Lester Frank Ward - Knowledge

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Hence the chief form of relief in the organic world consists in the thinning-out of competitors. Any species of animals or plants left free to propagate at its normal rate would overrun the earth in a short time and leave no room for any other species. Any species that is sufficiently vigorous to resist its organic environment will crowd out all others and monopolize the earth. If nature permitted this there could be no variety, but only one monotonous aspect devoid of interest or beauty. Whatever we may think of the harsh method by which this is prevented, we cannot regret that it is prevented, and that we have a world of variety, interest, and aesthetic attractiveness.

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largely undiscussed in modern American sociology. Eric Royal Lybeck argues that the broadness of Ward's research was responsible for his work being "shunted from the centre of sociological discourse to the margins of posterity" While Ward's work was wide sweeping and attempted to synthesize insights from a broad spectrum of research themes and subjects, the institutionalization of sociology in the United States led to a hyperfocus on discrete and specialized problems which was at odds with the scale of his approach. Albion Small suggested that Ward remained too attached to the positivism of

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association's charter and founding officers. Ward became the first president of the American Sociological Association on December 28, 1905, after his colleauges Ross, Small, and Giddings motioned for him to receive the honor. Ward was chosen for the role out of a belief among the committee that "all sociologists are under a heavy debt of gratitude" to his work, and because of Ward's commitment to raise the discipline's profile and esteem in a society where sociology was "not merely discredited, but almost entirely unknown".

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partisanship, corruption, and conflict of post-Civil War politics. Broadly, Ward's overarching project represented the "monumental exposition of the relation of the state to social progress" Working from the perspective that social research could be used to improve policy and the function of government, Ward was noted by his contemporaries for engaging in "the most advanced views yet taken by an avowed sociologist in the advocacy of a comprehensive program of social reform through the medium of legislation".

656:, or the celebration of productive workers, for example artisans, skilled laborers, merchants, and craftspeople, as opposed to nonproducers who simply accumulated capital and resources., Ward believed that government should provide society with understanding of socioeconomic conditions to ensure that the state progressed as a whole. Ward was critical of "privilege, monopoly, and the evils of financial capitalism", and supported abolitionism, temperance, and public education. 749:

was of the opinion that "there is no fixed rule by which Nature has intended that one sex should excel the other, any more than there is any fixed point beyond which either cannot develop." Ward summarized his position as "true science teaches that the elevation of woman is the only sure road to the evolution of man." Despite Ward's interest in the topic of equal rights for women, Clifford H. Scott summarised that "practically all the suffragists ignored" Ward.

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nature has been debated, with John Burnham writing that "Ward's unbelievable egotism and his ostentatious display of technical terminology misled many writers into believing he was a "great" or "distinguished" natural scientist." Ward's desire to "prove his knowledge of all scientific subjects", and his "habit of creating difficult neologisms in his books" proved to be "particularly bothersome to many readers of his work".

3456: 275:, Kane County, Illinois, in 1850 when he was nine years old. He was known as Frank Ward to his classmates and friends and showed a great enthusiasm for books and learning, liberally supplementing his education with outside reading. Four years after Ward started attending school, his parents, along with Lester and an older brother, Erastus, traveled to Iowa in a covered wagon for a new life on the frontier. 644:, it was his belief that: "The real object of science is to benefit man. A science which fails to do this, however agreeable its study, is lifeless. Sociology, which of all sciences should benefit man most, is in danger of falling into the class of polite amusements, or dead sciences. It is the object of this work to point out a method by which the breath of life may be breathed into its nostrils." 584:

a lonely life during his last years" and rarely socialized away from his university connections. Dealey described Ward as a committed teacher who "was seldom absent from his classes" and "was most systematic in the preparation of his lectures", even towards the end of his life when "he could barely put one foot before another and could hardly carry the weight of his books", Ward cherished teaching.

259:. He was the youngest of 10 children born to Justus Ward and his wife Silence Rolph Ward. Justus Ward (d. 1858) was of New England colonial descent and worked on farms in addition to being an itinerant mechanic. Silence Ward was the daughter of a clergyman; she was educated and fond of literature. The family lived in poverty during Ward's early years. 677:

and social forms of organization. Ward believed that "the universal comprehension of nature" would lead to a situation where "every human could do his part", stressing that recognising this interconnectedness and interdependence "should inspire one to add to the whole" and to "contribute one's share ot life's great continuous flow."

709:. Ward argued that those critical of the development of a social safety as 'paternalistic' were hypocritical for themselves receiving "relief from their own incompetency" in their private enterprise as capitalists and industrialists. Ward's ideas influenced a rising generation of progressive political leaders, such as 748:

Ward advocated for equal rights for women, at times drawing on metaphors and analogies from his interest in the study of the natural world to support his arguments. He gave a speech on the topic to the Fourteenth Dinner of the Six O’clock Club in Washington on April 26, 1888, at Willard’s Hotel. Ward

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has taught us that the chief barrier to the advance of any species of plants or animals is its competition with other plants and animals that contest the same ground. And therefore the fiercest opponents of any species are the members of the same species which demand the same elements of subsistence.

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Ward understood human conflict and war as evolutionary forces responsible for progress. From Ward's perspective, conflict enabled the rise of Homo Sapiens over other creatures, and saw the expansion of what he considered to be more technologically advanced races and nations. Ward saw war as a natural

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Reflecting after his death, James Q. Dealey, one of Ward's friends, wrote that Ward "had a deeply emotional nature" which was "suppressed by his close devotion to intellectual pursuits", while he was "really fond of social life" he became "so absorbed in his work that to a quite large extent he lived

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mourned his death. His colleagues at Brown University eulogized Ward as a "profound student, and an original investigator in the most abstruse problems which the human mind can grapple", describing him as "a genial associate" and "an inspiring teacher". In a eulogy in the Washington Herald, C. W. A.

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Reflecting a popular trend at the time, Ward made connections between evolution, patterns in the natural world, and his perspectives on society. Ward wrote that "the process of evolution is organization", reflecting that in his opinion "the process is the same" across biological, chemical, physical,

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Ward's immediate family were politically active and involved in various social causes. Lester Ward's older brother, Cyrenus Ward, was "heavily involved in the politics of labor unions and working-class reform" and in the middle of the 1860s he became a leading member of the socialist movement in New

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While attending the Susquehanna Collegiate Institute, Ward met Elizabeth "Lizzie" Carolyn Vought and fell in love. They married on August 13, 1862. Shortly afterward, he enlisted in the Union Army and was sent to the Civil War front. After the war he successfully petitioned for work with the federal

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teachers" at Brown. One of Ward's students, Sara Algeo, wrote that "studying with Prof. Ward was like sitting at the feet of Aristotle, or Plato ... He was the wisest man I have ever known." In 1910, Ward taught at the University of Wisconsin Madison's sociology department during their summer school

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At a meeting of approximately three hundred sociologists at the December 27th 1905 American Economic Association, Ward made a strong argument for the establishment of the American Sociological Association, with the assembled sociologists passing Ward's motion and forming a committee to establish the

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The business failed, however, and Lester Frank, who still didn't have the money to attend college, found a job teaching in a small country school; in the summer months he worked as a farm laborer. He finally saved enough money to attend college and enrolled in the Susquehanna Collegiate Institute in

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Alongside George Perkins Marsh, John Wesley Powell, and W J McGee, Ward's ideas concerning conservation and the management of natural resources helped to inform the conservation movement of the early 20th century. However, the extent of Ward's contributions to scientific understandings of

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According to Edward Rafferty, Ward was part of a group of "Washington intellectuals" who "wanted to place social science within the structure of government and public life itself". Ward believed that centering research activity in government actions would benefit democratic progress, and evade the

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In 1858, Justus Ward unexpectedly died, and the boys returned the family to the old homestead they still owned in St. Charles. Ward's estranged mother, who lived two miles away with Ward's sister, disapproved of the move, and wanted the boys to stay in Iowa to continue their father's work. The two

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As Robert Kessler summarized, "reputation came slowly and faded rapidly" for Ward, while his early work was "epoch-making" and his impact led to Hofstadter naming him the "American Aristotle", by the middle of the 20th century Ward had "passed so completely from the contemporary scene" and is now

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wrote that Ward "always stressed the power of an education which teaches a knowledge of the materials and forces of nature, and their relation to our own lives." Cape noted that Ward "loved nature, and to be out of doors" and enjoyed giving "a long and beautiful description of the earth" whenever

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In 1905, American sociologists debated the creation of an independent professional association that would be distinct from other existing collectives for historians, economists, and political scientists. C. W. A. Veditz, a professor at George Washington University who admired Ward's work, sought

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Young Ward's Diary: A Human and Eager Record of the Years Between 1860 and 1870 as They Were Lived in the Vicinity of the Little Town of Towanda, Pennsylvania; in the Field as a Rank and File Soldier in the Union Army; and Later in the Nation's Capital, by Lester Ward Who became the First Great

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at a time when other social scientists were moving towards other social models and methods of analysis. It was Small's assessment that Ward clung to a "pure science" approach in social research, and was more of a "museum investigator" interested in labeling, categorising, and developing schema.

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Despite gaining recognition for his work and professional esteem, Ward felt increasingly isolated in this later stage of his career as his focus on systematization was at odds with the work of other social scientists who were more focused on policy and legislation. During his later years, Ward

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Ward concentrated on his work as a researcher for the federal government. At that time almost all of the basic research in such fields as geography, paleontology, archaeology and anthropology were concentrated in Washington, DC, and a job as a federal government scientist was a prestigious and

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Prior to taking up the position at Brown, Ward and his wife travelled to Europe and Ward took part in various presentations and debates. Ward was popular at Brown, as a teacher and colleauge; a fellow professor, Samuel Mitchell, described him as "pre-eminent" among the "many able scholars and

575:, dedicated to free thinking and critiquing organized religion. She gave birth to a son, but the child died when he was less than a year old. Lizzie died in 1872 at the age of thirty. Lester Frank Ward went on to marry Rosamond Asenath Simons (1840–1913) as his second wife in the year 1873. 620:, and went on to secure jobs for him at the Geological Survey and the Bureau of Statistics via his network in Washington. Lester Ward's other brothers, Lorenzo and Justin, were both politically active in the cooperative movement and the prohibitionist movement respectively. 291:

at the invitation of Lester Frank's oldest brother Cyrenus (9 years Lester Frank's senior), who was starting a business making wagon wheel hubs and needed workers. The brothers saw this as an opportunity to move closer to civilization and to eventually attend college.

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where Ward's father built a saw mill business making railroad ties. As a child, Ward had to worked in farms, mills, and factories to supplement his family income, giving him little time for his education. Ward first attended a formal school at

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brothers lived together for a short time in the old family homestead they dubbed "Bachelor's Hall," doing farm work to earn a living, and encouraged each other to pursue an education and abandon their father's life of physical labor.

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Mansfield University Sociology professor Gale Largey produced a 90 minute documentary on Lester Frank Ward that was featured at the 2005 Centennial of the American Sociological Association and is available upon request from the

713:, and his ideas came to help shape early welfare policy in the United States. However, there are few demonstrable direct links between his writings and the actual programs of the founders of the welfare state and the New Deal. 424:

From 1891 to 1905, Ward continued to publish numerous texts on natural history and sociology, with the circulation of his work in both areas contributing to his growing notability. These works included sociological writings on

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Even during his lifetime, C. W. A. Veditz suggested that due to translation and wide circulation, Ward's works may have been better known in Germany, France, Switzerland, Russia, and Japan than they were in the United States.

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in Jefferson County, New York to be with his wife. The only surviving public memorial commemorating Ward is in the Pennsylvania village of Myersburg, where a state historical sign describes Ward as "the American Aristotle".

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was influential in establishing sociology as a distinct field in the United States. However, despite its initial impact his work was quickly sidelined during the institutionalization and development of American sociology.

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Ward had a lifelong interest in nature, beginning in childhood and extending throughout his time as a government clerk active in local biological societies, and as a formally trained paleobiologist. Ward engaged with

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Cumulatively, this meant that while Ward was "highly regarded and influential" in the early history of sociology in the United States, his approach and contributions rapidly became redundant as the field changed.

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and was discharged from service on November 18, 1864 due to physical disability. After the war, Ward moved to Washington. In Washington, he worked at the Treasury Department from 1865 until 1872. Ward attended

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After becoming the first president of the American Sociological Association, Ward's reputation and prominence as a sociologist in America was at its peak. In 1906, Ward became chair of sociology at

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1860. While he was at first self-conscious about his spotty formal education and self learning, he soon found that his knowledge compared favorably to his classmates', and he was rapidly promoted.

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evolutionary process that could be painful, slow, and ineffective. He argued to recognize these characteristics of war, but to replace it with a more progressive system which minimized harm.

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Veditz remarked that "his death marks the disappearance of a scientists who will unquestionably rank as one of the half-dozen greatest thinkers in his field that the world has produced"

640:. Working in the Enlightenment tradition, Ward associated his project with the advancement of democratic principles in the United States. As Ward explained in the Preface to 1966: 740:

argued that Ward "trained his heaviest guns" on "the superstitions that still held domain over the mid of his generation", of which "laissez-faire was the most stupefying"

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Guide to the Lester Frank Ward Papers, 1883–1919, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, the George Washington University

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Barnes, H. E. (1919). "Two Representative Contributions of Sociology to Political Theory: The Doctrines of William Graham Sumner and Lester Frank Ward".

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Ladysmith news-budget. (Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wis.), 10 March 1910. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <

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Ward delivered public lectures and seminars in the United Kingdom and across the United States. Towards the end of his life, Ward critiqued the

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During this time, Ward was very productive in writing and circulating works on his interests concerning nature and society. Ward published his

513:, was published posthumously, with the help of Sarah Comstock and Sarah Simons, in six volumes beginning in 1913 and continuing until 1918. 333:, he was admitted to the Bar of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. However, Ward never practiced law. In 1873, he completed his 783:, remains under copyright. A collection of Ward's writings and photographs is maintained by the Special Collections Research Center of the 454:

Ward's opinion on the matter, with Ward arguing in favor of an organization that could mirror Paris' International Institute of Sociology.

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After several weeks of sickness, Ward died on April 17, 1913 at his home on Rhode Island Avenue. Prominent social scientists including

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The Washington herald. (Washington, D.C.), 27 April 1913. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <

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The Washington herald. (Washington, D.C.), 19 April 1913. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <

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The Washington herald. (Washington, D.C.), 19 April 1913. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.

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In 1883 he was made Geologist of the U.S. Geological Survey. While he worked at the Geological Survey he became friends with

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The Providence news. (Providence ), 08 March 1906. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <

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Clifford H. Scott, "A Naturalistic Rationale For Women's Reform: Lester Frank Ward on the Evolution of Sexual Relations,"

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All but the first of his voluminous diaries were reportedly destroyed by Rosamond after his death. Ward's first journal,

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Ward, L. F. (1916). Pure sociology: A treatise on the origin and spontaneous development of society. Macmillan Company.

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Dynamic Sociology (Vol. 2). Or Applied social science as based upon statical sociology and the less complex sciences

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Dynamic Sociology (Vol. 1). Or Applied social science as based upon statical sociology and the less complex sciences

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Department of the Interior: U.S. National Museum – Extract from the Fifth Annual Report of the Director, 1883–'84

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Dynamic Sociology: Or Applied Social Science as Based Upon Statistical Sociology and the Less Complex Sciences

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Dynamic Sociology: Or Applied Social Science as Based Upon Statistical Sociology and the Less Complex Sciences

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Dynamic Sociology: Or applied social science as based upon statistical sociology and the less complex sciences

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as founded on a "distrust of nature" and "egotism", and instead argued that a program of social welfare (or '

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He enlisted in the Union army in August 1862, only a few days after his secret marriage to Elisabeth Vought.

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Reflecting his growing prominence as a scholar and acceptance in academic circles, Ward was elected to the

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Hofstadter. (1945). Social Darwinism in American Thought. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. p. 55

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Finlay, Barbara. "Lester Frank Ward as a Sociologist Of Gender: A New Look at His Sociological Work."

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Sniegoski, S. J. (1985). "State Schools 'versus' Parental Rights: The Legacy of Lester Frank Ward".

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Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945: Nature as Model and Nature as Threat

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Lybeck, E. R. (2013). "Lester Ward and Patrick Geddes in early American and British sociology".

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Lybeck, E. R. (2013). "Lester Ward and Patrick Geddes in early American and British sociology".

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Lybeck, E. R. (2013). "Lester Ward and Patrick Geddes in early American and British sociology".

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Department of the Interior: U.S. National Museum – Bulletin of the United States National Museum

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Department of the Interior: U.S. National Museum – Bulletin of the United States National Museum

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Laissez Faire and the General-Welfare State: A Study of Conflict in American Thought, 1865–1901

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Perlstadt, Harry. Applied Sociology as Translational Research: A One Hundred Fifty Year Voyage

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ideas, or the theory that the natural environment shapes organisms. Ward wrote on the topic in

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about twenty-three miles from Lake Michigan. The family then moved to a homestead in nearby

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Positivist Republic: Auguste Comte and the Reconstruction of American Liberalism, 1865–1920

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Guide to the Lester Frank Ward Collection, 1860–1913, Brown University Library Collections

1005: 229:, Ward has been characterized as a pioneering figure in American sociology. His 1883 work 8: 4285: 4183: 4165: 4070: 4010: 3980: 3747: 1918: 1708: 1693: 1678: 1663: 1648: 1633: 1415: 1401: 1177: 1086: 613: 550: 475: 363: 4237: 3359: 1618: 1582: 1568: 1162: 1138: 1038: 732:. Ward positioned himself in opposition to Spencer and the American political scientist 354:

influential position. From 1881 until 1888 Ward worked as an assistant geologist at the

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