619:
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432:
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254:
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49:
597:
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455:. But after considering the proposed designs, the commission decided to retain the image of a wooden mausoleum. Shchusev created some new drawings based on old sketches and made a model in granite, and his project was approved. It was decided to clad the new building with red granite, as well as black and grey labradorite.
734:
commissions... the remains of
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) are subject to reburial... The procedure, timing and place of reburial of the remains of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) are determined by the government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the proposals of the interdepartmental commission.
702:
Our country lived under the monopoly power of the CPSU for 70 years. This is the lifetime of an entire generation. Many people associate their own lives with the name of Lenin. For them, Lenin's burial will mean that they worshiped false values, that they set false goals for themselves and that their
501:
Two staircases lead down from the vestibule. The left-hand staircase, measuring three meters wide, takes visitors down to the
Funeral Hall. The walls of the descent are of grey labradorite. The Funeral Hall is a ten-meter cube with a stepped ceiling. A band of black labradorite runs across the entire
473:
The stone mausoleum was completed
October 1930, after sixteen months of construction. Compared to the previous wooden mausoleum, the new building was built three metres higher, the outer volume was increased 4.5 times – 5800 m³, and the inner volume 12 times, up to 2400 m³. Its total weight was about
643:
to ascend the tribune. In 1995–96, when
Yeltsin used the tribune, he used the staircase and not the escalator. The escalator was removed after the tribune became disused. Following renovations, the mausoleum was reopened on 30 April 2013, in time for the 1 May celebration of "The Day of Spring and
630:
Lenin's
Mausoleum is open to the public on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays and Sundays from 10:00–13:00. Visitors still queue to see Lenin's body, although queues are not as long as they once were. Entrance is free of charge. Before visitors are allowed to enter the mausoleum, they are
738:
The absence of specific deadlines would allow the bill to be applied whenever the public would be ready to bury Lenin's body. After discussing and criticizing the bill, United Russia deputies withdrew their signatures. The government did not support the bill. The provisions of the bill allow for
733:
In order to consider the issues of reburial of the remains of historical figures, whose activities influenced the course and outcome of major historical events, in order to perpetuate their memory, the government of the
Russian Federation, in the manner established by it, forms interdepartmental
581:
in 1991, the continued preservation work was funded by the Soviet government. After 1991, the government discontinued financial support, after which the mausoleum was funded by private donations. In 2016 the
Russian government reversed its earlier decision and announced it would spend 13 million
634:
Lenin's
Mausoleum has undergone several changes in appearance since the collapse of the Soviet Union. One of the first noticeable was the placement of gates at the staircases leading to the tribune. After the removal of the guard, this was necessary to prevent unauthorised usage of the tribune.
518:
are embedded in the upper part of the frame, giving an animating pink coloring and reducing heat. On either side of the sarcophagus are the battle and labour bronze banners, which appear satiny due to the special illumination. In the headboard is the Soviet State Emblem framed by oak and laurel
458:
The basement under the sarcophagus weighed twenty tonnes. It was installed on a thick layer of sand, and guarding piles–meant to protect the tomb from vibration–were driven around the slab. Altogether 2900 m of polished granite was required for the construction, each square metre of which was
509:
The upper stepped slab of the sarcophagus is supported by four inconspicuous metal columns, which gives the impression that the slab is hanging in the air. The lower slab is covered in reddish jasper. The sarcophagus is made up of two inclined conical glasses, which are held together by a
446:
announced an international competition to design a stone tomb for Lenin's body. The commission received 117 suggestions and sketches. Among them, there were offered different variants: a ship with Lenin's figure on board, a round mausoleum in a shape of a globe, an analogue of an
719:
The maintenance of an ideological artifact in the center of the capital is an immoral act, meaningless from the point of view of budget spending, harmful from an ideological point of view, and cruel both towards Lenin's relatives and towards people who do not share the communist
728:
and United Russia proposed for consideration a bill on the burial of Lenin's body, which proposed to establish a procedure for the burial of historical figures. The very fact of the need for burial was considered established, but specific dates were not specified:
618:
229:, whose preserved body has been on public display since shortly after his death in 1924, with rare exceptions in wartime. The outdoor tribune over the mausoleum's entrance was used by Soviet leaders to observe military parades. The structure, designed by
631:
searched by armed police or military guards. Visitors are required to show respect whilst inside the tomb: photography and filming inside the mausoleum are forbidden, as is talking, smoking, keeping hands in pockets or (unless female) wearing hats.
739:
burials without taking into account the will of the deceased and at the expense of the federal budget, but the sources of funding have not been identified, which makes it difficult to assess the financial consequences of the adoption of this law.
750:, proposed creating a special commission in order to examine the question of the removal of Lenin's body from the mausoleum. Petrov seemed to be willing to replace the corpse with a copy made of synthetic resin.
477:
During construction, both the mausoleum and the necropolis were brought to a unified architectural design: differently characterised tombstones and monuments were removed, individual and collective burials at
761:
political party, called for the criminal prosecution of
Vladimir Petrov for insulting religious believers by calling for Lenin's preserved body to be buried. He said Petrov's proposal had violated the
538:
One of the main problems the embalmers faced was the appearance of dark spots on Lenin's body, especially on the face and hands. They managed to solve the problem by the use of a variety of different
506:, to the right of which are bands of black labradorite. This combination creates the effect of flames and banners flying in the wind. In the centre of the hall is a black pedestal with a sarcophagus.
2035:
1489:
635:
Beginning in 2012, the mausoleum underwent foundation reconstruction, necessitated by the construction of a building attached to the mausoleum in 1983. The new building housed an
1995:
312:
Lenin's body shortly after his death, with Boris
Zbarsky and Vladimir Vorobiev later being tasked with its ongoing preservation. Zbarsky was soon assisted by his son
656:
Participants in the ceremony of induction into pioneers at the Lenin Mausoleum on Red Square. In the foreground is the flag of the Union of Communist Youth.
640:
1990:
691:, opposed this, stating that a reburial of Lenin would imply that generations of citizens had observed false values during seventy years of Soviet rule.
344:, designed by Shchusev, was completed in 1930. The mausoleum also served as a viewing stand for Soviet leaders to review military parades on Red Square.
22:
2030:
65:
2015:
1133:
486:
were united, and the fence was redesigned and installed. Guest stands for ten thousand seats were installed on either side of the mausoleum.
435:
1511:
2000:
1893:
1232:
347:
Lenin's body has been on almost continuous public display inside the mausoleum since its completion in 1930. In October 1941, during the
703:
lives were lived in vain. I think that actions of this kind can lead to the kind of destructive state that we have already experienced.
652:
623:
611:
1566:
289:
citizens visited the tomb in the next six weeks. By the end of May, Shchusev had replaced the tomb with a larger, more elaborate
494:
The mausoleum contains a vestibule, Mourning Hall and two staircases. Opposite the entrance is a huge granite block bearing the
2025:
1779:
395:
1898:
1794:
399:
1174:, p. 8 "...the corpse was immersed for many weeks in a special solution that contained glycerol and acetate..."
574:
on a yearly basis. Synthetic eyeballs were placed in Lenin's orbital cavities to prevent his eye sockets from collapsing.
2005:
1304:
1275:
546:
used for preservation. For example, if a patch of wrinkling or discoloration occurred, it was treated with a solution of
1331:
1195:
1109:
1005:
967:
939:
725:
443:
1024:
431:
765:
by insulting religious feelings and inciting hatred, and that he planned to "keep hounding" Petrov for his remarks.
424:
558:
could be used to restore the tissues' original coloring. Damp spots were removed by means of disinfectants such as
495:
1888:
1300:
394:, popularly known as the "Number One Sentry", at the mausoleum. The guard of honour was disbanded following the
1799:
1156:
1074:
862:
775:
363:. After the war the body was returned and the tomb was re-opened. Between 1953 and 1961, the embalmed body of
2010:
1804:
1640:
1592:
479:
467:
1559:
882:
822:
578:
352:
277:
was tasked with building a structure suitable for viewing of the body by mourners. A wooden tomb, built in
842:
1774:
1753:
1675:
1535:
852:
676:
1212:
466:
was placed on columns of granite, whose different species were specially brought to Moscow from all the
324:. In 1925, Boris Zbarsky and Vorobiev urged the Soviet government to replace the wooden structure after
1814:
1784:
1670:
1625:
1620:
1490:"Communists' Religious Feelings Were Violated by Proposal to Replace Lenin's Body, Party Official Says"
812:
792:
305:
242:
1867:
1789:
847:
1415:
1413:
1411:
781:
The Soviet Union issued postage stamps depicting it in 1925, 1934, 1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, and 1949.
1918:
1847:
1362:
502:
room, on which pilasters of red porphyry are placed. Next to the pilasters are bands of bright red
387:
1928:
1883:
1819:
1809:
1758:
1552:
1408:
837:
802:
762:
672:
661:
542:. While working on ways to preserve the body, Boris Zbarsky invented a new way to purify medical
376:
186:
962:(enlarged ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 180, 191–194.
1635:
1610:
26:
1229:
607:
929:
832:
827:
797:
1185:
285:, was ready on 27 January, the same day Lenin's coffin was placed inside. More than 100,000
1964:
1733:
1728:
1690:
907:
807:
758:
372:
1249:
253:
8:
2020:
1605:
1587:
877:
665:
298:
282:
1252:[More than 13 million rubles will be spent on preserving Lenin's body in 2016].
1842:
1600:
1127:
754:
419:
333:
1969:
1949:
1695:
1630:
1615:
1191:
1152:
1115:
1105:
1080:
1070:
1001:
963:
935:
887:
817:
708:
571:
555:
522:
The exit from the Funeral Hall to the right-hand staircase leads back to Red Square.
463:
317:
234:
1954:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1748:
1723:
1680:
1665:
1660:
1216:
993:
747:
448:
403:
368:
348:
201:
1743:
1718:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1539:
1236:
680:
483:
391:
274:
230:
111:
1713:
695:
688:
684:
600:
380:
367:
shared a spot next to Lenin's; Stalin's body was eventually removed as part of
270:
226:
158:
596:
321:
1984:
1959:
1903:
1685:
1119:
892:
872:
712:
668:
551:
364:
238:
162:
80:
67:
48:
1084:
355:, when it appeared that Moscow might be captured, the body was evacuated to
1738:
1276:"Visiting the Diamond Fund, the Grand Kremlin Palace and Lenin's Mausoleum"
515:
313:
286:
222:
1472:
1099:
1036:
857:
715:, noted that there was no point in keeping Lenin's body in the mausoleum:
1908:
1544:
1389:
1064:
1032:
1027:[The tomb of the leader: Lenin's mausoleum in archival footage].
987:
743:
547:
341:
294:
997:
257:
The second non-temporary wooden version (1924–1930) of Lenin's Mausoleum
1837:
1579:
746:
reported that Vladimir Petrov, a member of the legislative assembly of
543:
474:
10,000 tonnes. The mausoleum occupied the highest point on Red Square.
328:
was found in the walls and even on the body itself. A new mausoleum of
278:
214:
1308:
660:
Since 1991 there has been discussion about moving Lenin's body to the
301:. The new wooden mausoleum was opened to the public on 1 August 1924.
1923:
1913:
1303:[Opening hours of the Mausoleum of V.I. Lenin] (in Russian).
675:, intended to close the mausoleum and bury Lenin next to his mother,
636:
309:
290:
210:
1447:"Глава Общественной палаты РФ призвал не торопиться хоронить Ленина"
1250:"На сохранение тела Ленина в 2016 году истратят более 13 млн рублей"
902:
867:
567:
452:
1451:Глава Общественной палаты РФ призвал не торопиться хоронить Ленина
530:
21:"Lenin's Tomb" redirects here. For the book by David Remnick, see
1575:
1446:
1420:
897:
559:
539:
460:
360:
337:
261:
233:, incorporates some elements from ancient mausoleums such as the
519:
branches. At the foot, there are branches twisted with ribbon.
563:
511:
356:
329:
218:
130:
100:
1532:
2036:
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Moscow
1187:
When Lenin Lost His Brain: Fascinating Footnotes from History
583:
503:
459:
processed for three days on average. The upper slab of red
325:
1473:"Депутат предложил заменить тело Ленина в Мавзолее копией"
1512:"Communists' Religious Feelings Hurt by Lenin Burial Bid"
1421:"Правительство РФ против перезахоронения Ленина. Почему?"
1805:
Patriarch's Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles
778:
issued a postage stamp depicting it on 20 February 1952.
1425:Правительство РФ против перезахоронения Ленина. Почему?
698:
stated that he was against the burial of Lenin's body:
1025:"Усыпальница вождя: Мавзолей Ленина в архивных кадрах"
1101:
Serdt︠s︡e Moskvy : ot Kremli︠a︡ do Belogo goroda
414:
383:
designed a new sarcophagus for Lenin's body in 1973.
191:
18:
Architectural structure in Red Square, Moscow, Russia
1066:
Pravda i vymysly o kremlevskom nekropole i Mavzolee
1996:Buildings and structures built in the Soviet Union
1355:
320:, who likened the work on Lenin's body to that of
1146:
1097:
1063:Abramov, A.; Абрамов, Алексей Сергеевич. (2005).
1982:
992:. Princeton University Press. pp. 409–410.
931:Tombs of the Great Leaders: A Contemporary Guide
590:
23:Lenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire
1363:"Коммунисты требуют оставить Ленина в мавзолее"
927:
1810:Verkhospassky Cathedral and the Terem Churches
1062:
566:. Lenin's remains are soaked in a solution of
1560:
1348:See, e.g., a statement by President Putin in
1210:
179:
1509:
1098:Romani︠u︡k, Sergeĭ; Романюк, Сергей (2013).
960:Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia
444:Presidium of the Central Executive Committee
221:, Russia. It serves as the resting place of
1894:Monument to Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich
1140:
534:Lenin's preserved body inside the mausoleum
1991:Buildings and structures completed in 1930
1574:
1567:
1553:
1147:Zbarsky, Ilya; Hutchinson, Samuel (1999).
1132:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1019:
1017:
981:
979:
953:
951:
47:
2031:Monuments and memorials to Vladimir Lenin
1505:
1503:
1484:
1482:
1332:"Lenin's Mausoleum Closed for Renovation"
1035:: State-owned news agency. Archived from
757:, the central committee secretary of the
624:Band of the 154th Preobrazhensky Regiment
409:
1301:"Расписание работы Мавзолея В.И. Ленина"
985:
957:
921:
651:
617:
606:
595:
529:
430:
418:
293:, and Lenin's body was transferred to a
260:
252:
25:. For the British political weblog, see
1387:
1014:
976:
948:
647:
273:'s death on 21 January 1924, architect
265:The completed mausoleum on a 1934 stamp
1983:
1500:
1479:
1329:
1183:
1171:
525:
2016:Cultural depictions of Vladimir Lenin
1548:
1190:. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 8.
603:in front of Lenin's Mausoleum in 2001
396:Russian constitutional crisis of 1993
200:
1795:Church of the Deposition of the Robe
1058:
1056:
1054:
724:On 20 April 2017, deputies from the
386:On 26 January 1924, the head of the
1305:Federal Protective Service (Russia)
13:
2001:Buildings and structures in Moscow
1213:"Lenin Undergoes Extreme Makeover"
726:Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
451:and a mausoleum in a shape of the
415:Project selection and construction
14:
2047:
1526:
1510:Brendan Cole (28 November 2018).
1390:"История и тайны мавзолея Ленина"
1051:
858:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's Mausoleum
1388:Новости, РИА (21 January 2009).
496:State Emblem of the Soviet Union
1970:Kremlin Presidium (Building 14)
1889:Monument to Minin and Pozharsky
1465:
1439:
1381:
1342:
1330:Yelkov, Ígor (9 January 2013).
1323:
1293:
1268:
1242:
1204:
1031:(in Russian). 2 November 2017.
589:
1427:(in Russian). 8 September 2017
1369:(in Chinese). 12 November 2005
1211:Mark McDonald (1 March 2004).
1177:
1165:
1151:. Harvill Press. p. 215.
1091:
934:. Reaktion Books. p. 39.
863:Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini
176:Lenin's and Stalin's Mausoleum
1:
2026:Tourist attractions in Moscow
1780:Cathedral of the Annunciation
1256:(in Russian). 6 December 2017
914:
390:issued an order to place the
202:[məvzɐˈlʲejˈlʲenʲɪnə]
1350:Sankt-Peterburgsky Vedomosty
626:at Lenin's Mausoleum in 2018
579:collapse of the Soviet Union
489:
7:
1899:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
1858:Grand Kremlin Public Garden
1775:Cathedral of the Assumption
1453:(in Russian). 21 April 2017
853:National Monument in Vitkov
785:
776:Hungarian People's Republic
711:, a State Duma deputy from
677:Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova
400:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
192:
10:
2052:
2006:Egyptian Revival buildings
1785:Cathedral of the Archangel
813:Chairman Mao Memorial Hall
793:Kumsusan Palace of the Sun
768:
671:, with the support of the
614:at Lenin's Mausoleum, 2009
586:to preserve Lenin's body.
438:at Lenin's Mausoleum, 1968
398:, but was restored at the
306:Alexei Ivanovich Abrikosov
248:
243:Temple of the Inscriptions
20:
1942:
1876:
1828:
1790:Ivan the Great Bell Tower
1767:
1704:
1586:
848:Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum
351:, known in Russia as the
241:and, to some degree, the
180:
154:
136:
125:
117:
107:
96:
62:
58:
46:
37:
1919:Alexander Garden Obelisk
1754:Tsarina's Golden Chamber
928:Gwendolyn Leick (2013).
514:frame. Illuminators and
322:ancient Egyptian priests
1929:Iberian Gate and Chapel
1884:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
1815:Saint Basil's Cathedral
1759:State Historical Museum
1641:Konstantino-Eleninskaya
989:The House of Government
986:Slezkine, Yuri (2017).
958:Tumarkin, Nina (1997).
883:Türkmenbaşy Ruhy Mosque
838:Santa Ifigenia Cemetery
803:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
763:Criminal Code of Russia
687:. Yeltsin's successor,
673:Russian Orthodox Church
662:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
639:used by members of the
377:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
316:, a recent graduate of
239:Tomb of Cyrus the Great
53:Lenin's Mausoleum, 2006
1184:Milton, Giles (2015).
843:Sükhbaatar's Mausoleum
736:
722:
705:
657:
627:
615:
604:
535:
439:
428:
410:Architectural features
297:designed by architect
266:
258:
142:; 93 years ago
1676:Srednyaya Arsenalnaya
833:Che Guevara Mausoleum
828:Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
798:Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum
731:
717:
700:
655:
621:
610:
599:
533:
468:republics of the USSR
442:In January 1925, the
434:
422:
264:
256:
140:10 November 1930
81:55.75361°N 37.61972°E
2011:Mausoleums in Russia
1965:Robespierre Monument
1734:Grand Kremlin Palace
1729:State Kremlin Palace
1671:Uglovaya Arsenalnaya
1626:Vtoraya Bezymyannaya
1621:Pervaya Bezymyannaya
1538:16 June 2020 at the
808:Tampere Lenin Museum
759:Communists of Russia
648:Proposals for burial
554:diluted with water.
375:, and buried in the
137:Completion date
1496:. 27 November 2018.
1475:. 14 November 2018.
1235:4 July 2010 at the
1039:on 18 November 2021
998:10.2307/j.ctvc77htw
898:Mausoleum of Arafat
878:Bourguiba mausoleum
526:Preserving the body
353:Great Patriotic War
299:Konstantin Melnikov
283:Moscow Kremlin Wall
174:(from 1953 to 1961
77: /
34:
27:Lenin's Tomb (blog)
1843:Ivanovskaya Square
1336:Rossiyskaya Gazeta
755:Sergey Malinkovich
753:In November 2018,
658:
628:
616:
612:Russian Communists
605:
536:
440:
429:
406:four years later.
379:. Soviet sculptor
267:
259:
86:55.75361; 37.61972
32:
1978:
1977:
1950:Ascension Convent
1934:Lenin's Mausoleum
1868:Manezhnaya Square
1533:Virtual Mausoleum
1149:Lenin's Embalmers
1069:. Moskva: Ėksmo.
888:Artigas Mausoleum
818:Pyramid of Tirana
709:Vladimir Medinsky
694:On 24 July 2001,
666:Russian President
572:potassium acetate
556:Hydrogen peroxide
464:Shoksha quartzite
453:five-pointed star
373:Khrushchev's Thaw
318:Moscow University
205:), also known as
190:
172:Lenin's Mausoleum
169:
168:
155:Dedicated to
33:Lenin's Mausoleum
2043:
1955:Chudov Monastery
1863:Alexander Garden
1853:Taynitsky Garden
1848:Cathedral Square
1749:Palace of Facets
1724:Amusement Palace
1636:Beklemishevskaya
1611:Blagoveshenskaya
1569:
1562:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1494:The Moscow Times
1486:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1417:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1311:on 23 April 2019
1307:. Archived from
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1246:
1240:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1217:Associated Press
1208:
1202:
1201:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1123:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1060:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1021:
1012:
1011:
983:
974:
973:
955:
946:
945:
925:
908:Marxism–Leninism
823:House of Flowers
748:Leningrad Oblast
592:
484:Spasskaya Towers
449:Egyptian pyramid
404:Alexander Garden
369:de-Stalinization
349:Second World War
204:
199:
195:
185:
183:
182:
178:) (Russian:
150:
148:
143:
92:
91:
89:
88:
87:
82:
78:
75:
74:
73:
70:
51:
35:
31:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2040:
1981:
1980:
1979:
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1396:(in Russian)
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1309:the original
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1394:РИА Новости
1172:Milton 2015
1043:2 September
1033:RIA Novosti
1029:РИА Новости
744:RIA Novosti
548:acetic acid
342:labradorite
295:sarcophagus
213:located at
84: /
2021:Red Square
1985:Categories
1838:Red Square
1744:The Armory
1681:Troitskaya
1666:Nikolskaya
1661:Senatskaya
1580:Red Square
1315:6 December
1158:1860465153
1104:. Moskva.
1076:569910822X
915:References
577:Until the
544:chloroform
480:Nikolskaya
279:Red Square
215:Red Square
165:(formerly)
147:1930-11-10
72:37°37′11″E
69:55°45′13″N
1924:Red Porch
1914:Tsar Bell
1877:Monuments
1707:buildings
1656:Spasskaya
1651:Tsarskaya
1646:Nabatnaya
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1120:900164001
742:In 2018,
720:ideology.
707:In 2009,
679:, at the
644:Labour".
641:Politburo
637:escalator
490:Interiors
291:mausoleum
211:mausoleum
187:romanized
1768:Churches
1536:Archived
1516:Newsweek
1457:28 April
1431:28 April
1400:28 April
1373:28 April
1367:BBC News
1233:Archived
1222:19 April
1085:61137505
903:Leninism
868:Raj Ghat
786:See also
568:glycerol
540:reagents
461:Karelian
425:Stalin's
334:porphyry
310:embalmed
126:Material
121:Memorial
108:Designer
103:, Russia
97:Location
1829:Squares
1686:Kutafya
1576:Kremlin
1285:28 June
1254:News Ru
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560:quinine
361:Siberia
338:granite
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1262:2022
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1134:link
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1106:ISBN
1081:OCLC
1071:ISBN
1045:2021
1002:ISBN
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