Lion - Knowledge

1281: 2738: 1759:, where the cats have better access to water, prey and shelter (via vegetation). The area occupied by a pride is called a "pride area" whereas that occupied by a nomad is a "range". Males associated with a pride patrol the fringes. Both males and females defend the pride against intruders, but the male lion is better-suited for this purpose due to its stockier, more powerful build. Some individuals consistently lead the defense against intruders, while others lag behind. Lions tend to assume specific roles in the pride; slower-moving individuals may provide other valuable services to the group. Alternatively, there may be rewards associated with being a leader that fends off intruders; the rank of lionesses in the pride is reflected in these responses. The male or males associated with the pride must defend their relationship with the pride from outside males who may attempt to usurp them. 134: 2236: 1781: 1992: 2134:, perhaps because females do not become fertile and receptive until their cubs mature or die. Females often fiercely defend their cubs from a usurping male but are rarely successful unless a group of three or four mothers within a pride join forces against the male. Cubs also die from starvation and abandonment, and predation by leopards, hyenas and wild dogs. Male cubs are excluded from their maternal pride when they reach maturity at around two or three years of age, while some females may leave when they reach the age of two. When a new male lion takes over a pride, adolescents both male and female may be evicted. 2013:, lions subsist largely on kills stolen from hyenas, causing them to increase their kill rate. In Botswana's Chobe National Park, the situation is reversed as hyenas there frequently challenge lions and steal their kills, obtaining food from 63% of all lion kills. When confronted on a kill, hyenas may either leave or wait patiently at a distance of 30–100 m (98–328 ft) until the lions have finished. Hyenas may feed alongside lions and force them off a kill. The two species attack one another even when there is no food involved for no apparent reason. Lions can account for up to 71% of hyena deaths in 1689: 401: 17534: 9583: 1703: 2064: 1409: 3002: 2595: 1798: 1956:

leftovers. Large kills are shared more widely among pride members. An adult lioness requires an average of about 5 kg (11 lb) of meat per day while males require about 7 kg (15 lb). Lions gorge themselves and eat up to 30 kg (66 lb) in one session. If it is unable to consume all of the kill, it rests for a few hours before continuing to eat. On hot days, the pride retreats to shade with one or two males standing guard. Lions defend their kills from scavengers such as vultures and hyenas.

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lion cubs lack confidence when confronted with adults other than their mother. They soon begin to immerse themselves in the pride life, however, playing among themselves or attempting to initiate play with the adults. Lionesses with cubs of their own are more likely to be tolerant of another lioness's cubs than lionesses without cubs. Male tolerance of the cubs varies—one male could patiently let the cubs play with his tail or his mane, while another may snarl and bat the cubs away.

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prey fleeing from other lionesses. Males attached to prides do not usually participate in group hunting. Some evidence suggests, however, that males are just as successful as females; they are typically solo hunters who ambush prey in small bushland. They may join in the hunting of large, slower-moving prey like buffalo; and even hunt them on their own. Moderately-sized hunting groups generally have higher success rates than lone females and larger groups.

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competitors by hunting at different times and habitats. Leopards, by contrast, do not appear to be motivated by an avoidance of lions, as they use heavy vegetation regardless of whether lions are present in an area and both cats are active around the same time of day. In addition, there is no evidence that lions effect leopard abundance. Leopards take refuge in trees, though lionesses occasionally attempt to climb up and retrieve their kills.

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are born blind, their eyes opening around seven days after birth. They weigh 1.2–2.1 kg (2.6–4.6 lb) at birth and are almost helpless, beginning to crawl a day or two after birth and walking around three weeks of age. To avoid a buildup of scent attracting the attention of predators, the lioness moves her cubs to a new den site several times a month, carrying them one-by-one by the nape of the neck.

11466: 1301:, which fade as the cub reaches adulthood, although faint spots may still be seen on the legs and underparts. The tail of all lions ends in a dark, hairy tuft that, in some lions, conceals an approximately 5 mm (0.20 in)-long, hard "spine" or "spur" that is formed from the final, fused sections of tail bone. The functions of the spur are unknown. The tuft is absent at birth and develops at around 1267: 4492: 2374:

their numbers are rapidly decreasing, and fell by an estimated 30–50% in the late half of the 20th century. Primary causes of the decline include disease and human interference. In 1975, it was estimated that since the 1950s, lion numbers had decreased by half to 200,000 or fewer. Estimates of the African lion population range between 16,500 and 47,000 living in the wild in 2002–2004.

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decay, is not favoured by all researchers; an analysis of teeth and jaws of man-eating lions in museum collections suggests that while tooth decay may explain some incidents, prey depletion in human-dominated areas is a more likely cause of lion predation on humans. Sick or injured animals may be more prone to man-eating but the behaviour is not unusual, nor necessarily aberrant.

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and 52,000 years ago. Due to the expansion of the Sahara between 83,100 and 26,600 years ago, lion populations in West and North Africa became separated. As the rainforest decreased and thus gave rise to more open habitats, lions moved from West to Central Africa. Lions from North Africa dispersed to southern Europe and Asia between 38,800 and 8,300 years ago.

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equal chance of survival, and sucklings are not dominated by older cubs. Weaning occurs after six or seven months. Male lions reach maturity at about three years of age and at four to five years are capable of challenging and displacing adult males associated with another pride. They begin to age and weaken at between 10 and 15 years of age at the latest.

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48–59 km/h (30–37 mph) and need to be close to their prey before starting the attack. One study in 2018 recorded a lion running at a top speed of 74.1 km/h (46.0 mph). They take advantage of factors that reduce visibility; many kills take place near some form of cover or at night. The lion accelerates at the start of the chase by 9.5

2674:; although his designs were popular, the use of bars and caged enclosures prevailed in many zoos until the 1960s. In the late 20th century, larger, more natural enclosures and the use of wire mesh or laminated glass instead of lowered dens allowed visitors to come closer than ever to the animals; some attractions such as the Cat Forest/Lion Overlook of 2328:, meowing and roaring. Other sounds produced include purring, puffing, bleating and humming. Roaring is used to advertise its presence. Lions most often roar at night, a sound that can be heard from a distance of 8 kilometres (5 mi). They tend to roar in a very characteristic manner starting with a few deep, long roars that subside into grunts. 1452:

consistently interact with multiple males at once. Another hypothesis suggests that the mane also serves to protect the neck in fights, but this is disputed. During fights, including those involving maneless females and adolescents, the neck is not targeted as much as the face, back, and hindquarters. Injured lions also begin to lose their manes.

2184:) in 1962, resulting in lions becoming emaciated and covered in bloody, bare patches. Lions sought unsuccessfully to evade the biting flies by climbing trees or crawling into hyena burrows; many died or migrated and the local population dropped from 70 to 15 individuals. A more recent outbreak in 2001 killed six lions. 2712:

acts as the central display of circus shows and entered public consciousness in the early 20th century with cinema. In demonstrating the superiority of human over animal, lion taming served a purpose similar to animal fights of previous centuries. The ultimate proof of a tamer's dominance and control

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Pride lionesses often synchronise their reproductive cycles and communal rearing and suckling of the young, which suckle indiscriminately from any or all of the nursing females in the pride. The synchronisation of births is advantageous because the cubs grow to being roughly the same size and have an

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of males to females. Males with darker manes appear to have greater reproductive success and are more likely to remain in a pride for longer. They have longer and thicker hair and higher testosterone levels, but they are also more vulnerable to heat stress. Unlike in other felid species, female lions

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Manuel, M. d.; Barnett, R.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M-S. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten,

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Lions may live 12–17 years in the wild. Although adult lions have no natural predators, evidence suggests most die violently from attacks by humans or other lions. Lions often inflict serious injuries on members of other prides they encounter in territorial disputes or members of the home pride when

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Usually, the mother does not integrate herself and her cubs back into the pride until the cubs are six to eight weeks old. Sometimes the introduction to pride life occurs earlier, particularly if other lionesses have given birth at about the same time. When first introduced to the rest of the pride,

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up to around 15 years old in exceptional cases, with the victims being calves, juveniles, and even subadults. In typical hunts, each lioness has a favoured position in the group, either stalking prey on the "wing", then attacking, or moving a smaller distance in the centre of the group and capturing

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The male lion's mane is the most recognisable feature of the species. It may have evolved around 320,000–190,000 years ago. It grows downwards and backwards, covering most of the head, neck, shoulders, and chest. The mane is typically brownish and tinged with yellow, rust, and black hairs. It starts

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and started to diverge in sub-Saharan Africa during the Late Pleistocene. Lion populations in East and Southern Africa became separated from populations in West and North Africa when the equatorial rainforest expanded 183,500 to 81,800 years ago. They shared a common ancestor probably between 98,000

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were taken by lions over nine months during the construction of a bridge in Kenya. The hunter who killed the lions wrote a book detailing the animals' predatory behaviour; they were larger than normal and lacked manes, and one seemed to suffer from tooth decay. The infirmity theory, including tooth

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Lions are part of a group of exotic animals that have been central to zoo exhibits since the late 18th century. Although many modern zoos are more selective about their exhibits, there are more than 1,000 African and 100 Asiatic lions in zoos and wildlife parks around the world. They are considered

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Several large and well-managed protected areas in Africa host large lion populations. Where an infrastructure for wildlife tourism has been developed, cash revenue for park management and local communities is a strong incentive for lion conservation. Most lions now live in East and Southern Africa;

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days; the female gives birth to a litter of between one and four cubs in a secluded den, which may be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave, or some other sheltered area, usually away from the pride. She will often hunt alone while the cubs are still helpless, staying relatively close to the den. Lion cubs

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Manuel, M. d.; Ross, B.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M.-H. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten,

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Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.;

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Lion hunting has occurred since ancient times and was often a royal tradition, intended to demonstrate the power of the king over nature. Such hunts took place in a reserved area in front of an audience. The monarch was accompanied by his men and controls were put in place to increase their safety

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among primates. Head rubbing, nuzzling the forehead, face and neck against another lion appears to be a form of greeting and is seen often after an animal has been apart from others or after a fight or confrontation. Males tend to rub other males, while cubs and females rub females. Social licking

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when the opportunity arises, scavenging animals dead from natural causes such as disease or those that were killed by other predators. Scavenging lions keep a constant lookout for circling vultures, which indicate the death or distress of an animal. Most carrion on which both hyenas and lions feed

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accelerate by 5 m/s², 5.6 m/s² and 4.5 m/s², respectively; acceleration appears to be more important than steady displacement speed in lion hunts. The lion's attack is short and powerful; it attempts to catch prey with a fast rush and final leap, usually pulls it down by the rump, and kills with a

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Young lions first display stalking behaviour at around three months of age, although they do not participate in hunting until they are almost a year old and begin to hunt effectively when nearing the age of two. Single lions are capable of bringing down zebra and wildebeest, while larger prey like

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Bertola, L. D.; Van Hooft, W. F.; Vrieling, K.; Uit De Weerd, D. R.; York, D. S.; Bauer, H.; Prins, H. H. T.; Funston, P. J.; Udo De Haes, H. A.; Leirs, H.; Van Haeringen, W. A.; Sogbohossou, E.; Tumenta, P. N.; De Iongh, H. H. (2011). "Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications for

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for the Asiatic lion to increase its chances of survival. In 1987, it was found that most lions in North American zoos were hybrids between African and Asiatic lions. Breeding programs need to note origins of the participating animals to avoid cross-breeding different subspecies and thus reducing

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revealed that nomadic coalitions gain residency at between 3.5 and 7.3 years of age. In Kruger National Park, dispersing male lions move more than 25 km (16 mi) away from their natal pride in search of their own territory. Female lions stay closer to their natal pride. Therefore, female

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In 2005, Lion Conservation Strategies were developed for West and Central Africa, and or East and Southern Africa. The strategies seek to maintain suitable habitat, ensure a sufficient wild prey base for lions, reduce factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations, and make lion–human

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occupy a similar ecological niche and compete for prey and carrion; a review of data across several studies indicates a dietary overlap of 58.6%. Lions typically ignore hyenas unless they are on a kill or are being harassed, while the latter tend to visibly react to the presence of lions with or

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The lion is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture. It has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature. It is considered to be the monarch of the beasts; symbolizing power, royalty and protection.

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was considered a lion stronghold in the 1990s. By 2014, no lions were recorded in the protected area so the population is considered locally extinct. The West African lion population is isolated from the one in Central Africa, with little or no exchange of breeding individuals. In 2015, it was

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and leopards, steal their kills and kill their cubs and even adults when given the chance. Cheetahs often lose their kills to lions or other predators. A study in the Serengeti ecosystem revealed that lions killed at least 17 of 125 cheetah cubs born between 1987 and 1990. Cheetahs avoid their

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Lions typically consume prey at the location of the hunt but sometimes drag large prey into cover. They tend to squabble over kills, particularly the males. Cubs suffer most when food is scarce but otherwise all pride members eat their fill, including old and crippled lions, which can live on

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Asiatic lion prides differ in group composition. Male Asiatic lions are solitary or associate with up to three males, forming a loose pride while females associate with up to 12 other females, forming a stronger pride together with their cubs. Female and male lions associate only when mating.

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near the Mozambican border. While the expansion of villages into bush country is one concern, the authors argue conservation policy must mitigate the danger because in this case, conservation contributes directly to human deaths. Cases in Lindi in which lions seize humans from the centres of

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Lions are not particularly known for their stamina. For instance, a lioness's heart comprises only 0.57% of her body weight and a male's is about 0.45% of his body weight, whereas a hyena's heart comprises almost 1% of its body weight. Thus, lions run quickly only in short bursts at about

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Nomadic lions range widely and move around sporadically, either in pairs or alone. Pairs are more frequent among related males. A lion may switch lifestyles; nomads can become residents and vice versa. Interactions between prides and nomads tend to be hostile, although pride females in

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Salis, Alexander T.; Bray, Sarah C. E.; Lee, Michael S. Y.; Heiniger, Holly; Barnett, Ross; Burns, James A.; Doronichev, Vladimir; Fedje, Daryl; Golovanova, Liubov; Harington, C. Richard; Hockett, Bryan; Kosintsev, Pavel; Lai, Xulong; Mackie, Quentin; Vasiliev, Sergei (December 2022).

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in lion samples from East and Southern Africa, which indicates that this group has a longer evolutionary history than genetically less diverse lion samples from Asia and West and Central Africa. A whole genome-wide sequence of lion samples showed that samples from West Africa shared

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often occurs in tandem with head rubbing; it is generally mutual and the recipient appears to express pleasure. The head and neck are the most common parts of the body licked; this behaviour may have arisen out of utility because lions cannot lick these areas themselves.

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According to Robert R. Frump, Mozambican refugees regularly crossing Kruger National Park, South Africa, at night are attacked and eaten by lions; park officials have said man-eating is a problem there. Frump said thousands may have been killed in the decades after

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with samples from Southern Africa, and samples from Central Africa shared alleles with samples from Asia. This phenomenon indicates that Central Africa was a melting pot of lion populations after they had become isolated, possibly migrating through corridors in the

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has been systematically examined. American and Tanzanian scientists report that man-eating behaviour in rural areas of Tanzania increased greatly from 1990 to 2005. At least 563 villagers were attacked and many eaten over this period. The incidents occurred near

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virus (CDV) since at least the mid-1970s. CDV is spread by domestic dogs and other carnivores; a 1994 outbreak in Serengeti National Park resulted in many lions developing neurological symptoms such as seizures. During the outbreak, several lions died from

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The presence of numerous human settlements close to Gir National Park resulted in conflict between lions, local people and their livestock. Some consider the presence of lions a benefit, as they keep populations of crop damaging herbivores in check.

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However, there seems to be some degree of overlap between both groups in northern Central Africa. DNA analysis from a more recent study indicates that Central African lions are derived from both northern and southern lions, as they cluster with

1723:. The average pride consists of around 15 lions, including several adult females and up to four males and their cubs of both sexes. Large prides, consisting of up to 30 individuals, have been observed. The sole exception to this pattern is the 9117:

Roelke-Parker, M. E.; Munson, L.; Packer, C.; Kock, R.; Cleaveland, S.; Carpenter, M.; O'Brien, S. J.; Pospischil, A.; Hofmann-Lehmann, R.; L., Hans; Mwanengele, G. L. M.; Mgasa, M. N.; Machange, G. A.; Summers, B. A.; Appel, M. J. G. (1996).

2737: 2115: 2365: 2036:, taking their kills and dispatching pups or adult dogs. Population densities of wild dogs are low in areas where lions are more abundant. However, there are a few reported cases of old and wounded lions falling prey to wild dogs. 1524:. Nevertheless, 17 births have been recorded in five prides between 2007 and 2015. White lions are selected for breeding in captivity. They have reportedly been bred in camps in South Africa for use as trophies to be killed during 4081:

Bertola, L. D.; Jongbloed, H.; Van Der Gaag, K. J.; De Knijff, P.; Yamaguchi, N.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Bauer, H.; Henschel, P.; White, P. A.; Driscoll, C. A.; Tende, T.; Ottosson, U.; Saidu, Y.; Vrieling, K.; de Iongh, H. H. (2016).

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Lions spend much of their time resting; they are inactive for about twenty hours per day. Although lions can be active at any time, their activity generally peaks after dusk with a period of socialising, grooming, and defecating.

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since 1996 because populations in African countries have declined by about 43% since the early 1990s. Lion populations are untenable outside designated protected areas. Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood,

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levels increase, and reach their full size at around four years old. Cool ambient temperatures in European and North American zoos may result in a heavier mane. On average, Asiatic lions have sparser manes than African lions.

2362: 1719:". Groups of male lions are called "coalitions". Females form the stable social unit in a pride and do not tolerate outside females. The majority of females remain in their birth prides while all males and some females will 923:

cluster genetically with those from Cameroon and Chad, while lions from other areas of Ethiopia cluster with samples from East Africa. Researchers, therefore, assume Ethiopia is a contact zone between the two subspecies.

10321:"Multi-institutional survey of social, management, husbandry and environmental factors for the SSP African lion Panthera leo population: examining the effects of a breeding moratorium in relation to reproductive success" 1338:

Among felids, the lion is second only to the tiger in size. The size and weight of adult lions vary across its range and habitats. Accounts of a few individuals that were larger than average exist from Africa and India.

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Coalitions of males hold territory for a longer time than single lions. Males in coalitions of three or four individuals exhibit a pronounced hierarchy, in which one male dominates the others and mates more frequently.

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Lions imported to Europe before the middle of the 19th century were possibly foremost Barbary lions from North Africa, or Cape lions from Southern Africa. Another 11 animals thought to be Barbary lions kept in

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and in Southwest Asia until the late 19th century. By the late 19th century, it had been extirpated in most of Turkey. The last live lion in Iran was sighted in 1942, about 65 km (40 mi) northwest of

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region and broader nasal openings than those of the tiger. Due to the amount of skull variation in the two species, usually only the structure of the lower jaw can be used as a reliable indicator of species.

2487:. By 2015, the population had grown to 523 individuals inhabiting an area of 7,000 km (2,700 sq mi) in Saurashtra. In 2017, about 650 individuals were recorded during the Asiatic Lion Census. 2313:, which a lion makes when sniffing chemical signals and involves an open mouth with bared teeth, raised muzzle, wrinkled nose, closed eyes and relaxed ears. Lions also use chemical and visual marking; males 525:

One of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture, the lion has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in literature and films. Lions have been kept in

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have traditionally viewed the killing of lions as a rite of passage. Historically, lions were hunted by individuals, however, due to reduced lion populations, elders discourage solo lion hunts. During the

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latest by 11,900 years ago. Bone fragments excavated in European, North Asian, Canadian and Alaskan caves indicate that it ranged from Europe across Siberia into western Alaska. It likely derived from

10053: 2364: 11386: 4946:; Yamaguchi, N.; Higham, T. F. G.; Wheeler, H. T.; Rosendahl, W.; Sher, A. V.; Sotnikova, M.; Kuznetsova, T.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Martin, L. D.; Harington, C. R.; Burns, J. A.; Cooper, A. (2009). 2284: 8459:

Miller, J. R. B.; Pitman, R. T.; Mann, G. K. H.; Fuller, A. K.; Balme, G. A. (2018). "Lions and leopards coexist without spatial, temporal or demographic effects of interspecific competition".

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estimated that this population consists of about 400 animals, including fewer than 250 mature individuals. They persist in three protected areas in the region, mostly in one population in the

1280: 454:, forming groups called prides. A lion's pride consists of a few adult males, related females, and cubs. Groups of female lions usually hunt together, preying mostly on medium-sized and large 10640:

Hazzah, L.; Borgerhoof Mulder, M.; Frank, L. (2009). "Lions and warriors: Social factors underlying declining African lion populations and the effect of incentive-based management in Kenya".

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of England. The male's mane makes it a particularly recognisable feature and thus has been represented more than the female. Nevertheless, the lioness has also had importance as a guardian.

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sealed the park and forced refugees to cross the park at night. For nearly a century before the border was sealed, Mozambicans had regularly crossed the park in daytime with little harm.

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Marciszak, A.; Ivanoff, D. V.; Semenov, Y. A.; Talamo, S.; Ridush, B.; Stupak, A.; Yanish, Y.; Kovalchuk, O. (2022). "The Quaternary lions of Ukraine and a trend of decreasing size in

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Mammals as predators: the proceedings of a symposium held by the Zoological Society of London and the Mammal Society, London. Volume 65 of Symposia of the Zoological Society of London

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coexistence sustainable. Lion depredation on livestock is significantly reduced in areas where herders keep livestock in improved enclosures. Such measures contribute to mitigating

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The evolution of sociability in lions was likely driven both by high population density and the clumped resources of savannah habitats. The larger the pride, the more high-quality

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The skeletal muscles of the lion make up 58.8% of its body weight and represent the highest percentage of muscles among mammals. The lion has a high concentration of glycolytic

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Tumenta, P. N.; Kok, J. S.; van Rijssel, J. C.; Buij, R.; Croes, B. M.; Funston, P. J.; de Iongh, H. H.; de Haes, H. A. Udo (2009). "Threat of rapid extermination of the lion (

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of Morocco. However, a genetic analysis showed that the captive lions at Addis Ababa Zoo were not Barbary lions, but rather closely related to wild lions in Chad and Cameroon.

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When resting, lion socialisation occurs through a number of behaviours; the animal's expressive movements are highly developed. The most common peaceful, tactile gestures are

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Extinction of lions in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East interrupted gene flow between lion populations in Asia and Africa. Genetic evidence revealed numerous

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Green, D. S.; Johnson-Ulrich, L.; Couraud, H. E.; Holekamp, K. E. (2018). "Anthropogenic disturbance induces opposing population trends in spotted hyenas and African lions".

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designed enclosures with concrete "rocks", more open space and a moat instead of bars, more closely resembling a natural habitat. Hagenbeck designed lion enclosures for both

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Wilson, A. M.; Hubel, T. Y.; Wilshin, S. D.; Lowe, J. C.; Lorenc, M.; Dewhirst, O. P.; Bartlam-Brooks, H. L.; Diack, R.; Bennitt, E.; Golabek, K. A.; Woledge, R. C. (2018).

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Rarely, lionesses (in the wild and in captivity) have been observed to grow manes. Increased testosterone may be the cause of maned lionesses reported in northern Botswana.

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an ambassador species and are kept for tourism, education and conservation purposes. Lions can live over twenty years in captivity; for example, three sibling lions at the

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fighting at a kill. Crippled lions and cubs may fall victim to hyenas and leopards or be trampled by buffalo or elephants. Careless lions may be maimed when hunting prey.

6354: 2548:. Wild-born lions were imported to American zoos from Africa between 1989 and 1995. Breeding was continued in 1998 in the frame of an African lion Species Survival Plan. 2893:

substantial villages have been documented. Another study of 1,000 people attacked by lions in southern Tanzania between 1988 and 2009 found that the weeks following the

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in 2006 were of unknown origin; these animals might have carried genes that are extinct in the wild and may therefore be important to the maintenance of the overall

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The lion's repertoire of vocalisations is large; variations in intensity and pitch appear to be central to communication. Most lion vocalisations are variations of

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The lion is a muscular, broad-chested cat with a short, rounded head, a reduced neck, and round ears; males have broader heads. The fur varies in colour from light

11422: 11275: 10127:"Using ancient DNA techniques to identify the origin of unprovenanced museum specimens, as illustrated by the identification of a 19th century lion from Amsterdam" 5279:(PhD). Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. p. 8–10. 3899: 8732:

Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P.; Rondinini, C. (2013). "Generation length for mammals".

2431:. These were the first sightings of lions in the country in 39 years. In the same year, a population of up to 200 lions that was previously thought to have been 6452:

Riggio, J.; Jacobson, A.; Dollar, L.; Bauer, H.; Becker, M.; Dickman, A.; Funston, P.; Groom, R.; Henschel, P.; de Iongh, H.; Lichtenfeld, L.; Pimm, S. (2013).

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Barnett, R.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Soares, A. E. R.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Zazula, G.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Kirillova, I. V.; Larson, G.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2016).

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O'Brien, S. J.; Joslin, P.; Smith, G. L. III; Wolfe, R.; Schaffer, N.; Heath, E.; Ott-Joslin, J.; Rawal, P. P.; Bhattacharjee, K. K.; Martenson, J. S. (1987).

4518: 2962:

which also means "aggressive", "king" and "strong". In parts of West and East Africa, the lion is associated with healing and provides the connection between

2471:

in Gujarat State, India. The population has risen from approximately 180 lions in 1974 to about 400 in 2010. It is geographically isolated, which can lead to

10045: 1189:

between the two lineages, indicating that they did not share the same geographic area. The Eurasian and American cave lions became extinct at the end of the

10425: 10394: 6226: 11370: 10480: 7196: 2713:

over a lion is demonstrated by the placing of the tamer's head in the lion's mouth. The now-iconic lion tamer's chair was possibly first used by American

10235: 8356: 1594:, around 8,000-6,000 years ago, the range of lions expanded into Southeastern and Eastern Europe, partially re-occupying the range of the now extinct 10195:

Bruche, S.; Gusset, M.; Lippold, S.; Barnett, R.; Eulenberger, K.; Junhold, J.; Driscoll, C. A.; Hofreiter, M. (2012). "A genetically distinct lion (

7917:

Mammals as Predators: The Proceedings of a Symposium Held by The Zoological Society of London and Mammal Society: London, 22nd and 23rd November 1991

10710: 7781: 7411:. Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki: US Agency for International Development, Conservation of Biodiverse Resource Areas Project, 623-0247-C-00-3002-00. 1874:

are the most common wild prey, while livestock contributes significantly to lion kills outside protected areas. It usually avoids fully grown adult

10363: 9715: 9501: 5380: 8307: 7722: 17205: 11503: 3422:

Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

2423:, where between approximately 14 and 21 animals persisted as of 2009. In addition, 50 to 150 lions are estimated to be present in Burkina Faso's 9969:

Venkataraman, M. (2016). "Wildlife and human impacts in the Gir landscape". In Agrawal, P.K; Verghese, A.; Krishna, S.R.; Subaharan, K. (eds.).

2982:, lions were linked both with the sun and the waters of the Nile. Several gods were conceived as being partially lion including the war deities 16386: 6513: 2309:

Lions have an array of facial expressions and body postures that serve as visual gestures. A common facial expression is the "grimace face" or

1715:

The lion is the most social of all wild felid species, living in groups of related individuals with their offspring. Such a group is called a "

1318:

Its skull is very similar to that of the tiger, although the frontal region is usually more depressed and flattened and has a slightly shorter

9778: 17283: 17257: 16457: 10110:

Meena, V. (2016). "Wildlife and human impacts in the Gir landscape". In Agrawal, P.K.; Verghese, A.; Radhakrishna, S.; Subaharan, K. (eds.).

5280: 4517:

Burger, J.; Rosendahl, W.; Loreille, O.; Hemmer, H.; Eriksson, T.; Götherström, A.; Hiller, J.; Collins, M. J.; Wess, T.; Alt, K. W. (2004).

6292: 1838:

and is considered to be both an apex and keystone predator due to its wide prey spectrum. Its prey consists mainly of medium-sized to large

501:

period, the lion ranged throughout Africa and Eurasia, from Southeast Europe to India, but it has been reduced to fragmented populations in

7000:

Hanby, J. P.; Bygott, J. D. (1979). "Population changes in lions and other predators". In Sinclair, A. R. E.; Norton-Griffiths, M. (eds.).

3372:

Nicholson, S.; Bauer, H.; Strampelli, P.; Sogbohossou, E.; Ikanda, D.; Tumenta, P. F.; Venktraman, M.; Chapron, G.; Loveridge, A. (2024) .

9468: 7882: 5739:

Chellam, R. and A. J. T. Johnsingh (1993). "Management of Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest, India". In Dunstone, N.; Gorman, M. L. (eds.).

1743:

allow nomadic males to approach them. Males spend years in a nomadic phase before gaining residence in a pride. A study undertaken in the

10126: 2954:

In sub-Saharan Africa, the lion has been a common character in stories, proverbs and dances, but rarely featured in visual arts. In the

2463:

The last refuge of the Asiatic lion population is the 1,412 km (545 sq mi) Gir National Park and surrounding areas in the

6758: 5776: 3999: 17586: 6384:

Turner, J. A.; Vasicek, C. A.; Somers, M. J. (2015). "Effects of a colour variant on hunting ability: the white lion in South Africa".

5447: 8203:

Trinkel, M.; Kastberger, G. (2005). "Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia".

17651: 17641: 17566: 9730: 4264: 4151:

T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O'Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020).

4022:

T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O’Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020).

3202:. In some medieval stories, lions were portrayed as allies and companions. Lions continue to appear in modern literature such as the 1675:

continue until dawn, when hunting most often takes place. They spend an average of two hours a day walking and fifty minutes eating.

9927:

Singh, H. S.; Gibson, L. (2011). "A conservation success story in the otherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (

2416:

revealed that lion occupancy is lowest in the W National Park, and higher in areas with permanent staff and thus better protection.

17443: 17179: 3480: 3049:

symbolized the power of the king and protection of the land against enemies, but was also invoked for good luck. The constellation

2552: 9038: 8402:"To kill, stay or flee: the effects of lions and landscape factors on habitat and kill site selection of cheetahs in South Africa" 2076:

Most lionesses reproduce by the time they are four years of age. Lions do not mate at a specific time of year and the females are

1512:. It is not albino; it has normal pigmentation in the eyes and skin. White lions have occasionally been encountered in and around 133: 17231: 11133:

Watanabe, C. E. (2015). "The symbolic role of animals in Babylon: a contextual approach to the lion, the bull and the mušḫuššu".

8623:

Schramm, Ralph Dee; Briggs, Michael B.; Reeves, Jerry J. (1994). "Spontaneous and induced ovulation in the lion (Panthera leo)".

2277: 9892:

Bauer, H.; de Iongh, H.; Sogbohossou, E. (2010). "Assessment and mitigation of human-lion conflict in West and Central Africa".

7660: 6362: 5963:

Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki; Cooper, A.; Werdelin, L.; MacDonald, David W. (2004). "Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (

4813: 4323: 3593: 1166:

ancestors possibly continued until about 2.1 million years ago. The lion-leopard clade was distributed in the Asian and African

17656: 17646: 17601: 6010: 2675: 2662:

until a larger lion house with roomier cages was built in the 1870s. Further changes took place in the early 20th century when

6331: 5862: 4581: 1297:

to silvery grey, yellowish red, and dark brown. The colours of the underparts are generally lighter. A new-born lion has dark

17621: 17275: 11416: 11323: 11304: 11269: 11075: 11008: 10946: 10741: 10600: 10555: 10296: 9311: 8932: 8704: 8661: 8163: 7932: 6972: 6752: 6433: 6408: 6083: 5947: 5856: 5818: 5770: 5616: 5554: 5419: 5310: 5250: 4807: 4530: 3993: 3337: 17236: 11350: 8054: 4947: 2619:

The first European "zoos" spread among noble and royal families in the 13th century, and until the 17th century were called

2528:

with the aim of identifying and breeding Barbary lions in captivity for eventual reintroduction into a national park in the

17681: 17671: 17636: 17611: 9812: 4351:(Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae, Carnivora) from Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record from 1987–2007" 3900:"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" 3222: 8108: 7465: 17691: 17631: 11556: 2825:

in the 19th century, the hunting of lions was encouraged because they were considered pests and lion skins were sold for

10075:

Saberwal, V. K.; Gibbs, J. P.; Chellam, R.; Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1994). "Lion-Human Conflict in the Gir Forest, India".

9988:): 50 Years Journey for Conservation of an Endangered Carnivore and its Habitat in Gir Protected Area, Gujarat, India". 5061:

Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Ho, S. Y.; Barnes, I.; Sabin, R.; Werdelin, L.; Cuisin, J.; Larson, G. (2014).

4671:"Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge" 1621:

In Asia the lion once ranged in regions where climatic conditions supported an abundance of prey. It was present in the

1181:

Estimates for the divergence time of the modern and cave lion lineages range from 529,000 to 392,000 years ago based on

546:, and depictions have occurred in virtually all ancient and medieval cultures in the lion's historic and current range. 17626: 17596: 17166: 11344: 11181: 10976: 8983:

Sachs, R. (1969). "Untersuchungen zur Artbestimmung und Differenzierung der Muskelfinnen ostafrikanischer Wildtiere ".

8134: 5907: 2084:

that point backward. During withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which may cause

1610:, the modern lion was present from about 6,400 to 2,000 years Before Present. In Greece, it was common, as reported by 949: 17379: 17666: 17616: 12926: 11447: 11380: 9286: 8290: 2536: 1832: 715:

for the Asiatic lion population. In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group revised lion

10823:

Packer, C.; Ikanda, D.; Kissui, B.; Kushnir, H. (2005). "Conservation biology: lion attacks on humans in Tanzania".

4563: 3315: 2017:. Hyenas have adapted by frequently mobbing lions that enter their home ranges. When the lion population in Kenya's 2829:

each. The widely reproduced imagery of the heroic hunter chasing lions would dominate a large part of the century.

17288: 13270: 4272: 3515:

Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2006).

2863:

Lions do not usually hunt humans but some (usually males) seem to seek them out. One well-publicised case is the

2850: 2696:, who both toured widely and whose techniques were copied by a number of followers. Van Amburgh performed before 1027:, and was genetically isolated and highly distinct from the modern lion in Africa and Eurasia. It is depicted in 357: 10775: 10758: 10433: 10402: 7960:

Christiansen, P.; Wroe, S. (2007). "Bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores".

6234: 17606: 10488: 7149: 6607: 5211: 3659: 3562: 3033:

times, where it was strongly associated with kingship. The big cat was a symbol and steed of fertility goddess

2096:

and courtship activities. Males will also head-rub and roll around with each other before mounting each other.

1555:, the lion has been recorded up to an elevation of 3,600 m (11,800 ft) and close to the snow line on 1517: 7973: 5645: 2544:

their conservation value. Captive breeding of lions was halted to eliminate individuals of unknown origin and

2235: 17461: 15488: 7343: 4214:"Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters" 2201: 10808: 10791: 5470: 1906:

and hippopotamus, and even uncommon cases of prides taking down an adult hippopotamus. Unusual prey include

10258: 6799: 3053:

was first recognised by the Sumerians around 4,000 years ago and is considered to be the fifth sign of the

2914: 2517: 539: 10700: 7740: 3772: 3038: 1780: 1547:

African lions live in scattered populations across sub-Saharan Africa. The lion prefers grassy plains and

17686: 17270: 17218: 15479: 12682: 10291:(Second ed.). Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid: Cambridge University Press. pp. 430–452. 3159:. Statues of the beast have guarded the entrances to the imperial palace and many religious shrines. The 3082: 2643:

in the 13th century; this was probably stocked with animals from an earlier menagerie started in 1125 by

2504: 2382: 2018: 1415: 10371: 9486: 5512: 17476: 16944: 16600: 9596:

Henschel, P.; Petracca, L. S.; Hunter, L. T.; Kiki, M.; Sewadé, C.; Tehou, A.; Robinson, H. S. (2016).

7683: 5703:

Smuts, G. L.; Robinson, G. A.; Whyte, I. J. (1980). "Comparative growth of wild male and female lions (

3212: 3101: 2932: 1728: 884: 14966: 9179:

Bull, M. E.; Kennedy-Stoskopf, S.; Levine, J. F.; Loomis, M.; Gebhard, D. G.; Tompkins, W. A. (2003).

5339: 3877: 1964:

upon are killed by hyenas rather than lions. Carrion is thought to provide a large part of lion diet.

1520:

in eastern South Africa. They were removed from the wild in the 1970s, thus decreasing the white lion

1197:

descendants on other continents. The modern lion was probably widely distributed in Africa during the

17591: 13805: 11526: 8828:

Packer, C.; Pusey, A. E. (May 1983). "Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males".

5538: 3445: 2834: 2786: 2314: 2249: 936:. This result suggested that the taxonomic position of lions in Central Africa may require revision. 797: 381: 221: 9582: 7452: 6522: 2897:, when there was less moonlight, were a strong indicator of increased night-time attacks on people. 1991: 1125:. Results of analyses differ in the phylogenetic relationship of the lion; it was thought to form a 1047:

during the Late Pleistocene. It diverged from the cave lion around 165,000 years ago. A fossil from

17361: 16863: 16758: 15497: 13787: 13515: 13482: 13458: 13279: 12531: 10319:

Daigle, C. L.; Brown, J. L.; Carlstead, K.; Pukazhenthi, B.; Freeman, E. W.; Snider, R. J. (2015).

5549:]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 83–95. 4084:"Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion ( 3074: 2093: 1928: 1567:

in Gujarat, western India. Its habitat is a mixture of dry savannah forest and very dry, deciduous

1472: 5931: 5267: 3413: 2635:

to the rest of Europe. In England, although the seraglio tradition was less developed, lions were

991:. Bone fragments were excavated in caves in the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Czech Republic. 17576: 16525: 15506: 15237: 14930: 14865: 14247: 13823: 13296: 12818: 11549: 9558:"The status of savanna carnivores in the Odzala-Kokoua National Park, northern Republic of Congo" 7835: 3450: 3227: 2966:

and the supernatural. In other East African traditions, the lion represents laziness. In much of

2776: 2444: 2413: 1822: 1744: 964: 142: 10176:

Yamaguchi, N.; Haddane, B. (2002). "The North African Barbary Lion and the Atlas Lion Project".

7912: 7117:"Landscape heterogeneity and behavioral traits drive the evolution of lion group territoriality" 3835: 3125:, erected by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century CE, depicts four lions standing back to back. In 3086: 2158:

may also kill and eat lions, evidenced by the occasional lion claw found in crocodile stomachs.

17340: 17327: 17210: 17082: 17044: 16749: 16501: 16314: 16190: 15802: 15784: 15612: 15306: 15297: 14939: 13677: 12469: 10996: 10586: 9453: 7447: 3744: 3175: 3122: 2648: 2628: 2393: 1787: 1587:

desert. In the 1960s, it became extinct in North Africa, except in the southern part of Sudan.

1501: 1456: 1020: 979:, which was attributed to a lion. It is thought to have become extinct around 39,000 years ago. 804: 10284: 10154: 9454:"An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I: Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses" 9383: 8696: 8690: 5802: 5298: 3939: 3620:"Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, 2970:, the lion is portrayed as having low intelligence and is easily tricked by other animals. In 2130:

When one or more new males oust the previous males associated with a pride, the victors often

1551:, scrub bordering rivers, and open woodlands with bushes. It rarely enters closed forests. On 17335: 17322: 16926: 16181: 16163: 16154: 16145: 15630: 15621: 14993: 13763: 13754: 13745: 13694: 13632: 13614: 13605: 13542: 13491: 13329: 13320: 11757: 9709: 8151: 6742: 5758: 5604: 5338:

Zhang, Z.; Chen, J.; Li, L.; Tao, M.; Zhang, C.; Qin, Q.; Xiao, J.; Liu, Y.; Liu, S. (2014).

3977: 3896: 3465: 3251: 2948: 2652: 2540: 2436: 2409: 2378: 2131: 1919: 1716: 912:

in mtDNA-based phylogenies whereas their genomic DNA indicates a closer relationship with P.

559: 336: 31: 17: 17314: 14948: 14844: 11406: 11259: 11061: 9598:"Determinants of distribution patterns and management needs in a critically endangered lion 5482: 3988:(Second ed.). London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi, Sydney: Bloomsbury. pp. 46−47. 1944:. It can hold the prey's throat for up to 13 minutes, until the prey stops moving. It has a 17430: 17374: 17249: 17140: 17091: 16767: 16668: 16627: 16341: 15852: 15580: 14906: 13971: 13721: 13712: 13668: 13623: 13246: 12752: 12487: 12313: 11470: 10891: 10834: 10649: 10084: 9940: 9135: 8468: 8413: 8322: 8247: 8212: 7850: 7698: 7605: 7273: 7222: 7164: 6552: 6469: 6108: 6033: 5938:. In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). 5185: 5138: 5078: 4968: 4757: 4682: 4630: 4539: 4395: 4218: 4166: 4099: 4080: 4035: 3697: 3635: 3530: 3327: 3246: 3113:

Indo-Persian chroniclers regarded the lion as keeper of order in the realm of animals. The

2693: 2636: 2014: 1932: 1720: 1513: 1468: 697: 669: 635:

The upper cladogram is based on the 2006 study, the lower one on the 2010 and 2011 studies.

9753: 6541:"Examining the Extinction of the Barbary Lion and Its Implications for Felid Conservation" 6521:. Paris, France: International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife. Archived from 4277: 3424:. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 41. 1748:

lions in an area are more closely related to each other than male lions in the same area.

1688: 928:-wide data of a wild-born historical lion sample from Sudan showed that it clustered with 446:; a short, rounded head; round ears; and a dark, hairy tuft at the tip of its tail. It is 8: 17421: 17007: 16953: 16725: 16172: 16058: 16040: 15885: 15734: 15639: 14889: 14835: 14584: 14326: 14317: 13581: 12854: 12836: 12691: 12540: 12043: 7924: 6269: 4887:

Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J.; Xie, G. (2014).

4840:"Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)" 3311: 3050: 2881: 2822: 2810: 2556: 2468: 2464: 1945: 1915: 1907: 1902:, however there have been several occasions of lions taking calves of African elephants, 1760: 1190: 1096: 920: 740: 672:

in 2005. They were distinguished mostly by the size and colour of their manes and skins.

665: 169: 14077: 10895: 10838: 10653: 10096: 10088: 9944: 9139: 8472: 8417: 8326: 8251: 8216: 7854: 7702: 7609: 7277: 7226: 7168: 6643: 6556: 6473: 6112: 6099:

Peyton, P. M.; Packer, C. (2002). "Sexual selection, temperature, and the lion's mane".

6037: 5189: 5142: 5082: 4972: 4952:

ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity"

4761: 4686: 4670: 4634: 4543: 4399: 4170: 4103: 4039: 3854: 3701: 3639: 3534: 16822: 16049: 15571: 15261: 14984: 14957: 14220: 13962: 13814: 12917: 12809: 12709: 12649: 12034: 11970: 11647: 11542: 10914: 10877: 10858: 10705: 10216: 10146: 10029: 10008: 9909: 9664: 9224:

Poli, A.; Abramo, F.; Cavicchio, P.; Bandecchi, P.; Ghelardi, E.; Pistello, M. (1995).

9156: 9119: 9046: 9023: 8845: 8436: 8401: 8379: 8263: 7874: 7773: 7714: 7652: 7372: 7347: 7297: 7246: 7188: 7080: 7049: 6964: 6958: 6954: 6708: 6575: 6540: 6132: 6049: 5720: 5588: 5571: 5474: 5372: 5274: 5203: 5154: 5101: 5062: 4992: 4915: 4889:"Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats" 4888: 4864: 4839: 4773: 4748: 4245: 4189: 4152: 4120: 4083: 4058: 4023: 3806: 3720: 3685: 3554: 2995: 2689: 2644: 2428: 2420: 2390: 2337: 1752: 1643: 1626: 1580: 1327: 1249:

are relatively small compared to their parents because of reciprocal gene effects. The

1198: 1100: 988: 755: 716: 510: 502: 447: 216: 184: 11520: 9178: 9094: 9069: 8334: 4262: 4149: 3373: 2692:. The practice began in the early 19th century by Frenchman Henri Martin and American 2164:

commonly infest the ears, neck and groin regions of the lions. Adult forms of several

400: 17676: 17581: 17309: 17114: 17096: 16701: 16618: 16398: 15894: 15861: 14785: 14292: 14014: 13796: 13650: 13524: 13408: 12761: 12591: 12549: 12496: 12276: 12258: 12016: 11443: 11412: 11376: 11340: 11319: 11300: 11265: 11177: 11071: 11065: 11004: 10972: 10942: 10919: 10850: 10737: 10701:"Killer of Cecil the lion finds out that he is a target now, of internet vigilantism" 10596: 10590: 10551: 10320: 10318: 10292: 10233: 10013:

and its survival in human-dominated landscape outside the Gir forest, Gujarat, India"

9650: 9422: 9307: 9282: 9247: 9226:"Lentivirus infection in an African lion: a clinical, pathologic and virologic study" 9206: 9161: 9099: 8992: 8965: 8928: 8810: 8700: 8657: 8651: 8536: 8515: 8484: 8441: 8286: 8224: 8159: 8152:"Interspecific competition and the population biology of extinction-prone carnivores" 8130: 8104: 7977: 7928: 7866: 7632: 7617: 7537: 7520: 7377: 7289: 7238: 7180: 7085: 6968: 6960:

The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates

6748: 6712: 6580: 6429: 6404: 6273: 6124: 6079: 5943: 5903: 5852: 5814: 5766: 5676: 5612: 5550: 5478: 5415: 5364: 5306: 5246: 5233:

Benirschke, K. (1967). "Sterility and Fertility of Interspecific Mammalian Hybrids".

5150: 5106: 4984: 4980: 4959: 4920: 4869: 4803: 4795: 4735: 4716: 4708: 4614: 4555: 4422: 4295: 4263:

Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Dissanayake, R.; Meegaskumbura, M. (2005).

4237: 4232: 4213: 4194: 4125: 4063: 3989: 3725: 3651: 3585: 3546: 3521: 3343: 3333: 3171: 3155:. Though they were never native to the country, lions have played important roles in 3042: 3006: 2545: 2521: 2476: 2349: 2170: 2010: 1564: 1541: 1448: 1298: 982: 535: 463: 10236:"Evidence for African origins of founders of the Asiatic lion Species Survival Plan" 9913: 9668: 8849: 8267: 7777: 7656: 7250: 7192: 6136: 6057: 6053: 5661:

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology

5376: 5158: 4996: 4777: 4407: 4319: 4249: 3808: 3558: 3121:

signifies a lion as king of animals in general or deer in particular. In India, the

837: 466:; although some lions scavenge when opportunities occur and have been known to hunt 17119: 16980: 16813: 16091: 15521: 14811: 14593: 14343: 13533: 13432: 13216: 13207: 12791: 12582: 12573: 12367: 12358: 11916: 11210: 11142: 11115: 10909: 10899: 10862: 10842: 10825: 10803: 10770: 10657: 10332: 10250: 10208: 10150: 10138: 10092: 10024: 9948: 9901: 9695: 9654: 9646: 9613: 9569: 9412: 9237: 9196: 9151: 9143: 9089: 9081: 9019: 8837: 8632: 8564: 8531: 8476: 8431: 8421: 8375: 8330: 8255: 8220: 8100: 7969: 7920: 7878: 7858: 7763: 7755: 7718: 7706: 7644: 7613: 7532: 7499: 7457: 7409:

Living with lions: carnivore conservation and livestock in Laikipia District, Kenya

7367: 7359: 7301: 7285: 7281: 7230: 7172: 7128: 7075: 7065: 7028: 6910: 6700: 6661: 6624: 6616: 6570: 6560: 6477: 6323: 6265: 6209: 6116: 6041: 5976: 5843: 5716: 5668: 5583: 5466: 5354: 5238: 5207: 5193: 5146: 5096: 5086: 5038: 4976: 4910: 4900: 4859: 4851: 4765: 4698: 4690: 4648: 4638: 4547: 4482: 4472: 4403: 4362: 4315: 4227: 4184: 4174: 4115: 4107: 4053: 4043: 3935: 3872: 3830: 3715: 3705: 3643: 3538: 3371: 3001: 2967: 2955: 2432: 2345: 2310: 2188: 2033: 1903: 1702: 1615: 1595: 1509: 1159: 1066: 1012: 995: 873: 789: 731: 374: 11199:"Animals with rich histories: the case of the lions of Gir Forest, Gujarat, India" 10220: 9085: 8553:"Predator–prey relationships among the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park" 7759: 7050:"Genetic insights into dispersal distance and disperser fitness of African lions ( 5276:

Growth and Behaviour: Epigenetic and Genetic Factors Involved in Hybrid Dysgenesis

2178:

meat. Lions in the Ngorongoro Crater were afflicted by an outbreak of stable fly (

17406: 17296: 16998: 16989: 16917: 16872: 16534: 16484: 16475: 16350: 16296: 16240: 16109: 16082: 15975: 15793: 15752: 15717: 15462: 14525: 14238: 14205: 14196: 13703: 13441: 12890: 12340: 12267: 12225: 11961: 11766: 11700: 11677: 11402: 11334: 10904: 10661: 9952: 9808: 8426: 6565: 5523:. Vol. Mammalia. Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. pp. 212–222. 5242: 4769: 3710: 3179: 3156: 3126: 3078: 3046: 2864: 2640: 2529: 2513: 2427:

ecosystem. In 2015, an adult male lion and a female lion were sighted in Ghana's

2387: 2097: 1851: 1843: 1797: 1232: 1104: 1016: 748: 720: 652: 643: 616: 597: 17353: 17262: 9067: 8046: 7047: 4886: 4551: 3647: 3439: 680: 17571: 17526: 17514: 17502: 16971: 16890: 16692: 16439: 16332: 16305: 15358: 14975: 14575: 14439: 14122: 13659: 13641: 13572: 13183: 13174: 12776: 12737: 11691: 11603: 9735:

Meyer, 1826, sightings in Mole National Park, Ghana, and possible first serval

8077: 7428: 6620: 5672: 4943: 4643: 4158:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3852: 3167: 3138: 3070: 3062: 2940: 2868: 2830: 2826: 2708:("the lions of Mysore"), an idea Amburgh quickly borrowed. These acts eclipsed 2697: 2663: 2253: 2155: 2049: 1863: 1835: 1603: 1241:

to create hybrids for the curiosity of visitors or for scientific purpose. The

1073: 956: 794:. Multiple authors referred to it as 'northern lion' and 'northern subspecies'. 451: 443: 389: 17132: 10212: 10142: 9700: 9417: 9396: 9277:

Sparks, J. (1967). "Allogrooming in primates: a review". In Morris, D. (ed.).

9242: 9225: 9201: 9180: 8731: 8259: 7461: 7070: 6482: 6453: 6045: 5980: 5359: 2063: 1977: 1425: 1408: 631: 450:; adult male lions are larger than females and have a prominent mane. It is a 17560: 17538: 17244: 16935: 16831: 16804: 16430: 16128: 16073: 15595: 15539: 15280: 14921: 14376: 13938: 13103: 13070: 12872: 12863: 12800: 12700: 12658: 12510: 12103: 11293: 8569: 8552: 7348:"Selfish partners: resource partitioning in male coalitions of Asiatic lions" 6691: 6681:

Schnitzler, A.; Hermann, L. (2019). "Chronological distribution of the tiger

4712: 4382:

Stuart, A. J.; Lister, A. M. (2011). "Extinction chronology of the cave lion

3863: 3821: 3382: 3323: 3232: 3207: 3203: 3106: 3058: 2979: 2817: 2790: 2764: 2760: 2709: 2667: 2594: 2584: 2484: 2341: 2089: 2081: 2005: 1949: 1672: 1659: 1460: 1294: 1194: 1182: 1175: 1034: 855: 826: 778: 704: 689: 647: 620: 583: 543: 514: 506: 459: 353: 189: 84: 38: 17171: 13560: 13372: 10878:"Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions" 9618: 9597: 9223: 8480: 7836:"Biomechanics of predator–prey arms race in lion, zebra, cheetah and impala" 7363: 7331:. University of Edinburgh, UK: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources. 7234: 7176: 7133: 7116: 7033: 7016: 6914: 6120: 5851:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 17–21, 37–41. 5091: 5060: 4179: 4048: 3542: 3347: 2919: 2142: 2100:

of the lion is about seven years. The average gestation period is around 110

1120: 813:

and lion populations in East and Southern African regions. Synonyms include

17550: 17509: 17223: 16962: 16908: 16609: 16377: 16323: 16100: 15999: 15554: 15530: 15349: 15340: 15160: 15127: 15050: 15011: 14421: 14403: 14265: 14137: 13596: 12997: 12960: 12845: 12827: 12240: 12186: 12112: 11790: 11534: 11366: 11103: 10923: 10854: 10254: 9426: 9210: 8636: 8488: 8445: 8154:. In Gittleman, J. L.; Funk, S. M.; Macdonald, D. W.; Wayne, R. K. (eds.). 7981: 7870: 7381: 7293: 7089: 6584: 6277: 6128: 5680: 5368: 5110: 4988: 4939: 4924: 4905: 4873: 4720: 4559: 4241: 4198: 4129: 4067: 3729: 3655: 3550: 3096: 2963: 2928: 2889: 2885: 2858: 2798: 2772: 2732: 2726: 2714: 2613: 2525: 2401: 2257: 2197: 2174:

have been isolated from lion intestines, having been ingested as larvae in

1941: 1937: 1883: 1847: 1818: 1568: 1440: 1163: 1153: 1135: 1126: 1113: 751: 744: 531: 519: 490: 11119: 10759:"Tooth Breakage and Dental Disease as Causes of Carnivore–Human Conflicts" 9905: 9574: 9557: 9251: 9165: 9103: 8996: 8969: 8814: 7633:"Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana" 7521:"Implications of diet composition of Asiatic lions for their conservation" 7504: 7483: 7242: 7184: 7054:) from the latitudinal extremes of the Kruger National Park, South Africa" 4855: 4367: 4346: 1146: 668:

were described and proposed as subspecies, of which 11 were recognised as

17490: 17415: 17301: 17192: 17076: 16576: 15767: 15684: 15657: 15406: 15320: 15252: 15178: 15169: 15136: 15094: 15059: 14776: 14669: 14501: 14041: 13953: 13861: 13506: 13079: 12899: 12564: 12478: 12461: 12438: 12401: 12285: 12249: 12094: 11883: 11738: 11617: 10734:

The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters

7648: 7518: 6451: 3256: 3217: 3199: 3183: 3148: 3018: 2944: 2833:

of lions in recent years has been met with controversy, notably with the

2759:

and ease of killing. The earliest surviving record of lion hunting is an

2681: 2671: 2632: 2424: 2147: 2077: 1871: 1630: 1563:

forests in East Africa. The Asiatic lion now survives only in and around

1560: 1556: 1552: 1525: 1319: 1028: 661: 494: 303: 59: 17106: 11478: 11146: 7862: 7738: 7014: 6629: 5043: 5018: 4703: 1910:

and small reptiles. Lions kill other predators but seldom consume them.

1579:

In Africa, the range of the lion originally spanned most of the central

17448: 17184: 17067: 16785: 16031: 15962: 15949: 15916: 15702: 15440: 15200: 14748: 14725: 14611: 14602: 14551: 14516: 14492: 14256: 14155: 14104: 14050: 14032: 14005: 13912: 13862: 13261: 13234: 13162: 13145: 12908: 12881: 12727: 12631: 12615: 12451: 12331: 12171: 12007: 11874: 11666: 11634: 11618: 11490: 11215: 11198: 7741:"Lion hunting behaviour and vegetation structure in an African savanna" 7710: 6644:

Daróczi-Szabó, M.; Kovács, Z. E.; Raczky, P.; Bartosiewicz, L. (2020).

4653: 4487: 3160: 2876: 2741: 2659: 2577: 2480: 2472: 2301: 2221: 2205: 2180: 1879: 1756: 1724: 1495: 1476: 1272:

A tuft at the end of the tail is a distinct characteristic of the lion.

1216: 1167: 972: 903:. It has been referred to as 'southern subspecies' and 'southern lion'. 693: 486: 283: 104: 69: 11500:"Rare desert lion killed in Angola after supplying unprecedented data" 10875: 10756: 10336: 10194: 9682:

Bauer, H.; Van Der Merwe, S. (2004). "Inventory of free-ranging lions

9659: 7768: 6704: 4694: 4111: 4020: 3807:

Breitenmoser, U.; Mallon, D. P.; Ahmad Khan, J.; Driscoll, C. (2008).

3684:

Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C.; Goswami, A. (2011).

1315:

months of age. It is readily identifiable at the age of seven months.

17197: 17153: 16716: 16651: 16264: 16204: 15990: 15811: 15426: 15418: 15367: 15217: 15103: 15085: 14799: 14633: 14466: 14308: 14274: 14086: 13778: 13052: 12522: 11998: 11566: 10112:

Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral Context: Issues & Policies

9971:

Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral Context: Issues & Policies

9487:"An acoustic analysis of lion roars. II: Vocal tract characteristics" 9147: 6901:

Milius, S. (2002). "Biology: Maneless lions live one guy per pride".

5445: 5198: 3947: 3152: 3130: 3030: 2902: 2894: 2806: 2701: 2624: 2193: 2085: 1611: 1521: 1186: 1044: 976: 810: 754:, and lion populations in West and northern parts of Central Africa. 724: 527: 498: 489:

than other wild cats, but when persecuted, it adapts to being active

482: 474: 273: 233: 109: 17038: 11519: 10846: 9973:. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research. p. 32−40. 9891: 6800:"The past and present distribution of the lion in southeastern Asia" 6666: 6645: 5173: 5123: 4794:

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010).

3619: 3584:

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010).

3517:"The late miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment" 3516: 17521: 17400: 17158: 17061: 16413: 15876: 15693: 15669: 15030: 14880: 14826: 14762: 14757: 14710: 14642: 14560: 14430: 14179: 14170: 14068: 14023: 13903: 13736: 13473: 13382: 13351: 13311: 13198: 13130: 13038: 13029: 12349: 12145: 11898: 11781: 11748: 11597: 11585: 11067:

Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture

10882: 8841: 7150:"Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions" 4793: 3583: 3191: 3187: 3114: 2975: 2845: 2794: 2620: 2325: 2321: 2175: 2165: 1875: 1839: 1763:

do not appear to exist among individuals of either sex in a pride.

1622: 1591: 1548: 1220: 1206: 1171: 1048: 1008: 478: 455: 430: 313: 253: 160: 151: 99: 94: 79: 74: 64: 11372:

The Lion: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation of an Iconic Species

9537:

Bauer, H.; Van Der Merwe, S. (2002). "The African lion database".

8237: 6210:

Schoe, M.; Sogbohossou, E. A.; Kaandorp, J.; De Iongh, H. (2010).

5738: 5644:

Kohn, T. A.; Burroughs, R.; Hartman, M. J.; Noakes, T. D. (2011).

4477: 3514: 3226:. The lion's role as king of the beasts has been used in the 1994 3163:

has been performed in China and beyond for over a thousand years.

1731:, and members will split into subgroups that keep in contact with 1536: 1060: 17456: 16795: 16642: 16516: 16231: 15743: 15073: 14539: 14095: 14059: 13926: 13894: 13878: 13391: 13094: 12673: 12154: 12061: 11979: 11907: 11849: 11826: 11719: 10550:. Vol. 2: G–P. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 733–739. 9484: 9451: 8692:

Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity

7213:

Morell, V. (1995). "Cowardly lions confound cooperation theory".

6539:

Black, S. A.; Fellous, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Roberts, D. L. (2013).

5067:

using ancient DNA and a spatially explicit genealogical analysis"

3944:

The Illustrated Natural History <volume=((Mammalia, Volume 1))

3683: 3329:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

3092: 3026: 3010: 2983: 2924: 2802: 2768: 2745: 2601: 2025: 1960: 1887: 1859: 1855: 1811: 1638:, although the corpse of a lioness was found on the banks of the 1607: 1599: 1505: 1211: 1185:

per generation time of the modern lion. There is no evidence for

1141: 1108: 1004: 944: 425: 293: 114: 89: 17435: 10370:. WAZA (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums). Archived from 9485:

Ananthakrishnan, G.; Eklund, R.; Peters, G.; Mabiza, E. (2011).

9452:

Eklund, R.; Peters, G.; Ananthakrishnan, G.; Mabiza, E. (2011).

8129:(2nd ed.). Echo Point Books & Media. pp. 128–138. 6212:

Progress Report—collaring operation Pendjari Lion Project, Benin

5962: 5702: 4265:"A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka" 2499: 17145: 16899: 16846: 16591: 16279: 16013: 14733: 14394: 14229: 13986: 13423: 12195: 12121: 12070: 12052: 12025: 11946: 11808: 11591: 11579: 11465: 11106:(1981). "Le roi et le lion" [The king & the lion]. 9779:"Hidden population of up to 200 lions found in remote Ethiopia" 9068:

Myers, D. L.; Zurbriggen, A.; Lutz, H.; Pospischil, A. (1997).

7048:

van Hooft, P.; Keet, D.F.; Brebner, D.K.; Bastos, A.D. (2018).

6011:"Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion 5813:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 832–834. 3195: 3134: 3054: 3034: 2991: 2987: 2867:; in 1898, 28 officially recorded railway workers building the 2685: 1899: 1867: 1740: 1655: 1651: 1635: 1602:, the modern lion was present from about 4,500 to 3,200 years 1584: 1381:

118.37–143.52 kg (261.0–316.4 lb) in Southern Africa,

1250: 1178:

in Tanzania and are estimated to be up to 2 million years old.

1130: 969: 925: 522:

and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes for concern.

470:, lions typically do not actively seek out and prey on humans. 435: 263: 243: 10971:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 254–560. 10939:

The Man-Eaters of Eden: Life and Death in Kruger National Park

10481:"Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London "Zoo"" 9494:

Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report

9461:

Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report

8158:(First ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–60. 5337: 4512: 4510: 3853:

Henschel, P.; Bauer, H.; Sogbohoussou, E.; Nowell, K. (2015).

2227:

Head rubbing among pride members is a common social behaviour.

1997:

Lioness stealing a kill from a leopard in Kruger National Park

1952:

at the canine tip and 2023.7 Newton at the carnassial notch.

1479:

lions often have little to no mane because the removal of the

664:

in 1816. Between the mid-18th and mid-20th centuries, 26 lion

17348: 16881: 16740: 16683: 16556: 16359: 16216: 15843: 15825: 15448: 15118: 14367: 14352: 13013: 12304: 11799: 10124: 10074: 9116: 8959: 8925:

Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation

7004:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 249–262. 6600: 6293:"Five wild lionesses grow a mane and start acting like males" 4516: 3332:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546. 3143: 3066: 3022: 2971: 2405: 2397: 2317:

and scrape plots of ground and objects within the territory.

1891: 1639: 1480: 1464: 1266: 1246: 1242: 1238: 700: 591: 586: 568: 467: 439: 206: 200: 10639: 10125:

Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Nijman, V. (2007).

8127:

The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour

6538: 6355:"No, those aren't male lions mating. One is likely a female" 6214:. The Dutch Zoo Conservation Fund (for funding the project). 6008: 1388:

186.55–225 kg (411.3–496.0 lb) in Southern Africa,

719:, and recognises two subspecies based on results of several 17366: 16255: 15151: 14476: 14412: 12085: 11675: 10969:

The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in World Art

10776:

10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0190:TBADDA>2.0.CO;2

9010:

Fosbrooke, H. (1963). "The stomoxys plague in Ngorongoro".

8400:

Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Hunter, L. T. B. (2015).

7341: 6009:

Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Barnes, I.; Cooper, A. (2006).

4507: 4308:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen

3487:(Revised and augmented ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2455: 2161: 1895: 1732: 1647: 1174:. The earliest fossils recognisable as lions were found at 10757:

Patterson, B. D.; Neiburger, E. J.; Kasiki, S. M. (2003).

9837:

Conservation Strategy for the Lion West and Central Africa

9675: 9595: 9394: 7684:"Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual" 6227:"Are Maneless Tsavo Lions Prone to Male Pattern Baldness?" 5643: 4355:

Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B, Historia Naturalis

3686:"Oldest known pantherine skull and evolution of the tiger" 2767:

killing 102 lions in ten years "with his own arrows". The

2021:

declined, the spotted hyena population increased rapidly.

17497: 14385: 13994: 12322: 11476: 10876:

Packer, C.; Swanson, A.; Ikanda, D.; Kushnir, H. (2011).

10822: 9860: 9833: 9801: 9632: 8399: 7974:

10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[347:bfaeat]2.0.co;2

6999: 4838:

Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J. (2016).

3773:"Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen ( 2088:. A lioness may mate with more than one male when she is 1727:

pride that always has just one adult male. Prides act as

17485: 11172:

Borowski, O. (2008). "Lion". In Sakenfeld, K. D. (ed.).

9809:"Lions rediscovered in Ethiopia's Alatash National Park" 9739:

Schreber, 1776 record after 39 years (Mammalia Felidae)"

7519:

Meena, V.; Jhala, Y.V.; Chellam, R.; Pathak, B. (2011).

5896:

Ecology of wildlife with special reference to the lion (

5743:. London: Zoological Society of London. pp. 409–23. 5543:

Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola

2939:

Several leaders have had "lion" in their name including

2700:

in 1838 when he toured Great Britain. Martin composed a

2241:

A male lion raises his tail while marking his territory.

932:

in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to

10809:

10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[1:TSOMAL]2.0.CO;2

9181:"Evaluation of T lymphocytes in captive African lions ( 7015:

Borrego, N.; Ozgul, A.; Slotow, R.; Packer, C. (2018).

6004: 6002: 5471:

10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:PL]2.0.CO;2

5016: 4893:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4802:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. 4619:) in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications" 4205: 3478: 1983:

Lioness chasing a spotted hyena in Kruger National Park

684:

Range map showing distribution of subspecies and clades

11408:

The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator–Prey Relations

11295:

The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century

8458: 7833: 5521:

The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma

4937: 4450: 4153:"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions" 4024:"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions" 2763:

inscription dated circa 1380 BC that mentions Pharaoh

2678:

placed the den on ground level, higher than visitors.

2080:. Like those of other cats, the male lion's penis has 17474: 10282: 10114:. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 9555: 7739:

Loarie, S. R.; Tambling, C. J.; Asner, G. P. (2013).

7484:"Refined techniques for the analysis of Asiatic lion 7481: 6963:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 5956: 5845:

Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

5572:"Allometric relationships in Lions vs. Domestic Cats" 5305:. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 120. 4579: 2849:

The Tsavo maneaters of East Africa on display in the

2658:

Lions were kept in cramped and squalid conditions at

534:

and have been a key species sought for exhibition in

15216: 12612: 10175: 9964: 9962: 9281:(2011 ed.). Chicago: Aldine. pp. 148–175. 8305: 8280: 7017:"Lion population dynamics: do nomadic males matter?" 5999: 5414:. New York: Taplinger Publishing. pp. 138–179. 4837: 4667: 2775:

had one of his lion hunts depicted on a sequence of

10699:Capecchi, Christina; Rogers, Katie (30 July 2015). 9306:(in German) (Second ed.). Berlin: Paul Parey. 8960:Yeoman, Guy Henry; Walker, Jane Brotherton (1967). 8622: 7114: 6383: 5942:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 150–159. 5646:"Fiber type and metabolic characteristics of lion ( 5340:"Research advances in animal distant hybridization" 5237:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 218––234. 3802: 3800: 3798: 1786:Male lion and cub feeding on an African buffalo in 11292: 11070:. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3–6. 10546:Grisham, J. (2001). "Lion". In Bell, C. E. (ed.). 10169: 9681: 9536: 9070:"Distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers" 8927:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 195. 7919:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–13. 7329:The Asiatic lion: a study of ecology and behaviour 6426:Mystery of the White Lions—Children of the Sun God 5872: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5446:Haas, S. K.; Hayssen, V.; Krausman, P. R. (2005). 4457:(Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the 4293: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 3785:Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung 3438: 3141:. In Buddhist art, lions are associated with both 3005:Roaring and striding lion from the Throne Room of 2479:. Since 2008, the Asiatic lion has been listed as 1803:Four lionesses catching a buffalo in the Serengeti 562: 11497: 11176:. Vol. 3. Abingdon Press. pp. 669–670. 10046:"Lion population roars to 650 in Gujarat forests" 9959: 9771: 9556:Henschel, P.; Malanda, G.-A.; Hunter, L. (2014). 9351: 9349: 9347: 9120:"A canine distemper epidemic in Serengeti lions ( 8577: 8513: 8202: 7588:Joubert, D. (2006). "Hunting behaviour of lions ( 7482:Mukherjee, S.; Goyal, S. P.; Chellam, R. (1994). 7147: 6680: 6507: 6505: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5056: 5054: 3878:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T68933833A54067639.en 2978:was associated with the flooding of the Nile. In 2551:About 77% of the captive lions registered in the 2122:Video of a lioness and her cubs in Phinda Reserve 1043:, ranged in the Americas from Canada to possibly 987:was larger than the modern lion and lived in the 959:to the modern lion existed in prehistoric times: 17558: 13012: 11261:Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West 9968: 8964:. London: Commonwealth Institute of Entomology. 7993: 7991: 7959: 7335: 6596: 6594: 6447: 6445: 6092: 5900:) in Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, Saurashtra, Gujurat 4798:. In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). 3795: 1614:in 480 BC; it was considered rare by 300 BC and 1245:is bigger than a lion and a tiger, whereas most 10789: 8985:Zeitschrift für Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 8916: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8606: 8604: 8520:. I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline" 8306:O'Brien, S. J.; Wildt, D. E.; Bush, M. (1986). 8149: 8082:) and degree of dietary overlap with the lion ( 7422: 7420: 7418: 5834:Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. (1996). "African lion, 5687: 5536: 5063:"Revealing the maternal demographic history of 4789: 4787: 4612: 4136: 4028:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3848: 3846: 3755:. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052. 2631:. They spread from France and Italy during the 2604:of a lion tamer in a cage with lions and tigers 2520:. WildLink International in collaboration with 2092:. Lions of both sexes may be involved in group 1031:cave paintings, ivory carvings, and clay busts. 11196: 10698: 10569: 10567: 10283:Frankham, R.; Ballou, J.; Briscoe, D. (2009). 10188: 9920: 9433: 9344: 9185:) infected with feline immunodeficiency virus" 7910: 6797: 6502: 6352: 6256:Munson, L. (2006). "Contraception in felids". 5756: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5547:Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2 5390: 5232: 5051: 4519:"Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion 4446: 4444: 3437: 3277:Populations of India are listed in Appendix I. 2039: 1459:are either maneless or have very short manes. 538:across the world since the late 18th century. 17662:National symbols of the Republic of the Congo 13876: 11717: 11550: 11244:, pp. 7, 96, 99, 103–105, 128, 135, 150, 197. 11059: 10962: 10960: 10958: 9728: 9637:) in Waza National Park, Northern Cameroon". 9332: 8904: 8892: 8285:. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 198. 8143: 7988: 7815: 7426: 7115:Mosser, A. A.; Kosmala, M; Packer, C (2015). 6845: 6843: 6841: 6804:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 6591: 6442: 6203: 5833: 5510: 5171: 4287: 3975: 3971: 3969: 3617: 3510: 3508: 3506: 1755:they can defend; "hotspots" being near river 688:In the 19th and 20th centuries, several lion 11564: 11171: 9714:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 9397:"Urinary volatile constituents of the lion, 9373: 9320: 8941: 8880: 8769: 8757: 8670: 8601: 8544: 8495: 8184: 8172: 8027: 8003: 7892: 7630: 7569: 7415: 6725: 6532: 6098: 5893: 5878: 4833: 4831: 4784: 4606: 4381: 4304:Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bisnik Cave, Poland" 4296:"Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene 4211: 3843: 3679: 3677: 3618:Davis, B. W.; Li, G.; Murphy, W. J. (2010). 2256:, which have been compared with the role of 1708:A lioness (left) and two males in Masai Mara 948:Skull of an American lion on display at the 650:in 1758, who described the lion in his work 606: 601: 10790:Peterhans, J. C. K.; Gnoske, T. P. (2001). 10609: 10564: 10285:"Genetic management of Captive Populations" 10227: 10043: 10006: 9983: 9926: 9258: 8856: 8827: 8807:The management of wild animals in captivity 8747: 8745: 8743: 8589: 7320: 6872: 6870: 6826: 6814: 6791: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5752: 5750: 5727: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5235:Comparative Aspects of Reproductive Failure 5117: 4796:"Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)" 4733: 4441: 4074: 3836:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15952A5327221.en 3613: 3611: 3586:"Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)" 3577: 3039:Processional Way leading to the Ishtar Gate 3017:The lion was a prominent symbol in ancient 2562: 1531: 1439:growing when lions enter adolescence, when 1392:160–190 kg (350–420 lb) in India 1390:174.9 kg (386 lb) in East Africa, 1385:110–120 kg (240–260 lb) in India 1383:119.5 kg (263 lb) in East Africa, 707:assessors used only two subspecific names: 577: 571: 11737: 11557: 11543: 10955: 10725: 10361: 10103: 9518:Myers, N. (1975). "The silent savannahs". 8922: 8821: 8348: 7475: 7400: 7326: 7264:Jahn, G. C. (1996). "Lioness Leadership". 6855: 6838: 6782: 6511: 5929: 5765:. London: Voyageur Press. pp. 50–67. 5504: 5492: 5405: 5290: 4420: 4414: 4375: 3986:The Field Guide to Carnivores of the World 3966: 3898:Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). 3770: 3503: 3407: 3405: 3310: 2439:, Ethiopia, close to the Sudanese border. 1918:, large prides have been observed hunting 1447:This feature likely evolved to signal the 399: 178: 150: 132: 15960: 12449: 11632: 11258:Baratay, E.; Hardouin-Fugier, E. (2002). 11214: 11174:New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible 10990: 10988: 10913: 10903: 10869: 10816: 10807: 10774: 10731: 10515: 10109: 10028: 9699: 9658: 9617: 9573: 9416: 9301: 9241: 9200: 9155: 9093: 9074:Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 9030: 9009: 8695:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 8568: 8535: 8435: 8425: 8361:) and its consequences for maternal care" 8354: 8078:"Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena ( 7915:. In Dunstone, N.; Gorman, M. L. (eds.). 7767: 7596:) in the Chobe National Park, Botswana". 7536: 7503: 7451: 7427:Hayward, M. W.; Kerley, G. I. H. (2005). 7371: 7132: 7079: 7069: 7032: 6952: 6665: 6654:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 6646:"Pending danger: Recent copper age lion ( 6628: 6574: 6564: 6490: 6481: 5887: 5587: 5537:Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992) . 5358: 5197: 5100: 5090: 5042: 4914: 4904: 4880: 4863: 4828: 4702: 4652: 4642: 4486: 4476: 4366: 4338: 4231: 4188: 4178: 4119: 4057: 4047: 3876: 3834: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3719: 3709: 3674: 1866:despite it being much smaller. In India, 14306: 11411:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11132: 11053: 10503: 8809:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 8804: 8740: 8688: 8150:Creel, S.; Spong, G.; Creel, N. (2001). 7631:Power, R. J.; Compion, R. X. S. (2009). 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6867: 6778: 6776: 6734: 6454:"The size of savannah Africa: a lion's ( 6324:"The rare case of a lioness with a mane" 5916: 5883:. Johannesburg, South Africa: MacMillan. 5796: 5794: 5747: 5428: 5296: 4727: 4613:Chimento, N. R.; Agnolin, F. L. (2017). 4573: 4453:"Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion, 4276:(Supplement 12): 423–434. Archived from 3928: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3608: 3411: 3091: 3065:. Lions are frequently mentioned in the 3000: 2918: 2908: 2844: 2736: 2553:International Species Information System 2498: 2454: 2359: 2141: 2111: 1967: 1931:, whereas plains zebras, wildebeest and 1665: 1535: 1253:is a hybrid between a lion and leopard. 1059: 943: 679: 630: 13380: 12143: 11664: 10966: 10796:Journal of East African Natural History 10585: 10545: 10395:"Honolulu zoo's old lion roars no more" 9984:Singh, A.P. (2017). "The Asiatic Lion ( 9850:from the original on 19 September 2015. 9189:American Journal of Veterinary Research 8550: 8514:Woodroffe, R.; Ginsberg, J. R. (1999). 8281:Denis-Hoot, C.; Denis-Hoot, M. (2003). 8075: 7681: 7587: 6398: 6224: 6078:. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley India. 5611:. Courier Corporation. pp. 17–21. 5532: 5530: 4931: 4800:Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids 3590:Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids 3402: 2931:, dated 1403–1365 BC, exhibited in the 2923:Granite statue of the Egyptian goddess 2623:. At that time, they came to be called 2567: 2137: 1817:A skeletal mount of a lion attacking a 1463:have also been reported in Senegal, in 14: 17559: 16473: 14709: 11102: 10985: 10736:. New York: McGraw Hill Professional. 10392: 9276: 9036: 8649: 8389:from the original on 20 November 2017. 8357:"High juvenile mortality in cheetahs ( 8118: 7212: 6900: 6740: 6423: 6322:Young, Lauren J. (23 September 2016). 6290: 6255: 5902:(PhD). Rajkot: Saurashtra University. 5602: 4816:from the original on 25 September 2018 4602:from the original on 29 December 2015. 4326:from the original on 25 September 2018 4300:Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene 3777:) Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen 3759: 3596:from the original on 25 September 2018 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 2187:Captive lions have been infected with 1373:82.5–93.5 cm (32.5–36.8 in) 611:may also be related. The generic name 582:), which in turn was a borrowing from 17043: 17042: 15947: 15404: 14708: 13860: 12995: 12436: 11616: 11538: 11318:. Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Books. 10994: 10936: 10527: 10355: 10343: 10289:Introduction to Conservation Genetics 10201:European Journal of Wildlife Research 9549: 9517: 9395:Andersen, K. F.; Vulpius, T. (1999). 8982: 8124: 8069: 8053:. African Wildlife Foundation. 1996. 7675: 7406: 6933: 6773: 6334:from the original on 19 November 2023 6321: 6073: 6067: 5800: 5791: 5569: 5386:from the original on 30 October 2018. 4531:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4344: 4294:Marciszak, A.; Stefaniak, K. (2010). 3885: 3662:from the original on 21 November 2021 3628:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3170:, the lion is featured in several of 2947:, who was called "Lion of Mali", and 2344:. The Indian population is listed on 2009:without the presence of food. In the 1678: 17462:DB265300-FB04-4DBA-B843-8DD236484EE4 10478: 10426:"Zoo puts end to 2 lions' suffering" 9815:from the original on 1 February 2016 9789:from the original on 1 February 2016 9507:from the original on 1 October 2011. 9474:from the original on 1 October 2011. 8656:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 8039: 7787:from the original on 16 August 2017. 7263: 7202:from the original on 10 August 2017. 6903:Society for Science & the Public 6270:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.016 5527: 4734:King, L. M.; Wallace, S. C. (2014). 3934: 3916:from the original on 17 January 2020 3753:Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung 3742: 3466:participating institution membership 3223:The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe 2789:. Lions were also hunted during the 2720: 2524:launched an ambitious International 2516:are descendants of animals owned by 1914:buffalo and giraffe are riskier. In 1625:until the 10th century. It lived in 1431:Young male in Pendjari National Park 1370:72–89.5 cm (28.3–35.2 in) 919:Lion samples from some parts of the 27:Large cat native to Africa and India 12927:South African small-spotted genet ( 11389:from the original on 28 August 2023 11003:. Infobase Publishing. p. 63. 10423: 10097:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x 9864:Conservation Strategy for the Lion 9729:Angelici, F. M.; Rossi, L. (2017). 8114:from the original on 30 April 2011. 8051:African Wildlife Foundation website 7691:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 7663:from the original on 31 August 2018 7002:Serengeti: dynamics of an ecosystem 5827: 5406:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1975). "Lion 5265: 5259: 5006:from the original on 8 August 2017. 4744:, based on craniodental characters" 4495:from the original on 3 October 2020 3864:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3822:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3565:from the original on 4 October 2020 3383:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3354: 3295: 3137:, battles and slays the evil ruler 3085:where he is miraculously unharmed ( 2797:is said to have excelled at it. In 2494: 1770: 1574: 1489: 1483:inhibits testosterone production. 1237:In zoos, lions have been bred with 703:until 2017. Between 2008 and 2016, 696:, with about a dozen recognised as 602: 442:. It has a muscular, broad-chested 24: 10056:from the original on 8 August 2017 9881:from the original on 19 June 2015. 9861:IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006). 9834:IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006). 9606:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9037:Nkwame, V. M. (9 September 2006). 9024:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1963.tb00190.x 8653:Patterns of mammalian reproduction 8380:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb04855.x 7925:10.1093/oso/9780198540670.003.0001 7913:"Legs and locomotion of carnivora" 7888:from the original on 5 March 2020. 7471:from the original on 27 June 2015. 6303:from the original on 11 April 2024 5779:from the original on 14 April 2021 5721:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x 5589:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1962.tb03240.x 5214:from the original on 26 March 2022 5017:Argant, A.; Brugal, J.-P. (2017). 3491:from the original on 11 April 2008 3479:Liddell, H. G.; Scott, R. (1940). 3198:were also heroes slaying lions in 2801:, lions were kept by emperors for 2684:has been part of both established 2503:Two captive male Asiatic lions in 2419:A population occurs in Cameroon's 2396:protected area complex, shared by 2266: 1694:Lion pride in Etosha National Park 950:National Museum of Natural History 711:for African lion populations, and 25: 17703: 17587:Extant Pliocene first appearances 13271:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( 11458: 11353:from the original on 5 March 2024 11108:Revue de l'Histoire des Religions 10713:from the original on 29 July 2015 10592:How Does Aspirin Find a Headache? 8516:"Conserving the African wild dog 8344:from the original on 13 May 2011. 8335:10.1038/scientificamerican0586-84 8057:from the original on 19 July 2019 7728:from the original on 18 May 2015. 5868:from the original on 29 May 2005. 5625:from the original on 5 March 2024 5286:from the original on 18 May 2019. 4002:from the original on 5 March 2024 2537:Association of Zoos and Aquariums 939: 17652:National symbols of South Africa 17642:National symbols of Sierra Leone 17567:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 17544: 17532: 17520: 17508: 17496: 17484: 12996: 11464: 11235: 11223: 11190: 11165: 11153: 11126: 11096: 11084: 11060:Hogarth, C.; Butler, N. 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Packer (1995). 7141: 7108: 7096: 7041: 7008: 6993: 6981: 6689:in their common range in Asia". 6291:Gruber, Karl (24 October 2022). 5930:West, P. M.; Packer, C. (2013). 5838:(Linnaeus, 1758); Asiatic lion, 5609:Size, Function, and Life History 5151:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x 4981:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x 4580:Packer, C.; Clottes, J. (2000). 4233:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00226.x 3976:Hunter, L.; Barrett, P. (2018). 2616:lived to the age of 22 in 2007. 2593: 2576: 2300:Problems playing this file? See 2282: 2234: 2220: 2211: 2062: 2048: 1990: 1976: 1810: 1796: 1779: 1701: 1687: 1504:with a genetic condition called 1424: 1407: 1362:184–208 cm (72–82 in) 1359:160–184 cm (63–72 in) 1279: 1265: 1084:Maximal range of the modern lion 220: 57: 15405: 12437: 11477:IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. 11425:from the original on 5 May 2024 11278:from the original on 5 May 2024 7429:"Prey preferences of the lion ( 6921: 6894: 6882: 6761:from the original on 5 May 2024 6747:. I. B. Tauris. pp. 5–67. 6719: 6674: 6637: 6417: 6392: 6386:Open Science Repository Biology 6377: 6346: 6315: 6284: 6249: 6218: 6191: 6179: 6167: 6155: 6143: 6076:A Field Guide to Indian Mammals 5987: 5637: 5596: 5563: 5331: 5319:from the original on 5 May 2024 5303:Carnivores: Meat-eating Mammals 5226: 5165: 5129:) in West and Central Africa". 5010: 4661: 4408:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023 4273:The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 4256: 4014: 3954:from the original on 5 May 2024 3736: 2851:Field Museum of Natural History 2823:European colonisation of Africa 2408:. This population is listed as 2331: 1673:Intermittent bursts of activity 1051:dates to 11,355 ± 55 years ago. 692:were described and proposed as 15948: 11375:. Princeton University Press. 9868:in Eastern and Southern Africa 8308:"The Cheetah in Genetic Peril" 7286:10.1126/science.271.5253.1215a 6608:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 4423:"The story of the cave lion – 3472: 3431: 3271: 3041:in Babylon which was built by 2459:A lioness in Gir National Park 2348:and the African population on 1518:Timbavati Private Game Reserve 1508:, which is caused by a double 1256: 13: 1: 17657:National symbols of Sri Lanka 17647:National symbols of Singapore 17602:Mammals of Sub-Saharan Africa 12683:Malabar large-spotted civet ( 11438:Scott, J.; Scott, A. (2002). 11401: 10687:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier 10574:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier 10467:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier 10455:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier 10199:) population from Ethiopia". 9439: 9379: 9367: 9355: 9338: 9326: 9264: 9086:10.1128/CDLI.4.2.180-184.1997 9012:East African Wildlife Journal 8947: 8923:Guggisberg, C. A. W. 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New York: Harper Collins. 11332: 11257: 11241: 11229: 11159: 11090: 11047: 11035: 11023: 10905:10.1371/journal.pone.0022285 10686: 10674: 10662:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.006 10627: 10615: 10573: 10485:National Geographic Magazine 10466: 10454: 10364:"Lion: In the Zoo (subpage)" 10030:10.18520/cs/v112/i05/933-940 9953:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009 9752:(2): 749–752. Archived from 9230:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 8962:The ixodid ticks of Tanzania 8427:10.1371/journal.pone.0117743 6787:. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. 6566:10.1371/journal.pone.0060174 6515:Conservation of African lion 6403:. Johannesburg: E. Stanton. 6401:The White Lions of Timbavati 5654:) and human skeletal muscle" 5243:10.1007/978-3-642-48949-5_12 4942:; Barnes, I.; Ho, S. Y. W.; 4770:10.1080/08912963.2013.861462 4427:(Goldfuss, 1810) – A review" 3711:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 3289: 3045:in the 6th century BCE. The 2915:Cultural depictions of lions 2688:and individual acts such as 2355: 2132:kill any existing young cubs 1055: 592: 549: 540:Cultural depictions of lions 7: 17682:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 17672:National symbols of Tunisia 17637:National symbols of Morocco 17612:National symbols of Burundi 13806:Somalian slender mongoose ( 11365: 11313: 11299:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 11062:"Animal Symbolism (Africa)" 10792:"The Science of Man-eating" 10595:. New York: HarperCollins. 10533: 10349: 9843:. Yaounde, Cameroon: IUCN. 9304:Verhaltensstudien an Katzen 8650:Asdell, Sydney A. (1993) . 7797: 7314: 7102: 6927: 6876: 6785:Simba: the life of the lion 6197: 6185: 6161: 6149: 5993: 5347:Science China Life Sciences 5268:"Hybrid dysgenesis effects" 5031:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 5025:Panthera spelaea intermedia 4615:"The fossil American lion ( 4552:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020 4320:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117 3909:. Special Issue 11: 71–73. 3648:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036 3239: 3099:meets the Cowardly Lion in 2637:kept at the Tower of London 2505:Sanjay Gandhi National Park 2383:Odzala-Kokoua National Park 2208:also affect captive lions. 2040:Reproduction and life cycle 2019:Masai Mara National Reserve 1862:. It also frequently takes 1416:Phinda Private Game Reserve 1015:. It became extinct due to 626: 607: 10: 17708: 17692:Vulnerable biota of Africa 17632:National symbols of Malawi 16759:Asian small-clawed otter ( 15498:American hog-nosed skunk ( 15480:Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( 13788:Angolan slender mongoose ( 13483:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( 12532:Small-toothed palm civet ( 11527:Collier's New Encyclopedia 11498:The Portugal News (2014). 11437: 11339:. London: Reaktion Books. 11290: 11264:. London: Reaktion Books. 11064:. In Walter, M. N. (ed.). 10521: 10509: 10325:International Zoo Yearbook 9639:African Journal of Ecology 8874: 8792: 8751: 8551:Pienaar, U. de V. (1969). 8205:African Journal of Ecology 7598:African Journal of Ecology 6744:The complete fauna of Iran 6621:10.1007/s10914-022-09635-3 6225:Trivedi, Bijal P. (2005). 5763:Big Cats: Kingdom of Might 5673:10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.02.006 5125:conservation of the lion ( 4948:"Phylogeography of lions ( 4644:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.06.009 4388:Quaternary Science Reviews 3940:"Felidæ; or the Cat Tribe" 3859:West Africa subpopulation" 3213:The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 3102:The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 3081:and is forced to sleep in 2933:National Museum of Denmark 2912: 2856: 2744:of a wounded lioness from 2730: 2724: 2450: 2055:Lions mating at Masai Mara 1493: 1230: 1226: 587: 36: 29: 17627:National symbols of Kenya 17597:Mammals described in 1758 17390: 17051: 16844: 16793: 16784: 16738: 16714: 16681: 16664: 16640: 16589: 16572: 16555: 16526:Saharan striped polecat ( 16514: 16497: 16456: 16411: 16394: 16385: 16376: 16277: 16253: 16229: 16212: 16203: 16126: 16071: 16029: 16012: 15988: 15971: 15956: 15943: 15915: 15874: 15841: 15824: 15765: 15715: 15682: 15665: 15656: 15593: 15552: 15519: 15507:Striped hog-nosed skunk ( 15460: 15439: 15417: 15413: 15400: 15336: 15319: 15278: 15250: 15238:Mediterranean monk seal ( 15233: 15199: 15149: 15116: 15081: 15072: 15046: 15029: 15010: 14967:Juan Fernández fur seal ( 14931:South American fur seal ( 14919: 14902: 14878: 14866:South American sea lion ( 14861: 14824: 14807: 14798: 14774: 14746: 14724: 14720: 14704: 14668: 14641: 14632: 14573: 14547: 14538: 14514: 14490: 14475: 14464: 14365: 14339: 14291: 14248:South American gray fox ( 14218: 14192: 14168: 14151: 14136: 14121: 13984: 13951: 13934: 13925: 13892: 13872: 13856: 13824:Common slender mongoose ( 13776: 13734: 13690: 13594: 13568: 13559: 13504: 13471: 13454: 13421: 13404: 13371: 13350: 13309: 13297:Narrow-striped mongoose ( 13292: 13259: 13242: 13233: 13196: 13170: 13161: 13144: 13128: 13092: 13066: 13051: 13027: 13008: 13004: 12991: 12959: 12955: 12819:Crested servaline genet ( 12774: 12735: 12726: 12671: 12645: 12630: 12608: 12562: 12518: 12509: 12460: 12445: 12432: 12400: 12302: 12238: 12221: 12212: 12184: 12167: 12134: 12083: 11996: 11959: 11942: 11933: 11896: 11872: 11863: 11847: 11779: 11746: 11733: 11713: 11660: 11643: 11628: 11612: 11574: 10967:Werness, Hope B. (2007). 10732:Patterson, B. D. (2004). 10362:Dollinger, P.; Geser, S. 10213:10.1007/s10344-012-0668-5 10143:10.1163/18759866-07602002 9733:Panthera leo senegalensis 9701:10.1017/S0030605304000055 9243:10.7589/0090-3558-31.1.70 9202:10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1293 8461:Journal of Animal Ecology 8355:Laurenson, M. K. (1994). 8260:10.1007/s10531-017-1469-7 7462:10.1017/S0952836905007508 7071:10.1186/s12863-018-0607-x 6483:10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4 6462:Biodiversity Conservation 6200:, pp. 133, 137, 145, 148. 6046:10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0 5981:10.1017/S0952836904005242 5360:10.1007/s11427-014-4707-1 4582:"When Lions Ruled France" 4298:Panthera spelaea fossilis 4212:Christiansen, P. (2008). 3446:Oxford English Dictionary 3151:and may be ridden by the 3133:, an avatar of the deity 2994:the goddess of moisture. 2835:killing of Cecil the lion 2787:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal 2032:Lions similarly dominate 1500:The white lion is a rare 1455:Almost all male lions in 1170:since at least the early 955:Other lion subspecies or 407: 398: 370: 365: 342: 335: 217:Scientific classification 215: 198: 176: 167: 158: 149: 140: 131: 48: 17667:National symbols of Togo 17617:National symbols of Chad 16882:Stoat/Beringian ermine ( 16750:African clawless otter ( 16502:African striped weasel ( 16315:Yellow-throated marten ( 16191:Formosan ferret-badger ( 15895:Western mountain coati ( 15886:Eastern mountain coati ( 15803:Western lowland olingo ( 15785:Eastern lowland olingo ( 15613:Southern spotted skunk ( 15307:Southern elephant seal ( 15298:Northern elephant seal ( 15088:Pagophilus groenlandicus 13865:("dog-like" carnivorans) 13678:Stripe-necked mongoose ( 13299:Mungotictis decemlineata 12174:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 11621:("cat-like" carnivorans) 11491:"Lion Conservation Fund" 11250: 11232:, pp. 113, 119–122, 124. 11001:African Mythology A to Z 10131:Contributions to Zoology 9704:(inactive 31 July 2024). 8805:Crandall, L. S. (1964). 8689:Bagemihl, Bruce (1999). 8570:10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753 5297:Rafferty, J. P. (2011). 5071:BMC Evolutionary Biology 4302:Panthera spelaea spelaea 3326:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 3264: 2655:lions had been stocked. 2647:at his hunting lodge in 2563:Interactions with humans 2069:A lion cub in Masai Mara 1729:fission–fusion societies 1532:Distribution and habitat 1473:Tsavo East National Park 619:word 'panthēra' and the 509:. It has been listed as 37:Not to be confused with 16927:Yellow-bellied weasel ( 16182:Burmese ferret-badger ( 16164:Chinese ferret-badger ( 16155:Bornean ferret badger ( 16146:Vietnam ferret-badger ( 15631:Eastern spotted skunk ( 15622:Western spotted skunk ( 15352:Leptonychotes weddellii 14994:Subantarctic fur seal ( 14940:Australasian fur seal ( 13764:Black-footed mongoose ( 13746:Bushy-tailed mongoose ( 13695:White-tailed mongoose ( 13633:Indian brown mongoose ( 13615:Short-tailed mongoose ( 13606:Small Indian mongoose ( 13543:Flat-headed kusimanse ( 13516:Alexander's kusimanse ( 13492:Common dwarf mongoose ( 13459:Pousargues's mongoose ( 13321:Brown-tailed mongoose ( 13280:Grandidier's mongoose ( 12534:Arctogalidia trivirgata 11758:Sunda clouded leopard ( 11197:Rangarajan, M. (2013). 10642:Biological Conservation 9933:Biological Conservation 9619:10.3389/fevo.2016.00110 9418:10.1093/chemse/24.2.179 8481:10.1111/1365-2656.12883 8283:The Art of Being a Lion 8076:Hayward, M. W. (2006). 7911:McNeill, R. A. (1993). 7800:, p. 150, 153, 164–165. 7682:Stander, P. E. (1992). 7235:10.1126/science.7652566 7177:10.1126/science.7652573 6915:10.1002/scin.5591611614 6798:Kinnear, N. B. (1920). 6512:Chardonnet, P. (2002). 6353:Dell'Amore, C. (2016). 6121:10.1126/science.1073257 6015:: Implications for its 5757:Brakefield, T. (1993). 5131:Journal of Biogeography 5092:10.1186/1471-2148-14-70 4180:10.1073/pnas.1919423117 4049:10.1073/pnas.1919423117 3779:Panthera (Panthera) leo 3543:10.1126/science.1122277 3485:A Greek-English Lexicon 3451:Oxford University Press 3228:Disney animated feature 3009:, 6th century BC, from 2958:, the lion is known as 2777:Assyrian palace reliefs 2412:. Field surveys in the 2369:Video of a wild lioness 2024:Lions tend to dominate 1823:The Museum of Osteology 1745:Serengeti National Park 1414:A six-year-old male in 1398: 1333: 1121:11.75 to 0.97 1088:in the late Pleistocene 809:− includes the extinct 623:word πάνθηρ 'panther'. 563: 143:Serengeti National Park 16768:Congo clawless otter ( 16671:Hydrictis maculicollis 16669:Spotted-necked otter ( 16628:Southern river otter ( 16579:Pteronura brasiliensis 16342:European pine marten ( 15853:South American coati ( 15581:Palawan stink badger ( 14907:New Zealand sea lion ( 13972:Japanese raccoon dog ( 13669:Crab-eating mongoose ( 13624:Indian grey mongoose ( 13247:Ring-tailed vontsira ( 13058:(bone-crushing hyenas) 12753:Central African oyan ( 12314:Chinese mountain cat ( 11314:de Courcy, C. (1995). 10255:10.1002/zoo.1430060202 10178:International Zoo News 9520:International Wildlife 9302:Leyhausen, P. (1960). 8637:10.1002/zoo.1430130403 8156:Carnivore Conservation 5759:"Lion: Sociable Simba" 5603:Calder, W. A. (1996). 5511:Pocock, R. I. (1939). 5412:Wild Cats of the World 5172:Pocock, R. I. (1898). 5021:Panthera (Leo) spelaea 4906:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686 4623:Comptes Rendus Palevol 3176:The Lion and the Mouse 3123:Lion Capital of Ashoka 3110: 3014: 3007:Nebuchadnezzar II 2935: 2875:Lions' proclivity for 2859:Man-eater § Lions 2854: 2755: 2649:Woodstock, Oxfordshire 2629:cabinet of curiosities 2627:, an extension of the 2518:Emperor Haile Selassie 2508: 2460: 2370: 2336:The lion is listed as 2292:A captive lion roaring 2271: 2150: 2123: 1920:African bush elephants 1788:Sabi Sand Game Reserve 1544: 1457:Pendjari National Park 1154:4.32 to 0.02 1136:3.46 to 1.22 1114:9.32 to 4.47 1089: 952: 685: 636: 578: 572: 530:since the time of the 505:and one population in 17607:Mammals of South Asia 17336:Paleobiology Database 17323:Paleobiology Database 17008:Back-striped weasel ( 16954:Black-footed ferret ( 16726:Smooth-coated otter ( 16504:Poecilogale albinucha 16173:Javan ferret-badger ( 16059:Sumatran hog badger ( 16041:Northern hog badger ( 15735:Crab-eating raccoon ( 15640:Pygmy spotted skunk ( 15361:Lobodon carcinophagus 15097:Histriophoca fasciata 14890:Australian sea lion ( 14836:California sea lion ( 14585:American black bear ( 14327:Black-backed jackal ( 14318:Side-striped jackal ( 14158:Chrysocyon brachyurus 13582:Long-nosed mongoose ( 12855:Rusty-spotted genet ( 12692:Large-spotted civet ( 12541:Sulawesi palm civet ( 12470:Owston's palm civet ( 12044:Andean mountain cat ( 11120:10.3406/rhr.1981.4828 10995:Lynch, P. A. (2004). 10937:Frump, R. R. (2006). 9906:10.1515/MAMM.2010.048 9575:10.1644/13-mamm-a-306 7505:10.4098/AT.arch.94-50 7407:Frank, L. G. (1998). 7364:10.1093/beheco/arx118 7134:10.1093/beheco/arv046 7034:10.1093/beheco/ary018 6726:Üstay, A. H. (1990). 6685:and the Asiatic lion 6026:Conservation Genetics 5894:Sinha, S. P. (1987). 5879:Smuts, G. L. (1982). 5801:Nowak, R. M. (1999). 5570:Davis, D. D. (1962). 4856:10.1101/gr.186668.114 4569:on 25 September 2007. 4368:10.14446/AMNP.2014.59 3624:(Carnivora: Felidae)" 3412:Linnaeus, C. (1758). 3252:Mapogo lion coalition 3186:is slain by the hero 3095: 3057:. In ancient Israel, 3037:. Lions decorate the 3004: 2949:Richard the Lionheart 2922: 2909:Cultural significance 2857:Further information: 2848: 2740: 2653:William of Malmesbury 2651:, where according to 2541:Species Survival Plan 2502: 2458: 2437:Alatash National Park 2410:Critically Endangered 2379:Republic of the Congo 2368: 2270: 2168:species of the genus 2146:Lions in a tree near 2145: 2121: 1968:Predatory competition 1936:clamping bite to the 1761:Dominance hierarchies 1666:Behaviour and ecology 1539: 1494:Further information: 1356:Head-and-body length 1231:Further information: 1147:3.1 to 1.95 1099:is estimated to have 1063: 947: 683: 634: 485:. It is usually more 32:Lion (disambiguation) 16823:Long-tailed weasel ( 16401:Lyncodon patagonicus 16050:Greater hog badger ( 15572:Sunda stink badger ( 15262:Hawaiian monk seal ( 14985:Guadalupe fur seal ( 14958:Antarctic fur seal ( 14949:Galápagos fur seal ( 14845:Galápagos sea lion ( 13963:Common raccoon dog ( 13815:Cape gray mongoose ( 13755:Jackson's mongoose ( 13715:Paracynictis selousi 13706:Cynictis penicillata 13330:Durrell's vontsira ( 12918:Giant forest genet ( 12710:Large Indian civet ( 12650:Small Indian civet ( 12259:Sunda leopard cat ( 12035:Southern tiger cat ( 11971:African golden cat ( 11648:African palm civet ( 11473:at Wikimedia Commons 11333:Jackson, D. (2010). 10763:Journal of Mammalogy 10374:on 29 September 2011 10077:Conservation Biology 10044:Kaushik, H. (2017). 10011:Panthera leo persica 10007:Singh, H.S. (2017). 9986:Panthera leo persica 9929:Panthera leo persica 9746:Biodiversity Journal 9562:Journal of Mammalogy 9049:on 29 September 2007 7649:10.3377/004.044.0104 7486:Panthera leo persica 6687:Panthera leo persica 6528:on 10 November 2013. 6399:McBride, C. (1977). 5898:Panthera leo persica 5840:Panthera leo persica 4521:Panthera leo spelaea 4425:Panthera Leo Spelaea 3829:: e.T15952A5327221. 3390:: e.T15951A259030422 3247:List of largest cats 3190:who wears its skin. 2568:In zoos and circuses 2526:Barbary Lion Project 2465:region of Saurashtra 2138:Health and mortality 2015:Etosha National Park 1886:and small prey like 1514:Kruger National Park 1469:Dinder National Park 1140:, but also with the 1101:genetically diverged 615:is traceable to the 30:For other uses, see 16866:M. aistoodonnivalis 16702:Hairy-nosed otter ( 16619:Neotropical otter ( 16399:Patagonian weasel ( 15862:White-nosed coati ( 15062:Cystophora cristata 15053:Erignathus barbatus 14786:Northern fur seal ( 14563:Helarctos malayanus 14199:Atelocynus microtis 13906:U. cinereoargenteus 13797:Egyptian mongoose ( 13724:Rhynchogale melleri 13722:Meller's mongoose ( 13713:Selous's mongoose ( 13697:Ichneumia albicauda 13651:Collared mongoose ( 13525:Angolan kusimanse ( 13409:Liberian mongoose ( 12762:West African oyan ( 12661:Civettictis civetta 12592:Golden palm civet ( 12550:Masked palm civet ( 12525:Arctictis binturong 12499:Hemigalus derbyanus 12497:Banded palm civet ( 12488:Hose's palm civet ( 12277:Rusty-spotted cat ( 11440:Big Cat Diary: Lion 11147:10.1017/irq.2015.17 11093:, pp. 107–108, 111. 10941:. The Lyons Press. 10896:2011PLoSO...622285P 10839:2005Natur.436..927P 10654:2009BCons.142.2428H 10430:Honolulu Advertiser 10405:on 25 December 2018 10399:Honolulu Advertiser 10393:Aguiar, E. (2007). 10264:on 25 February 2014 10089:1994ConBi...8..501S 9945:2011BCons.144.1753S 9140:1996Natur.379..441R 8830:American Naturalist 8734:Nature Conservation 8473:2018JAnEc..87.1709M 8418:2015PLoSO..1017743R 8327:1986SciAm.254e..84O 8315:Scientific American 8252:2018BiCon..27..871G 8217:2005AfJEc..43..220T 8047:"Behavior and Diet" 7863:10.1038/nature25479 7855:2018Natur.554..183W 7703:1992BEcoS..29..445S 7610:2006AfJEc..44..279J 7327:Joslin, P. (1973). 7278:1996Sci...271.1215J 7227:1995Sci...269.1216M 7221:(5228): 1216–1217. 7169:1995Sci...269.1260H 7163:(5228): 1260–1262. 7105:, pp. 195–196, 222. 6741:Firouz, E. (2005). 6557:2013PLoSO...860174B 6474:2013BiCon..22...17R 6424:Tucker, L. (2003). 6365:on 28 February 2021 6359:National Geographic 6231:National Geographic 6113:2002Sci...297.1339W 6107:(5585): 1339–1343. 6038:2006ConG....7..507B 5410:(Linnaeus, 1758)". 5190:1898Natur..58Q.200P 5174:"Lion-Tiger Hybrid" 5143:2011JBiog..38.1356B 5083:2014BMCEE..14...70B 5044:10.3409/azc.60_2.59 5023:and its evolution: 4973:2009MolEc..18.1668B 4762:2014HBio...26..827K 4687:2022MolEc..31.6407S 4635:2017CRPal..16..850C 4544:2004MolPE..30..841B 4421:Hemmer, H. (2011). 4400:2011QSRv...30.2329S 4171:2020PNAS..11710927D 4165:(20): 10927–10934. 4104:2016NatSR...630807B 4040:2020PNAS..11710927D 4034:(20): 10927–10934. 3950:. p. 129−148. 3771:Hemmer, H. (1974). 3702:2011PLoSO...625483M 3640:2010MolPE..56...64D 3535:2006Sci...311...73J 3449:(Online ed.). 3077:refuses to worship 2882:Selous Game Reserve 2706:Les Lions de Mysore 2690:Siegfried & Roy 2557:genetic variability 2469:Kathiawar Peninsula 2445:human–lion conflict 2181:Stomoxys calcitrans 1916:Chobe National Park 1191:last glacial period 921:Ethiopian Highlands 170:Conservation status 55:Pleistocene–Present 17687:Vulnerable animals 16981:European polecat ( 16814:Colombian weasel ( 16464:(African polecats) 16092:Caucasian badger ( 16020:(Eurasian badgers) 15470:(hog-nosed skunks) 15207:("southern seals") 15106:Halichoerus grypus 15037:("northern seals") 14909:Phocarctos hookeri 14814:Eumetopias jubatus 14812:Steller sea lion ( 14594:Asian black bear ( 14344:African wild dog ( 14298:(wolf-like canids) 13575:Atilax paludinosus 13534:Common kusimanse ( 13461:Dologale dybowskii 13433:Gambian mongoose ( 13217:Western falanouc ( 13208:Eastern falanouc ( 13177:Cryptoprocta ferox 13082:Parahyaena brunnea 12837:Johnston's genet ( 12792:Abyssinian genet ( 12744:(African linsangs) 12652:Viverricula indica 12583:Brown palm civet ( 12574:Asian palm civet ( 12481:Cynogale bennettii 12472:Chrotogale owstoni 12368:European wildcat ( 12359:Black-footed cat ( 11949:Leptailurus serval 11917:Asian golden cat ( 11683:(Asiatic linsangs) 11291:Blunt, W. (1975). 11216:10.1111/hith.10690 11203:History and Theory 11114:(198–4): 355–401. 10706:The New York Times 10491:on 5 November 2005 10436:on 6 November 2020 10050:The Times of India 9931:) of Gir forest". 9811:. BBC News. 2016. 9737:Leptailurus serval 8368:Journal of Zoology 8125:Kruuk, H. (2014). 8093:Journal of Zoology 7950:, p. 244, 263–267. 7824:, pp. 233, 247–248 7711:10.1007/BF00170175 7594:Loxodonta africana 7525:Journal of Zoology 7440:Journal of Zoology 7352:Behavioral Ecology 7121:Behavioral Ecology 7021:Behavioral Ecology 6953:Estes, R. (1991). 6074:Menon, V. (2003). 6063:on 24 August 2006. 5969:Journal of Zoology 5709:Journal of Zoology 4899:(1774): 20132686. 4749:Historical Biology 4736:"Phylogenetics of 4345:Sabol, M. (2014). 4092:Scientific Reports 3111: 3015: 2936: 2855: 2765:Amenhotep III 2756: 2509: 2461: 2435:was filmed in the 2429:Mole National Park 2421:Waza National Park 2371: 2272: 2151: 2124: 1959:Lions scavenge on 1679:Group organisation 1662:in central India. 1644:Khuzestan province 1581:African rainforest 1545: 1328:fast-twitch muscle 1199:Middle Pleistocene 1090: 989:Middle Pleistocene 953: 934:P. l. melanochaita 844:P. l. bleyenberghi 799:P. l. melanochaita 767:P. l. senegalensis 749:regionally extinct 686: 637: 542:were prominent in 536:zoological gardens 503:sub-Saharan Africa 473:The lion inhabits 448:sexually dimorphic 382:P. l. melanochaita 17472: 17471: 17310:Open Tree of Life 17045:Taxon identifiers 17036: 17035: 17032: 17031: 17028: 17027: 17024: 17023: 17020: 17019: 16999:Siberian weasel ( 16990:American ermine ( 16918:Japanese weasel ( 16873:Mountain weasel ( 16857: 16780: 16779: 16566: 16551: 16550: 16547: 16546: 16535:Striped polecat ( 16485:Marbled polecat ( 16467: 16452: 16451: 16424: 16372: 16371: 16351:Japanese marten ( 16297:American marten ( 16290: 16148:M. cucphuongensis 16139: 16122: 16121: 16110:European badger ( 16083:Japanese badger ( 16023: 15976:American badger ( 15939: 15938: 15935: 15934: 15911: 15910: 15907: 15906: 15835: 15794:Northern olingo ( 15778: 15753:Cozumel raccoon ( 15728: 15652: 15651: 15606: 15565: 15473: 15454: 15396: 15395: 15392: 15391: 15388: 15387: 15384: 15383: 15380: 15379: 15370:Ommatophoca rossi 15343:Hydrurga leptonyx 15330: 15327:(Antarctic seals) 15300:M. angustirostris 15291: 15274: 15273: 15240:Monachus monachus 15227: 15210: 15195: 15194: 15191: 15190: 15040: 15023: 15006: 15005: 14868:Otaria flavescens 14857: 14856: 14768: 14736:Odobenus rosmarus 14700: 14699: 14696: 14695: 14692: 14691: 14688: 14687: 14651: 14628: 14627: 14624: 14623: 14526:Spectacled bear ( 14484: 14460: 14459: 14456: 14455: 14452: 14451: 14300: 14287: 14286: 14206:Crab-eating fox ( 14197:Short-eared dog ( 14145: 14130: 14117: 14116: 13999: 13941:Otocyon megalotis 13885: 13852: 13851: 13848: 13847: 13844: 13843: 13840: 13839: 13836: 13835: 13704:Yellow mongoose ( 13555: 13554: 13442:Banded mongoose ( 13411:Liberiictus kuhni 13365: 13346: 13345: 13342: 13341: 13229: 13228: 13155: 13124: 13123: 13120: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13060: 13021: 12987: 12986: 12983: 12982: 12979: 12978: 12951: 12950: 12947: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12939: 12938: 12891:Servaline genet ( 12810:Bourlon's genet ( 12785: 12746: 12722: 12721: 12604: 12603: 12576:P. hermaphroditus 12428: 12427: 12424: 12423: 12420: 12419: 12396: 12395: 12392: 12391: 12388: 12387: 12384: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12341:African wildcat ( 12298: 12297: 12268:Flat-headed cat ( 12208: 12207: 11992: 11991: 11929: 11928: 11843: 11842: 11839: 11838: 11767:Clouded leopard ( 11726: 11701:Spotted linsang ( 11685: 11650:Nandinia binotata 11469:Media related to 11418:978-0-226-73639-6 11325:978-0-14-023919-5 11306:978-0-241-89331-9 11271:978-1-86189-111-2 11077:978-1-57607-645-3 11010:978-0-8160-4892-2 10948:978-1-59228-892-2 10802:(1&2): 1–40. 10743:978-0-07-136333-4 10648:(11): 2428–2437. 10602:978-0-06-016923-7 10557:978-1-57958-174-9 10479:Owen, J. (2005). 10337:10.1111/izy.12073 10298:978-0-521-70271-3 9313:978-3-489-71836-9 9195:(10): 1293–1300. 9134:(6564): 441–445. 8934:978-0-7153-5272-4 8706:978-0-312-19239-6 8663:978-0-8014-1753-5 8165:978-0-521-66232-1 7934:978-0-19-854067-0 7849:(7691): 183–188. 7492:Acta Theriologica 7342:Chakrabarti, S.; 6974:978-0-520-08085-0 6754:978-1-85043-946-2 6728:Hunting in Turkey 6705:10.1111/mam.12166 6435:978-0-620-31409-1 6410:978-0-949997-32-6 6085:978-0-14-302998-4 5949:978-1-4081-8996-2 5940:Mammals of Africa 5858:978-2-8317-0045-8 5820:978-0-8018-5789-8 5772:978-0-89658-329-0 5618:978-0-486-69191-6 5605:"Skeletal muscle" 5556:978-90-04-08876-4 5459:Mammalian Species 5421:978-0-8008-8324-9 5312:978-1-61530-340-3 5252:978-3-642-48949-5 4960:Molecular Ecology 4809:978-0-19-923445-5 4695:10.1111/mec.16267 4681:(24): 6407–6421. 4675:Molecular Ecology 4349:Panthera fossilis 4283:on 7 August 2007. 4112:10.1038/srep30807 3995:978-1-4729-5080-2 3781:(Linnaeus, 1758)" 3743:Oken, L. (1816). 3464:(Subscription or 3339:978-0-8018-8221-0 3312:Wozencraft, W. C. 3069:, notably in the 3043:Nebuchadnezzar II 2753: 645–635 BC 2721:Hunting and games 2694:Isaac Van Amburgh 2522:Oxford University 2477:genetic diversity 2366: 2350:CITES Appendix II 2287: 2119: 2098:Generation length 2034:African wild dogs 2011:Ngorongoro crater 1933:Thomson's gazelle 1565:Gir National Park 1542:Gir National Park 1516:and the adjacent 1396: 1395: 1219:during the early 1162:between lion and 1156:million years ago 1149:million years ago 1138:million years ago 1123:million years ago 1116:million years ago 833:P. l. sabakiensis 815:P. l. somaliensis 656:. The genus name 554:The English word 464:keystone predator 458:. The lion is an 412: 411: 210: 193: 16:(Redirected from 17699: 17592:Felids of Africa 17549: 17548: 17547: 17537: 17536: 17535: 17525: 17524: 17513: 17512: 17501: 17500: 17489: 17488: 17480: 17465: 17464: 17452: 17451: 17439: 17438: 17426: 17425: 17424: 17411: 17410: 17409: 17383: 17382: 17370: 17369: 17357: 17356: 17344: 17343: 17331: 17330: 17318: 17317: 17305: 17304: 17292: 17291: 17279: 17278: 17266: 17265: 17253: 17252: 17240: 17239: 17227: 17226: 17214: 17213: 17201: 17200: 17188: 17187: 17175: 17174: 17162: 17161: 17149: 17148: 17136: 17135: 17123: 17122: 17110: 17109: 17100: 17099: 17087: 17086: 17085: 17072: 17071: 17070: 17040: 17039: 16972:Malayan weasel ( 16891:Steppe polecat ( 16864:Sichuan weasel ( 16856: 16855: 16851: 16791: 16790: 16728:L. perspicillata 16693:Eurasian otter ( 16570: 16569: 16565: 16564: 16560: 16471: 16470: 16466: 16465: 16461: 16440:Greater grison ( 16423: 16422: 16418: 16392: 16391: 16383: 16382: 16333:Nilgiri marten ( 16306:Pacific marten ( 16289: 16288: 16284: 16210: 16209: 16193:M. subaurantiaca 16138: 16137: 16136:(ferret-badgers) 16133: 16027: 16026: 16022: 16021: 16017: 15969: 15968: 15958: 15957: 15945: 15944: 15839: 15838: 15834: 15833: 15829: 15777: 15776: 15772: 15727: 15726: 15722: 15663: 15662: 15605: 15604: 15603:(spotted skunks) 15600: 15564: 15563: 15559: 15472: 15471: 15467: 15458: 15457: 15453: 15452: 15444: 15415: 15414: 15402: 15401: 15359:Crabeater seal ( 15334: 15333: 15329: 15328: 15324: 15290: 15289: 15288:(elephant seals) 15285: 15264:N. schauinslandi 15231: 15230: 15226: 15225: 15221: 15214: 15213: 15209: 15208: 15204: 15079: 15078: 15044: 15043: 15039: 15038: 15034: 15027: 15026: 15022: 15021: 15015: 14976:Brown fur seal ( 14951:A. galapagoensis 14838:Z. californianus 14805: 14804: 14772: 14771: 14767: 14766: 14752: 14722: 14721: 14714: 14706: 14705: 14650: 14649: 14645: 14639: 14638: 14554:Melursus ursinus 14545: 14544: 14488: 14487: 14483: 14480: 14473: 14472: 14440:Ethiopian wolf ( 14304: 14303: 14299: 14296: 14149: 14148: 14144: 14141: 14134: 14133: 14129: 14126: 14015:Blanford's fox ( 13998: 13991: 13932: 13931: 13890: 13889: 13884: 13881: 13874: 13873: 13866: 13858: 13857: 13660:Ruddy mongoose ( 13642:Javan mongoose ( 13573:Marsh mongoose ( 13566: 13565: 13545:C. platycephalus 13378: 13377: 13369: 13368: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13240: 13239: 13184:Malagasy civet ( 13168: 13167: 13159: 13158: 13154: 13149: 13142: 13141: 13137: 13064: 13063: 13059: 13056: 13025: 13024: 13020: 13017: 13010: 13009: 13006: 13005: 12993: 12992: 12957: 12956: 12784: 12781: 12745: 12742: 12733: 12732: 12643: 12642: 12639: 12628: 12627: 12623: 12610: 12609: 12516: 12515: 12458: 12457: 12447: 12446: 12434: 12433: 12228:Otocolobus manul 12219: 12218: 12141: 12140: 12017:Geoffroy's cat ( 11940: 11939: 11870: 11869: 11861: 11860: 11856: 11744: 11743: 11735: 11734: 11731: 11730: 11725: 11722: 11715: 11714: 11692:Banded linsang ( 11684: 11681: 11673: 11672: 11662: 11661: 11641: 11640: 11630: 11629: 11622: 11614: 11613: 11559: 11552: 11545: 11536: 11535: 11531: 11523: 11515: 11513: 11511: 11506:on 2 August 2018 11502:. Archived from 11494: 11486: 11468: 11453: 11434: 11432: 11430: 11398: 11396: 11394: 11362: 11360: 11358: 11329: 11310: 11298: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11245: 11239: 11233: 11227: 11221: 11220: 11218: 11194: 11188: 11187: 11169: 11163: 11157: 11151: 11150: 11130: 11124: 11123: 11100: 11094: 11088: 11082: 11081: 11057: 11051: 11045: 11039: 11033: 11027: 11021: 11015: 11014: 10992: 10983: 10982: 10964: 10953: 10952: 10934: 10928: 10927: 10917: 10907: 10873: 10867: 10866: 10833:(7053): 927–28. 10820: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10787: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10754: 10748: 10747: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10718: 10696: 10690: 10684: 10678: 10672: 10666: 10665: 10637: 10631: 10625: 10619: 10613: 10607: 10606: 10583: 10577: 10571: 10562: 10561: 10543: 10537: 10531: 10525: 10519: 10513: 10507: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10496: 10487:. Archived from 10476: 10470: 10464: 10458: 10457:, pp. 19–21, 42. 10452: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10432:. Archived from 10424:Lum, C. (2007). 10421: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10401:. Archived from 10390: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10359: 10353: 10347: 10341: 10340: 10316: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10280: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10263: 10257:. Archived from 10240: 10231: 10225: 10224: 10192: 10186: 10185: 10173: 10167: 10166: 10164: 10162: 10153:. Archived from 10122: 10116: 10115: 10107: 10101: 10100: 10072: 10066: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10041: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10004: 9998: 9997: 9981: 9975: 9974: 9966: 9957: 9956: 9939:(5): 1753–1757. 9924: 9918: 9917: 9889: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9873: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9842: 9831: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9805: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9775: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9759:on 10 March 2018 9758: 9743: 9726: 9720: 9719: 9713: 9705: 9703: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9662: 9635:Panthera leo leo 9630: 9624: 9623: 9621: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9579: 9577: 9553: 9547: 9546: 9534: 9528: 9527: 9515: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9491: 9482: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9458: 9449: 9443: 9437: 9431: 9430: 9420: 9392: 9386: 9377: 9371: 9365: 9359: 9353: 9342: 9336: 9330: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9279:Primate Ethology 9274: 9268: 9262: 9256: 9255: 9245: 9221: 9215: 9214: 9204: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9159: 9148:10.1038/379441a0 9114: 9108: 9107: 9097: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9045:. Archived from 9043:The Arusha Times 9034: 9028: 9027: 9007: 9001: 9000: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8825: 8819: 8818: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8749: 8738: 8737: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8710: 8686: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8667: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8620: 8614: 8608: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8511: 8505: 8499: 8493: 8492: 8467:(6): 1709–1726. 8456: 8450: 8449: 8439: 8429: 8397: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8365: 8359:Acinonyx jubatus 8352: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8312: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8147: 8141: 8140: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8090: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7986: 7985: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7840: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7771: 7748:Animal Behaviour 7745: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7688: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7592:) on elephants ( 7585: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7455: 7437: 7424: 7413: 7412: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7375: 7358:(6): 1532–1539. 7339: 7333: 7332: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7154: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7127:(4): 1051–1059. 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7083: 7073: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7012: 7006: 7005: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6950: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6780: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6730:. Istanbul: BBA. 6723: 6717: 6716: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6603:Panthera spelaea 6598: 6589: 6588: 6578: 6568: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6520: 6509: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6361:. Archived from 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6233:. Archived from 6222: 6216: 6215: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6056:. Archived from 6023: 6006: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5927: 5914: 5913: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5850: 5842:(Meyer, 1826)". 5831: 5825: 5824: 5798: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5754: 5745: 5744: 5736: 5725: 5724: 5700: 5685: 5684: 5658: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5534: 5525: 5524: 5508: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5488:on 28 July 2017. 5487: 5481:. Archived from 5456: 5443: 5426: 5425: 5403: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5362: 5344: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5272: 5266:Shi, W. (2005). 5263: 5257: 5256: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5201: 5199:10.1038/058200b0 5169: 5163: 5162: 5137:(7): 1356–1367. 5121: 5115: 5114: 5104: 5094: 5058: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5027:nov. subspecies" 5014: 5008: 5007: 5005: 4967:(8): 1668–1677. 4956: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4918: 4908: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4867: 4835: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4706: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4646: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4586: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4562:. Archived from 4527: 4514: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4490: 4480: 4455:Panthera spelaea 4448: 4439: 4438: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4384:Panthera spelaea 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4269: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4235: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4192: 4182: 4147: 4134: 4133: 4123: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4061: 4051: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3915: 3904: 3894: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3804: 3793: 3792: 3768: 3757: 3756: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3723: 3713: 3681: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3615: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3512: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3442: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3369: 3352: 3351: 3308: 3278: 3275: 3129:, the half-lion 3061:represented the 2968:African folklore 2956:Swahili language 2807:gladiator fights 2793:, where Emperor 2784: 2781: 2761:ancient Egyptian 2754: 2751: 2597: 2580: 2495:Captive breeding 2367: 2346:CITES Appendix I 2311:flehmen response 2289: 2288: 2269: 2238: 2224: 2189:canine distemper 2120: 2103: 2066: 2052: 1994: 1980: 1904:white rhinoceros 1821:, on display at 1814: 1800: 1783: 1771:Hunting and diet 1705: 1691: 1575:Historical range 1510:recessive allele 1490:Colour variation 1428: 1411: 1342: 1341: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1283: 1269: 1157: 1150: 1139: 1124: 1117: 1067:Panthera spelaea 1013:Late Pleistocene 965:P. l. sinhaleyus 914:leo melanochaita 902: 901:(Zukowsky, 1964) 898:P. l. webbiensis 895: 888: 877: 869:P. l. hollisteri 866: 859: 851:P. l. roosevelti 848: 847:(Lönnberg, 1914) 841: 830: 819: 808: 793: 782: 771: 764: 738: 737:(Linnaeus, 1758) 723:studies on lion 610: 605: 604: 595: 590: 589: 581: 575: 566: 403: 390:P. l. sinhaleyus 348: 225: 224: 204: 187: 182: 181: 154: 136: 126: 56: 52:Temporal range: 46: 45: 21: 17707: 17706: 17702: 17701: 17700: 17698: 17697: 17696: 17557: 17556: 17555: 17545: 17543: 17533: 17531: 17519: 17507: 17495: 17483: 17475: 17473: 17468: 17460: 17455: 17447: 17442: 17434: 17429: 17420: 17419: 17414: 17405: 17404: 17399: 17386: 17378: 17373: 17365: 17360: 17352: 17347: 17339: 17334: 17326: 17321: 17313: 17308: 17300: 17297:Observation.org 17295: 17287: 17282: 17274: 17269: 17261: 17256: 17248: 17243: 17235: 17230: 17222: 17217: 17209: 17204: 17196: 17191: 17183: 17178: 17170: 17165: 17157: 17152: 17144: 17139: 17131: 17126: 17118: 17113: 17105: 17103: 17095: 17090: 17081: 17080: 17075: 17066: 17065: 17060: 17047: 17037: 17016: 16992:M. richardsonii 16936:European mink ( 16853: 16852: 16850: 16840: 16832:American mink ( 16805:Amazon weasel ( 16776: 16734: 16710: 16677: 16660: 16636: 16585: 16562: 16561: 16559: 16543: 16510: 16493: 16463: 16462: 16460: 16448: 16431:Lesser grison ( 16420: 16419: 16417: 16407: 16368: 16286: 16285: 16283: 16273: 16249: 16225: 16199: 16135: 16134: 16132: 16118: 16067: 16019: 16018: 16016: 16008: 15984: 15965: 15952: 15931: 15903: 15870: 15831: 15830: 15828: 15820: 15774: 15773: 15771: 15761: 15724: 15723: 15721: 15711: 15678: 15648: 15615:S. angustifrons 15602: 15601: 15599: 15589: 15562:(stink badgers) 15561: 15560: 15558: 15548: 15540:Striped skunk ( 15515: 15509:C. semistriatus 15469: 15468: 15466: 15446: 15445: 15443: 15435: 15429:Ailurus fulgens 15409: 15376: 15326: 15325: 15323: 15315: 15287: 15286: 15284: 15270: 15246: 15223: 15222: 15220: 15206: 15205: 15203: 15187: 15145: 15112: 15068: 15036: 15035: 15033: 15019: 15017: 15016: 15014: 15002: 14915: 14898: 14874: 14853: 14820: 14794: 14761: 14756: 14754: 14753: 14751: 14747: 14742: 14716: 14712: 14684: 14664: 14647: 14646: 14620: 14569: 14534: 14510: 14481: 14479: 14469: 14448: 14377:Golden jackal ( 14361: 14335: 14297: 14295: 14283: 14214: 14208:Cerdocyon thous 14188: 14164: 14142: 14140: 14127: 14125: 14113: 14078:Rüppell's fox ( 13992: 13990: 13980: 13965:N. procyonoides 13947: 13939:Bat-eared fox ( 13921: 13886: 13882: 13868: 13864: 13832: 13817:H. pulverulenta 13772: 13730: 13686: 13653:U. semitorquata 13608:U. auropunctata 13590: 13551: 13500: 13467: 13450: 13417: 13400: 13362: 13360: 13355: 13354: 13338: 13305: 13288: 13255: 13249:Galidia elegans 13225: 13192: 13152: 13150: 13148: 13138: 13133: 13112: 13104:Spotted hyena ( 13088: 13071:Striped hyena ( 13057: 13055: 13047: 13018: 13016: 13000: 12975: 12935: 12873:Aquatic genet ( 12864:Pardine genet ( 12801:Angolan genet ( 12782: 12780: 12770: 12755:P. richardsonii 12743: 12741: 12718: 12701:Malayan civet ( 12667: 12659:African civet ( 12635: 12634: 12624: 12619: 12618: 12614: 12600: 12558: 12505: 12490:Diplogale hosei 12454: 12441: 12416: 12376: 12294: 12234: 12214: 12204: 12180: 12163: 12136: 12130: 12104:Eurasian lynx ( 12079: 11988: 11955: 11935: 11925: 11892: 11865: 11857: 11852: 11835: 11775: 11727: 11723: 11709: 11682: 11669: 11656: 11637: 11624: 11620: 11608: 11570: 11563: 11518: 11509: 11507: 11489: 11461: 11456: 11450: 11428: 11426: 11419: 11403:Schaller, G. B. 11392: 11390: 11383: 11356: 11354: 11347: 11326: 11307: 11281: 11279: 11272: 11253: 11248: 11240: 11236: 11228: 11224: 11195: 11191: 11184: 11170: 11166: 11162:, pp. 109, 115. 11158: 11154: 11131: 11127: 11101: 11097: 11089: 11085: 11078: 11058: 11054: 11046: 11042: 11034: 11030: 11022: 11018: 11011: 10993: 10986: 10979: 10965: 10956: 10949: 10935: 10931: 10874: 10870: 10847:10.1038/436927a 10821: 10817: 10788: 10784: 10755: 10751: 10744: 10730: 10726: 10716: 10714: 10697: 10693: 10685: 10681: 10673: 10669: 10638: 10634: 10626: 10622: 10614: 10610: 10603: 10584: 10580: 10572: 10565: 10558: 10544: 10540: 10532: 10528: 10520: 10516: 10508: 10504: 10494: 10492: 10477: 10473: 10465: 10461: 10453: 10449: 10439: 10437: 10422: 10418: 10408: 10406: 10391: 10387: 10377: 10375: 10360: 10356: 10348: 10344: 10317: 10313: 10303: 10301: 10299: 10281: 10277: 10267: 10265: 10261: 10238: 10232: 10228: 10193: 10189: 10174: 10170: 10160: 10158: 10123: 10119: 10108: 10104: 10073: 10069: 10059: 10057: 10042: 10038: 10017:Current Science 10005: 10001: 9996:(10): 993–1003. 9990:Indian Forester 9982: 9978: 9967: 9960: 9925: 9921: 9890: 9886: 9878: 9871: 9859: 9855: 9847: 9840: 9832: 9828: 9818: 9816: 9807: 9806: 9802: 9792: 9790: 9777: 9776: 9772: 9762: 9760: 9756: 9741: 9731:"Further lion, 9727: 9723: 9707: 9706: 9680: 9676: 9631: 9627: 9594: 9590: 9580: 9554: 9550: 9535: 9531: 9516: 9512: 9504: 9489: 9483: 9479: 9471: 9456: 9450: 9446: 9438: 9434: 9405:Chemical Senses 9393: 9389: 9378: 9374: 9366: 9362: 9354: 9345: 9337: 9333: 9325: 9321: 9314: 9300: 9296: 9289: 9275: 9271: 9263: 9259: 9222: 9218: 9177: 9173: 9115: 9111: 9066: 9062: 9052: 9050: 9035: 9031: 9008: 9004: 8981: 8977: 8958: 8954: 8946: 8942: 8935: 8921: 8917: 8909: 8905: 8897: 8893: 8885: 8881: 8873: 8869: 8861: 8857: 8826: 8822: 8803: 8799: 8791: 8787: 8779: 8770: 8762: 8758: 8750: 8741: 8730: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8707: 8687: 8683: 8675: 8671: 8664: 8648: 8644: 8621: 8617: 8609: 8602: 8594: 8590: 8582: 8578: 8549: 8545: 8512: 8508: 8500: 8496: 8457: 8453: 8412:(2): e0117743. 8398: 8394: 8386: 8363: 8353: 8349: 8341: 8310: 8304: 8300: 8293: 8279: 8275: 8236: 8232: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8166: 8148: 8144: 8137: 8123: 8119: 8111: 8088: 8080:Crocuta crocuta 8074: 8070: 8060: 8058: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8032: 8028: 8020: 8016: 8008: 8004: 7996: 7989: 7958: 7954: 7946: 7942: 7935: 7909: 7905: 7897: 7893: 7885: 7838: 7832: 7828: 7820: 7816: 7808: 7804: 7796: 7792: 7784: 7743: 7737: 7733: 7725: 7686: 7680: 7676: 7666: 7664: 7637:African Zoology 7629: 7625: 7586: 7582: 7574: 7570: 7562: 7558: 7550: 7546: 7517: 7513: 7480: 7476: 7468: 7453:10.1.1.611.8271 7435: 7425: 7416: 7405: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7340: 7336: 7325: 7321: 7313: 7309: 7262: 7258: 7211: 7207: 7199: 7152: 7146: 7142: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7046: 7042: 7013: 7009: 6998: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6951: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6899: 6895: 6887: 6883: 6875: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6848: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6819: 6815: 6796: 6792: 6781: 6774: 6764: 6762: 6755: 6739: 6735: 6724: 6720: 6683:Panthera tigris 6679: 6675: 6667:10.1002/oa.2875 6642: 6638: 6599: 6592: 6537: 6533: 6525: 6518: 6510: 6503: 6495: 6491: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6397: 6393: 6382: 6378: 6368: 6366: 6351: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6328:Popular Science 6320: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6289: 6285: 6254: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6223: 6219: 6208: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6160: 6156: 6152:, pp. 137, 145. 6148: 6144: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6021: 6007: 6000: 5992: 5988: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5928: 5917: 5910: 5892: 5888: 5877: 5873: 5865: 5859: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5799: 5792: 5782: 5780: 5773: 5755: 5748: 5737: 5728: 5701: 5688: 5656: 5652:Caracal caracal 5642: 5638: 5628: 5626: 5619: 5601: 5597: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5535: 5528: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5485: 5454: 5444: 5429: 5422: 5404: 5391: 5383: 5342: 5336: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5313: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5270: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5170: 5166: 5122: 5118: 5059: 5052: 5019:"The cave lion 5015: 5011: 5003: 4954: 4936: 4932: 4885: 4881: 4844:Genome Research 4836: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4810: 4792: 4785: 4732: 4728: 4666: 4662: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4589:Natural History 4584: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4525: 4515: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4465:Open Quaternary 4449: 4442: 4419: 4415: 4394:(17): 2329–40. 4380: 4376: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4267: 4261: 4257: 4210: 4206: 4148: 4137: 4079: 4075: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3996: 3974: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3933: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3902: 3895: 3886: 3851: 3844: 3805: 3796: 3769: 3760: 3741: 3737: 3682: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3616: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3529:(5757): 73–77. 3513: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3455: 3453: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3410: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3370: 3355: 3340: 3309: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3242: 3200:medieval Europe 3180:Greek mythology 3157:Chinese culture 3127:Hindu mythology 3073:, in which the 3047:Lion of Babylon 2974:, The lion-god 2917: 2911: 2865:Tsavo maneaters 2861: 2843: 2785:, known as the 2782: 2752: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2581: 2570: 2565: 2530:Atlas Mountains 2514:Addis Ababa Zoo 2497: 2453: 2360: 2358: 2334: 2307: 2306: 2298: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2283: 2280: 2273: 2267: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2214: 2156:Nile crocodiles 2140: 2112: 2101: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2042: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1970: 1852:African buffalo 1844:blue wildebeest 1842:, particularly 1829: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1815: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1784: 1773: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1681: 1668: 1654:in Pakistan to 1590:During the mid- 1577: 1534: 1498: 1492: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1412: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1336: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1259: 1235: 1233:Panthera hybrid 1229: 1152: 1145: 1134: 1119: 1112: 1105:common ancestor 1087: 1085: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1070: 1058: 1021:human expansion 1017:climate warming 942: 900: 894:(Roberts, 1948) 893: 882: 871: 864: 853: 846: 835: 824: 817: 802: 787: 776: 769: 762: 736: 721:phylogeographic 678: 653:Systema Naturae 644:scientific name 629: 617:classical Latin 558:is derived via 552: 361: 350: 344: 331: 219: 211: 194: 183: 179: 172: 127: 125: 124: 123: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 54: 53: 50: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17705: 17695: 17694: 17689: 17684: 17679: 17674: 17669: 17664: 17659: 17654: 17649: 17644: 17639: 17634: 17629: 17624: 17619: 17614: 17609: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17577:Apex predators 17574: 17569: 17554: 17553: 17541: 17529: 17517: 17505: 17493: 17470: 17469: 17467: 17466: 17453: 17440: 17427: 17412: 17396: 17394: 17388: 17387: 17385: 17384: 17371: 17358: 17345: 17332: 17319: 17306: 17293: 17280: 17267: 17254: 17241: 17228: 17215: 17202: 17189: 17176: 17163: 17150: 17137: 17124: 17111: 17101: 17088: 17073: 17057: 17055: 17049: 17048: 17034: 17033: 17030: 17029: 17026: 17025: 17022: 17021: 17018: 17017: 17015: 17014: 17010:M. strigidorsa 17005: 16996: 16987: 16978: 16969: 16963:Least weasel ( 16960: 16951: 16942: 16933: 16924: 16915: 16909:Haida ermine ( 16906: 16897: 16893:M. eversmannii 16888: 16879: 16870: 16860: 16858: 16842: 16841: 16839: 16838: 16829: 16820: 16811: 16801: 16799: 16788: 16782: 16781: 16778: 16777: 16775: 16774: 16765: 16756: 16746: 16744: 16736: 16735: 16733: 16732: 16722: 16720: 16712: 16711: 16709: 16708: 16699: 16689: 16687: 16679: 16678: 16676: 16675: 16665: 16662: 16661: 16659: 16658: 16648: 16646: 16638: 16637: 16635: 16634: 16625: 16621:L. longicaudis 16616: 16610:Marine otter ( 16607: 16597: 16595: 16587: 16586: 16584: 16583: 16573: 16567: 16553: 16552: 16549: 16548: 16545: 16544: 16542: 16541: 16532: 16522: 16520: 16512: 16511: 16509: 16508: 16498: 16495: 16494: 16492: 16491: 16481: 16479: 16468: 16454: 16453: 16450: 16449: 16447: 16446: 16437: 16427: 16425: 16409: 16408: 16406: 16405: 16395: 16389: 16380: 16374: 16373: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16366: 16357: 16348: 16339: 16330: 16324:Beech marten ( 16321: 16312: 16303: 16293: 16291: 16275: 16274: 16272: 16271: 16261: 16259: 16251: 16250: 16248: 16247: 16237: 16235: 16227: 16226: 16224: 16223: 16213: 16207: 16201: 16200: 16198: 16197: 16188: 16179: 16170: 16161: 16152: 16142: 16140: 16124: 16123: 16120: 16119: 16117: 16116: 16107: 16101:Asian badger ( 16098: 16089: 16079: 16077: 16069: 16068: 16066: 16065: 16056: 16047: 16043:A. albogularis 16037: 16035: 16024: 16010: 16009: 16007: 16006: 16000:Honey badger ( 15996: 15994: 15986: 15985: 15983: 15982: 15972: 15966: 15961: 15954: 15953: 15941: 15940: 15937: 15936: 15933: 15932: 15930: 15929: 15928: 15927: 15921: 15919: 15913: 15912: 15909: 15908: 15905: 15904: 15902: 15901: 15892: 15882: 15880: 15872: 15871: 15869: 15868: 15859: 15849: 15847: 15836: 15822: 15821: 15819: 15818: 15809: 15800: 15791: 15781: 15779: 15763: 15762: 15760: 15759: 15750: 15741: 15737:P. cancrivorus 15731: 15729: 15713: 15712: 15710: 15709: 15705:B. sumichrasti 15700: 15690: 15688: 15680: 15679: 15677: 15676: 15666: 15660: 15654: 15653: 15650: 15649: 15647: 15646: 15637: 15628: 15619: 15609: 15607: 15591: 15590: 15588: 15587: 15578: 15568: 15566: 15550: 15549: 15547: 15546: 15537: 15531:Hooded skunk ( 15527: 15525: 15517: 15516: 15514: 15513: 15504: 15495: 15486: 15476: 15474: 15455: 15437: 15436: 15434: 15433: 15423: 15421: 15411: 15410: 15398: 15397: 15394: 15393: 15390: 15389: 15386: 15385: 15382: 15381: 15378: 15377: 15375: 15374: 15365: 15356: 15350:Weddell seal ( 15347: 15341:Leopard seal ( 15337: 15331: 15317: 15316: 15314: 15313: 15304: 15294: 15292: 15276: 15275: 15272: 15271: 15269: 15268: 15258: 15256: 15248: 15247: 15245: 15244: 15234: 15228: 15211: 15197: 15196: 15193: 15192: 15189: 15188: 15186: 15185: 15176: 15167: 15161:Caspian seal ( 15157: 15155: 15147: 15146: 15144: 15143: 15134: 15128:Spotted seal ( 15124: 15122: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15110: 15101: 15092: 15082: 15076: 15070: 15069: 15067: 15066: 15057: 15051:Bearded seal ( 15047: 15041: 15024: 15020:or true seals) 15018:(earless seals 15008: 15007: 15004: 15003: 15001: 15000: 14991: 14982: 14973: 14964: 14955: 14946: 14937: 14927: 14925: 14917: 14916: 14914: 14913: 14903: 14900: 14899: 14897: 14896: 14886: 14884: 14876: 14875: 14873: 14872: 14862: 14859: 14858: 14855: 14854: 14852: 14851: 14842: 14832: 14830: 14822: 14821: 14819: 14818: 14808: 14802: 14796: 14795: 14793: 14792: 14782: 14780: 14769: 14744: 14743: 14741: 14740: 14730: 14728: 14718: 14717: 14702: 14701: 14698: 14697: 14694: 14693: 14690: 14689: 14686: 14685: 14683: 14682: 14681: 14680: 14674: 14672: 14666: 14665: 14663: 14662: 14661: 14660: 14654: 14652: 14636: 14630: 14629: 14626: 14625: 14622: 14621: 14619: 14618: 14609: 14600: 14591: 14581: 14579: 14571: 14570: 14568: 14567: 14558: 14548: 14542: 14536: 14535: 14533: 14532: 14522: 14520: 14512: 14511: 14509: 14508: 14504:A. melanoleuca 14498: 14496: 14485: 14470: 14465: 14462: 14461: 14458: 14457: 14454: 14453: 14450: 14449: 14447: 14446: 14437: 14428: 14422:Eastern wolf ( 14419: 14410: 14404:African wolf ( 14401: 14392: 14386:Domestic dog ( 14383: 14373: 14371: 14363: 14362: 14360: 14359: 14350: 14340: 14337: 14336: 14334: 14333: 14324: 14314: 14312: 14301: 14289: 14288: 14285: 14284: 14282: 14281: 14272: 14266:Sechuran fox ( 14263: 14259:L. gymnocercus 14254: 14245: 14239:Darwin's fox ( 14236: 14226: 14224: 14216: 14215: 14213: 14212: 14203: 14193: 14190: 14189: 14187: 14186: 14176: 14174: 14166: 14165: 14163: 14162: 14152: 14146: 14131: 14119: 14118: 14115: 14114: 14112: 14111: 14102: 14093: 14084: 14075: 14066: 14057: 14048: 14039: 14030: 14021: 14012: 14008:V. bengalensis 14002: 14000: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13978: 13969: 13959: 13957: 13949: 13948: 13946: 13945: 13935: 13929: 13923: 13922: 13920: 13919: 13910: 13900: 13898: 13887: 13877: 13870: 13869: 13854: 13853: 13850: 13849: 13846: 13845: 13842: 13841: 13838: 13837: 13834: 13833: 13831: 13830: 13821: 13812: 13803: 13794: 13784: 13782: 13774: 13773: 13771: 13770: 13761: 13752: 13748:B. crassicauda 13742: 13740: 13732: 13731: 13729: 13728: 13719: 13710: 13701: 13691: 13688: 13687: 13685: 13684: 13675: 13666: 13657: 13648: 13639: 13630: 13621: 13612: 13602: 13600: 13592: 13591: 13589: 13588: 13579: 13569: 13563: 13557: 13556: 13553: 13552: 13550: 13549: 13540: 13531: 13522: 13512: 13510: 13502: 13501: 13499: 13498: 13489: 13479: 13477: 13469: 13468: 13466: 13465: 13455: 13452: 13451: 13449: 13448: 13439: 13429: 13427: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13415: 13405: 13402: 13401: 13399: 13398: 13388: 13386: 13375: 13366: 13348: 13347: 13344: 13343: 13340: 13339: 13337: 13336: 13327: 13317: 13315: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13303: 13293: 13290: 13289: 13287: 13286: 13282:G. grandidieri 13277: 13267: 13265: 13257: 13256: 13254: 13253: 13243: 13237: 13231: 13230: 13227: 13226: 13224: 13223: 13214: 13204: 13202: 13194: 13193: 13191: 13190: 13181: 13171: 13165: 13156: 13139: 13129: 13126: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13118: 13117: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13110: 13100: 13098: 13090: 13089: 13087: 13086: 13077: 13067: 13061: 13049: 13048: 13046: 13045: 13035: 13033: 13022: 13002: 13001: 12989: 12988: 12985: 12984: 12981: 12980: 12977: 12976: 12974: 12973: 12972: 12971: 12965: 12963: 12953: 12952: 12949: 12948: 12945: 12944: 12941: 12940: 12937: 12936: 12934: 12933: 12924: 12915: 12906: 12897: 12888: 12879: 12870: 12861: 12852: 12846:Letaba genet ( 12843: 12834: 12828:Common genet ( 12825: 12816: 12807: 12798: 12788: 12786: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12768: 12759: 12749: 12747: 12730: 12724: 12723: 12720: 12719: 12717: 12716: 12707: 12698: 12689: 12679: 12677: 12669: 12668: 12666: 12665: 12656: 12646: 12640: 12625: 12613: 12606: 12605: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12598: 12594:P. zeylonensis 12589: 12580: 12570: 12568: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12556: 12552:Paguma larvata 12547: 12538: 12529: 12519: 12513: 12507: 12506: 12504: 12503: 12494: 12485: 12476: 12466: 12464: 12455: 12450: 12443: 12442: 12430: 12429: 12426: 12425: 12422: 12421: 12418: 12417: 12415: 12414: 12413: 12412: 12406: 12404: 12398: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12390: 12389: 12386: 12385: 12382: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12375: 12374: 12365: 12356: 12347: 12338: 12329: 12323:Domestic cat ( 12320: 12310: 12308: 12300: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12293: 12292: 12283: 12279:P. rubiginosus 12274: 12265: 12256: 12252:P. bengalensis 12246: 12244: 12236: 12235: 12233: 12232: 12226:Pallas's cat ( 12222: 12216: 12210: 12209: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12202: 12192: 12190: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12178: 12168: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12161: 12151: 12149: 12138: 12132: 12131: 12129: 12128: 12119: 12113:Iberian lynx ( 12110: 12101: 12091: 12089: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12077: 12068: 12059: 12050: 12041: 12032: 12023: 12014: 12004: 12002: 11994: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11986: 11977: 11967: 11965: 11957: 11956: 11954: 11953: 11943: 11937: 11931: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11923: 11914: 11904: 11902: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11890: 11880: 11878: 11867: 11858: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11841: 11840: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11833: 11824: 11815: 11806: 11797: 11791:Snow leopard ( 11787: 11785: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11773: 11764: 11754: 11752: 11741: 11728: 11718: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11707: 11698: 11688: 11686: 11670: 11665: 11658: 11657: 11655: 11654: 11644: 11638: 11633: 11626: 11625: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11606: 11604:Laurasiatheria 11600: 11594: 11588: 11582: 11575: 11572: 11571: 11562: 11561: 11554: 11547: 11539: 11533: 11532: 11516: 11495: 11487: 11474: 11460: 11459:External links 11457: 11455: 11454: 11448: 11435: 11417: 11399: 11381: 11363: 11346:978-1861896551 11345: 11330: 11324: 11311: 11305: 11288: 11270: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11246: 11234: 11222: 11209:(4): 109–127. 11189: 11183:978-0687333653 11182: 11164: 11152: 11125: 11095: 11083: 11076: 11052: 11040: 11028: 11016: 11009: 10984: 10978:978-0826419132 10977: 10954: 10947: 10929: 10868: 10815: 10782: 10769:(1): 190–196. 10749: 10742: 10724: 10691: 10679: 10667: 10632: 10620: 10608: 10601: 10578: 10563: 10556: 10538: 10526: 10514: 10502: 10471: 10459: 10447: 10416: 10385: 10354: 10342: 10331:(1): 198–213. 10311: 10297: 10275: 10226: 10207:(2): 215–225. 10187: 10168: 10157:on 22 May 2011 10117: 10102: 10083:(2): 501–507. 10067: 10036: 10023:(5): 933–940. 9999: 9976: 9958: 9919: 9900:(4): 363–367. 9884: 9853: 9826: 9800: 9770: 9721: 9674: 9625: 9588: 9568:(4): 882−892. 9548: 9529: 9510: 9477: 9444: 9442:, pp. 103–113. 9432: 9411:(2): 179–189. 9387: 9372: 9360: 9358:, pp. 103–117. 9343: 9331: 9319: 9312: 9294: 9287: 9269: 9257: 9216: 9171: 9109: 9080:(2): 180–184. 9060: 9029: 9018:(6): 124–126. 9002: 8975: 8952: 8940: 8933: 8915: 8903: 8891: 8879: 8867: 8855: 8842:10.1086/284097 8820: 8797: 8785: 8768: 8756: 8739: 8724: 8712: 8705: 8681: 8669: 8662: 8642: 8631:(4): 301–307. 8615: 8600: 8588: 8576: 8563:(1): 108–176. 8543: 8530:(2): 132–142. 8506: 8494: 8451: 8392: 8374:(3): 387–408. 8347: 8298: 8291: 8273: 8246:(4): 871–889. 8230: 8211:(3): 220–224. 8195: 8183: 8171: 8164: 8142: 8136:978-1626549050 8135: 8117: 8099:(4): 606–614. 8068: 8038: 8026: 8014: 8002: 7987: 7968:(2): 347–358. 7952: 7940: 7933: 7903: 7891: 7826: 7814: 7802: 7790: 7754:(5): 899–906. 7731: 7697:(6): 445–454. 7674: 7623: 7604:(2): 279–281. 7580: 7568: 7566:, pp. 220–221. 7556: 7544: 7511: 7498:(4): 425–430. 7474: 7446:(3): 309–322. 7414: 7399: 7387: 7334: 7319: 7307: 7272:(5253): 1215. 7256: 7205: 7140: 7107: 7095: 7040: 7027:(3): 660–666. 7007: 6992: 6980: 6973: 6932: 6920: 6893: 6881: 6866: 6854: 6837: 6825: 6813: 6790: 6772: 6753: 6733: 6718: 6699:(4): 340–353. 6673: 6660:(4): 469–481. 6636: 6615:(1): 109–135. 6590: 6531: 6501: 6489: 6441: 6434: 6416: 6409: 6391: 6376: 6345: 6314: 6283: 6264:(1): 126–134. 6258:Theriogenology 6248: 6237:on 5 June 2002 6217: 6202: 6190: 6178: 6166: 6154: 6142: 6091: 6084: 6066: 6032:(4): 507–514. 5998: 5986: 5975:(4): 329–342. 5967:): a review". 5955: 5948: 5915: 5909:978-3844305456 5908: 5886: 5871: 5857: 5826: 5819: 5790: 5771: 5746: 5726: 5715:(3): 365–373. 5686: 5667:(2): 125–133. 5636: 5617: 5595: 5582:(4): 505–514. 5562: 5555: 5526: 5503: 5491: 5427: 5420: 5389: 5353:(9): 889–902. 5330: 5311: 5289: 5258: 5251: 5225: 5164: 5116: 5050: 5009: 4930: 4879: 4827: 4808: 4783: 4756:(6): 827–833. 4742:Panthera atrox 4726: 4660: 4629:(8): 850–864. 4617:Panthera atrox 4605: 4572: 4538:(3): 841–849. 4506: 4440: 4413: 4374: 4361:(1–2): 59–70. 4337: 4314:(3): 339–351. 4286: 4255: 4226:(6): 977–992. 4204: 4135: 4073: 4013: 3994: 3965: 3927: 3884: 3842: 3794: 3758: 3735: 3696:(10): e25483. 3673: 3607: 3576: 3502: 3471: 3430: 3401: 3353: 3338: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3254: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3172:Aesop's fables 3168:ancient Greece 3139:Hiranyakashipu 3083:the lions' den 3075:eponymous hero 3071:Book of Daniel 3063:tribe of Judah 2941:Sundiata Keita 2913:Main article: 2910: 2907: 2869:Uganda Railway 2842: 2839: 2831:Trophy hunting 2725:Main article: 2722: 2719: 2698:Queen Victoria 2664:Carl Hagenbeck 2599: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2582: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2496: 2493: 2452: 2449: 2357: 2354: 2333: 2330: 2297: 2291: 2281: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2254:social licking 2240: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2139: 2136: 2068: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2006:spotted hyenas 1996: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1864:common warthog 1836:hypercarnivore 1831:The lion is a 1816: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1785: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1707: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1667: 1664: 1604:Before Present 1576: 1573: 1533: 1530: 1491: 1488: 1461:Maneless lions 1430: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1413: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1386: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1335: 1332: 1285: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1228: 1225: 1144:that diverged 1133:that diverged 1074:Panthera atrox 1057: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1032: 992: 980: 957:sister species 941: 940:Fossil records 938: 905: 904: 865:(Heller, 1914) 822:P. l. massaica 795: 785:P. l. azandica 690:type specimens 677: 674: 660:was coined by 628: 625: 551: 548: 452:social species 410: 409: 405: 404: 396: 395: 394: 393: 385: 378: 368: 367: 363: 362: 351: 340: 339: 333: 332: 325: 323: 319: 318: 311: 307: 306: 301: 297: 296: 291: 287: 286: 281: 277: 276: 271: 267: 266: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 213: 212: 199: 196: 195: 177: 174: 173: 168: 165: 164: 156: 155: 147: 146: 138: 137: 129: 128: 120: 119: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17704: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17564: 17562: 17552: 17542: 17540: 17530: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17504: 17499: 17494: 17492: 17487: 17482: 17481: 17478: 17463: 17458: 17454: 17450: 17445: 17441: 17437: 17432: 17428: 17423: 17417: 17413: 17408: 17402: 17398: 17397: 17395: 17393: 17389: 17381: 17376: 17372: 17368: 17363: 17359: 17355: 17350: 17346: 17342: 17337: 17333: 17329: 17324: 17320: 17316: 17311: 17307: 17303: 17298: 17294: 17290: 17285: 17281: 17277: 17272: 17268: 17264: 17259: 17255: 17251: 17246: 17242: 17238: 17233: 17229: 17225: 17220: 17216: 17212: 17207: 17203: 17199: 17194: 17190: 17186: 17181: 17177: 17173: 17168: 17164: 17160: 17155: 17151: 17147: 17142: 17138: 17134: 17129: 17125: 17121: 17116: 17112: 17108: 17102: 17098: 17093: 17089: 17084: 17078: 17074: 17069: 17063: 17059: 17058: 17056: 17054: 17050: 17046: 17041: 17013: 17011: 17006: 17004: 17002: 16997: 16995: 16993: 16988: 16986: 16984: 16979: 16977: 16975: 16970: 16968: 16966: 16961: 16959: 16957: 16952: 16950: 16948: 16947:M. lutreolina 16943: 16941: 16939: 16934: 16932: 16930: 16925: 16923: 16921: 16916: 16914: 16912: 16907: 16905: 16903: 16898: 16896: 16894: 16889: 16887: 16885: 16880: 16878: 16876: 16871: 16869: 16867: 16862: 16861: 16859: 16849: 16848: 16843: 16837: 16835: 16830: 16828: 16826: 16821: 16819: 16817: 16812: 16810: 16808: 16803: 16802: 16800: 16798: 16797: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16783: 16773: 16771: 16766: 16764: 16762: 16757: 16755: 16753: 16748: 16747: 16745: 16743: 16742: 16737: 16731: 16729: 16724: 16723: 16721: 16719: 16718: 16713: 16707: 16705: 16700: 16698: 16696: 16691: 16690: 16688: 16686: 16685: 16680: 16674: 16672: 16667: 16666: 16663: 16657: 16655: 16650: 16649: 16647: 16645: 16644: 16639: 16633: 16631: 16626: 16624: 16622: 16617: 16615: 16613: 16608: 16606: 16604: 16603:L. canadensis 16599: 16598: 16596: 16594: 16593: 16588: 16582: 16580: 16577:Giant otter ( 16575: 16574: 16571: 16568: 16558: 16554: 16540: 16538: 16533: 16531: 16529: 16524: 16523: 16521: 16519: 16518: 16513: 16507: 16505: 16500: 16499: 16496: 16490: 16488: 16483: 16482: 16480: 16478: 16477: 16472: 16469: 16459: 16455: 16445: 16443: 16438: 16436: 16434: 16429: 16428: 16426: 16416: 16415: 16410: 16404: 16402: 16397: 16396: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16375: 16365: 16363: 16358: 16356: 16354: 16349: 16347: 16345: 16340: 16338: 16336: 16335:M. gwatkinsii 16331: 16329: 16327: 16322: 16320: 16318: 16313: 16311: 16309: 16304: 16302: 16300: 16295: 16294: 16292: 16282: 16281: 16276: 16270: 16268: 16263: 16262: 16260: 16258: 16257: 16252: 16246: 16244: 16239: 16238: 16236: 16234: 16233: 16228: 16222: 16220: 16215: 16214: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16202: 16196: 16194: 16189: 16187: 16185: 16180: 16178: 16176: 16175:M. orientalis 16171: 16169: 16167: 16162: 16160: 16158: 16153: 16151: 16149: 16144: 16143: 16141: 16131: 16130: 16125: 16115: 16113: 16108: 16106: 16104: 16099: 16097: 16095: 16090: 16088: 16086: 16081: 16080: 16078: 16076: 16075: 16070: 16064: 16062: 16057: 16055: 16053: 16048: 16046: 16044: 16039: 16038: 16036: 16034: 16033: 16028: 16025: 16015: 16011: 16005: 16003: 15998: 15997: 15995: 15993: 15992: 15987: 15981: 15979: 15978:Taxidea taxus 15974: 15973: 15970: 15967: 15964: 15959: 15955: 15951: 15946: 15942: 15925: 15924: 15923: 15922: 15920: 15918: 15914: 15900: 15898: 15893: 15891: 15889: 15888:N. meridensis 15884: 15883: 15881: 15879: 15878: 15873: 15867: 15865: 15860: 15858: 15856: 15851: 15850: 15848: 15846: 15845: 15840: 15837: 15827: 15823: 15817: 15815: 15810: 15808: 15806: 15801: 15799: 15797: 15792: 15790: 15788: 15783: 15782: 15780: 15770: 15769: 15764: 15758: 15756: 15751: 15749: 15747: 15742: 15740: 15738: 15733: 15732: 15730: 15720: 15719: 15714: 15708: 15706: 15701: 15699: 15697: 15692: 15691: 15689: 15687: 15686: 15681: 15675: 15673: 15668: 15667: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15655: 15645: 15643: 15638: 15636: 15634: 15629: 15627: 15625: 15620: 15618: 15616: 15611: 15610: 15608: 15598: 15597: 15592: 15586: 15584: 15579: 15577: 15575: 15574:M. javanensis 15570: 15569: 15567: 15557: 15556: 15551: 15545: 15543: 15538: 15536: 15534: 15529: 15528: 15526: 15524: 15523: 15518: 15512: 15510: 15505: 15503: 15501: 15500:C. leuconotus 15496: 15494: 15492: 15491:C. humboldtii 15487: 15485: 15483: 15478: 15477: 15475: 15465: 15464: 15459: 15456: 15450: 15442: 15438: 15432: 15430: 15425: 15424: 15422: 15420: 15416: 15412: 15408: 15403: 15399: 15373: 15371: 15366: 15364: 15362: 15357: 15355: 15353: 15348: 15346: 15344: 15339: 15338: 15335: 15332: 15322: 15318: 15312: 15310: 15305: 15303: 15301: 15296: 15295: 15293: 15283: 15282: 15277: 15267: 15265: 15260: 15259: 15257: 15255: 15254: 15249: 15243: 15241: 15236: 15235: 15232: 15229: 15219: 15215: 15212: 15202: 15198: 15184: 15182: 15179:Baikal seal ( 15177: 15175: 15173: 15170:Ringed seal ( 15168: 15166: 15164: 15159: 15158: 15156: 15154: 15153: 15148: 15142: 15140: 15137:Harbor seal ( 15135: 15133: 15131: 15126: 15125: 15123: 15121: 15120: 15115: 15109: 15107: 15102: 15100: 15098: 15095:Ribbon seal ( 15093: 15091: 15089: 15084: 15083: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15071: 15065: 15063: 15060:Hooded seal ( 15058: 15056: 15054: 15049: 15048: 15045: 15042: 15032: 15028: 15025: 15013: 15009: 14999: 14997: 14996:A. tropicalis 14992: 14990: 14988: 14983: 14981: 14979: 14974: 14972: 14970: 14965: 14963: 14961: 14956: 14954: 14952: 14947: 14945: 14943: 14938: 14936: 14934: 14929: 14928: 14926: 14924: 14923: 14922:Arctocephalus 14918: 14912: 14910: 14905: 14904: 14901: 14895: 14893: 14888: 14887: 14885: 14883: 14882: 14877: 14871: 14869: 14864: 14863: 14860: 14850: 14848: 14847:Z. wollebaeki 14843: 14841: 14839: 14834: 14833: 14831: 14829: 14828: 14823: 14817: 14815: 14810: 14809: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14797: 14791: 14789: 14784: 14783: 14781: 14779: 14778: 14773: 14770: 14764: 14759: 14755:(eared seals: 14750: 14745: 14739: 14737: 14732: 14731: 14729: 14727: 14723: 14719: 14715: 14707: 14703: 14678: 14677: 14676: 14675: 14673: 14671: 14667: 14658: 14657: 14656: 14655: 14653: 14644: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14631: 14617: 14615: 14610: 14608: 14606: 14601: 14599: 14597: 14596:U. thibetanus 14592: 14590: 14588: 14587:U. americanus 14583: 14582: 14580: 14578: 14577: 14572: 14566: 14564: 14559: 14557: 14555: 14550: 14549: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14537: 14531: 14529: 14524: 14523: 14521: 14519: 14518: 14513: 14507: 14505: 14502:Giant panda ( 14500: 14499: 14497: 14495: 14494: 14489: 14486: 14478: 14474: 14471: 14468: 14463: 14445: 14443: 14438: 14436: 14434: 14429: 14427: 14425: 14420: 14418: 14416: 14411: 14409: 14407: 14402: 14400: 14398: 14393: 14391: 14389: 14388:C. familiaris 14384: 14382: 14380: 14375: 14374: 14372: 14370: 14369: 14364: 14358: 14356: 14351: 14349: 14347: 14346:Lycaon pictus 14342: 14341: 14338: 14332: 14330: 14325: 14323: 14321: 14316: 14315: 14313: 14311: 14310: 14305: 14302: 14294: 14290: 14280: 14278: 14273: 14271: 14269: 14264: 14262: 14260: 14255: 14253: 14251: 14246: 14244: 14242: 14237: 14235: 14233: 14228: 14227: 14225: 14223: 14222: 14217: 14211: 14209: 14204: 14202: 14200: 14195: 14194: 14191: 14185: 14183: 14178: 14177: 14175: 14173: 14172: 14167: 14161: 14159: 14154: 14153: 14150: 14147: 14139: 14135: 14132: 14124: 14120: 14110: 14108: 14103: 14101: 14099: 14094: 14092: 14090: 14085: 14083: 14081: 14076: 14074: 14072: 14067: 14065: 14063: 14058: 14056: 14054: 14049: 14047: 14045: 14042:Tibetan fox ( 14040: 14038: 14036: 14031: 14029: 14027: 14022: 14020: 14018: 14013: 14011: 14009: 14004: 14003: 14001: 13996: 13989: 13988: 13983: 13977: 13975: 13974:N. viverrinus 13970: 13968: 13966: 13961: 13960: 13958: 13956: 13955: 13950: 13944: 13942: 13937: 13936: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13924: 13918: 13916: 13915:U. littoralis 13911: 13909: 13907: 13902: 13901: 13899: 13897: 13896: 13891: 13888: 13880: 13875: 13871: 13867: 13859: 13855: 13829: 13827: 13822: 13820: 13818: 13813: 13811: 13809: 13804: 13802: 13800: 13795: 13793: 13791: 13790:H. flavescens 13786: 13785: 13783: 13781: 13780: 13775: 13769: 13767: 13762: 13760: 13758: 13753: 13751: 13749: 13744: 13743: 13741: 13739: 13738: 13733: 13727: 13725: 13720: 13718: 13716: 13711: 13709: 13707: 13702: 13700: 13698: 13693: 13692: 13689: 13683: 13681: 13680:U. vitticolla 13676: 13674: 13672: 13667: 13665: 13663: 13658: 13656: 13654: 13649: 13647: 13645: 13640: 13638: 13636: 13631: 13629: 13627: 13622: 13620: 13618: 13613: 13611: 13609: 13604: 13603: 13601: 13599: 13598: 13593: 13587: 13585: 13584:Xenogale naso 13580: 13578: 13576: 13571: 13570: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13558: 13548: 13546: 13541: 13539: 13537: 13532: 13530: 13528: 13523: 13521: 13519: 13514: 13513: 13511: 13509: 13508: 13503: 13497: 13495: 13490: 13488: 13486: 13481: 13480: 13478: 13476: 13475: 13470: 13464: 13462: 13457: 13456: 13453: 13447: 13445: 13440: 13438: 13436: 13431: 13430: 13428: 13426: 13425: 13420: 13414: 13412: 13407: 13406: 13403: 13397: 13395: 13390: 13389: 13387: 13385: 13384: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13370: 13367: 13358: 13357:sensu stricto 13353: 13349: 13335: 13333: 13328: 13326: 13324: 13319: 13318: 13316: 13314: 13313: 13308: 13302: 13300: 13295: 13294: 13291: 13285: 13283: 13278: 13276: 13274: 13269: 13268: 13266: 13264: 13263: 13258: 13252: 13250: 13245: 13244: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13232: 13222: 13220: 13215: 13213: 13211: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13201: 13200: 13195: 13189: 13187: 13186:Fossa fossana 13182: 13180: 13178: 13173: 13172: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13160: 13157: 13147: 13143: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13127: 13109: 13107: 13102: 13101: 13099: 13097: 13096: 13091: 13085: 13083: 13080:Brown hyena ( 13078: 13076: 13074: 13073:Hyaena hyaena 13069: 13068: 13065: 13062: 13054: 13050: 13044: 13042: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13032: 13031: 13026: 13023: 13015: 13011: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12994: 12990: 12969: 12968: 12967: 12966: 12964: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12932: 12930: 12925: 12923: 12921: 12916: 12914: 12912: 12907: 12905: 12903: 12900:Hausa genet ( 12898: 12896: 12894: 12889: 12887: 12885: 12880: 12878: 12876: 12871: 12869: 12867: 12862: 12860: 12858: 12853: 12851: 12849: 12844: 12842: 12840: 12835: 12833: 12831: 12826: 12824: 12822: 12817: 12815: 12813: 12808: 12806: 12804: 12803:G. angolensis 12799: 12797: 12795: 12794:G. abyssinica 12790: 12789: 12787: 12779: 12778: 12773: 12767: 12765: 12760: 12758: 12756: 12751: 12750: 12748: 12740: 12739: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12725: 12715: 12713: 12708: 12706: 12704: 12703:V. tangalunga 12699: 12697: 12695: 12690: 12688: 12686: 12681: 12680: 12678: 12676: 12675: 12670: 12664: 12662: 12657: 12655: 12653: 12648: 12647: 12644: 12641: 12638: 12637:sensu stricto 12633: 12629: 12626: 12622: 12617: 12611: 12607: 12597: 12595: 12590: 12588: 12586: 12581: 12579: 12577: 12572: 12571: 12569: 12567: 12566: 12561: 12555: 12553: 12548: 12546: 12544: 12539: 12537: 12535: 12530: 12528: 12526: 12521: 12520: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12511:Paradoxurinae 12508: 12502: 12500: 12495: 12493: 12491: 12486: 12484: 12482: 12479:Otter civet ( 12477: 12475: 12473: 12468: 12467: 12465: 12463: 12459: 12456: 12453: 12448: 12444: 12440: 12435: 12431: 12410: 12409: 12408: 12407: 12405: 12403: 12399: 12373: 12371: 12370:F. silvestris 12366: 12364: 12362: 12357: 12355: 12353: 12348: 12346: 12344: 12339: 12337: 12335: 12330: 12328: 12326: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12312: 12311: 12309: 12307: 12306: 12301: 12291: 12289: 12288:P. viverrinus 12286:Fishing cat ( 12284: 12282: 12280: 12275: 12273: 12271: 12266: 12264: 12262: 12261:P. javanensis 12257: 12255: 12253: 12250:Leopard cat ( 12248: 12247: 12245: 12243: 12242: 12237: 12231: 12229: 12224: 12223: 12220: 12217: 12211: 12201: 12199: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12188: 12183: 12177: 12175: 12170: 12169: 12166: 12160: 12158: 12153: 12152: 12150: 12148: 12147: 12142: 12139: 12133: 12127: 12125: 12120: 12118: 12116: 12111: 12109: 12107: 12102: 12100: 12098: 12097:L. canadensis 12095:Canada lynx ( 12093: 12092: 12090: 12088: 12087: 12082: 12076: 12074: 12069: 12067: 12065: 12060: 12058: 12056: 12051: 12049: 12047: 12042: 12040: 12038: 12033: 12031: 12029: 12024: 12022: 12020: 12015: 12013: 12011: 12006: 12005: 12003: 12001: 12000: 11995: 11985: 11983: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11964: 11963: 11958: 11952: 11950: 11945: 11944: 11941: 11938: 11932: 11922: 11920: 11919:C. temminckii 11915: 11913: 11911: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11901: 11900: 11895: 11889: 11887: 11884:Marbled cat ( 11882: 11881: 11879: 11877: 11876: 11871: 11868: 11862: 11859: 11855: 11854:sensu stricto 11851: 11846: 11832: 11830: 11825: 11823: 11821: 11816: 11814: 11812: 11807: 11805: 11803: 11798: 11796: 11794: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11783: 11778: 11772: 11770: 11765: 11763: 11761: 11756: 11755: 11753: 11751: 11750: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11729: 11721: 11716: 11712: 11706: 11704: 11703:P. pardicolor 11699: 11697: 11695: 11690: 11689: 11687: 11680: 11679: 11674: 11671: 11668: 11663: 11659: 11653: 11651: 11646: 11645: 11642: 11639: 11636: 11631: 11627: 11623: 11615: 11611: 11605: 11601: 11599: 11595: 11593: 11589: 11587: 11583: 11581: 11577: 11576: 11573: 11568: 11560: 11555: 11553: 11548: 11546: 11541: 11540: 11537: 11529: 11528: 11522: 11517: 11505: 11501: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11484: 11482: 11475: 11472: 11467: 11463: 11462: 11451: 11449:9780007146666 11445: 11441: 11436: 11424: 11420: 11414: 11410: 11409: 11404: 11400: 11388: 11384: 11382:9780691215297 11378: 11374: 11373: 11368: 11364: 11352: 11348: 11342: 11338: 11337: 11331: 11327: 11321: 11317: 11316:The Zoo Story 11312: 11308: 11302: 11297: 11296: 11289: 11277: 11273: 11267: 11263: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11243: 11238: 11231: 11226: 11217: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11193: 11185: 11179: 11175: 11168: 11161: 11156: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11129: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11110:(in French). 11109: 11105: 11104:Cassin, Elena 11099: 11092: 11087: 11079: 11073: 11069: 11068: 11063: 11056: 11049: 11044: 11037: 11032: 11025: 11020: 11012: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10991: 10989: 10980: 10974: 10970: 10963: 10961: 10959: 10950: 10944: 10940: 10933: 10925: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10890:(7): e22285. 10889: 10885: 10884: 10879: 10872: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10827: 10819: 10810: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10786: 10777: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10753: 10745: 10739: 10735: 10728: 10712: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10695: 10688: 10683: 10676: 10671: 10663: 10659: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10636: 10629: 10624: 10618:, p. 156–159. 10617: 10612: 10604: 10598: 10594: 10593: 10588: 10582: 10575: 10570: 10568: 10559: 10553: 10549: 10542: 10535: 10530: 10523: 10518: 10511: 10506: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10475: 10468: 10463: 10456: 10451: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10420: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10389: 10373: 10369: 10368:Visit the Zoo 10365: 10358: 10351: 10346: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10315: 10300: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10279: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10249:(2): 99–116. 10248: 10244: 10237: 10230: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10191: 10183: 10179: 10172: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10121: 10113: 10106: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10071: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10040: 10031: 10026: 10022: 10018: 10014: 10012: 10003: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9980: 9972: 9965: 9963: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9923: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9888: 9877: 9870: 9869: 9865: 9857: 9846: 9839: 9838: 9830: 9814: 9810: 9804: 9788: 9784: 9783:New Scientist 9780: 9774: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9740: 9738: 9734: 9725: 9717: 9711: 9702: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9678: 9670: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9629: 9620: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9601: 9592: 9584: 9576: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9552: 9544: 9540: 9533: 9525: 9521: 9514: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9436: 9428: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9400: 9391: 9385: 9381: 9376: 9369: 9364: 9357: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9340: 9335: 9328: 9323: 9315: 9309: 9305: 9298: 9290: 9288:9780202368160 9284: 9280: 9273: 9266: 9261: 9253: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9220: 9212: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9184: 9175: 9167: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9123: 9113: 9105: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9064: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9033: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9006: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8987:(in German). 8986: 8979: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8956: 8949: 8944: 8936: 8930: 8926: 8919: 8913:, pp. 189–90. 8912: 8907: 8901:, pp. 188–89. 8900: 8895: 8888: 8883: 8876: 8871: 8864: 8859: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8836:(5): 716–28. 8835: 8831: 8824: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8789: 8782: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8765: 8760: 8753: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8716: 8708: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8693: 8685: 8678: 8673: 8665: 8659: 8655: 8654: 8646: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8619: 8612: 8607: 8605: 8597: 8592: 8585: 8580: 8571: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8547: 8538: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8519: 8518:Lycaon pictus 8510: 8503: 8498: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8447: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8396: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8362: 8360: 8351: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8309: 8302: 8294: 8292:9780760747674 8288: 8284: 8277: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8199: 8193:, pp. 273–74. 8192: 8187: 8180: 8175: 8167: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8146: 8138: 8132: 8128: 8121: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8072: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8042: 8036:, p. 213–216. 8035: 8030: 8023: 8018: 8011: 8006: 8000:, pp. 270–76. 7999: 7994: 7992: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7956: 7949: 7944: 7936: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7907: 7900: 7895: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7818: 7811: 7806: 7799: 7794: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7742: 7735: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7627: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7572: 7565: 7560: 7553: 7548: 7539: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7515: 7506: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7487: 7478: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7432: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7410: 7403: 7396: 7391: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7338: 7330: 7323: 7317:, pp. 42, 57. 7316: 7311: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7260: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7135: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7053: 7044: 7035: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7011: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6984: 6976: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6930:, pp. 25, 31. 6929: 6924: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6885: 6878: 6873: 6871: 6863: 6858: 6851: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6835:, pp. 120–21. 6834: 6829: 6822: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6786: 6779: 6777: 6760: 6756: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6737: 6729: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6693: 6692:Mammal Review 6688: 6684: 6677: 6668: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6649: 6640: 6631: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6597: 6595: 6586: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6551:(4): e60174. 6550: 6546: 6542: 6535: 6524: 6517: 6516: 6508: 6506: 6498: 6493: 6484: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6457: 6448: 6446: 6437: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6412: 6406: 6402: 6395: 6387: 6380: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6302: 6298: 6297:New Scientist 6294: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6221: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6194: 6187: 6182: 6175: 6170: 6163: 6158: 6151: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6019:conservation" 6018: 6014: 6005: 6003: 5995: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5951: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5935: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5882: 5875: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5822: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5806: 5797: 5795: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5751: 5742: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5640: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5558: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5531: 5522: 5518: 5516: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5451: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5423: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5269: 5262: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5184:(1496): 200. 5183: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5066: 5057: 5055: 5045: 5040: 5037:(2): 58–103. 5036: 5032: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5013: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4953: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4938:Barnett, R.; 4934: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4832: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4788: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4618: 4609: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4524: 4522: 4513: 4511: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4478:10.5334/oq.24 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4447: 4445: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4350: 4341: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4290: 4279: 4275: 4274: 4266: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4087: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3981: 3972: 3970: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3860: 3858: 3849: 3847: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3754: 3750: 3748: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3678: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3614: 3612: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3467: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3441: 3434: 3423: 3419: 3417: 3408: 3406: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3324:Wilson, D. E. 3321: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3294: 3274: 3270: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3237: 3235: 3234: 3233:The Lion King 3229: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3208:L. Frank Baum 3205: 3204:Cowardly Lion 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3107:W. W. Denslow 3104: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2980:Ancient Egypt 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2898: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2852: 2847: 2838: 2837:in mid-2015. 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2818:Maasai people 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791:Mughal Empire 2788: 2783: 640 BC 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2718: 2717:(1903–1965). 2716: 2711: 2710:equestrianism 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2670:and Sydney's 2669: 2668:Melbourne Zoo 2665: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2603: 2600:19th-century 2596: 2586: 2585:Melbourne Zoo 2579: 2560: 2559:of the lion. 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2535:In 1982, the 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2506: 2501: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2485:IUCN Red List 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2457: 2448: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2414:WAP ecosystem 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342:IUCN Red List 2339: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2303: 2279: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2237: 2223: 2212:Communication 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2157: 2149: 2144: 2135: 2133: 2128: 2110: 2106: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2065: 2051: 2037: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 1993: 1979: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1799: 1789: 1782: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1704: 1690: 1676: 1674: 1663: 1661: 1660:Narmada River 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1583:zone and the 1582: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1538: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1450: 1445: 1442: 1427: 1417: 1410: 1387: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1331: 1329: 1324: 1321: 1316: 1300: 1296: 1282: 1268: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1234: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1200: 1196: 1195:mitochondrial 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183:mutation rate 1179: 1177: 1176:Olduvai Gorge 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160:Hybridisation 1155: 1148: 1143: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1122: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1062: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1041:American lion 1038: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 997: 993: 990: 986: 985: 981: 978: 975:excavated in 974: 971: 967: 966: 962: 961: 960: 958: 951: 946: 937: 935: 931: 927: 922: 917: 915: 911: 899: 892: 891:P. l. vernayi 886: 881: 880:P. l. krugeri 875: 870: 863: 862:P. l. nyanzae 857: 852: 845: 839: 834: 828: 823: 816: 812: 806: 801: 800: 796: 791: 786: 780: 775: 774:P. l. kamptzi 770:(Meyer, 1826) 768: 763:(Meyer, 1826) 761: 760:P. l. persica 757: 753: 750: 746: 742: 735: 734: 730: 729: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 713:P. l. persica 710: 706: 705:IUCN Red List 702: 699: 695: 691: 682: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 654: 649: 648:Carl Linnaeus 645: 641: 633: 624: 622: 621:ancient Greek 618: 614: 609: 599: 594: 585: 584:Ancient Greek 580: 576:(nominative: 574: 570: 565: 561: 557: 547: 545: 544:Ancient Egypt 541: 537: 533: 529: 523: 521: 516: 515:IUCN Red List 512: 508: 507:western India 504: 500: 497:. During the 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 432: 428:of the genus 427: 424:) is a large 423: 422: 417: 406: 402: 397: 392: 391: 386: 384: 383: 379: 377: 376: 372: 371: 369: 364: 359: 355: 349: 347: 341: 338: 337:Binomial name 334: 330: 329: 324: 321: 320: 317: 316: 312: 309: 308: 305: 302: 299: 298: 295: 292: 289: 288: 285: 282: 279: 278: 275: 272: 269: 268: 265: 262: 259: 258: 255: 252: 249: 248: 245: 242: 239: 238: 235: 232: 229: 228: 223: 218: 214: 208: 202: 197: 191: 186: 175: 171: 166: 162: 157: 153: 148: 144: 139: 135: 130: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 47: 44: 40: 39:Mountain lion 33: 19: 17391: 17362:Tree of Life 17133:panthera-leo 17097:Panthera_leo 17083:Panthera leo 17053:Panthera leo 17052: 17009: 17000: 16991: 16982: 16973: 16964: 16955: 16946: 16937: 16928: 16919: 16910: 16901: 16892: 16883: 16874: 16865: 16845: 16833: 16824: 16815: 16806: 16794: 16769: 16760: 16751: 16739: 16727: 16715: 16704:L. sumatrana 16703: 16694: 16682: 16670: 16653: 16641: 16629: 16620: 16611: 16602: 16590: 16578: 16536: 16527: 16515: 16503: 16487:V. peregusna 16486: 16474: 16441: 16432: 16412: 16400: 16387:Lyncodontini 16378:Ictonychinae 16362:M. zibellina 16361: 16352: 16343: 16334: 16325: 16317:M. flavigula 16316: 16307: 16299:M. americana 16298: 16278: 16266: 16254: 16242: 16230: 16219:Eira barbara 16218: 16192: 16184:M. personata 16183: 16174: 16165: 16156: 16147: 16127: 16111: 16102: 16094:M. canescens 16093: 16084: 16072: 16060: 16051: 16042: 16030: 16001: 15989: 15977: 15896: 15887: 15875: 15863: 15854: 15842: 15813: 15804: 15795: 15786: 15766: 15754: 15745: 15736: 15716: 15704: 15703:Cacomistle ( 15695: 15683: 15672:Potos flavus 15671: 15641: 15632: 15623: 15614: 15594: 15582: 15573: 15553: 15541: 15532: 15520: 15508: 15499: 15490: 15481: 15461: 15428: 15369: 15360: 15351: 15342: 15308: 15299: 15279: 15263: 15251: 15239: 15224:(monk seals) 15180: 15171: 15162: 15150: 15138: 15129: 15117: 15105: 15096: 15087: 15061: 15052: 14995: 14987:A. townsendi 14986: 14977: 14969:A. philippii 14968: 14959: 14950: 14941: 14933:A. australis 14932: 14920: 14908: 14891: 14879: 14867: 14846: 14837: 14825: 14813: 14787: 14775: 14735: 14614:U. maritimus 14613: 14612:Polar bear ( 14604: 14603:Brown bear ( 14595: 14586: 14574: 14562: 14553: 14552:Sloth bear ( 14527: 14515: 14503: 14491: 14441: 14432: 14423: 14414: 14405: 14396: 14387: 14378: 14366: 14355:Cuon alpinus 14354: 14345: 14329:L. mesomelas 14328: 14319: 14307: 14276: 14267: 14258: 14257:Pampas fox ( 14249: 14240: 14231: 14219: 14207: 14198: 14182:S. venaticus 14181: 14169: 14157: 14156:Maned wolf ( 14138:Cerdocyonina 14106: 14105:Fennec fox ( 14097: 14088: 14080:V. rueppelli 14079: 14070: 14061: 14052: 14051:Arctic fox ( 14044:V. ferrilata 14043: 14034: 14033:Corsac fox ( 14025: 14016: 14007: 14006:Bengal fox ( 13985: 13973: 13964: 13952: 13940: 13914: 13913:Island fox ( 13905: 13893: 13826:H. sanguinea 13825: 13816: 13807: 13799:H. ichneumon 13798: 13789: 13777: 13765: 13756: 13747: 13735: 13723: 13714: 13705: 13696: 13679: 13670: 13661: 13652: 13643: 13634: 13626:U. edwardsii 13625: 13617:U. brachyura 13616: 13607: 13595: 13583: 13574: 13544: 13535: 13526: 13518:C. alexandri 13517: 13505: 13493: 13484: 13472: 13460: 13443: 13435:M. gambianus 13434: 13422: 13410: 13394:S. suricatta 13393: 13381: 13356: 13331: 13322: 13310: 13298: 13281: 13272: 13260: 13248: 13218: 13209: 13197: 13185: 13176: 13153:carnivorans) 13134: 13105: 13093: 13081: 13072: 13040: 13028: 12998:Herpestoidea 12961:Herpestoidea 12928: 12920:G. victoriae 12919: 12910: 12909:Cape genet ( 12901: 12893:G. servalina 12892: 12883: 12882:King genet ( 12875:G. piscivora 12874: 12865: 12856: 12847: 12839:G. johnstoni 12838: 12829: 12820: 12811: 12802: 12793: 12775: 12764:P. leightoni 12763: 12754: 12736: 12711: 12702: 12694:V. megaspila 12693: 12685:V. civettina 12684: 12672: 12660: 12651: 12636: 12620: 12593: 12584: 12575: 12563: 12551: 12542: 12533: 12524: 12498: 12489: 12480: 12471: 12369: 12360: 12352:F. margarita 12351: 12342: 12333: 12332:Jungle cat ( 12324: 12315: 12303: 12287: 12278: 12270:P. planiceps 12269: 12260: 12251: 12241:Prionailurus 12239: 12227: 12197: 12185: 12173: 12172:Jaguarundi ( 12156: 12144: 12123: 12114: 12105: 12096: 12084: 12072: 12063: 12054: 12045: 12036: 12027: 12019:L. geoffroyi 12018: 12009: 12008:Pampas cat ( 11997: 11981: 11972: 11960: 11948: 11918: 11909: 11897: 11886:P. marmorata 11885: 11873: 11853: 11828: 11819: 11817: 11810: 11801: 11792: 11780: 11768: 11759: 11747: 11702: 11693: 11676: 11649: 11602:Superorder: 11596:Infraclass: 11525: 11521:"Lion" 11508:. Retrieved 11504:the original 11481:Panthera leo 11480: 11439: 11427:. Retrieved 11407: 11391:. Retrieved 11371: 11355:. Retrieved 11335: 11315: 11294: 11280:. Retrieved 11260: 11237: 11225: 11206: 11202: 11192: 11173: 11167: 11155: 11138: 11134: 11128: 11111: 11107: 11098: 11086: 11066: 11055: 11043: 11031: 11019: 11000: 10968: 10938: 10932: 10887: 10881: 10871: 10830: 10824: 10818: 10799: 10795: 10785: 10766: 10762: 10752: 10733: 10727: 10715:. Retrieved 10704: 10694: 10682: 10670: 10645: 10641: 10635: 10623: 10611: 10591: 10581: 10547: 10541: 10529: 10517: 10505: 10493:. Retrieved 10489:the original 10484: 10474: 10462: 10450: 10440:29 September 10438:. Retrieved 10434:the original 10429: 10419: 10407:. Retrieved 10403:the original 10398: 10388: 10376:. Retrieved 10372:the original 10367: 10357: 10345: 10328: 10324: 10314: 10302:. Retrieved 10288: 10278: 10266:. Retrieved 10259:the original 10246: 10242: 10229: 10204: 10200: 10197:Panthera leo 10196: 10190: 10181: 10177: 10171: 10159:. Retrieved 10155:the original 10137:(2): 87–94. 10134: 10130: 10120: 10111: 10105: 10080: 10076: 10070: 10058:. Retrieved 10049: 10039: 10020: 10016: 10010: 10002: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9979: 9970: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9922: 9897: 9893: 9887: 9867: 9866:Panthera leo 9863: 9856: 9836: 9829: 9817:. Retrieved 9803: 9791:. Retrieved 9782: 9773: 9761:. Retrieved 9754:the original 9749: 9745: 9736: 9732: 9724: 9710:cite journal 9694:(1): 26–31. 9691: 9687: 9686:in Africa". 9684:Panthera leo 9683: 9677: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9628: 9609: 9605: 9600:Panthera leo 9599: 9591: 9565: 9561: 9551: 9542: 9538: 9532: 9523: 9519: 9513: 9497: 9493: 9480: 9464: 9460: 9447: 9435: 9408: 9404: 9399:Panthera leo 9398: 9390: 9375: 9363: 9341:, pp. 88–91. 9334: 9329:, pp. 85–88. 9322: 9303: 9297: 9278: 9272: 9260: 9236:(1): 70–74. 9233: 9229: 9219: 9192: 9188: 9183:Panthera leo 9182: 9174: 9131: 9127: 9122:Panthera leo 9121: 9112: 9077: 9073: 9063: 9051:. Retrieved 9047:the original 9042: 9032: 9015: 9011: 9005: 8991:(1): 39–50. 8988: 8984: 8978: 8961: 8955: 8943: 8924: 8918: 8906: 8894: 8882: 8870: 8858: 8833: 8829: 8823: 8806: 8800: 8788: 8783:, p. 147-49. 8759: 8733: 8727: 8715: 8691: 8684: 8672: 8652: 8645: 8628: 8624: 8618: 8591: 8579: 8560: 8556: 8546: 8527: 8523: 8517: 8509: 8497: 8464: 8460: 8454: 8409: 8405: 8395: 8371: 8367: 8358: 8350: 8321:(5): 68–76. 8318: 8314: 8301: 8282: 8276: 8243: 8239: 8233: 8208: 8204: 8198: 8186: 8174: 8155: 8145: 8126: 8120: 8096: 8092: 8084:Panthera leo 8083: 8079: 8071: 8059:. Retrieved 8050: 8041: 8029: 8017: 8005: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7943: 7916: 7906: 7894: 7846: 7842: 7829: 7817: 7805: 7793: 7751: 7747: 7734: 7694: 7690: 7677: 7665:. Retrieved 7643:(1): 36–44. 7640: 7636: 7626: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7590:Panthera leo 7589: 7583: 7571: 7559: 7547: 7531:(1): 60–67. 7528: 7524: 7514: 7495: 7491: 7485: 7477: 7443: 7439: 7431:Panthera leo 7430: 7408: 7402: 7390: 7355: 7351: 7344:Jhala, Y. V. 7337: 7328: 7322: 7310: 7269: 7265: 7259: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7160: 7156: 7143: 7124: 7120: 7110: 7098: 7061: 7058:BMC Genetics 7057: 7052:Panthera leo 7051: 7043: 7024: 7020: 7010: 7001: 6995: 6990:, pp. 52–54. 6983: 6959: 6923: 6906: 6902: 6896: 6884: 6857: 6828: 6816: 6807: 6803: 6793: 6784: 6765:25 September 6763:. Retrieved 6743: 6736: 6727: 6721: 6696: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6657: 6653: 6648:Panthera leo 6647: 6639: 6630:11585/903022 6612: 6606: 6602: 6548: 6544: 6534: 6523:the original 6514: 6492: 6468:(1): 17–35. 6465: 6461: 6456:Panthera leo 6455: 6425: 6419: 6400: 6394: 6388:: e45011830. 6385: 6379: 6367:. Retrieved 6363:the original 6358: 6348: 6336:. Retrieved 6327: 6317: 6305:. Retrieved 6296: 6286: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6239:. Retrieved 6235:the original 6230: 6220: 6211: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6169: 6157: 6145: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6075: 6069: 6058:the original 6029: 6025: 6016: 6013:Panthera leo 6012: 5989: 5972: 5968: 5965:Panthera leo 5964: 5958: 5939: 5934:Panthera leo 5933: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5880: 5874: 5844: 5839: 5836:Panthera leo 5835: 5829: 5810: 5805:Panthera leo 5804: 5781:. Retrieved 5762: 5740: 5712: 5708: 5705:Panthera leo 5704: 5664: 5660: 5651: 5650:), Caracal ( 5648:Panthera leo 5647: 5639: 5627:. Retrieved 5608: 5598: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5546: 5542: 5520: 5515:Panthera leo 5514: 5506: 5501:, pp. 28–30. 5494: 5483:the original 5462: 5458: 5450:Panthera leo 5449: 5411: 5408:Panthera leo 5407: 5350: 5346: 5333: 5321:. Retrieved 5302: 5292: 5275: 5261: 5234: 5228: 5216:. Retrieved 5181: 5177: 5167: 5134: 5130: 5127:Panthera leo 5126: 5119: 5074: 5070: 5065:Panthera leo 5064: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5012: 4964: 4958: 4950:Panthera leo 4949: 4933: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4847: 4843: 4818:. Retrieved 4799: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4740:, including 4737: 4729: 4704:11343/299180 4678: 4674: 4663: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4608: 4595:(9): 52–57. 4592: 4588: 4575: 4564:the original 4535: 4529: 4520: 4497:. Retrieved 4468: 4464: 4458: 4454: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4416: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4340: 4328:. Retrieved 4311: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4278:the original 4271: 4258: 4223: 4217: 4207: 4162: 4156: 4095: 4091: 4086:Panthera leo 4085: 4076: 4031: 4027: 4016: 4004:. Retrieved 3985: 3980:Panthera leo 3979: 3956:. Retrieved 3943: 3930: 3918:. Retrieved 3906: 3868: 3862: 3857:Panthera leo 3856: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3811:Panthera leo 3810: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3752: 3746: 3738: 3693: 3689: 3664:. Retrieved 3634:(1): 64–76. 3631: 3627: 3621: 3598:. Retrieved 3589: 3579: 3567:. Retrieved 3526: 3520: 3493:. Retrieved 3484: 3474: 3454:. Retrieved 3444: 3433: 3421: 3415: 3392:. Retrieved 3387: 3381: 3376:Panthera leo 3375: 3328: 3318:Panthera leo 3317: 3273: 3231: 3221: 3211: 3165: 3149:bodhisattvas 3142: 3118: 3112: 3100: 3097:Dorothy Gale 3051:Leo the lion 3016: 2959: 2953: 2937: 2929:Luxor Temple 2899: 2890:Lindi Region 2886:Rufiji River 2874: 2862: 2815: 2799:Ancient Rome 2773:Ashurbanipal 2757: 2733:Lion baiting 2727:Lion hunting 2715:Clyde Beatty 2705: 2680: 2657: 2618: 2614:Honolulu Zoo 2610: 2550: 2534: 2510: 2489: 2475:and reduced 2462: 2441: 2418: 2402:Burkina Faso 2376: 2372: 2335: 2332:Conservation 2319: 2308: 2299: 2258:allogrooming 2250:head rubbing 2247: 2198:encephalitis 2186: 2179: 2169: 2160: 2152: 2129: 2125: 2107: 2075: 2031: 2023: 2003: 1958: 1954: 1925: 1912: 1884:hippopotamus 1848:plains zebra 1830: 1819:common eland 1765: 1750: 1737: 1714: 1669: 1620: 1589: 1578: 1569:scrub forest 1546: 1526:canned hunts 1499: 1485: 1454: 1446: 1441:testosterone 1437: 1367:Tail length 1348:Female lions 1337: 1325: 1317: 1292: 1236: 1204: 1180: 1164:snow leopard 1127:sister group 1093: 1091: 1080:Panthera leo 1079: 1072: 1065: 1040: 1035: 1024: 1000: 994: 983: 963: 954: 933: 929: 918: 913: 909: 906: 897: 890: 879: 868: 861: 850: 843: 832: 821: 818:(Noack 1891) 814: 798: 784: 773: 766: 759: 752:Barbary lion 745:Asiatic lion 732: 712: 708: 687: 657: 651: 639: 638: 612: 560:Anglo-Norman 555: 553: 532:Roman Empire 524: 520:habitat loss 472: 434:, native to 429: 421:Panthera leo 420: 419: 415: 413: 388: 380: 373: 346:Panthera leo 345: 343: 327: 326: 314: 43: 17416:Wikispecies 17193:iNaturalist 17077:Wikispecies 17001:M. sibirica 16983:M. putorius 16956:M. nigripes 16938:M. lutreola 16911:M. haidarum 16807:N. africana 16770:A. congicus 16761:A. cinereus 16752:A. capensis 16652:Sea otter ( 16630:L. provocax 16537:I. striatus 16458:Ictonychini 16353:M. melampus 16265:Wolverine ( 16243:P. pennanti 16166:M. moschata 16157:M. everetti 16103:M. leucurus 16061:A. hoevenii 16052:A. collaris 16002:M. capensis 15897:N. olivacea 15812:Olinguito ( 15768:Bassaricyon 15755:P. pygmaeus 15685:Bassariscus 15658:Procyonidae 15633:S. putorius 15624:S. gracilis 15542:M. mephitis 15533:M. macroura 15427:Red panda ( 15407:Musteloidea 15368:Ross seal ( 15321:Lobodontini 15253:Neomonachus 15181:P. sibirica 15139:P. vitulina 15104:Grey seal ( 15086:Harp seal ( 14978:A. pusillus 14942:A. forsteri 14777:Callorhinus 14711:Pinnipedia 14670:Musteloidea 14442:C. simensis 14406:C. lupaster 14275:Hoary fox ( 14268:L. sechurae 14241:L. fulvipes 14232:L. culpaeus 14128:(true dogs) 14087:Swift fox ( 14062:V. macrotis 13954:Nyctereutes 13863:Caniformia 13808:H. ochracea 13766:B. nigripes 13757:B. jacksoni 13644:U. javanica 13561:Herpestinae 13536:C. obscurus 13527:C. ansorgei 13507:Crossarchus 13363:(mongooses) 13352:Herpestidae 13332:S. durrelli 13323:S. concolor 13273:G. fasciata 13210:E. goudotii 13131:Herpestidae 13041:P. cristata 12902:G. thierryi 12857:G. maculata 12821:G. cristata 12812:G. bourloni 12565:Paradoxurus 12523:Binturong ( 12462:Hemigalinae 12439:Viverroidea 12402:Viverroidea 12361:F. nigripes 12213:Leopard cat 12198:P. concolor 12115:L. pardinus 12064:L. tigrinus 12055:L. pardalis 12046:L. jacobita 12037:L. guttulus 12010:L. colocola 11769:N. nebulosa 11739:Pantherinae 11619:Feliformia 11141:: 215–224. 10587:Feldman, D. 10495:5 September 10409:4 September 10352:, p. 81-82. 10243:Zoo Biology 9602:population" 9053:4 September 8736:(5): 87–94. 8625:Zoo Biology 6909:(16): 253. 6891:, p. 34–35. 6338:19 November 6307:19 November 5299:"The Liger" 4940:Shapiro, B. 4850:(1): 1–11. 4820:10 February 4654:11336/65990 4488:10576/22920 4431:Quaternaire 3958:23 December 3936:Wood, J. G. 3775:Pantherinae 3600:10 February 3495:20 February 3257:Roar (film) 3218:C. S. Lewis 3184:Nemean lion 3079:King Darius 3019:Mesopotamia 2945:Mali Empire 2682:Lion taming 2672:Taronga Zoo 2633:Renaissance 2425:Arly-Singou 2315:spray urine 2148:Lake Nakuru 2078:polyestrous 1872:sambar deer 1757:confluences 1631:Middle Ages 1618:by AD 100. 1557:Mount Kenya 1553:Mount Elgon 1351:Male lions 1320:postorbital 1257:Description 1029:Paleolithic 1025:P. fossilis 1011:during the 1003:, lived in 984:P. fossilis 662:Lorenz Oken 495:at twilight 366:Subspecies 328:P. leo 304:Pantherinae 300:Subfamily: 203:Appendix II 145:, Tanzania 17561:Categories 16974:M. nudipes 16965:M. nivalis 16929:M. kathiah 16884:M. erminea 16875:M. altaica 16825:N. frenata 16816:N. felipei 16786:Mustelinae 16528:I. libycus 16442:G. vittata 16308:M. caurina 16085:M. anakuma 15963:Mustelidae 15950:Mustelidae 15926:see below↓ 15917:Mustelidae 15814:B. neblina 15725:(raccoons) 15696:B. astutus 15694:Ringtail ( 15670:Kinkajou ( 15642:S. pygmaea 15583:M. marchei 15441:Mephitidae 15309:M. leonina 15201:Monachinae 15172:P. hispida 15163:P. caspica 14960:A. gazella 14892:N. cinerea 14788:C. ursinus 14726:Odobenidae 14679:see below↓ 14659:see below↓ 14643:Pinnipedia 14561:Sun bear ( 14528:T. ornatus 14517:Tremarctos 14493:Ailuropoda 14431:Red wolf ( 14397:C. latrans 14320:L. adustus 14277:L. vetulus 14250:L. griseus 14180:Bush dog ( 14071:V. pallida 14069:Pale fox ( 14053:V. lagopus 14024:Cape fox ( 13904:Gray fox ( 13662:U. smithii 13494:H. parvula 13485:H. hirtula 13373:Mungotinae 13262:Galidictis 13235:Galidiinae 13163:Euplerinae 13146:Eupleridae 13135:sensu lato 13106:C. crocuta 13039:Aardwolf ( 12970:see below↓ 12911:G. tigrina 12884:G. poensis 12866:G. pardina 12848:G. letabae 12830:G. genetta 12728:Genettinae 12712:V. zibetha 12632:Viverrinae 12621:sensu lato 12616:Viverrinae 12585:P. jerdoni 12452:Viverridae 12411:see below↓ 12350:Sand cat ( 12157:A. jubatus 11982:C. caracal 11875:Pardofelis 11694:P. linsang 11635:Feliformia 11429:1 November 11367:Packer, C. 11282:1 November 10184:: 465–481. 9819:1 February 9793:2 February 9660:1887/14372 9645:(4): 1–7. 9612:(4): 110. 9526:(5): 5–10. 7769:2263/41825 7397:, pp. 208. 6188:, pp. 133. 6176:, pp. 360. 6164:, pp. 145. 5783:1 November 5218:7 December 4944:Burger, J. 4437:: 201–208. 4219:Cladistics 4006:1 December 3946:. London: 3791:: 167–280. 3468:required.) 3427:(in Latin) 3285:References 3174:, notably 3161:lion dance 3031:Babylonian 2877:man-eating 2853:in Chicago 2841:Man-eating 2811:executions 2742:Bas-relief 2731:See also: 2660:London Zoo 2625:menageries 2539:started a 2481:Endangered 2473:inbreeding 2433:extirpated 2338:Vulnerable 2302:media help 2206:lentivirus 2094:homosexual 2004:Lions and 1948:of 1314.7 1946:bite force 1908:porcupines 1880:rhinoceros 1833:generalist 1725:Tsavo lion 1629:until the 1616:extirpated 1496:White lion 1217:Nile Basin 1168:Palearctic 996:P. spelaea 973:carnassial 910:P. leo leo 727:, namely: 694:subspecies 676:Subspecies 528:menageries 511:Vulnerable 483:shrublands 475:grasslands 284:Feliformia 280:Suborder: 185:Vulnerable 163:, Namibia 159:Female in 17422:Felis leo 17407:Q15294488 17392:Felis leo 16920:M. itatsi 16854:(weasels) 16717:Lutrogale 16654:E. lutris 16612:L. felina 16421:(grisons) 16344:M. martes 16287:(martens) 16205:Guloninae 15991:Mellivora 15864:N. narica 15805:B. medius 15796:B. gabbii 15787:B. alleni 15775:(olingos) 15744:Raccoon ( 15596:Spilogale 15482:C. chinga 15463:Conepatus 15419:Ailuridae 15218:Monachini 15130:P. largha 14800:Otariinae 14763:sea lions 14758:fur seals 14749:Otariidae 14634:Mustelida 14605:U. arctos 14467:Arctoidea 14424:C. lycaon 14379:C. aureus 14309:Lupulella 14221:Lycalopex 14098:V. vulpes 14096:Red fox ( 14060:Kit fox ( 14035:V. corsac 13779:Herpestes 13392:Meerkat ( 13151:(Malagasy 13053:Hyaeninae 13014:Hyaenidae 12929:G. felina 12343:F. lybica 12155:Cheetah ( 12073:L. wiedii 12062:Oncilla ( 12028:L. guigna 11999:Leopardus 11980:Caracal ( 11973:C. aurata 11908:Bay cat ( 11829:P. pardus 11827:Leopard ( 11802:P. tigris 11760:N. diardi 11678:Prionodon 11578:Kingdom: 11567:Carnivora 11050:, p. 119. 11038:, p. 100. 11026:, p. 133. 10689:, p. 113. 10677:, p. 166. 10630:, p. 142. 10576:, p. 187. 10534:de Courcy 10524:, p. 208. 10350:de Courcy 8950:, p. 184. 8889:, p. 183. 8766:, p. 143. 8722:, p. 137. 8679:, p. 142. 8613:, p. 174. 8586:, p. 188. 8504:, p. 293. 8181:, p. 272. 8024:, p. 276. 8012:, p. 133. 7901:, p. 237. 7812:, p. 248. 7578:, p. 153. 7554:, p. 195. 7448:CiteSeerX 7064:(1): 21. 6823:, p. 122. 6713:202040786 5996:, p. 148. 5576:Evolution 5479:198968757 5077:(1): 70. 4713:0962-1083 4098:: 30807. 3948:Routledge 3745:"1. Art, 3666:25 August 3592:: 59–82. 3569:22 August 3416:Felis leo 3316:"Species 3290:Citations 3259:from 1981 3216:, and in 3153:Manjushri 3131:Narasimha 3119:mrigendra 3105:. Art by 2927:from the 2903:apartheid 2895:full moon 2702:pantomime 2641:King John 2621:seraglios 2356:In Africa 2278:Lion roar 2194:pneumonia 2086:ovulation 1876:elephants 1840:ungulates 1753:territory 1642:river in 1627:Palestine 1612:Herodotus 1596:cave lion 1549:savannahs 1522:gene pool 1477:Castrated 1475:, Kenya. 1207:mutations 1187:gene flow 1129:with the 1103:from the 1056:Evolution 1045:Patagonia 1039:, or the 1001:cave lion 999:, or the 977:Sri Lanka 930:P. l. leo 811:Cape lion 733:P. l. leo 725:evolution 709:P. l. leo 666:specimens 640:Felis leo 550:Etymology 499:Neolithic 479:savannahs 456:ungulates 375:P. l. leo 322:Species: 274:Carnivora 240:Kingdom: 234:Eukaryota 17677:Panthera 17582:Big cats 17401:Wikidata 17349:Species+ 17276:14000228 17211:10196306 17104:BioLib: 17062:Wikidata 16900:Ferret ( 16834:N. vison 16695:L. lutra 16563:(otters) 16557:Lutrinae 16414:Galictis 16326:M. foina 16241:Fisher ( 16129:Melogale 16112:M. meles 16032:Arctonyx 15877:Nasuella 15855:N. nasua 15832:(coatis) 15746:P. lotor 15522:Mephitis 15281:Mirounga 15031:Phocinae 15012:Phocidae 14881:Neophoca 14827:Zalophus 14734:Walrus ( 14433:C. rufus 14415:C. lupus 14395:Coyote ( 14230:Culpeo ( 14171:Speothos 14107:V. zerda 14089:V. velox 14026:V. chama 13737:Bdeogale 13635:U. fusca 13474:Helogale 13444:M. mungo 13383:Suricata 13312:Salanoia 13219:E. major 13199:Eupleres 13030:Proteles 13019:(hyenas) 12783:(genets) 12334:F. chaus 12325:F. catus 12316:F. bieti 12196:Cougar ( 12146:Acinonyx 12124:L. rufus 12122:Bobcat ( 12071:Margay ( 12053:Ocelot ( 12026:Kodkod ( 11947:Serval ( 11910:C. badia 11899:Catopuma 11809:Jaguar ( 11793:P. uncia 11782:Panthera 11749:Neofelis 11667:Feloidea 11598:Eutheria 11592:Mammalia 11586:Chordata 11584:Phylum: 11580:Animalia 11423:Archived 11405:(1972). 11387:Archived 11369:(2023). 11351:Archived 11276:Archived 10924:21799812 10883:PLOS One 10855:16107828 10711:Archived 10589:(1993). 10536:, p. 69. 10512:, p. 15. 10469:, p. 20. 10060:9 August 10054:Archived 9914:86228533 9894:Mammalia 9876:Archived 9845:Archived 9813:Archived 9787:Archived 9785:. 2016. 9669:56451273 9545:: 41–53. 9539:Cat News 9502:Archived 9469:Archived 9440:Schaller 9427:10321819 9380:Schaller 9370:, p. 95. 9368:Schaller 9356:Schaller 9339:Schaller 9327:Schaller 9267:, p. 85. 9265:Schaller 9211:14596469 8948:Schaller 8911:Schaller 8899:Schaller 8887:Schaller 8877:, p. 68. 8865:, p. 44. 8863:Schaller 8850:84927815 8795:, p. 46. 8781:Schaller 8764:Schaller 8754:, p. 45. 8720:Schaller 8677:Schaller 8611:Schaller 8598:, p. 29. 8596:Schaller 8584:Schaller 8502:Schaller 8489:30010193 8446:25693067 8406:PLOS ONE 8384:Archived 8339:Archived 8268:44240882 8191:Schaller 8179:Schaller 8109:Archived 8055:Archived 8034:Schaller 8022:Schaller 8010:Schaller 7998:Schaller 7982:17479753 7948:Schaller 7899:Schaller 7883:Archived 7871:29364874 7822:Schaller 7810:Schaller 7782:Archived 7778:53185309 7723:Archived 7667:20 April 7661:Archived 7657:86371484 7576:Schaller 7564:Schaller 7552:Schaller 7466:Archived 7395:Schaller 7382:29622932 7346:(2017). 7294:17820922 7251:44676637 7197:Archived 7193:35849910 7090:29614950 6988:Schaller 6889:Schaller 6879:, p. 33. 6864:, p. 37. 6862:Schaller 6852:, p. 33. 6850:Schaller 6833:Schaller 6821:Schaller 6810:: 34–39. 6759:Archived 6585:23573239 6545:PLOS ONE 6497:Schaller 6369:18 April 6332:Archived 6301:Archived 6278:16626799 6174:Schaller 6137:15893512 6129:12193785 6054:24190889 5863:Archived 5777:Archived 5681:21320626 5623:Archived 5499:Schaller 5465:: 1–11. 5381:Archived 5377:18179301 5369:25091377 5317:Archived 5281:Archived 5212:Archived 5159:82728679 5111:24690312 5001:Archived 4997:46716748 4989:19302360 4925:24225466 4874:26518481 4814:Archived 4778:84229141 4738:Panthera 4721:34748674 4597:Archived 4560:15012963 4493:Archived 4459:Panthera 4330:14 March 4324:Archived 4250:84497516 4242:34892880 4199:32366643 4130:27488946 4068:32366643 4000:Archived 3952:Archived 3938:(1865). 3920:6 August 3911:Archived 3907:Cat News 3747:Panthera 3730:22016768 3690:PLOS ONE 3660:Archived 3656:20138224 3622:Panthera 3594:Archived 3563:Archived 3559:41672825 3551:16400146 3489:Archived 3481:"πάνθηρ" 3456:20 March 3348:62265494 3314:(2005). 3240:See also 3210:'s 1900 3192:Lancelot 3188:Heracles 3115:Sanskrit 3027:Assyrian 2976:Apedemak 2795:Jahangir 2771:emperor 2769:Assyrian 2686:circuses 2583:Lion at 2546:pedigree 2326:snarling 2322:growling 2176:antelope 2166:tapeworm 2026:cheetahs 1721:disperse 1658:and the 1623:Caucasus 1592:Holocene 1540:Lion in 1330:fibers. 1286:Skeleton 1221:Holocene 1193:without 1172:Pliocene 1094:Panthera 1049:Edmonton 1036:P. atrox 1009:Beringia 838:Lönnberg 779:Matschie 758:include 756:Synonyms 741:nominate 717:taxonomy 658:Panthera 646:used by 642:was the 627:Taxonomy 613:Panthera 491:at night 431:Panthera 354:Linnaeus 315:Panthera 290:Family: 264:Mammalia 254:Chordata 250:Phylum: 244:Animalia 230:Domain: 190:IUCN 3.1 161:Okonjima 141:Male in 17527:Biology 17515:Animals 17503:Mammals 17477:Portals 17457:ZooBank 17449:7630906 17436:4443790 17263:1006020 17185:5219404 16902:M. furo 16847:Mustela 16796:Neogale 16643:Enhydra 16517:Ictonyx 16476:Vormela 16433:G. cuja 16360:Sable ( 16267:G. gulo 16232:Pekania 16217:Tayra ( 16014:Melinae 15826:Nasuina 15718:Procyon 15074:Phocini 14713:(seals) 14648:(seals) 14540:Ursinae 14482:(bears) 14477:Ursidae 14353:Dhole ( 14143:(zorro) 14017:V. cana 13927:Vulpini 13895:Urocyon 13879:Canidae 13671:U. urva 13175:Fossa ( 13095:Crocuta 12777:Genetta 12674:Viverra 12215:lineage 12137:lineage 12106:L. lynx 11962:Caracal 11936:lineage 11934:Caracal 11866:lineage 11864:Bay cat 11850:Felinae 11811:P. onca 11800:Tiger ( 11720:Felidae 11590:Class: 11569:species 11565:Extant 11530:. 1921. 11393:10 July 11242:Jackson 11230:Jackson 11160:Jackson 11091:Jackson 11048:Jackson 11036:Jackson 11024:Jackson 10915:3140494 10892:Bibcode 10863:3190757 10835:Bibcode 10717:30 July 10675:Jackson 10650:Bibcode 10628:Jackson 10616:Jackson 10378:5 April 10161:27 July 10151:2131247 10085:Bibcode 9941:Bibcode 9763:9 March 9384:p. 116. 9252:7563428 9166:8559247 9157:7095363 9136:Bibcode 9104:9067652 8997:5393325 8469:Bibcode 8437:4333767 8414:Bibcode 8323:Bibcode 8248:Bibcode 8213:Bibcode 7962:Ecology 7879:4405091 7851:Bibcode 7719:2588727 7699:Bibcode 7606:Bibcode 7373:5873260 7302:5058849 7274:Bibcode 7266:Science 7243:7652566 7223:Bibcode 7215:Science 7185:7652573 7165:Bibcode 7157:Science 7081:5883395 6965:369–376 6576:3616087 6553:Bibcode 6499:, p. 5. 6470:Bibcode 6458:) view" 6109:Bibcode 6101:Science 6034:Bibcode 6017:ex situ 5629:21 July 5208:4056029 5186:Bibcode 5139:Bibcode 5102:3997813 5079:Bibcode 4969:Bibcode 4916:3843846 4865:4691742 4758:Bibcode 4683:Bibcode 4631:Bibcode 4540:Bibcode 4396:Bibcode 4190:7245068 4167:Bibcode 4121:4973251 4100:Bibcode 4059:7245068 4036:Bibcode 3815:persica 3721:3189913 3698:Bibcode 3636:Bibcode 3531:Bibcode 3522:Science 3394:30 June 3109:, 1900. 3011:Babylon 2984:Sekhmet 2943:of the 2925:Sekhmet 2888:and in 2746:Nineveh 2704:titled 2645:Henry I 2602:etching 2507:, India 2483:on the 2451:In Asia 2377:In the 2340:on the 2090:in heat 1961:carrion 1900:monkeys 1892:hyraxes 1888:dik-dik 1860:giraffe 1856:gemsbok 1608:Ukraine 1600:Hungary 1561:montane 1506:leucism 1471:and in 1449:fitness 1378:Weight 1345:Average 1310:⁄ 1227:Hybrids 1212:alleles 1142:leopard 1111:around 1109:Felidae 1107:of the 1097:lineage 1005:Eurasia 887:, 1929) 885:Roberts 876:, 1924) 858:, 1914) 840:, 1910) 829:, 1900) 827:Neumann 807:, 1842) 792:, 1924) 781:, 1900) 513:on the 487:diurnal 310:Genus: 294:Felidae 270:Order: 260:Class: 205: ( 188: ( 121:↓ 17539:Africa 17367:123566 17315:563151 17237:183803 17159:PNTHLE 17146:328672 16592:Lontra 16280:Martes 15555:Mydaus 15449:skunks 14413:Wolf ( 14293:Canina 14123:Canini 13987:Vulpes 13883:(dogs) 13424:Mungos 12738:Poiana 11820:P. leo 11818:Lion ( 11724:(cats) 11510:24 May 11479:"Lion 11446: 11415: 11379: 11357:18 May 11343: 11322: 11303: 11268: 11180: 11074: 11007: 10997:"Lion" 10975: 10945: 10922: 10912: 10861: 10853: 10826:Nature 10740: 10599: 10554: 10304:25 May 10295: 10268:25 May 10221:508478 10219: 10149: 9912: 9667: 9425: 9310: 9285: 9250: 9209: 9164: 9154: 9128:Nature 9102: 9095:170498 9092: 8995: 8970:955970 8968: 8931: 8848: 8815:557916 8813: 8703: 8697:302–05 8660: 8557:Koedoe 8487: 8444: 8434: 8289: 8266: 8162: 8133: 8061:6 June 7980: 7931: 7877: 7869: 7843:Nature 7798:Packer 7776: 7717: 7655: 7488:scats" 7450: 7380: 7370: 7315:Packer 7300: 7292: 7249: 7241: 7191: 7183: 7103:Packer 7088: 7078: 6971: 6955:"Lion" 6928:Packer 6877:Packer 6751: 6711: 6583: 6573: 6432: 6407: 6276: 6241:7 July 6198:Packer 6186:Packer 6162:Packer 6150:Packer 6135: 6127: 6082: 6052: 5994:Packer 5946: 5906: 5855: 5817: 5769: 5679: 5615: 5553: 5539:"Lion" 5477: 5418: 5375: 5367: 5323:4 July 5309: 5249: 5206: 5178:Nature 5157: 5109: 5099: 4995: 4987: 4923: 4913: 4872: 4862: 4806: 4776: 4719: 4711: 4558: 4499:18 May 4248: 4240: 4197: 4187: 4128: 4118: 4066: 4056: 3992: 3978:"Lion 3728: 3718: 3654: 3557: 3549: 3440:"lion" 3346: 3336: 3196:Gawain 3182:, the 3144:arhats 3135:Vishnu 3059:a lion 3055:zodiac 3035:Inanna 3025:up to 3013:, Iraq 2992:Tefnut 2990:, and 2988:Maahes 2171:Taenia 2102: 2082:spines 1950:Newton 1942:muzzle 1938:throat 1868:chital 1741:estrus 1656:Bengal 1652:Punjab 1636:Dezful 1585:Sahara 1481:gonads 1251:leopon 1247:tigons 1239:tigers 1131:jaguar 1078:green 970:fossil 968:was a 926:Genome 896:, and 856:Heller 783:, and 747:, the 739:− the 603:לָבִיא 598:Hebrew 596:. 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