402:"Kleomachos went with the Thessalian force to aid the Chalcidians; at what time it was evident that the Chalcidians were the stronger in foot, but they found it a difficult thing to withstand the force of the enemies' horse. (...) Kleomachos, being surrounded with some few of the flower of the Thessalian horse, he charged into the thickest of the enemy and put them to the rout; which the heavy-armed infantry seeing, they betook themselves also to flight, so that the Chalcidians obtained a noble victory. However, Kleomachos was there slain, and the Chalcidians show his monument erected in the market-place, with a fair pillar standing upon it to this day."
464:"Now in general these cities were in accord with one another, and when differences arose concerning the Lelantine Plain they did not so completely break off relations as to wage their wars in all respects according to the will of each, but they came to an agreement as to the conditions under which they were to conduct the fight. This fact, among others, is disclosed by a certain pillar in the Amarynthium, which forbids the use of long distance missiles."
523:
252:
29:
331:"There was no union of subject cities round a great state, no spontaneous combination of equals for confederate expeditions; what fighting there was consisted merely of local warfare between rival neighbours. The nearest approach to a coalition took place in the old war between Chalcis and Eretria; this was a quarrel in which the rest of the Hellenic name did to some extent take sides."
924:(western colonisation). Chalcis entered a long decline while the islands in the Cyclades that Eretria controlled earlier seem to have become independent. From Theognis, another conflict over the Lelantine field is implied in the 6th century, so it seems the two cities fought again. In any case, after the war both cities continued the colonisation of the
514:, situated between Chalcis and Eretria on the Lelantine plain, ceased at approximately the same time as the Lelantine war and the emergence of Eretria as a major archaeological site. The excavators have speculated that Lefkandi may have been the predecessor of Eretria and abandoned as the result of the victory of Chalcis in the war.
810:
which the majority of scholars do not consider likely for the 8th century BC. Even if many other cities were involved in warfare at the same time, it cannot, however, be argued that every conflict between Greek states of the time was part of this war. Thus, most scholars assume that, apart from the cities mentioned above, only
842:
at the same time, with Argos perhaps joining with her neighbor Aegina on the side of
Eretria and Sparta supporting Chalcis. Herodotus mentions a Samian expedition in aid of Sparta against the Messenians, and this would favor the hypothesis of Sparta siding with her and Chalcis in the Lelantine war. A
505:
of
Eretria took place around 740-730 BC. The last such burial dates to around 690 BC. The site of Chalcis, still occupied, has been subject to very little archaeological research, but similar burials of warriors are indicated by written sources, especially in reference to Amphidamas. Around 680 BC, a
809:
on that of
Chalcis. Beyond these, the enmities and alliances between Archaic Greek states known from other sources have led to further suggestions of parties involved, leading some scholars to propose up to 40 participants. Such numbers would, however, imply broad-ranging political alliance systems,
324:
In the introduction of his work on the
Peloponnesian War, Thucydides (460 BC to early 4th century) gives a short summary of earlier Greek history, stating that there were no major collective military actions by Greeks between the Trojan War and the Persian Wars. As an exception, he mentions the War
238:
can be read to imply there was a conflict between
Eretria and Chalcis in the middle of the 6th century BC. While a few historians have suggested this as the date of the Lelantine War, it is more probable that Theognis refers to a second, smaller and even less known Lelantine War: "we are certainly
895:) lasted until the mid-7th century BC. It may have been concluded, in favour of Chalcis, by the intervention of a Thessalian cavalry army, led by Kleomachos of Pharsalos, although it is not entirely clear whether the event in question decided the war, or indeed whether Chalcis definitely won it.
874:
Most current scholarship is of the opinion that such long-distance alliances cannot have existed in the 8th century BC. Instead, there may have been alliance-like based on personal relationships among the nobility, so that the struggle involved only
Eretria, Chalcis and the Thessalian aristocrat
561:
Chalcis and
Eretria are ports on the west coast of Euboea. Both cities claimed the Lelantine Plain, perhaps originally made fertile by the river Lelas, which traverses the plain from north to south, as a natural border. Although, strictly speaking, Eretria is located outside the plain, it had a
903:
After the long war Euboea, once the leading region of Greece, had become a backwater. The defeated
Eretria and the probable victor Chalcis had lost their former economic and political importance. On the Mediterranean markets, Corinthian vase painting had taken over the dominant role previously
422:"It has been told us, that the most famous and eminent poets once met at the grave of Amphidamas in Chalcis. This Amphidamas was a leading citizen, one that had perpetual wars with the Eretrians, and at last lost his life in one of the battles fought for the possession of the Lelantine plain."
506:
triangular building was erected atop the warrior graves at
Eretria and used to dedicate offerings to the fallen heroes. This may be connected to a rekindling of the conflict after a lull or truce (see below), leading to the Eretrians seeking the aid of their dead
858:
peninsula which had originally belonged to Megara. The actions of
Chalcis and Corinth in the context of western colonisation suggest that the two cities were allied, or at least friendly; Chalcis had prevented Megarian settlers from establishing themselves at
854:, where its major competitor was Samos. Samos was allied with Chalcis, which suggests that Aegina took the side of Eretria. Corinth and Megara were at war for practically all of the Archaic period, primarily because of the Corinthian conquest of the
470:
A similar agreement is indirectly referred to by Archilochos (7th century BC), the second contemporary author to refer to the Lelantine War. He tells how the "warlike lords of Euboea" will not use bow or sling, but only swords, in a coming battle.
740:
indicate that the war was still ongoing through the poet's lifetime (he is usually thought to have died c. 645 BC). It is possible, and likely, that the conflict was subdivided in several phases of warfare and ceasefires, as were e.g. the
362:"for the Milesians in former times had borne with the Eretrians the burden of all that war which they had with the Chalkidians at the time when the Chalkidians on their side were helped by the Samians against the Eretrians and Milesians."
882:
Around 700 BC, the Eretrian mother town at Lefkandi was finally destroyed, probably by Chalcis. This cut Eretria's link with the Lelantine Plain. At about the same time Eretria's ally Miletus ravaged the southern Euboean town of
458:, Chalcis and Eretria had once been friendly. He states that their former friendship resulted in both parties to the conflict agreeing before battle on contractually determined conditions, especially on not using missiles.
972:
19th-century historians preferred an early dating, in the late 8th century; more recent scholars have gravitated towards later dates: older datings are noted in Donald W. Bradeen, "The Lelantine War and Pheidon of Argo",
712:
The war between Chalcis and Eretria probably began around 710 BC. Although both cities must have possessed large fleets, it was waged on land. Since the war took place before the development or introduction of
566:. Its ancient name is unknown, so it is generally called by that of the modern settlement. Lefkandi suffered heavy destructions in c. 825 BC, after which the majority of its population probably moved to Eretria.
784:
Primarily, the war would have involved the two conflicting cities and their territories. At the time of the war, the state of Eretria included one quarter of the island of Euboea as well as the nearby Cyclades
390:, whose cavalry defeated the Eretrians in a battle. According to Plutarch, Kleomachos himself was killed during the battle and received an honourable burial as well as a commemorative column on the
867:. In analogy, a friendship between Megara and Eretria is assumed. Herodotus reports that Chios supported Miletus in the Ionian Revolt, because Miletus had previously assisted the Chiotes against
611:
In the 8th century BC, Euboea was one of the economically strongest regions of Greece. The two leading powers of the island, Chalcis and Eretria were among the driving forces behind the
562:
historical claim to it. The reason is that Eretria was probably initially the port for a mother town situated further west. That town was located at the mouth of the Lelas, near modern
1144:
673:
According to tradition, the war was caused by a conflict about the Lelantine Plain. This very fertile area had for a long time been used for agriculture, including the cultivation of
797:). The expansion of the conflict into other regions and the number of allies are disputed. There are direct references to three further participants apart from Chalcis and Eretria:
875:
Kleomachos of Pharsalos with his own troops. The German historian Detlev Fehling believes that the entire Lelantine War is an invention of later centuries, produced by a chain of
776:, and the classical hoplite. The size and numbers of Chalcis's forces are unknown. We only know that their infantry was superior and their cavalry inferior to that of Eretria.
685:. Nevertheless, it remains unclear why Chalcis and Eretria suddenly came to blows over the Lelantine Plain after apparently being in agreement on its use for a long time.
281:
allow for a sketchy picture of the Lelantine War. However, as a result of the ambiguity of the surviving written sources, date and extent of the war are disputed among
378:
he states that during the war, the Chalcidians felt on a par with the Eretrian foot soldiers, but not with their cavalry. Thus, he writes, they procured the aid of a
491:
On the basis of these literary sources, and assisted by a variety of archaeological finds, modern scholarship has reconstructed an outline of the Lelantine War.
629:, Eretria secured access to the western Mediterranean. Since the second quarter of the 8th century, Euboean traders were present on the island of Pithekoussai (
197:
The war between Chalcis and Eretria was the one in which most cities belonging to the rest of Greece were divided up into alliances with one side or the other.
928:
peninsula in Northern Greece. Eretria felt compelled by the help Miletus had given her during the war to repay its debt by assisting Miletus during the
704:
was abandoned as a result. This drought and the attendant famine could have led to both Chalcis and Eretria laying claim on all of the Lelantine Plain.
677:. In Greece, where fertile land is scarce, wars for agriculturally attractive terrain were not uncommon, especially in the Archaic period, e.g. between
871:. Thus, based on the allegiance of Miletus, an alliance between Chios and Eretria, as well as one between Erythrai and Chalcis can be suggested.
1920:
1893:
157:, the conflict spread considerably, with many further city states joining either side, resulting in much of Greece being at war. The historian
416:. Plutarch states that Amphidamas fell in the struggle for the Lelantine Plain, after performing several heroic deeds fighting the Eretrians.
210:
The length of the war, as well as the cities involved, and even the historicity of the Lelantine War remain debated among modern historians.
440:"Then I crossed over to Chalkis, to the games of wise Amphidamas where the sons of the great-hearted hero proclaimed and appointed prizes."
1949:
625:, a colony conceived to facilitate trade with the eastern Mediterranean. Roughly at the same time, they expanded westwards. Together with
2159:
321:. The first references in historical works are from the 5th century, two centuries after the events, and remain vague and brief.
2314:
2139:
2103:
1291:
1815:
277:
had developed, there are no contemporaneous written sources on the events. The few later sources and the much more copious
218:
There is no direct information in ancient sources to date this war. Indirect evidence in Thucydides points towards a date
838:
and the Messenian cities had also some connection with the Lelantine war, since there was a conflict between Sparta and
434:, a contest in honour of the late Amphidamas, but without mentioning Homer or linking Amphidamas to the Lelantine War.
2334:
2329:
2309:
2304:
1904:
1876:
1942:
621:, acting for a long time not as competitors but as collaborators. Around the mid-8th century, they jointly founded
746:
143:
period, between c. 710 and 650 BC. The reason for war was, according to tradition, the struggle for the fertile
256:
325:
between Chalcidians and Eretrians, during which most of the rest of Hellas joined one of the warring parties:
612:
301:
No detailed record of the Lelantine War was produced by a contemporary author (such as Thucydides for the
2324:
2214:
2184:
2108:
2085:
1935:
1738:
1443:
409:
2169:
688:
The origin of the conflict could be connected to a natural disaster. At the end of the 8th century BC,
2027:
1500:
905:
313:. Therefore, the only contemporary sources about the Lelantine War are references in the early poets
2144:
1736:
Burns, A.R. (1929). "The so-called 'Trade-Leagues' in Early Greek History and the Lelantine War".
1441:
Burn, A. R. (1929). "The So-Called 'Trade-Leagues' in Early Greek History and the Lelantine War".
2339:
2319:
2037:
1989:
1011:, pp. 1â8, writes "In short, we do not know when â or even whether â the Lelantine War occurred."
352:, attributing the support to Miletus having supported Eretria in her war against Chalcis, while
222:
700 BC, that situates it halfway between history and legend. At the very same time, the site of
2262:
2244:
2219:
2078:
1586:
177:
1889:
Untersuchungen zum Lelantischen Krieg und verwandten Problemen der frĂŒhgriechischen Geschichte
2266:
2258:
2208:
2200:
1958:
717:
282:
1020:
Not all agree: "Theognis 891-4 certainly does not refer to the war: the verses imply social
653:, a point which Thucydides saw as the true start of Greek colonisation. Shortly thereafter,
2204:
2196:
2131:
1984:
447:
428:
Plutarch's source was traditionally attributed to Hesiod himself. Hesiod does mention, in
340:
Herodotus (484 BC to 425 BC) mentions the same war as the reason why in 494 BC, after the
169:
of the early 5th century BC in which allied cities rather than single ones were involved.
8:
2032:
1974:
309:. The Greek literary tradition as a whole started only in the late 8th century BC, with
161:
describes the Lelantine War as exceptional, the only war in Greece between the mythical
2118:
2017:
1914:
1853:
1845:
1792:
1763:
1755:
1724:
1695:
1657:
1649:
1534:
1468:
1460:
1375:
1358:
1316:
1308:
1289:
Popham, M. R. (1983). "Euboean Exports to Al Mina, Cyprus, and Crete: A Reassessment".
933:
662:
499:
Archaeological study has shown that the first warrior burials in the area of the later
234:
suggest that at the mid-8th century Chalcis and Eretria were cooperating. Furthermore,
166:
980:(1947:223-241) p. 223 note 1.: Bradeen links the extension of the war to the rise of
305:), as Greek historiography only developed 200 years later, starting with the works of
2229:
2052:
2042:
1900:
1872:
1857:
1811:
1767:
1699:
1661:
1472:
1320:
742:
349:
302:
33:
Hypothetical alliances of Chalcis (blue) and Eretria (red) during the Lelantine War.
2284:
2254:
2239:
2164:
2093:
2009:
1994:
1837:
1803:
1784:
1747:
1716:
1687:
1641:
1526:
1452:
1367:
1300:
1822:
765:. This implies that this conflict took place at the transitional time between the
2192:
2073:
1887:
1866:
757:
Eretria at its height (a period brought to an end by this war) could field 3,000
534:
144:
372:(c. 45 to 125 AD) mentions traditions regarding the Lelantine War twice. In his
2174:
2062:
2057:
1966:
1407:
According to Thucydides (I 3), the first Greek naval battle took place between
1166:
725:
649:
mainland was founded. Around 735 BC, Chalcis founded the first Greek colony in
430:
413:
274:
240:
226:
was being incrementally deserted, perhaps as a consequence of the turmoil. The
140:
122:
1691:
1304:
936:
in 490 BC. Chalcis retained control of the Lelantine Plain until 506 BC, when
772:, entering the war on chariot and fighting his enemies like the heroes of the
2298:
2272:
2022:
1999:
929:
839:
831:
618:
341:
270:
2234:
2224:
2067:
802:
794:
721:
353:
85:
887:. During this phase, Miletus rose to be the dominant power in the eastern
510:. The occupation of the Xeropolis settlement and use of the cemeteries at
2249:
2179:
2154:
2149:
2098:
1393:
Cambitoglou, A. & Coulton, J. J. (1970). "áŒÎœÎ±ÏÎșαÏα᜶ ÎαγοÏáŸ¶Ï áŒÎœÎŽÏÎżÎœ".
737:
581:
318:
278:
1356:
Camp, John McK. II (1979). "A Drought in the Late Eighth Century B. C".
1312:
485:
for the warlike lords of Euboea are experienced in that manner of war."
2126:
2047:
1796:
925:
913:
888:
383:
202:
162:
158:
1849:
1759:
1728:
1653:
1538:
1464:
1379:
1927:
975:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
855:
638:
522:
412:
on the occasion of the funeral games of a Chalcidian nobleman called
387:
306:
1788:
1775:
Donlan, Walter (1970). "Archilochus, Strabo and the Lelantine War".
1841:
1808:
A History of the Archaic Greek World, ca. 1200â479 BCE, 2nd Edition
1751:
1720:
1645:
1607:
1530:
1456:
1371:
941:
884:
868:
827:
806:
758:
634:
605:
563:
511:
379:
369:
251:
235:
223:
1555:, (Hutchinson University Library, London, 1968), ch. 4, pp. 35, 36
1517:
Bradeen, D. W. (1947). "The Lelantine War and Pheidon of Argos".
1412:
1408:
981:
921:
917:
864:
860:
847:, which had affiliations with Sparta, gives additional evidence.
815:
798:
766:
762:
733:
714:
697:
658:
654:
622:
608:
islands and to locations further abroad for expansion and trade.
601:
597:
589:
574:
530:
526:
374:
345:
290:
132:
128:
108:
102:
1707:
Bradeen, D.W. (1947). "The Lelantine War and Pheidon of Argos".
1245:
Excavations at Lefkandi, Euboea, 1964/1966. A Preliminary Report
285:. Some authors have even suggested that the war may be entirely
28:
1071:
Detlev Fehling: âZwei LehrstĂŒcke ĂŒber Pseudo-Nachrichten", in:
937:
850:
The island state of Aegina was mainly active in the trade with
835:
819:
811:
786:
701:
693:
689:
682:
678:
650:
630:
593:
585:
578:
570:
501:
451:
314:
261:
231:
227:
148:
136:
77:
54:
892:
851:
844:
823:
790:
773:
729:
646:
642:
626:
392:
310:
187:
181:
152:
125:
81:
1678:
Boardman, John (1957). "Early Euboean Pottery and History".
879:(pseudo-reports). This opinion has been generally rejected.
577:
tribe. Evidence of this is that the two Ionian seats in the
674:
661:
were founded on either side of the strategically important
507:
286:
239:
not dealing with a 'Hundred Years Lelantine War'", remarks
1055:
Klaus Tausend: âDer Lelantische Krieg â ein Mythos?", in:
908:). The leading role in colonisation was taken over by the
830:
took part. However, there is speculation that the ongoing
569:
Eretria and Chalcis originally had a political union with
151:. Due to the economic importance of the two participating
732:. According to another view, the war consisted mainly of
483:
instead the much-sighing work will belong to the swords,
1568:, (Penguin Books, Suffolk, England, 1983), III., p. 223
269:
Since the conflict took place at a very early point in
473:
460:
436:
418:
398:
358:
327:
1777:
Transactions of the American Philological Association
1709:
Transactions of the American Philological Association
1519:
Transactions of the American Philological Association
1138:
1136:
1134:
1116:
1114:
1112:
728:, most of the combatants were probably lightly armed
1177:
1175:
1392:
1131:
1109:
863:, while Corinth had driven Eretrian settlers from
700:. It is likely that the Eretrian establishment on
255:One of the oldest known Greek inscriptions, from "
1271:
1269:
1255:
1253:
932:. This led to Eretria's destruction prior to the
16:War in Archaic Greece between Chalcis and Eretria
2296:
1172:
696:and other nearby islands suffered from a severe
408:Elsewhere, Plutarch mentions the tradition of a
1823:"A Thucydidean Scholium on the 'Lelantine War'"
1632:Mattingly, H. B. (1961). "Athens and Euboea".
1512:
1510:
1266:
1250:
1943:
1423:
1421:
1206:
1204:
1067:
1065:
1051:
1049:
1047:
481:whenever battle will be joined in the plain;
1507:
1184:
1155:
994:
992:
990:
410:poetic competition between Homer and Hesiod
265:from the final third of the 8th century BC.
1950:
1936:
1919:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1418:
1220:
1201:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1062:
1044:
1026:Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer
494:
27:
1631:
604:. The two soon turned towards the nearby
454:(c. 63 BC to 23 AD) reports that the two
1677:
1492:
987:
521:
250:
121:was a military conflict between the two
1820:
1706:
1516:
1078:
779:
396:of Chalcis from her grateful citizens.
2297:
1957:
1885:
1864:
1774:
1680:Annual of the British School at Athens
1292:Annual of the British School at Athens
1288:
172:Ancient authors normally refer to the
1931:
1810:, Chichester, Wiley Blackwell, 2014.
1735:
1429:Untersuchungen zum Lelantischen Krieg
1277:Untersuchungen zum Lelantischen Krieg
1210:A.M. Ainian: "Geometric Eretria" in:
843:war of Miletus against the island of
174:War between Chalcidians and Eretrians
2160:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese
1440:
1355:
1075:122, 1979, p. 199â210, esp. p. 204f.
707:
1059:69, 1987, p. 499â514, esp. p. 513f.
736:engagements. The relevant lines by
344:, Eretria sent military support to
13:
2140:AntigonidâNabataean confrontations
1009:History of the Archaic Greek World
961:History of the Archaic Greek World
891:. The war (perhaps interrupted by
296:
213:
14:
2351:
1247:, Thames and Hudson, London 1968.
1243:M. R. Popham, and L. H. Sackett,
1073:Rheinisches Museum fĂŒr Philologie
904:occupied by Euboean pottery (see
668:
1259:M.R. Popham & L.H. Sackett:
645:, the first Greek colony on the
1671:
1625:
1616:
1601:
1592:
1580:
1571:
1558:
1545:
1479:
1434:
1401:
1386:
1349:
1336:
1327:
1282:
1237:
1092:
230:of the joint Euboean colony at
189:pĂłlemos ChalkidĂ©on kaĂŹ EretriĆn
1553:A History of Sparta 950-192 BC
1228:L'HĂ©rĂŽon ĂĄ la porte de l'ouest
1031:
1014:
1001:
966:
953:
183:ÏÏÎ»Î”ÎŒÎżÏ Î§Î±Î»ÎșÎčÎŽÎÏÎœ Îșα᜶ áŒÏΔÏÏÎčáż¶Îœ
139:which took place in the early
1:
2315:Wars involving ancient Greece
947:
517:
477:"Not many bows will be drawn,
356:had taken the opposite side:
348:, then under threat from the
66:Chalcidian victory (probably)
1899:. Vol. 109. Stuttgart.
1024:," observes Robin Lane Fox (
637:, to conduct trade with the
188:
7:
2109:Wars of Alexander the Great
1830:Journal of Hellenic Studies
1739:Journal of Hellenic Studies
1634:Journal of Hellenic Studies
1444:Journal of Hellenic Studies
1145:Septem sapientium convivium
920:(eastern colonisation) and
801:on the side of Eretria and
10:
2356:
898:
479:nor will slings be common,
246:
182:
2281:
2117:
2028:Wars of the Delian League
2008:
1965:
1692:10.1017/s0068245400012867
1501:Cambridge Ancient History
1489:, Paris 1955, p. 398â404.
1305:10.1017/s0068245400019730
1279:, Stuttgart 1997, p. 167.
1194:1, 3 (Diehl) = Plutarch,
906:Pottery of ancient Greece
752:
720:, but under exclusion of
96:
37:
26:
21:
2335:7th century BC in Greece
2330:8th century BC in Greece
2310:7th-century BC conflicts
2305:8th-century BC conflicts
2053:Second Peloponnesian War
1261:Lefkandi 1: The Iron Age
1192:Anthologia Lyrica Graeca
573:as they were all of the
76:Eretria lost control of
2038:First Peloponnesian War
1886:Parker, Victor (1997).
641:. A few decades later,
495:Archaeological evidence
279:archaeological evidence
2245:Seleucid Dynastic Wars
2170:SeleucidâParthian Wars
2104:Expansion of Macedonia
1865:Murray, Oswyn (1993).
1821:Lambert, S.D. (1982).
558:
368:An even later author,
337:(Crawley translation)
266:
208:
761:, 600 cavalry and 60
525:
283:Classical scholarship
254:
195:
2145:SeleucidâMauryan war
1985:Second Messenian War
1333:Thukydides VI 4,5â6.
1028:, 2008:158 note 16).
780:Alliances and extent
2033:Third Messenian War
1990:LydianâMilesian War
1975:First Messenian War
1871:. London: Fontana.
1611:Quaestiones Graecae
1504:III, 1929, S. 622f.
822:, and perhaps also
633:) off the coast of
549:= Lelantine Plain;
2325:Greek colonization
2220:RomanâSeleucid War
2079:ThebanâSpartan War
2018:Greco-Persian Wars
1959:Ancient Greek wars
1181:Strabon X 1,11â12.
934:battle of Marathon
877:Pseudo-Nachrichten
663:Straits of Messina
559:
553:= Gulf of Euboea;
267:
228:foundation stories
2292:
2291:
2230:War against Nabis
2043:Second Sacred War
1816:978-1-118-30127-2
1431:, Stuttgart 1997.
998:Thucydides I. 15.
743:Peloponnesian War
708:Course of the war
547:Lelantische Ebene
489:
488:
468:
467:
444:
443:
426:
425:
406:
405:
366:
365:
335:
334:
303:Peloponnesian War
147:on the island of
115:
114:
92:
91:
2347:
2285:Military history
2255:Mithridatic Wars
2240:Maccabean Revolt
2188:
2165:Chremonidean War
2094:Third Sacred War
2089:
1995:First Sacred War
1952:
1945:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1882:
1861:
1827:
1804:Jonathan M. Hall
1800:
1771:
1732:
1703:
1666:
1665:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1598:Thucydides VI 4.
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1490:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1353:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1224:
1218:
1217:, 1987, p. 3â24.
1208:
1199:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1170:
1163:Ărga kaĂŹ hĂȘmĂ©rai
1159:
1153:
1140:
1129:
1118:
1107:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1076:
1069:
1060:
1053:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1018:
1012:
1005:
999:
996:
985:
982:Pheidon at Argos
970:
964:
957:
474:
461:
437:
419:
399:
386:(Cleomachus) of
359:
328:
206:
191:
185:
184:
39:
38:
31:
19:
18:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2277:
2193:Macedonian Wars
2186:
2113:
2087:
2074:Theban hegemony
2004:
1961:
1956:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1897:Einzelschriften
1879:
1825:
1789:10.2307/2936044
1674:
1669:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1546:
1515:
1508:
1497:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1419:
1406:
1402:
1391:
1387:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1251:
1242:
1238:
1225:
1221:
1209:
1202:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1160:
1156:
1141:
1132:
1119:
1110:
1097:
1093:
1089:Herodotus V 99.
1088:
1079:
1070:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1032:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1002:
997:
988:
971:
967:
958:
954:
950:
901:
782:
755:
710:
671:
535:Lelantine Plain
520:
497:
484:
482:
480:
478:
299:
297:Written sources
249:
216:
214:Date of the war
207:
201:
145:Lelantine Plain
72:
58:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2353:
2343:
2342:
2340:Archaic Greece
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2320:Ancient Euboea
2317:
2312:
2307:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2190:
2182:
2177:
2175:Cleomenean War
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2070:
2065:
2063:Corinthian War
2060:
2058:Phyle Campaign
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1905:
1883:
1877:
1862:
1842:10.2307/631143
1818:
1801:
1772:
1752:10.2307/625000
1733:
1721:10.2307/283496
1704:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1646:10.2307/628082
1624:
1615:
1600:
1591:
1579:
1577:Forrest, p. 36
1570:
1557:
1551:W.G. Forrest,
1544:
1531:10.2307/283496
1506:
1491:
1478:
1457:10.2307/625000
1433:
1417:
1400:
1385:
1372:10.2307/147843
1366:(4): 397â411.
1348:
1335:
1326:
1281:
1265:
1263:, London 1980.
1249:
1236:
1234:3), Bern 1970.
1219:
1200:
1183:
1171:
1167:Works and Days
1154:
1130:
1108:
1091:
1077:
1061:
1043:
1030:
1013:
1000:
986:
965:
951:
949:
946:
940:established a
900:
897:
781:
778:
754:
751:
747:Messenian Wars
709:
706:
670:
669:Reason for war
667:
584:were given to
551:Golf von Euböa
541:= Aegean Sea;
539:ĂgĂ€isches Meer
519:
516:
496:
493:
487:
486:
466:
465:
442:
441:
431:Works and Days
424:
423:
404:
403:
364:
363:
350:Persian empire
333:
332:
298:
295:
275:historiography
248:
245:
241:Robin Lane Fox
215:
212:
199:
113:
112:
106:
99:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
74:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
57:island, Greece
53:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2352:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2273:War of Actium
2271:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Aeginetan War
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
2000:Sicilian Wars
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Lelantine War
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1906:3-515-06970-4
1902:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1878:0-00-686249-7
1874:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1622:Herodot I 18.
1619:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1574:
1567:
1566:The Histories
1561:
1554:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1190:Archilochos,
1187:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1034:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1004:
995:
993:
991:
983:
979:
976:
969:
962:
956:
952:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:Ionian Revolt
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
896:
894:
890:
886:
880:
878:
872:
870:
866:
862:
857:
853:
848:
846:
841:
837:
833:
832:Messenian war
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
777:
775:
771:
768:
764:
760:
750:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
716:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:Kerkyra/Corfu
624:
620:
619:Mediterranean
616:
615:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
515:
513:
509:
504:
503:
492:
476:
475:
472:
463:
462:
459:
457:
453:
449:
439:
438:
435:
433:
432:
421:
420:
417:
415:
411:
401:
400:
397:
395:
394:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:
371:
361:
360:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Ionian Revolt
338:
330:
329:
326:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:Greek history
264:
263:
258:
253:
244:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
211:
204:
198:
194:
192:
190:
179:
178:ancient Greek
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
124:
123:ancient Greek
120:
119:Lelantine War
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
56:
52:
49:
48:
45:c. 710â650 BC
44:
41:
40:
36:
30:
25:
22:Lelantine War
20:
2283:
2235:Galatian War
2225:Aetolian War
2187:(220â217 BC)
2133:
2132:Wars of the
2088:(357â355 BC)
2072:Wars of the
2068:Boeotian War
1979:
1894:
1888:
1868:Early Greece
1867:
1833:
1829:
1807:
1780:
1776:
1743:
1737:
1712:
1708:
1683:
1679:
1672:Bibliography
1637:
1633:
1627:
1618:
1610:
1603:
1594:
1582:
1573:
1565:
1560:
1552:
1547:
1522:
1518:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1451:(1): 14â37.
1448:
1442:
1436:
1428:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1343:
1338:
1329:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1276:
1260:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1212:Antike Kunst
1211:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1143:
1125:
1121:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1072:
1056:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1008:
1003:
977:
974:
968:
960:
955:
909:
902:
881:
876:
873:
849:
783:
769:
756:
711:
687:
672:
613:
610:
568:
560:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
500:
498:
490:
469:
455:
445:
429:
427:
407:
391:
373:
367:
339:
336:
323:
300:
268:
260:
257:Nestor's Cup
219:
217:
209:
196:
186:
173:
171:
167:Persian Wars
153:
118:
116:
97:Belligerents
2250:Achaean War
2185:Social War
2180:Lyttian War
2155:Syrian Wars
2150:Pyrrhic War
2119:Hellenistic
2099:Foreign War
2086:Social War
1836:: 216â220.
1783:: 131â142.
1715:: 223â241.
1640:: 124â132.
1564:Herodotus,
1525:: 223â241.
1487:Korinthiaka
1427:V. Parker:
1299:: 281â290.
1275:V. Parker:
1226:C. BĂ©rard:
1169:), 654â656.
1152:153fâ154a).
1148:X 153f. (=
1128:760eâ761b).
963:, pp. 2, 3.
805:as well as
738:Archilochus
582:Amphictyony
448:Geographica
319:Archilochos
126:city states
71:Territorial
2299:Categories
2215:Cretan War
2127:Lamian War
2048:Samian War
1415:in 664 BC.
1342:Plutarch,
1142:Plutarch,
1120:Plutarch,
1106:760Eâ761B.
1098:Plutarch,
1037:Fox 2008,
948:References
926:Chalcidice
916:, such as
914:Asia Minor
545:= Euboea;
518:Background
414:Amphidamas
384:Kleomachos
380:Thessalian
205:(I. 15, 3)
203:Thucydides
163:Trojan War
159:Thucydides
111:and allies
105:and allies
2010:Classical
1915:cite book
1858:161821152
1768:161942838
1746:: 14â37.
1700:162393980
1662:163969696
1587:Pausanias
1498:M. Cary:
1485:E. Will:
1473:161942838
1395:Ephemeris
1321:130254092
1122:Amatorius
1100:Amatorius
861:Leontinoi
856:Perachora
730:swordsmen
639:Etruscans
557:= Attica.
388:Pharsalos
307:Herodotus
291:fictional
273:, before
2134:Diadochi
1895:Historia
1686:: 1â29.
1608:Plutarch
1397:: 154ff.
1359:Hesperia
1313:30102808
1161:Hesiod,
1039:eo. loc.
942:cleruchy
885:Karystos
869:Erythrai
834:between
828:Erythrai
807:Thessaly
763:chariots
759:hoplites
745:and the
635:Campania
614:apoikiai
606:Cyclades
588:and the
564:Lefkandi
512:Lefkandi
370:Plutarch
289:or even
287:mythical
236:Theognis
224:Lefkandi
200:â
165:and the
50:Location
2257: (
2195: (
1967:Archaic
1797:2936044
1589:I 44.1.
1413:Kerkyra
1409:Corinth
1232:Eretria
1196:Theseus
1150:Moralia
1126:Moralia
1104:Moralia
1102:17, in
944:in it.
922:Phokaia
918:Miletus
899:Effects
865:Kerkyra
816:Corinth
799:Miletus
770:aristos
767:Homeric
734:cavalry
718:warfare
715:hoplite
698:drought
655:Rhegion
647:Italian
623:Al Mina
617:of the
602:Eretria
598:Chalcis
590:Ionians
579:Delphic
533:on the
531:Eretria
527:Chalcis
446:In his
375:Moralia
346:Miletus
247:Sources
141:Archaic
133:Eretria
129:Chalcis
109:Chalcis
103:Eretria
88:islands
73:changes
2263:Second
2209:Fourth
2201:Second
1903:
1875:
1856:
1850:631143
1848:
1814:
1795:
1766:
1760:625000
1758:
1729:283496
1727:
1698:
1660:
1654:628082
1652:
1539:283496
1537:
1471:
1465:625000
1463:
1380:147843
1378:
1319:
1311:
1198:V 2â3.
1124:17 (=
1022:stasis
1007:Hall,
959:Hall,
938:Athens
910:poleis
893:truces
889:Aegean
836:Sparta
820:Megara
812:Aegina
793:, and
787:Andros
753:Troops
726:slings
702:Andros
694:Euboea
690:Attica
683:Athens
679:Megara
659:Zankle
651:Sicily
631:Ischia
594:Euboea
586:Athens
575:Ionian
571:Athens
555:Attika
508:heroes
502:heroon
456:poleis
452:Strabo
315:Hesiod
262:kotyle
232:Ischia
154:poleis
149:Euboea
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