Lenape - Knowledge

1556:. As a further complication in communication and understanding, kinship terms commonly used by European settlers had very different meanings to the Lenape: "fathers" did not have the same direct parental control as in Europe, "brothers" could be a symbol of equality but could also be interpreted as one's parallel cousins, "cousins" were interpreted as only cross-cousins, etc. All of these added complexities in kinship terms made agreements with Europeans all the more difficult. The Lenape would petition for grievances on the basis that not all their families had been recognized in the transaction (not that they wanted to "share" the land). After the Dutch arrival in the 1620s, the Lenape were successful in restricting Dutch settlement until the 1660s to no further than 3559:—instead of honor raids for bragging rights by stealing cattle, food stocks, weapons, or women, the Iroquois (probably having heard of European wars of conquest) began slash and burn campaigns, often raiding in mid-winter to drive out targeted populations and despoiling their productive lands and food stocks. The Iroquois steamrolled a large variety of tribes of both Algonkian and Iroquoian language groups as they established dominance over a large range, and became the major political factor any English and French decision makers had to consider in making any policy for over a hundred years. Iroquois delegations were hosted and honored in London and Paris. 1246:. The practice effectively prevented inbreeding, even among individuals whose kinship was obscure or unknown. This means that a male from the Turkey Clan was expected to marry a female from either the Turtle or Wolf clans. His children would not belong to the Turkey Clan, but to the mother's clan. As such, a person's mother's brothers (the person's matrilineal uncles) played a large role in his or her life as they shared the same clan lineage. Within a marriage itself, men and women had relatively separate and equal rights, each controlling their own property and debts, showing further signs of a woman's power in the hierarchical structure. 1532: 1234:. Children belong to their mother's clan, from which they gain social status and identity. The mother's eldest brother was more significant as a mentor to the male children than was their father, who was generally of another clan. Hereditary leadership passed through the maternal line, and women elders could remove leaders of whom they disapproved. Agricultural land was managed by women and allotted according to the subsistence needs of their extended families. Newlywed couples would live with the bride's family, where her mother and sisters could also assist her with her growing family. 1719: 910: 1744:. In the mid-1730s, colonial administrators produced a draft of a land deed dating to the 1680s. William Penn had approached several leaders of Lenape polities in the lower Delaware to discuss land sales further north. Since the land in question did not belong to their polities, the talks did not lead to an agreement. But colonial administrators prepared the draft that resurfaced in the 1730s. The Penns and their supporters presented this draft as a legitimate deed, but Lenape leaders in the lower Delaware refused to accept it. 1411:

males. The Lenape also adorned themselves with various ornaments made of stone, shell, animal teeth, and claws. The women often wore headbands of dyed deer hair or wampum. They painted their skin skirts or decorated them with porcupine quills. These skirts were so elaborately appointed that, when seen from a distance, they reminded Dutch settlers of fine European lace. The winter cloaks of the women were striking, fashioned from the iridescent body feathers of wild turkeys.

7827: 3227: 2638: 1423:: a football-like hybrid, split on gender lines. Over a hundred players were grouped into gendered teams (male and female) to try getting a ball through the other team's goal posts. Men could not carry and pass the ball, only use their feet, while the women could carry, pass, or kick. If the ball was picked up by a woman, she could not be tackled by the men, although men could attempt to dislodge the ball. Women were free to tackle the men. 3325: 2388: 70: 4993: 1257:, the animosity of differences and competitions spanned many generations, and in general tribes with each of the different language groups became traditional enemies in the areas they'd meet. On the other hand, The New American Book of Indians points out that competition, trade, and wary relations were far more common than outright warfare—but both larger societies had traditions of 'proving' (blooding) new (or young) warriors by 2098:. He divided his men into three regiments and laid their village to waste. On the first night, 16 warriors were captured, taken south of the village, and slaughtered; another 20 were killed in battle, and 20 civilians were taken prisoner. Surviving residents fled to the north. Colonel Brodhead convinced the militia to leave the Lenape at the remaining Moravian mission villages unmolested, since they were unarmed non-combatants. 7125: 662: 298: 2688:

notice on them, a process generally considered onerous. Major B.F. Robinson, the Indian Agent appointed in 1855, did his best, but could not control the hundreds of white trespassers who stole stock, cut timber, and built houses and squatted on Lenape lands. By 1860, the Lenape had reached consensus to leave Kansas, which was in accord with the government's Indian removal policy.

1751:, what followed was a "convoluted sequence of deception, fraud, and extortion orchestrated by the Pennsylvania government that is commonly known as the Walking Purchase". In the end, all Lenape who still lived on the Delaware were driven off the remnants of their homeland under threats of violence. Some Lenape polities eventually retaliated by attacking 6445: 4793: 932:, a Lenape would have identified primarily with their immediate family and clan, friends, and village unit and, after that, with surrounding and familiar village units followed by more distant neighbors who spoke the same dialect, and finally, with those in the surrounding area who spoke mutually comprehensible languages, including the 5283: 2153:

about them we know not what, Again it may be the white Man may do something either upon Land, Timber or something else which some one of the proprietors would not like & from thence would come great deal of Disquietness, & many other ways which may plainly be seen into, by those that have any sense or reason—

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https://www.academia.edu/479943/_Colonialism_and_the_Discursive_Antecedents_of_Penns_Treaty_with_the_Indians_in_William_A._Pencak_and_Daniel_K._Richter_eds._From_Native_America_to_Penns_Woods_Colonists_Indians_and_the_Racial_Construction_of_Pennsylvania_State_College_Pennsylvania_State_University_Press_2004_18-40

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in 1790, that Act did not avail the Lenape. As a result, the court granted the Commonwealth's motion to dismiss. In its conclusion the court stated: "... we find that the Delaware Nation's aboriginal rights to Tatamy's Place were extinguished in 1737 and that, later, fee title to the land was granted

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The next Texan President, Mirabeau B. Lamar, completely opposed all Indians. He considered them illegal intruders who threatened the settlers' safety and lands and issued an order for their removal from Texas. The Lenape were sent north of the Red River into Indian Territory, although a few scattered

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began in 1835. Texas officials were eager to gain the support of the Texas tribes to their side and offered to recognize their land claims by sending three commissioners to negotiate a treaty. A treaty was agreed upon in February 1836 that mapped the boundaries of Indian lands, but this agreement was

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accompanied one of Frémont's expeditions as one of his Lenape guides. From California, Fremont needed to communicate with Senator Benton. Sagundai volunteered to carry the message through some 2,200 kilometres (1367 miles) of hostile territory. He took many scalps in this adventure, including that of

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Over a period of 176 years, European settlers pushed the Lenape out of the East Coast, through to Ohio and eventually further west. Most members of the Munsee-language branch of the Lenape left the United States after the British were defeated in the American Revolutionary War. Their descendants live

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We are exceeding glad when we see we are like to live in Quietness among one another without giving any offence to one another, & this of keeping white people from among us will be a great step towards it, & for this reason we intend to stand by or rather stand Hand in hand against any coming

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Another common activity was that of dance, and yet again, gender differences appear: men would dance and leap loudly, often with bear claw accessories, while women, wearing little thimbles or bells, would dance more modestly, stepping "one foot after the other slightly forwards then backwards, yet so

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As the Lenape were not considered United States citizens, they had no access to the courts and no way to enforce their property rights. The United States Army was to enforce their rights to reservation land after the Indian Agent had both posted a public notice warning trespassers and served written

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culture. In addition, both tribes practiced adopting young captives from warfare into their tribes and assimilating them as full tribal members. Iroquoians adopting Lenape (or other peoples) were known to be part of their religious beliefs, the adopted one taking the place in the clan of one killed

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favored a policy of peaceful relations with all tribes. He sought the services of the friendly Lenape, and in 1837, enlisted several Lenape to protect the frontier from hostile western tribes. Lenape scouts joined with Texas Rangers as they patrolled the western frontier. Houston also tried to get

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made an inspection of eastern Mexican Texas and estimated that the region housed between 150 and 200 Lenape families. The Lenape requested Mier y Terán to issue them land grants and send teachers, so they might learn to read and write the Spanish language. The general, impressed with how well they

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in early 1779 and demanded that the neutral Lenape formally side with the British. Killbuck warned the Americans of the planned attack. His actions helped save the fort, but the Americans abandoned it in August 1779. The Lenape had lost their protectors and found themselves without solid allies in

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leggings and moccasins in cold weather. Women would wear their hair long, usually below the hip, while men kept only a small "round crest, of about 2 inches in diameter". Deer hair, dyed a deep scarlet, as well as plumes of feathers, were favorite components of headdresses and breast ornaments for

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Early European observers may have misinterpreted matrilineal Lenape cultural practices. For example, a man's maternal uncle (his mother's brother), and not his father, was usually considered to be his closest male relative, since his uncle belonged to his mother's clan and his father belonged to a

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By 1682, when William Penn arrived to his American commonwealth, the Lenape had been so reduced by disease, famine, and war that the sub-clan mothers had reluctantly resolved to consolidate their families into the main clan family. This is why William Penn and all those after him believed that the

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The historical record of the mid-17th century suggests that most Lenape polities each consisted of several hundred people but it is conceivable that some had been considerably larger prior to close contact, given the wars between the Susquehannocks and the Iroquois, both of whom were armed by the

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with a particularly fine horse, who had outrun both Sagundai and the other Comanche. Sagundai was thrown when his horse stepped into a prairie-dog hole, but avoided the Comanche's lance, shot the warrior dead, and caught his horse and escaped the other Comanche. When Sagundai returned to his own

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We have come upon those resolutions we hope for our better living in friendship among one another, it may be that there is some which does not like white people for their Neighbours, for fear of their not agreeing as they ought to do. it might be about there children or about something they have

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rivers. In 1778, Killbuck permitted American soldiers to traverse Lenape territory so that the soldiers could attack British-held Fort Detroit. In return, Killbuck requested that the Americans build a fort near the major Lenape village of Coshocton, to provide them with protection from potential

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region of present-day Pennsylvania of an impending attack. After the end of the French and Indian War, European settlers continued to attack the Lenape, often to such an extent that, as historian Amy Schutt writes, the dead since the wars outnumbered those killed during the war. In April 1763,

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The men limited their agricultural labor to clearing the field and breaking the soil. They primarily hunted and fished during the rest of the year: from September to January and from June to July, they mainly hunted deer, but from the month of January to the spring planting in May, they hunted

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The early European settlers, especially the Dutch and Swedes, were surprised at the Lenape's skill in fashioning clothing from natural materials. In hot weather men and women wore only loin cloth and skirt respectively, while they used beaver pelts or bear skins to serve as winter mantles.

2326:(Kikthawenund), whose father was Swedish. The Lenape village in Indiana was called Anderson's Town, while the Lenape village in Missouri on the James River was often called Anderson's Village. The tribes' cabins and cornfields were spread out along the James River and Wilsons Creek. 2800:. After the Walking Purchase, Chief Tatamy was granted legal permission for him and his family to remain on this parcel of land, known as "Tatamy's Place". In addition to suing the state, the tribe also sued the township, the county and elected officials, including Gov. Ed Rendell. 1324:

and drowning deer, as well as forming a circle around prey and setting the brush on fire. They also harvested vast quantities of fish and shellfish from the bays of the area, and, in southern New Jersey, harvested clams year-round. One technique used while fishing was to add ground

2578:. Lenape scouts and their families were allowed to settle along the Brazos and Bosque rivers in order to influence the Comanche to come to the Texas government for a peace conference. The plan was successful and the Lenape helped bring the Comanches to a treaty council in 1844. 1988:

were deeply divided over which side, if any, to take in the war. When the war began, Killbuck found the Lenape caught between the British and their Indian allies in the West and the Americans in the East. The Lenape were living in numerous villages around their main village of

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Members of each clan were found throughout Lenape territory, and while clan mothers controlled the land, the houses, and the families, the clan fathers provided the meat, cleared the fields, built the houses, and protected the clan. Upon reaching adulthood, a Lenape male would

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family. Killbuck resented his grandfather for allowing the Moravians to remain in the Ohio country. The Moravians believed in pacifism, and Killbuck believed that every convert to the Moravians deprived the Lenape of a warrior to stop further white settlement of their land.

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The Cherokee Nation filed suit to overturn the independent federal recognition of the Lenape. The tribe lost federal recognition in a 2004 court ruling in favor of the Cherokee Nation but regained it on July 28, 2009. After recognition, the tribe reorganized under the

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dissolved tribal governments and ordered the allotment of communal tribal lands to individual households of members of tribes. After the lands were allotted in 160-acre (650,000 m) lots to tribal members in 1907, the government sold surplus land to non-Indians.

1596:. The Lenape's quick adoption of trade goods, and their desire to trap furs to meet high European demand, resulted in over-harvesting the beaver population in the lower Hudson Valley. With the fur sources exhausted, the Dutch shifted their operations to present-day 1435:

A number of linear measures were used. Small units of measure were the distance from the thumb and first finger, and the distance from first finger to pit of elbow. Travel distance was measured in the distance one could comfortably travel from sun-up to sun-down.

583:, calls the name "an anglicized grammatical error that basically translates as the 'original people people.'" While acknowledging that some Lenape do identify as Lenni Lenape or Delaware, DePaul says "the best word to use when referring to us is simply 'Lenape.'" 1505:

in the 17th through the 19th centuries, the Lenape were a powerful Native American nation who inhabited a region on the mid-Atlantic coast spanning the latitudes of southern Massachusetts to the southern extent of Delaware in what anthropologists call the

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different one. The maternal uncle played a more prominent role in the lives of his sister's children than did the father—for example likely being the one responsible for educating a young man in weapons craft, martial arts, hunting, and other life skills.

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and other Minquas. They exchanged these furs for Dutch and, from the late 1630s, also Swedish imports. Relations between some Lenape and Minqua polities briefly turned sour in the late 1620s and early 1630s, but were relatively peaceful most of the time.

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and live in a structured and European-style mission village. Moravian pacifism and unwillingness to take loyalty oaths caused conflicts with British colonial authorities, who were seeking aid against the French and their Native American allies in the

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revoked the tribal status of the Lenape living among Cherokee in Oklahoma. They began to count the Lenape as Cherokee. The Lenape had this decision overturned in 1996, when they were recognized by the federal government as a separate tribal nation.

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The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware: Their History and Relation to the Indians, Dutch and English, 1638–1664 : With an Account of the South, the New Sweden Company, and the American Companies, and the Efforts of Sweden to Regain the

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Volume 15—Northeast. Bruce G. Trigger (volume editor). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 1978 References to Indian burning for the Eastern Algonquians, Virginia Algonquians, Northern Iroquois, Huron, Mahican, and Delaware Tribes and

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into another tribes territories. The two groups were sometimes bitter enemies since before recorded history, but intermarriage occurred — and both groups have an oral history suggesting they jointly came east together and displaced the

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with the Americans. Through this treaty, the Lenape hoped to establish the Ohio country as a state inhabited exclusively by Native Americans, as a subset of the new United States. A third group of Lenape, many of them converted

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Dreibelbis, Dana E., "The Use of Microstructural Growth Patterns of Mercenaria Mercenaria to Determine the Prehistoric Seasons of Harvest at Tuckerton Midden, Tuckerton, New Jersey", pp. 33, thesis, Princeton University,

1469:, and an infusion of ground nuts mixed with sweet oil or mutton tallow for earaches. They also grind the nuts and use them to poison fish in streams. They also apply a poultice of pulverized nuts with sweet oil for earache. 1299:

agriculture. They used fire to manage land. Controlled use of fire extended farmlands' productivity. According to Dutch settler Isaac de Rasieres, who observed the Lenape in 1628, the Lenape planted their primary crop,

1945:, beliefs, and ways of life, and to replace them with European and Christian ways. Many Lenape did adopt Christianity, but others refused to do so. The Lenape became a divided people during the 1770s, including in 7518: 1522:

in present-day New York. Some of their place names, such as Manhattan ("the island of many hills"), Raritan, and Tappan were adopted by Dutch and English colonists to identify the Lenape people that lived there.

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The Lenape had a culture in which the clan and family controlled property. Europeans often tried to contract for land with the tribal chiefs, confusing their culture with that of neighboring tribes such as the

1320:), in which 100 or more men stood in a line many paces from each other, beating thigh bones on their palms to drive animals to the river, where they could be killed easily. Other methods of hunting included 1692:. In the decades immediately following, some 20,000 new colonists arrived in the region, putting pressure on Lenape settlements and hunting grounds. Penn expected his authority and that of the colonial 2727:; they made two payments totaling $ 438,000. A court dispute followed over whether the sale included rights for the Lenape as citizens within the Cherokee Nation. While the dispute was unsettled, the 2253:

cultural identities lived on the island, not "13 individual tribes" as asserted by Wood. The bands to the west were Lenape. Those to the east were more related culturally to the Algonquian tribes of

1592:(Swan Valley). The colony had a short life, as in 1632 a local band of Lenape killed the 32 Dutch settlers after a misunderstanding escalated over Lenape defacement of the insignia of the governing 2590:

agreed to annexation by the US to become an American state. The Lenape continued their peaceful policy with the Americans and served as interpreters, scouts, and diplomats for the US Army and the

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and was granted a league of land by a special act of the Texas legislature in 1853. The expeditions of the map maker Randolph B. Marcy through West Texas in 1849, 1852, and 1854 were guided by

2222:. The initial Lenape response was negative; in 1798, Lenape community leaders Bartholomew Calvin, Jason Skekit, and 18 others signed a public statement of refusal to leave "our fine place in 1833:. The Moravians' insistence on Christian Lenape's abandoning traditional warfare practices alienated mission populations from other Lenape and Native American groups, who revered warriors. 2773: 2507:

and other immigrating bands, as well as with the Spanish and ever-increasing American population. This peaceful trend continued after Mexico won their independence from Spain in 1821.

3988: 1448:, who have been primarily women, use their extensive knowledge of plant life to help heal their community's ailments, sometimes through ceremony. The Lenape found uses in trees like 586:

When first encountered by European settlers, the Lenape were a loose association of closely related peoples who spoke similar languages and shared familial bonds in an area known as

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who had negotiated the Fort Pitt treaty, died in 1778. Subsequently many Lenape at Coshocton eventually joined the war against the Americans. In response, American military officer

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Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 30

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The Lenape or Delaware Indians: The Original People of New Jersey, Southeastern New York State, Eastern Pennsylvania, northern Delaware and parts of western Connecticut

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Teedyuscung was killed during the burning of his home. His son Captain Bull responded by attacking settlers, sponsored by the Susquehanna Company, in the present-day

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A Brief Description of New York, Formerly Called New Netherlands with the Places Thereunto Adjoining, Likewise a Brief Relation of the Customs of the Indians There,

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The Lenape migrated into Texas in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Elements of the Lenape migrated from Missouri into Texas around 1820, settling around the

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The Delaware Indian Westward Migration: With the Texts of Two Manuscripts, 1821–22, Responding to General Lewis Cass's Inquiries about Lenape Culture and Language

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saw the cession of more Indigenous lands to the United States government. In return, the U.S. relinquished its claims to "all other Indian lands northward of the

745:. On the west side, the Lenape lived in several small towns along the rivers and streams that fed the waterways, and likely shared the hunting territory of the 5543: 7777: 8291: 7793: 2665:. The main reserve consisted of about 1,000,000 acres (4,000 km) with an additional "outlet" strip 10 miles (16 km) wide extending to the west. 2310:, the Lenape ceded their lands in Indiana for lands west of the Mississippi and an annuity of $ 4,000. Over the next few years, the Lenape settled on the 8261: 3865: 7113: 6864: 4544:

Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 74

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for said Lands, hereafter, no, not by the proprietors themselves without the consent of the rest much more by those who has no Claim or Rite here ...

4268: 2762: 1904: 1763:, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, to lead the investigation. Johnson had become wealthy as a trader and acquired thousands of acres of land in the 8246: 7808: 7156: 2789: 1507: 422: 2684:. The Lenape were reluctant to negotiate for yet another relocation, but they feared serious trouble with white settlers, and conflict developed. 2180:, Canada. They are descendants of those Lenape of Ohio Country who sided with the British during the Revolutionary War. The largest reserve is at 8266: 5598: 1339:

peoples in North America at the time, could support. Scholars have estimated that at the time of European settlement, around much of the current

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led an expedition out of Fort Pitt and on April 20, Brodhead and his men, including some U.S.-aligned Lenape, raided and destroyed the pacifist

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Lenape clans had always only had three divisions (Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf) when, in fact, they had over thirty on the eve of European contact.

8241: 5714: 4886: 8256: 2226:". The Munsee later agreed to relocate to New Stockbridge to join the Oneidas. A few households stayed behind to assimilate into New Jersey. 8296: 8236: 4602:

Carpenter, Roger M. (2007). "From Indian Women to English Children: The Lenni-Lenape and the Attempt to Create a New Diplomatic Identity".

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on the Indian Lands, And we have concluded that it is a thing which ought not to be, & a thing that will not be allowed by us, that of

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This includes only Lenape documented in history. Contemporary notable Lenape people are listed in the articles for the appropriate tribe.

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traded with the Lenape for agricultural products, mainly maize, in exchange for iron tools. The Lenape also arranged contacts between the

766:, Munsee-Delaware Nation 1, in southwest Ontario. The Delaware Nation at Moraviantown has a small, 13-square-mile (34 km) reserve in 8281: 8251: 7801: 7490: 38: 5477: 8271: 7831: 5441: 2361: 1611:

in the first half of the 17th century, European colonists were careful to keep firearms from the coastally located Lenape, while rival

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and the waters uniting them". The U.S. also agreed to provide an annual allowance to various Indigenous groups including the Lenape.

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Some Lenape decided to take up arms against the American settlers and moved to the west, closer to Detroit, where they settled on the

8030: 7623: 4153:"The Lenape Talking Dictionary | Detailed Entry View – alternate name or group in the Tùkwsit (Wolf) clan (Lit. – Yellow Trees)" 3072:(1817–1894), chief of the Wolf clan from 1855 and principal chief from 1861; visited Washington, D.C., 24 times on his tribe's behalf 1740:'s practices. In an attempt to raise money, they contemplated ways to sell Lenape land to colonial settlers, which culminated in the 8286: 2370:

people in present-day Kansas, they celebrated his exploits with the last war and scalp dances of their history, which were held at

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Joseph Micty, Bartholomew Calvin, Jacob Skekit, Robert Skikkit, Derrick Quaquiuse, Benjamin Nicholus, Mary Calvin, Hezekiah Calvin

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The Lenape languages were once exclusively spoken languages. In 2002, the Delaware Tribe of Indians received grant money to fund

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The Lenape of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Delaware, Wisconsin, Oklahoma, and Ontario (The Library of Native Americans).

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Not every Lenape now lives in Oklahoma. Many live in the Northeast, and some Munsee Lenape are applying for state recognition.

2318:, occupying eventually about 40,000 acres (160 km) of the approximately 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km) allotted to them. 6276:

Geographia Americae: With an Account of the Delaware Indians, Based on Surveys and Notes made in 1654–1656 by Peter Lindestrom

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The History and Culture of Iroquois Diplomacy: An Interdisciplinary Guide to the Treaties of the Six Nations and Their League.

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In 1854, despite the history of peaceful relations, the last of the Texas Lenape were moved by the American government to the

1665:, measles, cholera, influenza, and dysentery, reduced the populations of Lenape. They and other Native peoples had no natural 7523: 7152: 6939: 6924: 6898: 6875: 6805: 6790: 6775: 6760: 6749: 6734: 6715: 6704: 6689: 6655: 6625: 6614: 6595: 6584: 6565: 6554: 6539: 6524: 6509: 6479: 6464: 6459:(American Language Reprints Supplement Series; edited by James A. Rementer). Evolution Publications and Manufacturing, 2011. 6431: 6398: 6383: 6368: 6349: 6338: 6323: 6298: 6283: 6268: 6253: 6238: 6202: 6190: 6175: 6160: 6138: 6119: 6108: 6089: 6074: 6059: 6048: 6024: 6009: 5990: 5975: 5960: 5945: 5915: 5900: 5881: 5353: 5270: 5250: 5124: 4122: 3759: 3537: 1926: 1502: 7823: 6274:

Lindestrom, Peter. (Transcribed and edited by Amandus Johnson of the Swedish Colonial Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

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Cultural exchange, imperialist violence, and pious missions: Local perspectives from Tanjavur and Lenape country, 1720–1760

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Bemino) assisted the British against the French and their Indian allies. In 1761, Killbuck led a British supply train from

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was signed between the Lenape and European colonists. In it, the Lenape were required to move westward out of present-day

1510:. Although never politically unified, the confederation of the Lenape roughly encompassed the area around and between the 8301: 8221: 7970: 7843: 6311:

Mitchell, S. H. Internet Archive The Indian Chief, Journeycake. Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1895.

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New York, NY: William Gowans. 1670. Reprinted in 1937 by the Facsimile Text Society, Columbia University Press, New York.

2784:, the plaintiffs, acting as the successor in interest and political continuation of the Lenni Lenape and of Lenape Chief 2602:. For the remainder of his life, Shaw worked as a military scout in West Texas. In 1848, John Conner (Lenape) guided the 2273: 2115: 1775: 5000: 1343:

area alone, there may have been about 15,000 Lenape in approximately 80 settlement sites. In 1524, Lenape in canoes met

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Navaho Expedition: Journal of a Military Reconnaissance from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to the Navaho Country, Made in 1849

4484: 2027:, which they garrisoned. Lenape sympathetic to the United States remained at Coshocton, and Lenape leaders signed the 8226: 7915: 7860: 7855: 7315: 7099: 6986: 6972: 6954: 6853: 6824: 6674: 6644: 6494: 5930: 5870: 5377: 4750: 3408: 3389: 2471: 2452: 1977:, restricting Anglo-American settlement to east of the Appalachian Mountains, the British would help them preserve a 1623:

became comparatively well-armed. They defeated the Lenape, and some scholars believe that the Lenape may have become

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Dutch fur traders, while the Lenape were at odds with the Dutch and so lost that particular arms race. In 1648, the

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In 1841, Houston was reelected to a second term as president and his peaceful Indian policy was then reinstated. A

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Champagne, Duane (1988). "The Delaware Revitalization Movement of the Early 1760s: A Suggested Reinterpretation."

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Vegetational Change in Northern New Jersey Since 1500 A.D.: A Palynological, Vegetational and Historical Synthesis

3643: 3032:(1864–1921), Lenape author of collections of traditional narratives, legal advocate for Lenape in Washington, D.C. 2758:. Members approved a constitution and by laws in a May 26, 2009, vote. Jerry Douglas was elected as tribal chief. 1736:

died in 1718. His heirs, John and Thomas Penn, and their agents were ruling the colony, and had abandoned many of

37:"Delaware Indians" and "Delaware people" redirect here. For other American Indians from present-day Delaware, see 4766:

Snow, Dean R. (1996). "Mohawk demography and the effects of exogenous epidemics on American Indian populations".

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The History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and Neighboring States

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The History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations Who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania and Neighboring States

3368: 2431: 875:. He instructed his fellow English colonists: "If one asks them for anything they have not, they will answer, 8216: 8125: 3862: 3126: 3009: 1770:

In 1757, an organization known as the New Jersey Association for Helping the Indians wrote a constitution to

806: 580: 6859: 5044: 3528:

The Susquehanna-Delaware watershed divides bound the frequently contested hunting grounds between the rival

962:

The Lenape had three clans at the end of the 17th century, each of which historically had twelve sub-clans:

7608: 7577: 7533: 2862: 2649:

Under the terms of the Treaty of the James Fork that was signed on September 24, 1829, and ratified by the

42: 5161:

The Brotherton Indians' agreement to oppose white settlement, January 6, 1780. (Gilder Lehrman Collection)

4811:

Promised Land: Penn's Holy Experiment, the Walking Purchase, and the dispossession of Delawares, 1600–1763

4656: 3662: 2272:, by 1802, the Brotherton Indians of New Jersey and the Stockbridge-Munsee. In 1822, the Munsee Lenape of 1635:

in 1676 and the Lenape were tributary to the Confederation until 1753, shortly before the outbreak of the

1604:

in the vicinity of Manhattan Island temporarily forestalled the negative effects of the decline in trade.

841:

wrote that Munsee and Unami "came out of one parent language." Only a few Delaware First Nation elders in

8005: 7880: 7628: 7330: 7325: 4576:, 179 "Intercultural Relations Between Native Americans and Europeans in New Netherland and New York" in 2755: 2701: 1957:, Killbuck and many Lenape claimed to be neutral. Other neighboring Indian communities, particularly the 1288: 4322: 4053: 3375: 2438: 1840:, since they hoped to prevent further European colonial encroachment in their settlements. Their chiefs 1688:. A peace treaty was negotiated between the newly arriving colonists and Lenape at what is now known as 7940: 7890: 7603: 7335: 4515: 3287: 2837: 2334:

Many Lenape participated in the exploration of the western United States, working as trappers with the

2249:. Modern scientific scholarship has shown that in fact two linguistic groups representing two distinct 2028: 1974: 1954: 1304:, in March. Over time, the Lenape adapted to European methods of hunting and farming with metal tools. 794: 488: 7077: 6742:

A Lenâpé-English Dictionary: From An Anonymous In The Archives Of The Moravian Church At Bethlehem, .

2680:

and opened the area for white settlement. It also authorized negotiation with Indian tribes regarding

7910: 7895: 3873: 3057: 2853: 2816: 2713: 1779: 941: 914: 512: 453: 6450:

Friends and Enemies in Penn's Woods: Indians, Colonists, and the Racial Construction of Pennsylvania

5968:

Indian Land Sales In Delaware: And A Discussion Of The Family Hunting Territory Question In Delaware

4485:"Official Site of the Delaware Tribe of Indians » Pahsahëman — The Lenape Indian Football Game" 2522: 1790:, an industrial town with gristills and sawmills, that was the first Native American reservation in 8155: 8020: 8010: 7975: 7724: 7700: 7613: 5425: 4824: 4590: 3506: 3357: 3141: 2741: 2567: 2420: 2355: 2315: 2123: 1996: 1865: 1853: 1809:

and beyond. Through the 18th century, many Lenape moved west into the relatively depopulated upper

1787: 1693: 1681: 1627:

to the Susquehannock. After the warfare, the Lenape referred to the Susquehannock as "uncles". The

1593: 1379: 1371: 1309: 909: 630: 491:

displaced most Lenape from their homelands and pushed them north and west. In the 1860s, under the

5581: 1482:

The first recorded European contact with people presumed to have been the Lenape was in 1524. The

7950: 7782: 7760: 7643: 7633: 7582: 7572: 7528: 7343: 7164: 7121: 6817:

Zeisberger's Indian Dictionary: English, German, Iroquois—The Onondaga and Algonquin—The Delaware

4825:"Collection: New Jersey Association for helping the Indians records | Archives & Manuscripts" 4661: 3342: 3335: 3084: 2962: 2920: 2887: 2673: 2405: 2398: 2339: 2302: 2269: 1565: 1561: 1557: 793:

in Wisconsin, with 16,255 acres (65.78 km) held in federal trust. The Delaware Nation has a

31: 2761:

In September 2000, the Delaware Nation of Oklahoma received 11.5 acres (4.7 ha) of land in

7925: 7920: 7718: 7320: 5564: 3201: 3177: 3076: 2953: 2940: 2902: 2857: 2717: 2669: 2658: 2496: 2351: 2323: 2311: 2241:

published a book claiming that there were several American Indian tribes that were distinct to

1845: 1759:, British colonial authorities investigated the causes of Lenape resentment. The British asked 1531: 1486: 1344: 830: 798: 528: 181: 3815: 1995:, between the western frontier strongholds of the British and the Patriots. The Americans had 7712: 7694: 7688: 6960: 6144:

Hoffecker, Carol E., Richard Waldron, Lorraine E. Williams, and Barbara E. Benson (editors).

5876:

Acrelius, Israel. (Translated from Swedish with an introduction and notes by W.M. Reynolds).

5488: 4704: 4573: 4424: 4181:"The Lenape Talking Dictionary | Detailed Entry View – Fowl (Turkey) clan of the Lenape" 3185: 2571: 2277: 2215: 1900: 1830: 1756: 1636: 1375: 500: 6893:. Civilization of the American Indian. Vol. 262. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 5452: 4359: 3038:(1806–1880), trapper, trader and scout; first inductee into the American Indian Hall of Fame 2661:

in Missouri. These lands, in what is now Kansas, were west of the Missouri and north of the

1813:

basin, but they also sporadically launched violent raids on settlers far outside the area.

7935: 7754: 7748: 7736: 7730: 7706: 7676: 7648: 7478: 7297: 5809: 4996: 4887:"The Brotherton Indians of New Jersey, 1780 | Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History" 3949: 3850: 3080: 3013: 2911: 2895: 2797: 2650: 2371: 2289: 2262: 2192: 2181: 2045: 1999:(present-day Pittsburgh) and the British, along with Indian allies, controlled the area of 1978: 1628: 1332:

The success of these methods allowed the tribe to maintain a larger population than other,

1231: 956: 826: 622: 5629: 851:, who first met the Lenape in 1682, said the Unami used the following words: "mother" was 8: 8160: 7495: 7445: 7401: 7279: 7218: 7144: 4282:

Russell, Emily W.B. "Indian Set Fires in the Forests of the Northeastern United States."

3468: 3211: 3069: 2993: 2906: 2723:

The Delaware Tribe of Indians were required to purchase land from the reservation of the

2343: 2307: 2285: 2281: 2138: 2119: 1783: 1771: 1658: 1640: 1489:

was greeted by local Lenape who came by canoe, after his ship entered what is now called

1389: 1312:, who stayed in the area from 1634 to 1644, described a Lenape hunt in the valley of the 730: 6965:

The Dutch-Munsee Encounter in America: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Hudson Valley

6131:

Names Which the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians Gave to Rivers, Streams, and Localities

5429: 4709:

The Dutch-Munsee Encounter in America: The Struggle for Sovereignty in the Hudson Valley

4241:(Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1950), 2, 35–37, 63–65, 124. 3888: 1718: 8110: 8090: 8000: 7587: 7501: 7484: 7435: 7307: 7136: 4679: 4635: 4627: 4220: 4203:

Caffrey, Margaret M. (2000). "Complementary Power: Men and Women of the Lenni Lenape".

3297: 3292: 3262: 3053: 2928: 2848: 2785: 2728: 2709: 2626: 2621:. In 1859 the US forced the remaining Lenape to remove from Texas to a location on the 2599: 2250: 2219: 1942: 1727: 1666: 1588: 1490: 1419:

One of the more common activities of leisure for the Lenni Lenape would be the game of

1407: 1284: 948: 790: 775: 599: 255: 197: 5842: 5319: 5192: 4139:"The Lenape Talking Dictionary | Search Results of "wolf clan" English to Lenape" 2347: 633:

colonists began to call the Lenape the Delaware Indians because of where they lived.

487:

During the last decades of the 18th century, European settlers and the effects of the

8135: 8120: 8105: 8085: 8080: 7742: 7440: 6982: 6968: 6950: 6935: 6920: 6904: 6894: 6871: 6849: 6820: 6802:

The Diary of David Zeisberger: A Moravian Missionary Among the Ohio Indians, Volume 2

6787:

The Diary of David Zeisberger: A Moravian Missionary Among the Ohio Indians, Volume 1

6745: 6730: 6700: 6685: 6670: 6640: 6610: 6580: 6550: 6535: 6520: 6505: 6490: 6475: 6460: 6427: 6394: 6379: 6364: 6334: 6319: 6294: 6279: 6264: 6249: 6234: 6218: 6186: 6171: 6156: 6134: 6104: 6044: 6020: 6005: 5986: 5971: 5956: 5941: 5926: 5911: 5896: 5866: 5862: 5373: 5349: 5307: 5266: 5246: 5120: 5005: 4859: 4796:

Colonialism and the Discursive Antecedents of Penn's Treaty with the Indians]," 18–40

4746: 4639: 4619: 4212: 4138: 4118: 3819: 3808: 3755: 3483: 3282: 2866: 2551: 2319: 2261:. Wood (and earlier settlers) often misinterpreted the Indian use of place names for 2200: 2137:

Be it known by this, that it has been in our consideration of late about settling of

2057: 1837: 753: 5793: 5163:

https://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/content-images/00540.01p1.web_.jpg

5072: 3679: 3382: 2445: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8115: 8100: 8095: 8065: 8060: 8040: 7885: 7682: 7228: 5365: 4775: 4611: 3923: 3494: 3479: 3429:

The Lenape's historic territories inside the divides of the frequently mountainous

3302: 3257: 3181: 3145: 3029: 2804: 2777: 2697: 2677: 2654: 2538: 2111: 2075: 2033: 1958: 1918: 1914: 1882: 1802: 1798: 1748: 1741: 1713: 1709: 1689: 1597: 1483: 1317: 933: 899: 838: 746: 734: 674: 640: 504: 469: 403: 372: 355: 323: 156: 5938:

Footprints in Time: A History and Ethnology of The Lenape-Delaware Indian Culture.

4615: 3066:(1731–1802), purportedly the last surviving Lenape in Chester County, Pennsylvania 8211: 8170: 8150: 8075: 7960: 7905: 7875: 7550: 7430: 7178: 7140: 7031: 6868: 6035:. Vol. 15: Northeast. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 213–239. 5547: 4740: 4250:

Day, Gordon M. "The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forests."

4115:

Footprints in Time: A History and Ethnology of The Lenape-Delaware Indian Culture

3869: 3749: 3647: 3598: 3522: 3251: 3232: 2844: 2769: 2724: 2705: 2653:

in 1830, the Lenape were forced to move further west. They were granted lands in

2177: 2107: 2095: 2083: 2071: 2037: 1991: 1922: 1820:

established missions in Lenape settlements. The Moravians required the Christian

1817: 1755:

settlements. When they resisted European colonial expansion at the height of the

1624: 1583: 1461: 1445: 1348: 1336: 834: 822: 694: 614: 508: 302: 260: 160: 6417:

https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011343/http://www.lenapenation.org/main.html

6406:

https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011343/http://www.lenapenation.org/main.html

6231:

Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania, and the First Nations: The Treaties of 1736–62.

5670: 5019: 4428: 4071: 2559:

the Lenape land claims recognized, but his efforts were met only by opposition.

2503:. The Lenape were peaceful and shared their territory in Spanish Texas with the 8190: 8145: 8140: 8070: 8035: 7271: 4089: 3514: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3434: 3108: 3096: 3063: 2891: 2808: 2681: 2598:

was assisted by Jim Shaw (a Lenape), in settling the German communities in the

2595: 2235: 2173: 2158: 2127: 2015: 1878: 1685: 1632: 1569: 1511: 1355: 1296: 1267: 1227: 818: 771: 763: 749: 710: 618: 492: 266: 164: 87: 7036: 5142:"Statement opposing white settlement on Indian land in Brotherton, New Jersey" 4854:

Barbara, Hoskins; Foster, Caroline; Roberts, Dorothea; Foster, Gladys (1960).

3154:

or Allumapees (c. 1675–1747), 18th century chief and member of the Turtle clan

2056:

the conflict, which compounded their dispossession at the hand of encroaching

8205: 8015: 7985: 7980: 7865: 7670: 7618: 7466: 7395: 7365: 7076: 6908: 6361:

On Records: Delaware Indians, Colonists, and the Media of History and Memory.

5431:, accessed July 8, 2012. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. 4623: 4554: 4216: 3722: 3529: 3502: 3498: 3472: 3457: 3246: 3116: 3041: 2879: 2622: 2618: 2591: 2527: 2516: 2490: 2211: 1873: 1869: 1616: 1579: 1575: 1545: 1449: 1393: 1340: 1260: 1254: 929: 783: 756: 698: 465: 449: 426: 91: 6446:

Colonialism and the Discursive Antecedents of Penn's Treaty with the Indians

6017:

A Nation of Women: Gender and Colonial Encounters Among the Delaware Indians

4863: 3134:(Hopocan), (c. 1725–c. 1818), 18th century chief and member of the Wolf Clan 1669:. Recurrent violent conflicts with Europeans also devastated Lenape people. 681:, where many Lenape confederations were based in the 16th and 17th centuries 8130: 7965: 7955: 7472: 7450: 7389: 7383: 7209: 7203: 7172: 7148: 4779: 3709: 3510: 3241: 3171: 3167: 3131: 3035: 2985: 2915: 2662: 2607: 2570:

with the remaining Lenape and a few other tribes was negotiated in 1843 at

2335: 2067: 2052: 2024: 2011: 2000: 1764: 1752: 1737: 1733: 1673: 1651:

of Lenape were the largest tribe on the Delaware River, with 200 warriors.

1535: 1515: 848: 802: 767: 726: 718: 706: 686: 678: 666: 656: 591: 587: 457: 445: 282: 277: 244: 222: 177: 75: 7065: 5372:, University of Oklahoma Press (1964), trade paperback (2003), 296 pages, 3079:) (c. 1740 or 1750 – 1831), chief of the Turkey clan and signatory of the 1929:

to Christianity. The missionaries established several missions, including

1885:

and were among the Native Americans who besieged present-day Pittsburgh.

7664: 7413: 7359: 7248: 7238: 7188: 7060: 6331:

Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware, 1630–1707

5097: 4152: 3591: 3556: 3453: 3197: 3191: 3137: 3112: 2555: 2531: 2254: 2242: 2204: 1841: 1723: 1705: 1608: 1519: 722: 461: 288: 83: 7519:

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio

6504:(Revised Edition). Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 2000. 4693:

Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware 1630–1707

4631: 4180: 4167:"The Lenape Talking Dictionary | Detailed Entry View – turtle clan" 4166: 2815:. Because the extinguishment occurred prior to the passage of the first 1291:: maize, beans, and squash. Men hunted, fished, and otherwise harvested 7930: 7566: 7546: 7538: 7260: 7198: 6809: 6794: 6779: 6764: 6719: 6659: 6629: 6607:

Dutch Explorers, Traders And Settlers In The Delaware Valley, 1609–1664

6599: 6569: 6353: 6206: 6123: 6093: 6078: 6063: 5885: 4954: 4504:

Lenni Lenape Original Settlers, Matawan Journal, June 27, 1957, Page 12

4224: 4027: 3640: 3533: 3461: 3349: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3207: 3090: 2981: 2966: 2957: 2788:, claimed aboriginal and fee title to the 315 acres of land located in 2412: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2238: 2223: 2196: 2146: 2087: 2063: 1849: 1810: 1791: 1774:

native Munsee Lenape from their settlements in the area of present-day

1648: 1466: 1359: 918: 702: 670: 595: 441: 7078:"Delaware. One of the most important tribes of Algonquian stock" 7006: 6827:. "The Delaware" that Zeisberger translated was Munsee, and not Unami. 5859:

The People of New Sweden: Our Colony on the Delaware River, 1638–1655.

1805:

and New Jersey, progressing into Pennsylvania and then to present-day

7371: 7224: 6404:

Repsher, Donald R. "Indian Place Names in Bucks County". As cited in

3487: 3430: 3307: 3151: 3047: 2774:

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

2637: 1654: 1612: 1568:, which allowed settlement west of the Hudson within the province of 1453: 1326: 1308:

anything from bears and beavers to raccoons and foxes. Dutch settler

738: 590:, the Lenape historical territory, which spanned what is now eastern 524: 477: 129: 6376:

Blackcoats Among the Delaware: David Zeisberger on the Ohio Frontier

4942:

Blackcoats among the Delaware: David Zeisberger on the Ohio frontier

3324: 2387: 436:

The Lenape's historical territory includes present-day northeastern

7900: 7835: 7826: 7407: 7377: 7192: 7048: 7024: 6979:

Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York.

5878:

A History of New Sweden; or, the Settlements on the River Delaware.

5647:"'We Just Want to be Welcomed Back': The Lenape Seek a Return Home" 4307:

Smithsonian Institution—Handbook of North American Indians series:

4273:, Ph.D. dissertation (New Brunswick, PA: Rutgers University, 1979). 3267: 3163: 2989: 2977: 2973: 2948: 2776:, seeking to reclaim 315 acres (1.27 km) included in the 1737 2575: 2366: 2004: 1872:. In 1763, Bill Hickman, a Lenape, warned English colonists in the 1825: 1821: 1662: 1620: 1553: 1250: 937: 922: 789:

The Stockbridge-Munsee Community has a 22,139-acre (89.59 km)

714: 603: 516: 473: 437: 409: 306: 118: 69: 6426:(Early American Studies). University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. 6316:

William Penn's Own Account of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians

6019:(Early American Studies). University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. 5599:"Delaware Indians may use land donated by couple as burial ground" 5368:, edited and annotated by Frank McNitt, foreword by Durwood Ball, 4992: 4015:

William Penn's Own Account of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians

3166:(c. 1625–c. 1701), leader reported to have negotiated treaty with 8025: 7266: 7042: 6424:

Peoples of the River Valleys: The Odyssey of the Delaware Indians

5983:

A History of the Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania.

5769: 4423:(Ph.D. thesis). Pennsylvania State University. pp. 140–147. 3157: 2883: 2534:, but the authorities never granted the Lenape any legal titles. 2185: 2142: 1966: 1909:

Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga

1333: 1292: 1243: 883:, which to translate is, 'not I have,' instead of 'I have not'." 579:

may be translated as "man". Adam DePaul, the Storykeeper of the

540: 481: 140: 6577:

Delaware's Forgotten Folk: The Story of the Moors and Nanticokes

6222: 4929:

Wilderness Christians: Moravian Missions to the Delaware Indians

4591:

http://www.mariminato.com/en/insitu/2016/lenapes_4.php#main-info

3823: 3536:

served as a similar boundary in the northern regions during the

1984:

As the Revolutionary War intensified, the Lenape in present-day

1354:

European settlers and traders from the 17th-century colonies of

8165: 7995: 7254: 7234: 6772:

Grammar of the Language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians

3751:

Grammar of the language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians

3272: 3122: 3102: 3001: 2642: 2550:

The Lenape remained friendly after Texas won its independence.

2358:. Occasionally, they played surprising roles as Indian allies. 2258: 2246: 2130: 2041: 1970: 1946: 1857: 1677: 1601: 1384: 661: 636: 507:

and surrounding regions. Lenape people currently belong to the

430: 238: 216: 79: 7070: 6712:

The Nanticoke Indians: A Refugee Tribal Group of Pennsylvania.

6031:

Goddard, Ives (1978). "Delaware". In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.).

5348:, Doubleday (2006), pp. 77–80, 94, 101, hardcover, 462 pages, 5009:, Boston: James R. Osgood and Co., 1884., accessed 19 Mar 2010 4657:

The Family Hunting Territory and Lenape Political Organization

1564:

along the Hudson. The Dutch finally established a garrison at

955:, the Lenape were considered the grandfathers from whom other 90:(south). Inset: The location of the region in the present-day 7945: 7870: 7244: 7214: 7012: 6391:

A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples

2997: 2812: 2587: 2574:

and the Lenape were enlisted to help him make peace with the

2504: 2338:, and as guides and hunters for wagon trains. They served as 1962: 1321: 1301: 338: 7054: 6439:

Lenape Country: Delaware Valley Society before William Penn.

6043:(Indians of North America). Chelsea House Publishing, 1989. 5179:

Oklahoma State University Libraries Tribal Treaties Database

1921:, arrived in the Ohio Country near the Lenape villages. The 1794:. Reverend John Brainerd abandoned the reservation in 1777. 1578:

was founded in 1624 by the Dutch in what would later become

7124: 3210:(c. 1730–1778), Turtle clan peace chief who negotiated the 3180:(died c. 1770), chief who led peace negotiations following 2934: 1985: 1806: 393: 387: 381: 361: 344: 329: 297: 6562:

Delaware's Buried Past: A Story of Archeological Adventure

6246:

The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage, 10,000 BC to AD 2000.

5628: (United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit), 4853: 3441:

include (from south to north and then counter-clockwise):

2803:

The court held that the justness of the extinguishment of

1572:. This land was purchased from the Lenape after the fact. 305:

citizens, Jennie Bobb and her daughter Nellie Longhat, in

6086:

Vestiges of Material Culture Among the Canadian Delawares

5582:"Delaware Tribe of Indians' federal recognition restored" 5115:

Misencik, Paul R.; Misencik, Sally E. (January 9, 2020).

3115:, c. 1686–1776), founder the village of Gekelmukpechunk ( 2992:, and elsewhere claim descent from Lenape people and are 5263:

The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Northeast,

5117:

American Indians of the Ohio Country in the 18th Century

4342:"Lenni Lenape Methods of Gardening and Food Preparation" 2826: 1329:

to stream water to make fish dizzy and easier to catch.

890:, preserving and digitizing the Southern Unami dialect. 41:. For individual people from the state of Delaware, see 7018: 6757:

David Zeisberger's History of Northern American Indians

6472:

Indian Treaties Printed by Benjamin Franklin, 1736–1762

6291:

A Lenape Among the Quakers: The Life of Hannah Freeman.

5625:

The Delaware Nation v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 250

5322:, Missouri State University, accessed September 8, 2010 6714:

Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1948).

6592:

Delaware's Forgotten River: The Story of the Christina

6547:

A Man and His Ship: Peter Minuit and the Kalmar Nyckel

5407:, Vol. I. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co., 1918, p. 250. 3806:

William, Brandon (1961). Alvin M., Josephy Jr. (ed.).

3532:

peoples and the Lenape peoples, and the Catskills and

3200:, chief and warrior who represented the Lenape at the 2939:

Three groups who claim descent from Lenape people are

1582:. Dutch settlers also founded a colony at present-day 78:, as of the 16th and 17th centuries, with speakers of 6654:(New and Enlarged Edition). Hambleton Company, 1953. 6519:

Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1998.

6441:

Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.

6346:

The Culture and Acculturation of the Delaware Indians

6217:. American Heritage Publishing Co. pp. 188–189. 6212: 5193:"Brotherton statement of refusal to leave New Jersey" 2820:

to Chief Tatamy—not to the tribe as a collectivity."

1382:. The Lenape were major producers of labor intensive 936:

who lived to their south and west in present western

384: 335: 5906:

Brinton, Daniel G., C.F. Denke, and Albert Anthony.

5605:. Associated Press. September 19, 2000. p. B-10 3222: 390: 378: 358: 341: 326: 6846:

The White Deer and Other Stories Told by the Lenape

6669:New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1972. 6452:. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004: 18–40. 6101:

The Indians of New Jersey: Dickon Among the Lenapes

5528:, Oklahoma Historical Society, accessed May 6, 2017 4239:

Pennsylvania Agriculture and Country Life 1640–1840

4032:

LENAPE TALKING DICTIONARY By English WORD or PHRASE

3019: 2831: 2782:

The Delaware Nation v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

2542:never officially ratified by the Texas government. 563:, which means "genuine, pure, real, original", and 375: 332: 6917:The Lenape: Archaeology, History, and Ethnography. 6304:Middleton, Sam (Chief Mountain, "Neen Ees To-ko). 3814:. American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 3807: 2641:A Lenape farm on a Delaware Indian Reservation in 2133:to oppose selling any more land to white settlers: 1941:. The missionaries pressured Indigenous people to 1287:, in which women cultivated many varieties of the 770:, Ontario. The Delaware of Six Nations shares the 6448:". Daniel K. Richter and William A. Pencak, eds. 6002:Blackfoot Dictionary of Stems, Roots, and Affixes 4668: 2763:Thornbury Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania 1973:, favored the British. They believed that by the 1905:Western theater of the American Revolutionary War 8232:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands 8203: 7157:History of Native Americans in the United States 5114: 4912:Encyclopedia of American Indian Wars, 1492–1890, 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 2882:in the late 18th century settled in what is now 1913:During the early 1770s, missionaries, including 1278: 5810:"Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania Cultural Center" 5346:Blood and Thunder: An Epic of the American West 5049:Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 2657:in exchange for lands on the James Fork of the 1881:region of Pennsylvania.. Many Lenape joined in 423:Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands 27:Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands 6981:Council Oak Books: San Francisco, 2002, 2007. 6949:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996) 6947:Delaware-English / English-Delaware dictionary 3448:shores from the river's eastern mouth and the 762:Today, the Munsee-Delaware Nation has its own 721:. Their lands also extended west from western 693:), was a large territory that encompassed the 573: 571:, meaning "real person" or "original person". 557: 7809: 7107: 6363:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2012. 5364:Page lv of the introduction by Frank McNitt, 4745:. St. Clair Shoes, MI: Somerset. p. 72. 2101: 1888: 1767:region from the Iroquois Mohawk of New York. 5541:"Delaware Tribe regains federal recognition" 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5245:Heart of the Lakes Publishing (March 1997). 5197:Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 5108: 4409:Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, 1999, p.5 3924:"Stockbridge-Munsee Band of Mohican Indians" 3768: 3555:One big cultural change occurred during the 2245:, New York. He collectively called them the 2040:. Like the other bands, they also spoke the 1295:. In the 17th century, the Lenape practiced 904: 565: 8292:Native Americans in the American Revolution 7491:Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands 6532:A Brief Account of the Indians of Delaware. 5923:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1989. 4916:The Northwest Under Three Flags, 1635–1796, 4578:Four Centuries of Dutch-American Relations, 4547: 3493:Regions south of there through the eastern 3423: 3008:for recognition. One of these includes the 2036:, lived in several mission villages run by 1782:. Led by Reverend John Brainerd, colonists 1538:'s 1682 treaty with the Lenape depicted in 877: 869: 861: 853: 39:Category:Native American tribes in Delaware 8262:Native American tribes in New York (state) 7816: 7802: 7114: 7100: 7071:Lenape (Southern Unami) Talking Dictionary 6759:(Classic Reprint). Forgotten Books, 2012. 6579:. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006. 6306:Blackfoot Confederacy, Ancient and Modern. 6133:(Classic Reprint). Forgotten Books, 2012. 6000:Frantz, Donald G. and Norma Jean Russell. 5966:De Valinger, Leon, Jr. and C.A. Weslager. 5665: 5663: 4651: 4649: 4567: 4563:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. 3837: 3835: 3833: 3747: 2329: 1786:200 people to Indian Mills, then known as 1615:peoples in the north and west such as the 1452:which were used to cure ringworm and with 7624:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 6393:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 6261:The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell 5410: 4813:. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press. 4804: 4802: 4601: 4589:see Mari Minato research on Lenape tribe 3895:. The Schuylkill Center. November 1, 2021 3409:Learn how and when to remove this message 3194:(1700–1763), leader of the eastern Lenape 2873: 2472:Learn how and when to remove this message 1518:rivers, and included the western part of 1400: 6841:, Hope Farm Press (Saugerties, NY 1995) 5893:Mythology of the Lenape: Guide and Texts 5739: 5737: 5735: 5404:A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans 4759: 4256:New England and New York Areas 1580–1800 3928:Wisconsin Department of Public Education 2935:State-recognized and unrecognized groups 2636: 2086:. Then the troop, aided by Lenape chief 1717: 1530: 908: 660: 639:colonists also settled in the area, and 296: 8247:Native American history of Pennsylvania 7639:Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum 6858:Brown, James W. and Rita T. Kohn, eds. 6263:. Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2007. 6030: 5925:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. 5715:"Removal History of the Delaware Tribe" 5695:. National Congress of American Indians 5673:. National Congress of American Indians 5660: 5640: 5638: 5562: 5423:Carol A. Lipscomb, "DELAWARE INDIANS," 4969: 4967: 4646: 4553: 4202: 3856: 3830: 3805: 3517:, and further south along a stretch of 3160:(fl. 1740–1763), Turkey clan war leader 2772:filed suit against Pennsylvania in the 2288:again, over 900 miles' travel away, to 1347:, the first European explorer to enter 499:relocated most Lenape remaining in the 14: 8267:Native American tribes in Pennsylvania 8204: 6888: 6697:The English on the Delaware: 1610–1682 6071:Religion and Ceremonies of the Lenape. 6056:A Preliminary Sketch of Lenape Culture 5921:Burrows, Edward G. and Mike. Wallace. 5644: 5536: 5534: 4856:Washington Valley, an informal history 4849: 4847: 4845: 4808: 4799: 4768:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 4557:(1978). Sturtevant, William C. (ed.). 4339: 4113:Carman, Alan E. (September 16, 2013). 4112: 4054:"Northeast Indian Social Organization" 3627: 3625: 3623: 2780:to build a casino. In the suit titled 2295: 2257:across Long Island Sound, such as the 2234:In the early 19th century the amateur 2019:attacks by British-allied Indians and 1456:which were used to cure ear problems. 928:At the time of European settlement in 741:and a sliver of the upper edge of the 408: 8242:Native American history of New Jersey 7797: 7153:Native Americans in the United States 7095: 6919:New Jersey Historical Society, 1987. 6839:The Delaware Indians, a brief history 6470:Van Doren, Carl, and Julian P. Boyd. 6378:. Kent State University Press, 1991. 6215:The American Heritage Book of Indians 6148:. University of Delaware Press, 1995. 6004:. University of Toronto Press, 1995. 5895:. University of Arizona Press, 1995. 5749:National Congress of American Indians 5732: 5707: 5588:7 Aug 2009 (retrieved 11 August 2009) 5518: 5175:"Treaty With The Wyandot, Etc., 1795" 5139: 5067: 5065: 4955:"The History of the Kansas Munsee..." 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4738: 4695:. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1912, p. 9 4440: 4438: 4286:, Vol. 64, no. 1 (Feb. 1983): 78, 88. 4254:, Vol. 34, #2 (April 1953): 329–346. 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 3810:The American Heritage Book of Indians 3577: 3575: 2827:Contemporary tribes and organizations 2632: 2314:in Missouri near its confluence with 1496: 8257:Native American tribes in New Jersey 6293:University of Nebraska Press, 2014. 6233:University of Illinois Press, 2006. 5794:"Petitions for Federal Recognition." 5635: 5553:4 Aug 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009. 4964: 4765: 4698: 4513: 4472:The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage, 4459:The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage, 4323:"The Munsee-Speaking Lenape Indians" 4072:"The Nanticoke Indian Tribe History" 3690:from the original on August 13, 2019 3616:The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage, 3347:adding citations to reliable sources 3318: 3044:(c. 1720–1805), Wolf clan war leader 2954:Nanticoke-Lenni Lenape Tribal Nation 2410:adding citations to reliable sources 2381: 2203:, and westward and southward of the 2090:, traveled to the nearby village of 1856:colonial authorities. Lenape leader 1406:Additionally, both sexes might wear 701:regions of eastern Pennsylvania and 113:Regions with significant populations 8297:Native American tribes in Wisconsin 8237:Native American history of Delaware 7778:Native American place names in Ohio 6727:The Swedes and Dutch at New Castle. 6213:Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., ed. (1961). 5531: 4842: 4418: 4309:Handbook of North American Indians, 3954:Southern Plains Tribal Health Board 3651:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 3620: 3050:(died after 1775), Wolf clan leader 2972:More than a dozen organizations in 2947:Lenape Indian Tribe of Delaware in 2912:Moravian of the Thames First Nation 2696:The main body of Lenape arrived in 2218:invited the Munsee Lenape to their 2188:settled in 1792 following the war. 1852:shifted to building alliances with 1816:Beginning in the 18th century, the 1477: 1430: 533:Moravian of the Thames First Nation 24: 8282:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 8252:Native American tribes in Delaware 8131:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo) 6967:(New York: Berghahn Books, 2006). 6878:. Indiana University Press (2007). 6831: 6819:. Harvard University Press, 1887. 6699:. Rutgers University Press, 1967. 6605:Weslager, C.A., and A. R. Dunlap. 6564:. Rutgers University Press, 1968. 6201:University of Pennsylvania, 1911. 6103:. Rutgers University Press, 1963. 6088:. New Era Printing Company, 1908. 6058:. New Era Printing Company, 1913. 6033:Handbook of North American Indians 5265:Columbia University Press (2002). 5062: 4870: 4560:Handbook of North American Indians 4435: 4187: 3572: 3278:Native American tribes in Maryland 1230:clan system and historically were 25: 8313: 8272:Native American tribes in Indiana 7000: 6609:. Literary Licensing, LLC, 2011. 6530:Weslager, Clinton, Alfred (C.A). 6185:Syracuse University Press, 1995. 5478:"12 Indian Claims Commission 404" 5243:Algonquian Peoples of Long Island 5140:Micty, Joseph (January 6, 1780). 4711:. New York: Berghahn Press, 2006. 4394: 3653:2010: 13. Retrieved 10 June 2010. 2996:. Organizations in Pennsylvania, 2886:. Canada recognizes three Lenape 2581: 2545: 2051:The British made plans to attack 2023:. The Americans agreed and built 1943:abandon their traditional customs 780:Six Nations Indian Reserve No. 40 7825: 7512:Prehistoric communities or sites 7123: 6667:The Delaware Indians: A History. 6457:Delaware Indian Language of 1824 6348:. University of Michigan, 1956. 6170:W. W. Norton and Company, 1990. 6155:W. W. Norton and Company, 1990. 5970:. Literary Licensing LLC, 2013. 5836: 5827: 5802: 5787: 5762: 5685: 5617: 5591: 5575: 5556: 5506: 5470: 5442:"9 Indian Claims Commission 346" 5434: 4991: 3323: 3225: 3140:(died 1762), chief who assisted 3020:Notable historical Lenape people 2832:U.S. federally recognized tribes 2510: 2484: 2386: 2003:across the river in present-day 1836:The Lenape initially sided with 1586:, on June 3, 1631, and named it 371: 354: 322: 68: 8287:Native American tribes in Texas 7037:Lenape Indian Tribe of Delaware 6684:. Middle Atlantic Press, 1978. 6639:(Middle Atlantic Press, 1988). 6549:. Middle Atlantic Press, 1990. 6534:Literary Licensing, LLC, 2012. 6318:. Middle Atlantic Press, 1981. 5843:Killbuck, Ohio History Central. 5770:"Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania" 5645:Cooper, Kenny (July 30, 2021). 5395: 5382: 5358: 5338: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5276: 5255: 5235: 5210: 5185: 5167: 5155: 5133: 5090: 5037: 5012: 4985: 4976: 4947: 4934: 4921: 4904: 4817: 4786: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4685: 4595: 4583: 4538: 4529: 4507: 4498: 4477: 4464: 4451: 4446:The Delaware Indians: A History 4412: 4403: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4352: 4340:Krykew, Sarah (July 15, 2016). 4333: 4315: 4301: 4289: 4276: 4261: 4244: 4231: 4173: 4159: 4145: 4131: 4106: 4082: 4064: 4046: 4020: 4007: 3981: 3968: 3942: 3916: 3907: 3881: 3844: 3741: 3663:"Art on the Prairies: Delaware" 3549: 3334:needs additional citations for 2748: 2735: 2537:The situation changed when the 2397:needs additional citations for 2229: 1897:Brodhead's Coshocton expedition 1726:depicted in a 1735 portrait by 1699: 1696:government to take precedence. 1526: 913:Susie Elkhair, a member of the 685:The historical Lenape country, 74:The Lenape territory, known as 8277:Native American tribes in Ohio 7084:New International Encyclopedia 6889:Grumet, Robert Steven (2009). 6622:Magic Medicines of the Indians 6168:The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire. 4829:archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu 4346:Chadds Ford Historical Society 3851:"Online Etymology Dictionary." 3715: 3702: 3672: 3656: 3634: 3608: 3605:2000 (retrieved July 19, 2011) 3584: 3501:lands through the present-day 3125:(16th century), sachem of the 3105:(18th century), Lenape prophet 2927:), two Canadian reserves near 2925:Six Nations of the Grand River 2704:of Lenape in Oklahoma are the 2528:adapted to the Mexican culture 1925:sent these men to convert the 1680:colonists created the English 1541:Penn's Treaty with the Indians 1439: 959:-speaking peoples originated. 743:North Branch Susquehanna River 643:sources called the Lenape the 621:for the first governor of the 617:. English colonists named the 555:originates from two autonyms, 13: 1: 7049:Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Nation 7043:Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania 6891:The Munsee Indians: a history 6848:. New York: W. Morrow, 1995. 6729:Middle Atlantic Press, 1990. 6517:Indian Paths of Pennsylvania. 6329:Myers, Albert Cook (editor). 5985:Wennawoods Publishing, 1997. 5908:A Lenâpé – English Dictionary 5851: 5149:The Gilder Lehrman Collection 4809:Harper, Steven Craig (2006). 4616:10.2307/pennhistory.74.1.0001 3314: 3010:Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania 2306:, signed October 3, 1818, in 1657:of newly introduced European 1621:Confederation of the Iroquois 1459:The Lenape carry the nuts of 1279:Hunting, fishing, and farming 888:The Lenape Talking Dictionary 807:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes 581:Lenape Nation of Pennsylvania 105: 7609:Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio) 7524:Archaeological sites in Ohio 7019:Stockbridge-Munsee Community 5955:Powerkids Publishing, 2005. 5512:Pages 401 to 409. Weslager, 5310:, accessed September 8, 2010 4676:Colonial Delaware: A History 4117:. Trafford. pp. 88–90. 3863:"Lenape Talking Dictionary." 2863:Stockbridge-Munsee Community 2604:Chihuahua-El Paso Expedition 812: 521:Stockbridge–Munsee Community 43:List of people from Delaware 7: 7629:Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum 7331:Two Mile Square Reservation 7326:Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation 7055:Ramapo Munsee Lenape Nation 6594:. Hambleton Company, 1947. 6408:. Retrieved March 15, 2012. 6308:Kainai Chieftainship, 1951. 5940:Trafford Publishing, 2013. 5799:Retrieved January 20, 2012. 5569:Oklahoma Historical Society 4682:: KTO Press; 1978; pp. 9–12 4655:William Christie MacLeod. " 4360:"Lenni Lenape Indian Tribe" 3989:"Lunaape (Munsee-Delaware)" 3878:Retrieved December 2, 2013. 3853:Retrieved October 10, 2019. 3754:. Philadelphia: James Kay. 3729:. Delaware Tribe of Indians 3478:Regions west of there from 3254:(Lenape settlement in Ohio) 3218: 2811:, including in the case of 2756:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act 2740:In 1979, the United States 2702:federally recognized tribes 2691: 2625:in the vicinity of present 801:, that they share with the 709:along the west bank of the 705:from the north bank of the 186:traditional tribal religion 10: 8318: 8302:People from New Netherland 8222:Eastern Algonquian peoples 7604:Flint Ridge State Memorial 7336:Upper Sandusky Reservation 6637:New Sweden on the Delaware 6487:Oral Tradition as History. 6118:. Uhlan Publishing, 2012. 5745:"Tribal Directory: Lenape" 5284:"Green Bay to Stockbridge" 5119:. McFarland. p. 107. 4385:Dreibelbis, 1978 , page 33 3748:Zeisberger, David (1827). 3288:Ramapough Mountain Indians 2563:Lenape remained in Texas. 2514: 2488: 2102:Late 18th century treaties 2060:during and after the war. 2029:Treaty of Fort Pitt (1778) 1975:Royal Proclamation of 1763 1955:American Revolutionary War 1894: 1889:American Revolutionary War 1703: 1600:. The Lenape who produced 1503:sustained European contact 1472: 1427:as to advance gradually". 1414: 1016:Dog standing by fireside, 897: 893: 795:tribal jurisdictional area 654: 650: 489:American Revolutionary War 472:. Today they are based in 36: 29: 8049: 7842: 7770: 7657: 7596: 7559: 7511: 7459: 7423: 7352: 7306: 7288: 7163: 7134: 7066:Lenape/English dictionary 7030:October 15, 2018, at the 7013:Delaware Tribe of Indians 6883:American Indian Quarterly 6774:. Forgotten Books, 2012. 6652:Red Men on the Brandywine 6413:English-Lenape Dictionary 5719:Delaware Tribe of Indians 5222:collections.dartmouth.edu 4739:Ricky, Donald B. (1999). 4397:Food, Farming and Hunting 4205:American Indian Quarterly 4093:www.nanticoke-lenape.info 3889:"The Lenape and the Land" 3874:Delaware Tribe of Indians 3727:Lenape Talking Dictionary 3592:"A Place Called Whippany" 3058:Delaware Tribe of Indians 2854:Delaware Tribe of Indians 2817:Indian Nonintercourse Act 2714:Delaware Tribe of Indians 2615:Brazos Indian Reservation 2586:In 1845, the Republic of 2521:In 1828, Mexican General 2076:Moravian Christian Lenape 1979:Native American territory 1780:Morris County, New Jersey 1244:marry outside of his clan 915:Delaware Tribe of Indians 905:Clans and kinship systems 845:, fluently speak Munsee. 827:Algonquian language group 669:, comprising present-day 513:Delaware Tribe of Indians 454:Northeastern Pennsylvania 273: 251: 229: 207: 195: 190: 176: 171: 155: 150: 139: 128: 117: 112: 104: 99: 67: 60: 8227:First Nations in Ontario 7725:Battle of Fallen Timbers 7701:Treaty of Camp Charlotte 7614:Fort Hill State Memorial 7316:Blanchard's Fork Reserve 7129:Native Americans in Ohio 7061:Museum of Indian Culture 6994:The Light In The Forest. 6229:Kalter, Susan (editor). 5426:Handbook of Texas Online 5288:Green Bay to Stockbridge 3712:". Dictionary.com. 2023. 3566: 3142:Christian Frederick Post 2914:, Canadian reserve near 2905:, Canadian reserve near 2836:Three Lenape tribes are 2742:Bureau of Indian Affairs 2530:, sent their request to 2377: 1953:In the beginning of the 1694:Province of Pennsylvania 1631:added the Lenape to the 1594:Dutch West India Company 1372:Dutch West India Company 1316:(or Ackingsah-sack, the 609:The tribe's common name 8096:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) 7783:Indian removals in Ohio 7644:SunWatch Indian Village 7634:New Indian Ridge Museum 7583:Thunderbird (mythology) 7344:Indian removals in Ohio 6867:August 8, 2010, at the 6837:Adams, Richard Calmit, 6502:Indians in Pennsylvania 6129:Heckewelder, John G.E. 6114:Heckewelder, John G.E. 6073:Forgotten Books, 2012. 5910:. Biblio Bazaar, 2009. 5603:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 5546:March 19, 2016, at the 5218:"New Stockbridge Tribe" 4720:Jennings (2000), p. 117 4662:American Anthropologist 4237:Stevenson W. Fletcher, 4090:"Our Tribal History..." 4058:Encyclopedia Britannica 3669:Retrieved 19 July 2011. 3006:U.S. federal government 2963:Ramapough Lenape Nation 2941:state-recognized tribes 2921:Delaware of Six Nations 2330:Role in western history 2270:Oneida County, New York 2268:Two groups migrated to 1971:Wolf Clan of the Lenape 1747:According to historian 1684:beginning at the lower 878: 870: 862: 854: 574: 566: 558: 546: 537:Delaware of Six Nations 497:U.S. federal government 32:Lenape (disambiguation) 7832:Native American tribes 7719:Siege of Fort Recovery 7321:Moravian Indian Grants 6934:. Lenape Books, 1996. 5833:S. H. Mitchell (1895) 5563:Stiefmiller, Helen M. 5524:Helen M. Stiefmiller, 5401:William E. Connelley. 4982:Schutt, (2007), p. 119 4780:10.1006/jaar.1996.0006 4516:"DELAWARE ETHNOBOTANY" 3680:"Definition of Lenape" 3597:July 27, 2013, at the 3590:Fariello, Leonardo A. 3458:colonial New York City 3202:Treaty of Fort Stanwix 3099:(died 1756), war chief 3077:Chief William Anderson 3060:, 1907–1984), linguist 2903:Munsee-Delaware Nation 2874:Canadian First Nations 2858:Bartlesville, Oklahoma 2840:in the United States: 2718:Bartlesville, Oklahoma 2700:in the 1860s. The two 2646: 2523:Manuel de Mier y Terán 2352:conquest of California 2342:in events such as the 2340:army guides and scouts 2324:Chief William Anderson 2169: 1730: 1682:colony of Pennsylvania 1548: 1508:Northeastern Woodlands 1487:Giovanni da Verrazzano 1401:Clothing and adornment 1345:Giovanni da Verrazzano 1249:As in the case of the 925: 825:belong to the Eastern 799:Caddo County, Oklahoma 682: 529:Munsee-Delaware Nation 310: 182:Native American Church 7695:Yellow Creek massacre 6146:New Sweden in America 5671:"Tribal Directory: D" 5586:Indian Country Today. 4973:Schutt, (2007), p.118 4914:1999, p. 234; Moore, 4891:www.gilderlehrman.org 4514:Hill, George (2015). 4376:Mark Kurlansky, 2006 4078:. September 16, 2023. 3507:colonial Pennsylvania 3186:Tamaqua, Pennsylvania 3091:Killbuck (Gelelemend) 2894:. Each is located in 2640: 2350:expeditions, and the 2182:Moraviantown, Ontario 2135: 2044:branch of Lenape, an 1901:Gnadenhutten massacre 1831:French and Indian War 1757:French and Indian War 1721: 1704:Further information: 1637:French and Indian War 1607:During the resulting 1544:, a 1771 portrait by 1534: 1376:Swedish South Company 1170:Moo-har-mo-wi-kar'-nu 1091:Ole-har-kar-me'kar-to 912: 843:Moraviantown, Ontario 831:mutually intelligible 786:peoples in Ontario. 664: 501:Eastern United States 300: 281: ( 259: ( 237: ( 215: ( 191:Related ethnic groups 8217:Algonquian ethnonyms 8126:Mescalero-Chiricahua 7881:Cheyenne and Arapaho 7761:Treaty of St. Mary's 7755:Treaty of Fort Meigs 7749:Treaty of Brownstown 7737:Treaty of Grouseland 7731:Treaty of Greenville 7707:Northwest Indian War 7677:Raid on Pickawillany 7649:Zane Shawnee Caverns 7578:Petroglyphs in Ohio‎ 7534:Petroglyphs in Ohio‎ 7479:Glacial Kame culture 7460:Prehistoric cultures 7424:Historic communities 7298:Algonquian languages 6977:Pritchard, Evan T., 6804:. Ulan Press, 2012. 6789:. Ulan Press, 2012. 6515:Wallace, Paul, A.W. 6500:Wallace, Paul, A.W. 6474:. Nabu Press, 2011. 6344:Newcomb, William W. 6333:. Nabu Press, 2012. 6314:Myers, Albert Cook. 6278:. Arno Press, 1979. 6248:Lenape Books, 2001. 6099:Harrington, Mark R. 6084:Harrington, Mark R. 5526:"Delaware, Eastern." 5514:The Delaware Indians 5333:The Delaware Indians 5024:Ohio History Central 4997:William Dean Howells 4691:Cook, Albert Myers. 4604:Pennsylvania History 4267:Emily W.B. Russell, 3893:schuylkillcenter.org 3667:All About the Shoes. 3343:improve this article 3119:), Ohio in the 1760s 3093:, Turtle clan leader 3085:Treaty of St. Mary's 3081:Treaty of Greenville 3014:Easton, Pennsylvania 3004:have petitioned the 2896:Southwestern Ontario 2878:The Lenape who fled 2838:federally recognized 2798:Tatamy, Pennsylvania 2676:, which created the 2406:improve this article 2372:Edwardsville, Kansas 2356:Mexican–American War 2303:Treaty of St. Mary's 2290:Green Bay, Wisconsin 2282:forcefully displaced 2193:Treaty of Greenville 1784:forcefully relocated 1629:Iroquois Confederacy 1042:Long-ush-har-kar'-to 623:Province of Virginia 287: 265: 243: 221: 167:as a second language 30:For other uses, see 7496:Monongahela culture 7446:Muskingum (village) 7308:Former reservations 7280:Western Confederacy 7145:Northwest Territory 6815:Zeisberger, David. 6800:Zeisberger, David. 6785:Zeisberger, David. 6770:Zeisberger, David. 6755:Zeisberger, David. 6740:Zeisberger, David. 6437:Soderlund, Jean R. 6389:Pritzker, Barry M. 6181:Jennings, Francis. 6166:Jennings, Francis. 6151:Jennings, Francis. 5981:Donehoo, George P. 5565:"Delaware, Eastern" 5261:Bragdon, Kathleen. 5077:Fort Laurens Museum 4944:. Kent, Ohio. 1991 4858:. Edward Brothers. 4742:Indians of Maryland 4395:Keoke, Emory Dean. 3930:. September 5, 2017 3641:"Pocket Pictorial." 3603:Whippanong Library, 3469:Western Connecticut 3462:colonial New Jersey 3212:Treaty of Fort Pitt 3144:in negotiating the 3070:Charles Journeycake 2994:unrecognized tribes 2907:St. Thomas, Ontario 2796:, near the town of 2716:, headquartered in 2708:, headquartered in 2678:Territory of Kansas 2674:Kansas–Nebraska Act 2344:Second Seminole War 2296:Indiana to Missouri 2184:, where the Turtle 1761:Sir William Johnson 1659:infectious diseases 1083:Drawing Down Hill, 1034:Pulling up Stream, 731:Lower Hudson Valley 413:), also called the 256:Lënapei èlixsuwakàn 57: 7896:Citizen Potawatomi 7713:St. Clair's defeat 7689:Lord Dunmore's War 7588:Underwater panther 7504:(Late Prehistoric) 7502:Whittlesey culture 7475:(Late Prehistoric) 7436:Lenape settlements 7137:Prehistory of Ohio 7057:, official website 7051:, official website 7045:, official website 7039:, official website 7021:, official website 7015:, official website 7009:, official website 6744:Nabu Press, 2012. 6374:Olmstead, Earl P. 6196:Johnson, Amandus. 6153:Empire of Fortune. 6069:Harrington, Mark. 6054:Harrington, Mark. 6039:Grumet, Robert S. 5880:Ulan Press, 2011. 5863:Natur & Kultur 5693:"Tribal Directory" 5335:, pp. 375, 378–380 4940:Olmstead, Earl P. 4680:Millwood, New York 4419:Utz, Axel (2011). 4327:The Watering Place 3868:2013-12-03 at the 3723:"Delaware Indians" 3646:2010-04-06 at the 3519:Atlantic sea coast 3497:outside the rival 3471:up to present-day 3450:Atlantic sea coast 3298:Unalachtigo Lenape 3263:Lenape settlements 3054:Nora Thompson Dean 2929:Brantford, Ontario 2849:Anadarko, Oklahoma 2794:Northampton County 2786:Moses Tunda Tatamy 2729:Curtis Act of 1898 2710:Anadarko, Oklahoma 2647: 2633:Kansas reservation 2627:Anadarko, Oklahoma 2600:Texas Hill Country 2199:, eastward of the 2120:forcibly displaced 1927:Indigenous peoples 1824:to share Moravian 1731: 1728:Gustavus Hesselius 1549: 1497:Early colonial era 1491:Lower New York Bay 1465:in the pocket for 1285:companion planting 1226:The Lenape have a 1216:Ground Scratcher, 1194:Nool-a-mar-lar'-mo 1168:Scratch the Path, 1164:Moo-kwung-wa-ho'ki 1103:Toosh-ki-pa-kwis-i 1004:Across the River, 949:Algonquian peoples 926: 791:Indian reservation 782:, shared with six 776:Brantford, Ontario 683: 600:Lower New York Bay 425:, who live in the 311: 267:Wënami èlixsuwakàn 261:Monsii èlixsuwakàn 198:Algonquian peoples 53: 8199: 8198: 8121:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 7861:Alabama-Quassarte 7791: 7790: 7743:Treaty of Detroit 7487:(Middle Woodland) 7441:Lower Shawneetown 6992:Richter, Conrad, 6940:978-0-935137-01-9 6925:978-0-911020-14-4 6900:978-0-8061-4062-9 6876:978-0-253-34968-2 6861:Long Journey Home 6844:Bierhorst, John. 6750:978-1-278-79951-3 6735:978-0-912608-50-1 6705:978-0-8135-0548-0 6690:978-0-912608-06-8 6615:978-1-258-17789-8 6585:978-0-8122-1983-8 6555:978-0-9625563-1-9 6540:978-1-258-23895-7 6525:978-0-89271-090-4 6510:978-0-89271-017-1 6480:978-1-178-59363-1 6465:978-1-935228-06-6 6455:Trowbridge, C.C. 6432:978-0-8122-2024-7 6415:. N.P., N.D. See 6411:Rice, Phillip W. 6399:978-0-19-513877-1 6384:978-0-87338-434-6 6369:978-0-8032-3986-9 6339:978-1-279-95624-3 6324:978-0-912608-13-6 6299:978-0-8032-4840-3 6284:978-0-405-11648-3 6269:978-0-345-47639-5 6259:Kurlansky, Mark. 6254:978-0-935137-03-3 6239:978-0-252-03035-2 6191:978-0-8156-2650-3 6176:978-0-393-30302-5 6161:978-0-393-30640-8 6139:978-1-4400-5862-2 6109:978-0-8135-0425-4 6049:978-0-7910-0385-5 6025:978-0-8122-2205-0 6010:978-0-8020-7136-1 5991:978-1-889037-11-0 5976:978-1-258-62207-7 5961:978-1-4042-2872-6 5946:978-1-4669-0742-3 5936:Carman, Alan, E. 5916:978-1-103-14922-3 5901:978-0-8165-1573-8 5891:Bierhorst, John. 5390:Blood and Thunder 5354:978-0-385-50777-6 5271:978-0-231-11452-3 5251:978-1-55787-148-0 5126:978-1-4766-7997-6 5102:The Kansas Munsee 4958:The Kansas Munsee 4674:Munroe, John A.: 4555:Trigger, Bruce C. 4523:Delawaretribe.org 4124:978-1-4669-0742-3 4076:Nanticoke Indians 3995:. Original Voices 3950:"Delaware Nation" 3761:978-0-404-15803-3 3523:colonial Delaware 3484:Susquehanna River 3456:, including both 3419: 3418: 3411: 3393: 3283:Okehocking people 2867:Bowler, Wisconsin 2552:Republic of Texas 2482: 2481: 2474: 2456: 2322:, is named after 2320:Anderson, Indiana 2276:who had moved to 2274:Washington Valley 2116:Washington Valley 2112:community leaders 2058:American pioneers 2034:Christian Munsees 1848:near present-day 1776:Washington Valley 1283:Lenape practiced 1200:Muh-krent-har'-ne 1192:Living in Water, 1182:Muh-ho-we-kä'-ken 1127:Kwis-aese-kees'to 1119:Snapping Turtle, 1107:Smallest Turtle, 1085:See-har-ong'-o-to 1077:High Bank Shore, 867:and "friend" was 410:[lənaːpe] 407: 295: 294: 203: 202: 16:(Redirected from 8309: 8051:Tribal languages 8031:United Keetoowah 7961:Muscogee (Creek) 7921:Fort Sill Apache 7856:Absentee Shawnee 7830: 7829: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7795: 7794: 7469:(Early Woodland) 7353:Historic figures 7128: 7127: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7093: 7092: 7088: 7080: 6930:Kraft, Herbert. 6915:Kraft, Herbert: 6912: 6885:12 (2): 107–126. 6624:. Signet, 1974. 6359:Newman, Andrew. 6244:Kraft, Herbert. 6226: 6036: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5806: 5800: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5774:lenapenationofpa 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5741: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5667: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5642: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5595: 5589: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5560: 5554: 5538: 5529: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5494:on March 3, 2016 5493: 5487:. Archived from 5482: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5458:on March 3, 2016 5457: 5451:. Archived from 5446: 5438: 5432: 5421: 5408: 5399: 5393: 5386: 5380: 5366:Simpson, James H 5362: 5356: 5344:Sides, Hampton, 5342: 5336: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5280: 5274: 5259: 5253: 5241:Strong, John A. 5239: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5146: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5069: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5016: 5010: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4962: 4961: 4951: 4945: 4938: 4932: 4925: 4919: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4883: 4868: 4867: 4851: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4806: 4797: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4736: 4730: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4712: 4702: 4696: 4689: 4683: 4672: 4666: 4653: 4644: 4643: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4580:SUNY Press, 2009 4571: 4565: 4564: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4520: 4511: 4505: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4481: 4475: 4468: 4462: 4455: 4449: 4442: 4433: 4432: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4319: 4313: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4280: 4274: 4265: 4259: 4248: 4242: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4200: 4185: 4184: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4024: 4018: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3985: 3979: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3956:. April 10, 2017 3946: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3885: 3879: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3828: 3827: 3813: 3803: 3766: 3765: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3719: 3713: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3676: 3670: 3660: 3654: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3560: 3553: 3541: 3509:, south through 3480:Albany, New York 3427: 3414: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3392: 3351: 3327: 3319: 3303:Walking Purchase 3258:Lenape mythology 3235: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3146:Treaty of Easton 3030:Richard C. Adams 2805:aboriginal title 2778:Walking Purchase 2698:Indian Territory 2655:Indian Territory 2539:Texas Revolution 2477: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2455: 2414: 2390: 2382: 2308:St. Mary's, Ohio 2167: 1919:John Heckewelder 1915:David Zeisberger 1844:in the east and 1799:Treaty of Easton 1749:Steven C. Harper 1742:Walking Purchase 1714:Walking Purchase 1710:Treaty of Easton 1690:Penn Treaty Park 1641:Seven Years' War 1598:upstate New York 1478:European contact 1431:Units of measure 1318:Hackensack River 1174:Opossum Ground, 1097:Ma-har-o-luk'-ti 1046:Bringing Along, 1000:We-yar-nih'kä-to 942:eastern Maryland 934:Nanticoke people 900:Lenape mythology 881: 873: 865: 859:, "brother" was 857: 839:John Heckewelder 829:and are largely 823:Munsee languages 747:Schuylkill River 577: 569: 561: 505:Indian Territory 464:, and the lower 412: 404:Lenape languages 402: 400: 399: 396: 395: 392: 389: 386: 383: 380: 377: 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 351: 350: 347: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 321: 205: 204: 107: 100:Total population 72: 58: 52: 21: 8317: 8316: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8202: 8201: 8200: 8195: 8053: 8045: 7916:Eastern Shawnee 7906:Delaware Nation 7847: 7845: 7838: 7824: 7822: 7792: 7787: 7766: 7653: 7592: 7555: 7551:Wilderness Road 7507: 7498:(Late Woodland) 7455: 7431:Hell Town, Ohio 7419: 7348: 7302: 7284: 7165:Historic tribes 7159: 7141:History of Ohio 7130: 7122: 7120: 7075: 7032:Wayback Machine 7007:Delaware Nation 7003: 6996:New York: 1953. 6945:O'Meara, John, 6901: 6869:Wayback Machine 6834: 6832:Further reading 6725:Weslager, C.A. 6710:Weslager, C.A. 6695:Weslager, C.A. 6680:Weslager, C.A. 6665:Weslager, C.A. 6650:Weslager, C.A. 6635:Weslager, C.A. 6620:Weslager, C.A. 6590:Weslager, C.A. 6575:Weslager, C.A. 6560:Weslager, C.A. 6545:Weslager, C.A. 6444:Spady, James. " 6422:Schutt, Amy C. 6289:Marsh, Dawn G. 6015:Fur, Gunglong. 5854: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5818: 5816: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5792: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5753: 5751: 5743: 5742: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5698: 5696: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5676: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5661: 5651: 5649: 5643: 5636: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5580: 5576: 5561: 5557: 5548:Wayback Machine 5539: 5532: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5422: 5411: 5400: 5396: 5387: 5383: 5363: 5359: 5343: 5339: 5330: 5326: 5320:"Delaware Town" 5318: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5260: 5256: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5113: 5109: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5071: 5070: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5028: 5026: 5018: 5017: 5013: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4965: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4939: 4935: 4931:. Ithaca. 1956 4926: 4922: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4885: 4884: 4871: 4852: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4807: 4800: 4791: 4787: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4737: 4733: 4729:Goddard 213–216 4728: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4703: 4699: 4690: 4686: 4673: 4669: 4654: 4647: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4572: 4568: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4469: 4465: 4456: 4452: 4443: 4436: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4338: 4334: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4281: 4277: 4266: 4262: 4249: 4245: 4236: 4232: 4201: 4188: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3870:Wayback Machine 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3841:Josephy 188–189 3840: 3831: 3804: 3769: 3762: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3684:Merriam Webster 3678: 3677: 3673: 3661: 3657: 3648:Wayback Machine 3639: 3635: 3630: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3599:Wayback Machine 3589: 3585: 3580: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3563: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3544: 3428: 3424: 3415: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3352: 3350: 3340: 3328: 3317: 3312: 3252:Hell Town, Ohio 3233:Delaware portal 3231: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3170:, and for whom 3022: 2937: 2892:Indian reserves 2876: 2845:Delaware Nation 2834: 2829: 2770:Delaware Nation 2751: 2738: 2725:Cherokee Nation 2706:Delaware Nation 2694: 2635: 2584: 2548: 2519: 2513: 2493: 2487: 2478: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2415: 2413: 2403: 2391: 2380: 2332: 2298: 2286:white colonists 2232: 2216:New Stockbridge 2178:Western Ontario 2174:Indian reserves 2168: 2165: 2108:Munsee-speaking 2104: 2096:Coshocton, Ohio 2072:Daniel Brodhead 1923:Moravian Church 1911: 1895:Main articles: 1891: 1818:Moravian Church 1716: 1702: 1639:(a part of the 1584:Lewes, Delaware 1560:in present-day 1529: 1501:At the time of 1499: 1480: 1475: 1462:Aesculus glabra 1442: 1433: 1417: 1403: 1378:to promote the 1349:New York Harbor 1337:hunter-gatherer 1281: 1224: 1206:Mur-karm-huk-se 1133: 1115:We-lung-ung-sil 1113:Little Turtle, 1109:Tung-ul-ung'-si 1079:Ta-ko-ong'-o-to 1054: 1030:Moon-har-tar'ne 1006:Toosh-war-ka'ma 994:Pä-sakun'a'-mon 907: 902: 896: 815: 752:with the rival 659: 653: 627:Lord De La Warr 615:French language 613:comes from the 549: 509:Delaware Nation 448:regions of the 421:people, are an 374: 370: 357: 353: 325: 319: 318: 303:Delaware Nation 286: 280: 264: 258: 242: 236: 220: 214: 185: 95: 63: 56:Delaware people 55: 51: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8315: 8305: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8057: 8055: 8054:(still spoken) 8047: 8046: 8044: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7971:Otoe-Missouria 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7911:Delaware Tribe 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7852: 7850: 7840: 7839: 7821: 7820: 7813: 7806: 7798: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7780: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7758: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7668: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7573:Mounds in Ohio 7570: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7529:Mounds in Ohio 7526: 7521: 7515: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7488: 7482: 7476: 7470: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7427: 7425: 7421: 7420: 7418: 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5934: 5919: 5904: 5889: 5874: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5835: 5826: 5801: 5786: 5761: 5731: 5706: 5684: 5659: 5634: 5616: 5590: 5574: 5555: 5530: 5517: 5505: 5469: 5433: 5409: 5394: 5381: 5357: 5337: 5324: 5312: 5300: 5275: 5254: 5234: 5209: 5184: 5166: 5154: 5132: 5125: 5107: 5089: 5061: 5036: 5020:"Fort Detroit" 5011: 5006:Three Villages 4984: 4975: 4963: 4946: 4933: 4920: 4903: 4869: 4841: 4816: 4798: 4785: 4774:(2): 160–182. 4758: 4751: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4697: 4684: 4667: 4645: 4594: 4582: 4566: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4506: 4497: 4476: 4463: 4450: 4434: 4411: 4402: 4399:. p. 103. 4387: 4378: 4369: 4364:Comanche Lodge 4351: 4332: 4314: 4300: 4288: 4275: 4260: 4243: 4230: 4186: 4172: 4158: 4144: 4130: 4123: 4105: 4081: 4063: 4045: 4019: 4006: 3993:CBC Indigenous 3980: 3967: 3941: 3915: 3906: 3880: 3855: 3843: 3829: 3767: 3760: 3740: 3714: 3701: 3671: 3655: 3633: 3619: 3607: 3583: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3527: 3526: 3515:Delaware River 3491: 3476: 3465: 3446:Delaware River 3439:drainage basin 3435:Delaware River 3421: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3331: 3329: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3249: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3214: 3205: 3195: 3189: 3175: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3135: 3129: 3120: 3109:Chief Newcomer 3106: 3100: 3097:Captain Jacobs 3094: 3087: 3075:Kikthawenund ( 3073: 3067: 3064:Hannah Freeman 3061: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3018: 2970: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2918: 2909: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2860: 2851: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2809:nonjusticiable 2790:Forks Township 2750: 2747: 2737: 2734: 2693: 2690: 2634: 2631: 2596:John Meusebach 2583: 2582:State of Texas 2580: 2547: 2546:Texas Republic 2544: 2515:Main article: 2512: 2509: 2489:Main article: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2394: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2331: 2328: 2297: 2294: 2236:anthropologist 2231: 2228: 2163: 2118:that had been 2114:native to the 2103: 2100: 2082:also known as 2078:settlement of 1890: 1887: 1879:Wyoming Valley 1701: 1698: 1686:Delaware River 1633:Covenant Chain 1617:Susquehannocks 1570:New Netherland 1528: 1525: 1498: 1495: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1416: 1413: 1402: 1399: 1368:Susquehannocks 1356:New Netherland 1314:Achinigeu-hach 1310:David de Vries 1297:slash and burn 1280: 1277: 1268:mound builders 1255:Susquehannocks 1223: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1202: 1196: 1190: 1188:Tong-o-nä-o-to 1184: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1123: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1101:Green Leaves, 1099: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1075: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1044: 1038: 1032: 1026: 1020: 1014: 1008: 1002: 998:Care Enterer, 996: 992:Pulling Corn, 990: 984: 975: 974: 973: 906: 903: 895: 892: 879:mattá ne hattá 814: 811: 772:Glebe Farm 40B 764:Indian reserve 711:Delaware River 677:, and eastern 655:Main article: 652: 649: 619:Delaware River 602:, and eastern 548: 545: 493:Indian removal 470:New York state 444:, the eastern 293: 292: 275: 271: 270: 253: 249: 248: 231: 227: 226: 209: 201: 200: 193: 192: 188: 187: 174: 173: 169: 168: 153: 152: 148: 147: 144: 137: 136: 133: 126: 125: 122: 115: 114: 110: 109: 102: 101: 97: 96: 86:(center), and 73: 65: 64: 61: 49: 26: 18:Lenape Indians 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8314: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8011:Seneca-Cayuga 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7828: 7819: 7814: 7812: 7807: 7805: 7800: 7799: 7796: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7762: 7759: 7756: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7683:Pontiac's War 7681: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7671:Nanfan Treaty 7669: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7619:Fort Recovery 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7415: 7412: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7396:Little Turtle 7394: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7370: 7367: 7366:Buckongahelas 7364: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7351: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7287: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7133: 7126: 7117: 7112: 7110: 7105: 7103: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7086: 7085: 7079: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7044: 7041: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7025:Lenape Center 7023: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7004: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6987:1-57178-107-2 6984: 6980: 6976: 6974: 6973:1-57181-672-0 6970: 6966: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6955:0-8020-0670-1 6952: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6896: 6892: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6855: 6854:0-688-12900-5 6851: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6826: 6825:1-104-25351-8 6822: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6675:0-8135-0702-2 6672: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6645:0-912608-65-X 6642: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6495:0-85255-007-3 6492: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5931:0-19-514049-4 5928: 5924: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5871:91-27-01909-8 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5844: 5839: 5830: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5798: 5795: 5790: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5694: 5688: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5648: 5641: 5639: 5631: 5626: 5620: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5537: 5535: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5473: 5454: 5450: 5443: 5437: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5406: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5378:0-8061-3570-0 5375: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5334: 5328: 5321: 5316: 5309: 5308:"Removal Era" 5304: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5098:"Our History" 5093: 5078: 5074: 5073:"Our History" 5068: 5066: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4968: 4959: 4956: 4950: 4943: 4937: 4930: 4924: 4918:1900, p. 151. 4917: 4913: 4907: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4812: 4805: 4803: 4795: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4752:9780403098774 4748: 4744: 4743: 4735: 4726: 4717: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4688: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4652: 4650: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4501: 4486: 4480: 4473: 4467: 4460: 4454: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4406: 4398: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4310: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4285: 4279: 4272: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4240: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4182: 4176: 4168: 4162: 4154: 4148: 4140: 4134: 4126: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4016: 4010: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3977: 3971: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3910: 3899:September 27, 3894: 3890: 3884: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3852: 3847: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3811: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3744: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3711: 3705: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3617: 3611: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3578: 3576: 3571: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3530:Susquehannock 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3503:Lehigh Valley 3500: 3499:Susquehannock 3496: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3473:Massachusetts 3470: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3433:flanking the 3432: 3426: 3422: 3413: 3410: 3402: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3360: – 3359: 3355: 3354:Find sources: 3348: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3332:This section 3330: 3326: 3321: 3320: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3247:Esopus people 3245: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3223: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3182:Pontiac's War 3179: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3117:Newcomerstown 3114: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3042:Buckongahelas 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2888:First Nations 2885: 2881: 2880:United States 2868: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2768:In 2004, the 2766: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2746: 2743: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670:U.S. Congress 2668:In 1854, the 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2639: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2623:Washita River 2620: 2619:Graham, Texas 2616: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2592:Indian Bureau 2589: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2518: 2517:Mexican Texas 2511:Mexican Texas 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2491:Spanish Texas 2485:Spanish Texas 2476: 2473: 2465: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2423: – 2422: 2418: 2417:Find sources: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2395:This section 2393: 2389: 2384: 2383: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316:Wilsons Creek 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2210:In 1796, the 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2162: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2094:now known as 2093: 2092:Goschachgunk, 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2066:, the Lenape 2065: 2061: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1886: 1884: 1883:Pontiac's War 1880: 1875: 1874:Juniata River 1871: 1870:Fort Sandusky 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1797:In 1758, the 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1725: 1722:Lenape chief 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1580:New York City 1577: 1576:New Amsterdam 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1547: 1546:Benjamin West 1543: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1412: 1409: 1398: 1395: 1394:Susquehannock 1391: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341:New York City 1338: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1289:Three Sisters 1286: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1261:counting coup 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1210:Pine Region, 1209: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1198:Root Digger, 1197: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1176:O-ping-ho'-ki 1173: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1158:Le-le-wa'-you 1155: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1003: 1001: 997: 995: 991: 989: 986:Yellow Tree, 985: 983: 979: 978: 977: 976: 972: 968: 965: 964: 963: 960: 958: 954: 950: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 930:North America 924: 920: 916: 911: 901: 891: 889: 884: 882: 880: 874: 872: 866: 864: 858: 856: 850: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 784:Haudenosaunee 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 760: 758: 757:Susquehannock 755: 751: 748: 744: 740: 737:to the lower 736: 732: 729:, across the 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 699:Lehigh Valley 696: 692: 688: 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 658: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 584: 582: 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