843:1974 12833:1973 12823:1967 12817:1950 12807:1949 12801:1948 12784:1948 12778:1947 12768:Bevin Plan 12766:1947 12760:1946 12754:1939 12748:1939 12742:1937 12736:1922 12730:1920 12724:1919 12714:1918 12708:1917 12702:1916 12696:1915 12690:1914 12684:Background 12591:Black Belt 12497:Hot Winter 12357:Tunis raid 12332:Wooden Leg 11689:Hamas Gaza 10576:Television 10467:(currency) 10377:Corruption 10237:Mamluk era 9671:20 January 9645:20 January 9380:Al Jazeera 9235:pp. 13–14. 8979:0671479911 8968:. p. 8458:15 October 8417:0271043016 8271:0814325270 8089:0745317928 7685:1850436355 7099:. p. 144. 6870:References 6776:Memory Box 6678:Jury Prize 6579:land mines 6554:Casualties 6064:New Jersey 5606:Phalangist 5579:Green Line 5556:airstrikes 5493:See also: 5479:Phalangist 5360:base, 1981 5213:(KRF) and 5184:Green Line 5171:Green Line 5143:April 2014 5087:summit in 5070:Arab world 5023:See also: 4970:roadblocks 4945:killed 30 4805:Selim Hoss 4679:Amal Party 4573:July 1980 4033:The small 3876:(DFLP) of 3726:headed by 3610:Inaam Raad 3528:family in 3367:Swiss-like 3189:See also: 3073:Communists 2984:, and the 2959:Christians 2851:under the 2827:mutasarrif 2802:In 1860 a 2735:Background 2624:—first in 2454:By century 2199:Harfushids 2141:(909–1171) 2135:(890–1004) 2123:(750–1258) 2082:Roman rule 2016:Prehistory 1454:700 troops 1445:700 troops 1143:Inaam Raad 136:New Jersey 14955:Symbolism 14299:Nasserism 14294:Ba'athism 13505:reactions 13241:(1992–95) 12917:1991–2016 12896:Fahd Plan 12795:1948–1983 12418:2000–2021 12281:1980–1999 12126:1960–1979 12084:1947–1959 11860:as-Sa'iqa 11800:Hezbollah 11750:Abu Nidal 11651:Countries 10551:Languages 10541:Education 10483:Transport 10414:President 10321:Districts 10289:Geography 10269:Civil War 10222:Roman era 10212:Phoenicia 9594:1 October 9565:155023087 9298:20 August 8850:16 August 8434:, p. 354. 8311:493308231 8030:187523435 7966:1944-0464 7508:0040-781X 7475:0040-781X 7411:0026-3206 7207:144274670 7191:0968-3445 7000:. p. 238. 6717:Incendies 6687:In 2009, 6632:released 6609:civil war 6504:July 2021 6475:does not 6411:Aftermath 6183:Hezbollah 6162:issued a 6147:started. 6062:USS 5927:Hezbollah 5643:the South 5598:Christian 5590:mountains 5058:Islamists 4699:Hezbollah 4494:May 1976 4397:Armenians 4343:Nasserist 4278:Hezbollah 4255:Musa Sadr 4253:In 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