355:(2/3 June 1653), both fleets began parallel to each other, arranged in three squadrons nose to tail. The English ships were able to fire continuous broadsides, resulting in terrible loss of life and damage to the Dutch fleet. The Dutch were unable to approach the enemy at close quarters, their preferred tactic. This usually prevailed if they could isolate and attack individual ships. The tactic revealed by the Battle of the Gabbard was not new to naval warfare, but was a consequence of the reforms imposed on the English navy. The New Fighting Instructions meant that senior officers could more easily control their ship captains, who could no longer easily evade fighting, or race heroically ahead of the rest of the fleet.
40:
122:
29:
333:
254:
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325:(18–20 February 1653), the English were scattered at the start of the battle, and so were unable to attack the Dutch fleet effectively. It was at Portland that Monck saw how little control admirals had in controlling a fleet and passing commands to his ships. One of the first precise written instructions adopting the line of battle tactic were contained in the English Navy's Fighting Instructions, written by Blake and his colleagues, and published in 1653.
394:
239:
necessary that the sight of the latter must never be interrupted by a friendly ship. Only one formation allows the ships of the same fleet to satisfy fully these conditions. That formation is the line ahead . This line, therefore, is imposed as the only order of battle, and consequently as the basis of all fleet tactics." The Dutch
358:
The line-of-battle tactic favoured very large ships that could sail steadily and maintain their place in the line in the face of heavy fire. The change toward the line of battle also depended on an increased disciplining of society and the demands of powerful centralized government to keep permanent
77:
without fear of hitting a friendly ship. This means that in a given period, the fleet can fire more shots. Another advantage is that a relative movement of the line in relation to some part of the enemy fleet allows for a systematic concentration of fire on that part. The other fleet can avoid this
367:
was marked by a successively stricter organization. Battle formations became standardized, based on calculated ideal models. The increased power of states at the expense of individual landowners led to increasingly larger armies and navies. A ship that was powerful enough to stand in the line of
238:
cannon, which did not deploy the broadside to its best effect. These new vessels required new tactics, and "since ... almost all the artillery is found upon the sides of a ship of war, hence it is the beam that must necessarily and always be turned toward the enemy. On the other hand, it is
493:
carried out a radical reform of ship design – between 1810 and 1840, every detail was altered, and more advances occurred during this period than had happened since the 1660s. There was, however, no change in the principle of the tactic of a line of battle. These alterations were
285:
with 12 ships. After Tromp refused to strike sail in salute, a battle took place, but the Dutch, despite their superior numbers, failed to capture any
English ships. The engagement was, according to the historian Ben Wilson, "a good old-fashioned melee lacking any sophisticated tactics".
194:
manned by 460 men, and entered Ormuz Bay, being surrounded by 250 warships and a 20,000 men army on land. Albuquerque made his small fleet (but powerful in its artillery) circle like a carrousel, but in a line end-to-end, and destroyed most of the ships that surrounded his
320:
After 1652, battles would be determined by the ability of a line of battle to not be broken down. The line was difficult to maintain when ships performed differently from each other and were affected by the sea conditions and the "chaos of conflict". At the
69:
in which a fleet of ships forms a line end to end. The first example of its use as a tactic is disputed—it has been variously claimed for dates ranging from 1502 to 1652. Line-of-battle tactics were in widespread use by 1675.
222:, which meant faster, more stable vessels. These newer warships could mount more cannons along the sides of their decks, concentrating their firepower along their broadside, while presenting a lower target to their enemy.
416:
The main problem with the line of battle was that when the fleets were of similar size, naval actions using it were generally indecisive. The French in particular were adept at gunnery and would generally take the
425:
at long range to bring down masts. Eventually so many vessels in a line would be damaged that they would be forced to retire for repairs while the French took few casualties and very little damage.
293:(28 September 1652) revealed the weakness of the Dutch fleet, largely consisting of smaller ships, against the English. The Dutch consequently began a large shipbuilding programme. The
73:
Compared with prior naval tactics, in which two opposing ships closed on one another for individual combat, the line of battle has the advantage that each ship in the line can fire its
596:
428:
Fleet commanders sometimes met with greater success by altering or abandoning the line of battle outright by breaking the enemy line and moving through it, as occurred during the
131:
118:, recognized that at sea, the Portuguese "fight at a distance, as if from walls and fortresses...". He recommended the single line ahead as the ideal combat formation.
455:. Ships broke through the enemy line and then, acting simultaneously with other vessels that remained on the original side, would engage the enemy fleet.
451:
If the opposing fleets were of similar size, a portion of the line might be overwhelmed by focused gunfire of the entire enemy line by a tactic known as
1529:
359:
fleets led by a corps of professional officers. These officers were better able to manage and communicate between the ships they commanded than the
519:, meant that by the 1870s, sail power had been abandoned. Battleships of the line were still in use in the early 20th century, using steam-driven
558:
and/or had long range, meant that gun engagements were no longer decisive, so that there was no longer any need for a line-of-battle formation.
78:
by manoeuvring in a line itself, with a result typical for sea battles since 1675: two fleets sail alongside one another (or on the opposite
607:
297:(30 November 1652) was a victory for the Dutch, and led to the revitalisation of the Commonwealth Navy. One innovation introduced by
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440:. Another tactic cut off and isolated part of the enemy's line while concentrating a stronger force on it (as happened during the
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suggests that the tactic was in place before this date. Portuguese fleets overseas deployed in line ahead, firing one
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showed that sailing ships needed to be converted if they were to be of any military use. The introduction of the
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and then putting about in order to return and discharge the other, resolving battles by gunnery alone. In a
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329:, issued on 29 March 1653, was the first clear evidence of the line of battle becoming official policy.
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superseded by changes brought about by the advance of steam power and industrially-produced armaments.
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This article is about the line formation in fleet. For the line of battle in infantry and cavalry, see
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When ramming fell out of fashion, the logic of the line of battle tactic returned. It was used in the
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that often comprised large parts of a navy's force. The new type of warfare that developed during the
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178:, earlier in the same year. Another early, but different form of this strategy, was used in 1507 by
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833:(subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries that are in the UK)
309:, which introduced the concept of Red, White, and Blue squadrons, each with an admiral, a
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as the decisive factor in combat. At the same time, the natural tendency in the design of
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against a Muslim fleet. One of the earliest recorded deliberate uses is documented in the
8:
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Navies and
Nations: Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and America, 1500–1680
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The first recorded mention of the use of a line of battle tactic is to be found in the
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The
Ironclads: an illustrated history of battleships from 1860 to the First World War
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103:
74:
1381:. Vol. 1: The Development of the Battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press.
1156:. Vol. 1: The Development of the Battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press.
317:, The Articles of War established the line of battle as a tactic for naval warfare.
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98:, to the commander of a fleet dispatched to the Indian Ocean. The precision in the
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The
Military Revolution: military innovation and the rise of the West, 1500–1800
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301:(the first English professional soldier to become a senior naval officer) and
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appear to have experimented with the technique in 1652, possibly including
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converted to steam in 1846, becoming the first steam ship of the line. The
421:
position to enable their fleet to retire downwind while continuing to fire
314:
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231:
183:
253:
1123:
1056:
Tudor and Stuart
Seafarers: The Emergence of a Maritime Nation, 1485–1707
508:
219:
463:
1257:
Schittering en
Schandaal: Dubbelbiografie van Maerten en Cornelis Tromp
542:(1916), and – for the last time – in the
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422:
393:
381:
215:
206:
gradually became the most important weapon in naval warfare, replacing
16:
Naval warfare tactic in which a fleet of ships forms a line end to end
1230:
The
Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare: The Triumph of the West
1078:
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235:
175:
482:
107:
664:
234:, the tactics of a fleet were often to "charge" the enemy, firing
418:
240:
211:
191:
159:
1085:. Vol. 1. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
1359:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press.
203:
1491:
The
Command of the Ocean, a Naval History of Britain 1649–1815
1283:
The
Command of the Ocean, a Naval History of Britain 1649–1815
527:, ramming again became a method of attack, as occurred at the
327:
Instructions for the better ordering of the Fleet in
Fighting
226:
Development during the Anglo-Dutch battles of the early 1650s
531:, the first ever fleet engagement involving ironclad ships.
623:
While the Japanese succeeded in crippling the battle line…
1327:
Empire of the Deep: the Rise and Fall of the British Navy
861:
756:
114:, Portuguese theorist on naval warfare and shipbuilding,
703:
1442:"Image and Reality in Eighteenth-Century Naval Tactics"
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281:(19 May 1652). Tromp faced Blake as he approached from
458:
388:
1305:
The Battle of Leyte Gulf : The Last Fleet Action
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987:
The Metal Fighting Ship in the Royal Navy, 1860–1970
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500:replaced wind power during the 19th century, with
1402:"The Development of Broadside Gunnery, 1450–1650"
1356:The Line of Battle: The Sailing Warship 1650–1840
1177:The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660–1783
523:and armed with turrets. With the introduction of
1511:
589:
918:"Clash at Surigao Strait: The Last Battle Line"
1261:(in Dutch). Amsterdam; Antwerp: Arbeidspers.
402:
246:first used the line of battle tactic in the
146:Line-of-battle tactics had been used by the
1040:. Vol. 29. The Navy Records Society.
32:Two fleets in their line of battle during
1308:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
982:
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1530:Naval warfare of the Early Modern period
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190:. Albuquerque commanded a fleet of six
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341:The Battle of the Gabbard, 2 June 1653
48:The Battle of Copenhagen, 2 April 1801
1331:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1180:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
1170:
1077:
1052:
798:
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658:
481:In the years following the defeat of
250:, although some have disputed this.
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879:
473:, the first steam ship of the line (
804:
515:, which made it impossible to have
459:Age of Steam and later developments
389:Problems associated with the tactic
379:. In time this became shortened to
13:
1346:
14:
1546:
1253:Prud’homme van Reine, R. (2001).
810:
573:Naval tactics in the Age of Steam
1037:Fighting Instructions, 1530–1816
214:was for longer ships with lower
936:
909:
554:, particularly those that were
263:British Battles on Land and Sea
202:From the mid-16th century, the
1461:10.1080/00253359.2003.10659294
1421:10.1080/00253359.1996.10656604
1353:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2004).
269:Captains on both sides of the
148:Fourth Portuguese India Armada
127:Fourth Portuguese India Armada
1:
944:"Battle Group – Introduction"
550:as well as a wide variety of
475:Maritime Institute of Ireland
168:Third Portuguese India Armada
85:
7:
561:
546:(1944). The development of
368:battle came to be called a
291:Battle of the Kentish Knock
261:(19 May 1652), depicted in
10:
1551:
1236:Cambridge University Press
1206:Cambridge University Press
1014:Cambridge University Press
991:. New York: Arco Pub. Co.
983:Archibald, E.H.H. (1971).
976:
199:. He then captured Ormuz.
132:Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu
96:Manuel I, king of Portugal
18:
924:. Warfare History Network
671:Prud’homme van Reine 2001
606:: 3. 2017. Archived from
408:(1854), showing a French
164:First Battle of Cannanore
1032:Corbett, Julian Stafford
583:
544:Battle of Surigao Strait
412:forming a line of battle
174:and the naval forces of
152:Battle of Calicut (1503)
916:Lippman, David (2013).
820:Oxford University Press
400:, an illustration from
345:Royal Museums Greenwich
182:at the entrance to the
67:tactic in naval warfare
52:Royal Museums Greenwich
34:the Battle of Cuddalore
1495:. London: Allen Lane.
1437:Rodger, Nicholas A. M.
1397:Rodger, Nicholas A. M.
1287:. London: Allen Lane.
1130:The Price of Admiralty
1108:. London: Southwater.
529:Battle of Lissa (1866)
478:
413:
403:
348:
266:
143:
94:, provided in 1500 by
54:
36:
1520:Naval warfare tactics
1485:Rodger, Nicholas A.M.
1277:Rodger, Nicholas A.M.
1061:Bloomsbury Publishing
1053:Davey, James (2018).
1009:The Battle of Jutland
1006:Brooks, John (2016).
517:ships with a full rig
489:in 1815, the British
466:
446:Battle of the Saintes
434:Battle of Schooneveld
396:
353:Battle of the Gabbard
335:
271:First Anglo-Dutch War
256:
180:Afonso de Albuquerque
124:
112:The Art of War at Sea
42:
31:
1448:The Mariner's Mirror
1408:The Mariner's Mirror
1379:The Ship of the Line
1323:Wilson, Ben (2014).
1154:The Ship of the Line
1134:. New York: Viking.
1100:Hore, Peter (2006).
568:Sailing ship tactics
498:Marine steam engines
248:Fight in the Channel
1525:Tactical formations
870:, pp. 155–156.
712:, pp. 200–201.
661:, pp. 115–116.
438:Battle of Trafalgar
398:Antoine Morel-Fatio
377:line of battle ship
365:early modern period
295:Battle of Dungeness
812:"'battleship, n.'"
765:, pp. 99–104.
597:"Battle of Midway"
552:anti-ship missiles
536:Battle of Tsushima
487:Battle of Waterloo
479:
414:
349:
323:Battle of Portland
267:
144:
129:of 1502, from the
116:Fernão de Oliveira
55:
37:
1502:978-0-7139-9411-7
1388:978-0-85177-252-3
1366:978-08517-7-954-6
1338:978-07538-2-920-2
1315:978-02530-0-351-5
1302:Willmott (2005).
1294:978-0-7139-9411-7
1268:978-90-295-3572-4
1245:978-05217-3-806-4
1215:978-0-521-47426-9
1163:978-0-85177-252-3
1141:978-0-670-81416-9
1115:978-18447-6-299-6
1092:978-91-22-01565-9
1070:978-14729-5-678-1
1023:978-11071-5-014-0
998:978-06680-2-509-6
613:on 16 August 2023
604:Combat Narratives
548:aircraft carriers
540:Battle of Jutland
525:ironclad warships
188:conquest of Ormuz
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968:Archibald 1971
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230:Until the mid-
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59:line of battle
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892:Willmott 2005
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953:10 December
904:Brooks 2016
868:Lavery 2003
856:Lavery 2003
844:Keegan 1989
826:25 November
787:Wilson 2014
775:Wilson 2014
751:Wilson 2014
739:Rodger 2004
710:Wilson 2014
698:Wilson 2014
647:Parker 1996
635:Parker 2008
509:Crimean War
351:During the
216:forecastles
135: [
63:battle line
50:(undated),
1514:Categories
1186:1084844208
1079:Glete, Jan
1059:. London:
1046:1045333716
928:8 December
816:OED Online
799:Glete 1993
722:Davey 2018
659:Mahan 1890
521:propellers
513:gun turret
436:, and the
423:chain-shot
382:battleship
236:bow chaser
86:Background
1477:109717660
1469:0025-3359
1429:0025-3359
880:Hore 2006
617:16 August
491:Admiralty
404:La Marine
373:of battle
110:of 1555,
104:broadside
75:broadside
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1399:(1996).
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1081:(1993).
562:See also
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453:doubling
444:and the
410:squadron
313:, and a
305:was the
212:galleons
197:squadron
192:carracks
154:, under
108:treatise
977:Sources
485:at the
419:leeward
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241:admiral
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204:cannon
170:under
1473:S2CID
611:(PDF)
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584:Notes
375:, or
303:Deane
139:]
65:is a
1497:ISBN
1465:ISSN
1425:ISSN
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1182:OCLC
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1042:OCLC
1018:ISBN
993:ISBN
955:2022
930:2022
828:2022
619:2024
504:Ajax
502:HMS
470:Ajax
468:HMS
289:The
257:The
218:and
125:The
80:tack
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283:Rye
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