Liquid-propellant rocket

2047:, on liquid-fuel rockets. By May 1929, the engine produced a thrust of 200 kg (440 lb.) "for longer than fifteen minutes and in July 1929, the Opel RAK collaborators were able to attain powered phases of more than thirty minutes for thrusts of 300 kg (660-lb.) at Opel's works in Rüsselsheim," again according to Max Valier's account. The Great Depression brought an end to the Opel RAK activities. After working for the German military in the early 1930s, Sander was arrested by Gestapo in 1935, when private rocket-engineering became forbidden in Germany. He was convicted of treason to 5 years in prison and forced to sell his company, he died in 1938. Max Valier's (via 231: 1745: 1841:

engines to be regeneratively cooled by the liquid oxygen, which flowed around the inner wall of the combustion chamber before entering it. Problems with burn-through during testing prompted a switch from gasoline to less energetic alcohol. The final missile, 2.2 metres (7.2 ft) long by 140 millimetres (5.5 in) in diameter, had a mass of 30 kilograms (66 lb), and it was anticipated that it could carry a 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) payload to an altitude of 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi). The GIRD X rocket was launched on 25 November 1933 and flew to a height of 80 meters.

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important. Interlocks are rarely used for upper, uncrewed stages where failure of the interlock would cause loss of mission, but are present on the RS-25 engine, to shut the engines down prior to liftoff of the Space Shuttle. In addition, detection of successful ignition of the igniter is surprisingly difficult, some systems use thin wires that are cut by the flames, pressure sensors have also seen some use.

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7 kg empty and 16 kg with fuel. The maximum thrust was 45 to 50 kp, with a total burning time of 132 seconds. These properties indicate a gas pressure pumping. The main purpose of these tests was to develop the liquid rocket-propulsion system for a Gebrüder-Müller-Griessheim aircraft under construction for a planned flight across the English channel. Also spaceflight historian

409:. Recently, some aerospace companies have used electric pumps with batteries. In simpler, small engines, an inert gas stored in a tank at a high pressure is sometimes used instead of pumps to force propellants into the combustion chamber. These engines may have a higher mass ratio, but are usually more reliable, and are therefore used widely in satellites for orbit maintenance. 581:, suffers from the extremely low temperatures required for storing liquid hydrogen (around 20 K or −253.2 °C or −423.7 °F) and very low fuel density (70 kg/m or 4.4 lb/cu ft, compared to RP-1 at 820 kg/m or 51 lb/cu ft), necessitating large tanks that must also be lightweight and insulating. Lightweight foam insulation on the 641:, both RP1 and LNG engines can be designed with a shared shaft with a single turbine and two turbopumps, one each for LOX and LNG/RP1. In space, LNG does not need heaters to keep it liquid, unlike RP1. LNG is less expensive, being readily available in large quantities. It can be stored for more prolonged periods of time, and is less explosive than LH 1638:

Injectors are commonly laid out so that a fuel-rich layer is created at the combustion chamber wall. This reduces the temperature there, and downstream to the throat and even into the nozzle and permits the combustion chamber to be run at higher pressure, which permits a higher expansion ratio nozzle

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Fuel- and oxidizer-rich mixtures are burned in separate preburners and driving the turbopumps, then both high-pressure exhausts, one oxygen rich and the other fuel rich, are fed directly into the main chamber where they combine and combust, permitting very high pressures and high efficiency. Example:

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A small percentage of the propellants are burnt in a preburner to power a turbopump and then exhausted through a separate nozzle, or low down on the main one. This results in a reduction in efficiency since the exhaust contributes little or no thrust, but the pump turbines can be very large, allowing

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The propellants are forced in from pressurised (relatively heavy) tanks. The heavy tanks mean that a relatively low pressure is optimal, limiting engine power, but all the fuel is burned, allowing high efficiency. The pressurant used is frequently helium due to its lack of reactivity and low density.

1871:. At RNII Tikhonravov worked on developing oxygen/alcohol liquid-propellant rocket engines. Ultimately liquid propellant rocket engines were given a low priority during the late 1930s at RNII, however the research was productive and very important for later achievements of the Soviet rocket program. 1658:

Ignition can be performed in many ways, but perhaps more so with liquid propellants than other rockets a consistent and significant ignitions source is required; a delay of ignition (in some cases as small as a few tens of milliseconds) can cause overpressure of the chamber due to excess propellant.

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and gasoline as propellants. The rocket, which was dubbed "Nell", rose just 41 feet during a 2.5-second flight that ended in a cabbage field, but it was an important demonstration that rockets using liquid propulsion were possible. Goddard proposed liquid propellants about fifteen years earlier and

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Fuel and oxidizer must be pumped into the combustion chamber against the pressure of the hot gasses being burned, and engine power is limited by the rate at which propellant can be pumped into the combustion chamber. For atmospheric or launcher use, high pressure, and thus high power, engine cycles

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Injectors can be as simple as a number of small diameter holes arranged in carefully constructed patterns through which the fuel and oxidizer travel. The speed of the flow is determined by the square root of the pressure drop across the injectors, the shape of the hole and other details such as the

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launched the first Soviet liquid-propelled rocket (the GIRD-9), fueled by liquid oxygen and jellied gasoline. It reached an altitude of 400 metres (1,300 ft). In January 1933 Tsander began development of the GIRD-X rocket. This design burned liquid oxygen and gasoline and was one of the first

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Safety interlocks are sometimes used to ensure the presence of an ignition source before the main valves open; however reliability of the interlocks can in some cases be lower than the ignition system. Thus it depends on whether the system must fail safe, or whether overall mission success is more

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Testing for stability often involves the use of small explosives. These are detonated within the chamber during operation, and causes an impulsive excitation. By examining the pressure trace of the chamber to determine how quickly the effects of the disturbance die away, it is possible to estimate

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Paulet was clearly a pioneer in the field of rocketry and it is unsurprising that the Nazis were keen to recruit him to assist their efforts. The German Astronautical Society invited him to Germany to become part of a team of researchers into rocket propulsion and he was initially interested, but

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Nevertheless, particularly in larger engines, a high speed combustion oscillation is easily triggered, and these are not well understood. These high speed oscillations tend to disrupt the gas side boundary layer of the engine, and this can cause the cooling system to rapidly fail, destroying the

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Cryogenic fuel (hydrogen, or methane) is used to cool the walls of the combustion chamber and nozzle. Absorbed heat vaporizes and expands the fuel which is then used to drive the turbopumps before it enters the combustion chamber, allowing for high efficiency, or is bled overboard, allowing for

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Peru holds a special place among Latin America's EMSAs because the country was home to Pedro Paulet, who invented the world's first liquid-propelled rocket engine in 1895 and the first modern rocket propulsion system in 1900. ... According to Wernher von Braun, 'Paulet should be considered the

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To prevent these issues the RS-25 injector design instead went to a lot of effort to vaporize the propellant prior to injection into the combustion chamber. Although many other features were used to ensure that instabilities could not occur, later research showed that these other features were

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on April 10 and April 12, 1929. These Opel RAK rockets have been the first European, and after Goddard the world's second, liquid-fuel rockets in history. In his book "Raketenfahrt" Valier describes the size of the rockets as of 21 cm in diameter and with a length of 74 cm, weighing

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invented the centripetal injector in the early 1930s, and it has been almost universally used in Russian engines. Rotational motion is applied to the liquid (and sometimes the two propellants are mixed), then it is expelled through a small hole, where it forms a cone-shaped sheet that rapidly

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which is a relatively low speed oscillation, the engine must be designed with enough pressure drop across the injectors to render the flow largely independent of the chamber pressure. This pressure drop is normally achieved by using at least 20% of the chamber pressure across the injectors.

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A fuel- or oxidizer-rich mixture is burned in a preburner and then drives turbopumps, and this high-pressure exhaust is fed directly into the main chamber where the remainder of the fuel or oxidizer undergoes combustion, permitting very high pressures and efficiency. Examples:

341:. The density and low pressure of liquid propellants permit lightweight tankage: approximately 1% of the contents for dense propellants and around 10% for liquid hydrogen. The increased tank mass is due to liquid hydrogen's low density and the mass of the required insulation. 1230:

Injectors today classically consist of a number of small holes which aim jets of fuel and oxidizer so that they collide at a point in space a short distance away from the injector plate. This helps to break the flow up into small droplets that burn more easily.

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propellants have the advantage of self igniting, reliably and with less chance of hard starts. In the 1940s, the Russians began to start engines with hypergols, to then switch over to the primary propellants after ignition. This was also used on the American

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uses a system of fluted posts, which use heated hydrogen from the preburner to vaporize the liquid oxygen flowing through the center of the posts and this improves the rate and stability of the combustion process; previous engines such as the F-1 used for the

1832:– a scientist and inventor – was designing and building liquid rocket engines which ran on compressed air and gasoline. Tsander investigated high-energy fuels including powdered metals mixed with gasoline. In September 1931 Tsander formed the Moscow based ' 628:

because higher density allows for smaller motors, propellant tanks and associated systems. LNG also burns with less or no soot (less or no coking) than RP1, which eases reusability when compared with it, and LNG and RP1 burn cooler than

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in zero-gravity or during staging to avoid sucking gas into engines at start up. They are also subject to vortexing within the tank, particularly towards the end of the burn, which can also result in gas being sucked into the engine or

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to help develop rocket technology, though he refused to assist after discovering that the project was destined for weaponization and never shared the formula for his propellant. According to filmmaker and researcher Álvaro Mejía,

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The flow of propellant into the combustion chamber can be throttled, which allows for control over the magnitude of the thrust throughout the flight. This enables real-time error correction during the flight along with efficiency

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procedures which attempt to remove as much of the vapor from the system as possible. Ice can also form on the outside of the tank, and later fall and damage the vehicle. External foam insulation can cause issues as shown by the

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for variable thrust operation. Some allow control of the propellant mixture ratio (ratio at which oxidizer and fuel are mixed). Some can be shut down and, with a suitable ignition system or self-igniting propellant, restarted.

2043:, curator at National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC, confirms the Opel group was working, in addition to their solid-fuel rockets used for land-speed records and the world's first crewed rocket-plane flights with the 294:

to pump liquid propellants are complex to design, and can suffer serious failure modes, such as overspeeding if they run dry or shedding fragments at high speed if metal particles from the manufacturing process enter the

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Additionally, injectors are also usually key in reducing thermal loads on the nozzle; by increasing the proportion of fuel around the edge of the chamber, this gives much lower temperatures on the walls of the nozzle.

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when he discovered that the intention was to construct a weapon that would be used for military purposes he declined the invitation. As late as 1965, Oberth described him as one of the true pioneers of rocket science.

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rocket engine and up to 180:1 with the vacuum version. Instead of a pump, some designs use a tank of a high-pressure inert gas such as helium to pressurize the propellants. These rockets often provide lower

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For injection into the combustion chamber, the propellant pressure at the injectors needs to be greater than the chamber pressure. This is often achieved with a pump. Suitable pumps usually use centrifugal

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After World War II the American government and military finally seriously considered liquid-propellant rockets as weapons and began to fund work on them. The Soviet Union did likewise, and thus began the

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ignites on contact with air and will ignite and/or decompose on contact with water, and with any other oxidizer—it is one of the few substances sufficiently pyrophoric to ignite on contact with cryogenic

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Even Wernher von Braun described Paulet as 'one of the fathers of aeronautics' and 'the pioneer of the liquid fuel propulsion motor'. He declared that 'by his efforts, Paulet helped man reach the Moon'.

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pioneer of the liquid fuel propulsion motor ... by his efforts, Paulet helped man reach the moon.' Paulet went on to found Peru's National Pro-Aviation League, a precursor of the Peruvian Air Force.

301:, such as liquid oxygen, freeze atmospheric water vapor into ice. This can damage or block seals and valves and can cause leaks and other failures. Avoiding this problem often requires lengthy 1482:

turbines to pump propellant, then is exhausted. Since not all propellant flows through the main combustion chamber, the tap-off cycle is considered an open-cycle engine. Examples include the

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atomizes. Goddard's first liquid engine used a single impinging injector. German scientists in WWII experimented with impinging injectors on flat plates, used successfully in the

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and most spacecraft, including crewed vehicles, planetary probes, and satellites, storing cryogenic propellants over extended periods is unfeasible. Because of this, mixtures of

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in 1927, claiming he had experimented with a liquid rocket engine while he was a student in Paris three decades earlier. Historians of early rocketry experiments, among them

1821:. A total of 100 bench tests of liquid-propellant rockets were conducted using various types of fuel, both low and high-boiling and thrust up to 300 kg was achieved. 1776:

found a German translation of a book by Tsiolkovsky of which "almost every page...was embellished by von Braun's comments and notes." Leading Soviet rocket-engine designer

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have been employed in the past. Turbopumps are usually lightweight and can give excellent performance; with an on-Earth weight well under 1% of the thrust. Indeed, overall

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but higher than that of RP1 (kerosene) and solid propellants, and its higher density, similarly to other hydrocarbon fuels, provides higher thrust to volume ratios than LH

1768:, multi-staged rockets, and using liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen in liquid propellant rockets. Tsiolkovsky influenced later rocket scientists throughout Europe, like 246:

shifts significantly rearward as the propellant is used; one will typically lose control of the vehicle if its center mass gets too close to the center of drag/pressure.

1937:, have given differing amounts of credence to Paulet's report. Valier applauded Paulet's liquid-propelled rocket design in the Verein für Raumschiffahrt publication 5316: 633:

so LNG and RP1 do not deform the interior structures of the engine as much. This means that engines that burn LNG can be reused more than those that burn RP1 or LH

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In the case of an emergency, liquid propelled rockets can be shutdown in a controlled manner, which provides an extra level of safety and mission abort capability.

3230: 262:, which has frequently led to loss of control of the vehicle. This can be controlled with slosh baffles in the tanks as well as judicious control laws in the 333:

Typical liquid propellants have densities roughly similar to water, approximately 0.7 to 1.4 g/cm (0.025 to 0.051 lb/cu in). An exception is

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Generally, ignition systems try to apply flames across the injector surface, with a mass flow of approximately 1% of the full mass flow of the chamber.

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Selecting an engine cycle is one of the earlier steps to rocket engine design. A number of tradeoffs arise from this selection, some of which include:

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Liquid rocket engines have tankage and pipes to store and transfer propellant, an injector system and one or more combustion chambers with associated

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The first injectors used on the V-2 created parallel jets of fuel and oxidizer which then combusted in the chamber. This gave quite poor efficiency.

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and Heylandt), who died while experimenting in 1930, and Friedrich Sander's work on liquid-fuel rockets was confiscated by the German military, the

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had significant issues with oscillations that led to destruction of the engines, but this was not a problem in the RS-25 due to this design detail.

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because the mass of the pressurant tankage reduces performance. In some designs for high altitude or vacuum use the tankage mass can be acceptable.

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H°, is −5,105.70 ± 2.90 kJ/mol (−1,220.29 ± 0.69 kcal/mol). Its easy ignition makes it particularly desirable as a

562: 3828: 3946: 2067:, working on liquid rockets in the early 1930s, and many of whose members eventually became important rocket technology pioneers, including 3065:

Max, Valier, Raketenfahrt: Eine technische Möglichkeit Gebundene Ausgabe – Großdruck, 1. Januar 1930, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Reprint 2019 (

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The pintle injector permits good mixture control of fuel and oxidizer over a wide range of flow rates. The pintle injector was used in the

3567: 2976:"El peruano que se convirtió en el padre de la astronáutica inspirado por Julio Verne y que aparece en los nuevos billetes de 100 soles" 2881:"El peruano que se convirtió en el padre de la astronáutica inspirado por Julio Verne y que aparece en los nuevos billetes de 100 soles" 3110: 3048: 1836:', better known by its Russian acronym "GIRD". In May 1932, Sergey Korolev replaced Tsander as the head of GIRD. On 17 August 1933, 234:

Bipropellant liquid rockets are simple in concept but due to high temperatures and high speed moving parts, very complex in practice.

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For liquid-propellant rockets, four different ways of powering the injection of the propellant into the chamber are in common use.

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In Germany, engineers and scientists became enthralled with liquid propulsion, building and testing them in the late 1920s within

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Thousands of combinations of fuels and oxidizers have been tried over the years. Some of the more common and practical ones are:

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When operated within an atmosphere, pressurization of the typically very thin-walled propellant tanks must guarantee positive

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replaced Glushko and continued development of the ORM engines, including the engine for the rocket powered interceptor, the

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Non-storable liquid rockets require considerable preparation immediately before launch. This makes them less practical than

4165: 2908: 2176: 2166: 2142: 1409:. The electric motor is powered by a battery pack. It is relatively simple to implement and reduces the complexity of the 168:, where the fuel and oxidizer, such as hydrogen and oxygen, are gases which have been liquefied at very low temperatures. 3425: 2394: 2186: 1757: 1211:

that can be achieved. A poor injector performance causes unburnt propellant to leave the engine, giving poor efficiency.

538:. The main advantages of this mixture are a clean burn (water vapor is the only combustion product) and high performance. 782:

electrolysis from the Martian atmosphere without requiring use of any of the Martian water resources to obtain Hydrogen.

5431: 3749: 101:.) Liquids are desirable propellants because they have reasonably high density and their combustion products have high 17: 3823: 3297: 2955: 2703: 2086:

By the late 1930s, use of rocket propulsion for crewed flight began to be seriously experimented with, as Germany's

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weather of March 16, 1926, holds the launching frame of his most notable invention — the first liquid rocket.

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or its derivatives in combination with nitrogen oxides are generally used for such applications, but are toxic and

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series rockets, although reuse of solid rocket motors was also effectively demonstrated during the Shuttle program.

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Frank H. Winter, "1928-1929 Forerunners of the Shuttle: the 'Von Opel Flights'", SPACEFLIGHT, Vol. 21,2, Feb. 1979

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made the first crewed rocket-powered flight using a liquid rocket engine, designed by German aeronautics engineer

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Tank pressure limits combustion chamber pressure and thrust; heavy tanks and associated pressurization hardware

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Must use cryogenic fuel; heat transfer to the fuel limits available power to the turbine and thus engine thrust

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would also describe Paulet as "the pioneer of the liquid fuel propulsion motor" and stated that "Paulet helped

1796: 463: 4112: 2808: 1848:(RNII). At RNII Gushko continued the development of liquid propellant rocket engines ОРМ-53 to ОРМ-102, with 1324:

engine. These kinds of oscillations are much more common on large engines, and plagued the development of the

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The injector implementation in liquid rockets determines the percentage of the theoretical performance of the

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higher power turbopumps. The limited heat available to vaporize the fuel constrains engine power. Examples:

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Rocket 09 (left) and 10 (GIRD-09 and GIRD-X). Museum of Cosmonautics and Rocket Technology; St. Petersburg.

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The idea of a liquid-fueled rocket as understood in the modern context first appeared in 1903 in the book

230: 2676: 2499: 2243: 1941:, saying the engine had "amazing power" and that his plans were necessary for future rocket development. 1765: 1402: 1367: 582: 3210: 2364: 2094:

on June 20, 1939. The only production rocket-powered combat aircraft ever to see military service, the

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27% (AK27) and kerosene/gasoline mixture (TM-185) – various Russian (USSR) cold-war ballistic missiles (

5507: 5451: 4785: 4504: 4466: 2720: 2342:"Thomas Mueller's answer to Is SpaceX's Merlin 1D's thrust-to-weight ratio of 150+ believable? - Quora" 1958: 1414: 1378: 1149: 760: 542: 3335: 3316: 3245:"A tiny start-up based in Brooklyn has a 3D-printed rocket engine it says is the largest in the world" 4750: 4745: 3908: 3767: 1784:

studied Tsiolkovsky's works as youths and both sought to turn Tsiolkovsky's theories into reality.

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Heister, Stephen D.; Anderson, William E.; Pourpoint, Timothée L.; Cassady, R. Joseph (2019-02-07).

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Space Policy in Developing Countries: The Search for Security and Development on the Final Frontier

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and in an effort to shift the public image of von Braun away from his history with Nazi Germany.

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Liquid propellants are often pumped into the combustion chamber with a lightweight centrifugal

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A liquid rocket engine can be tested prior to use, whereas for a solid rocket motor a rigorous

4812: 3231:"Launch startup Skyrora successfully tests 3D-printed rocket engines powered by plastic waste" 624:, although its density is not as high as that of RP1. This makes it specially attractive for 5456: 5406: 5326: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5150: 4925: 4875: 4813: 4261: 3633: 3626: 3441: 2975: 2880: 2444: 1998: 1868: 1799:. This resulted in the creation of ORM (from "Experimental Rocket Motor" in Russian) engines 1718: 1674: 1633: 1161: 1145: 1099: 1069: 895: 808: 691: 675: 550: 121: 5331: 3211:"Relativity Space will 3D-print rockets at new autonomous factory in Long Beach, California" 1413:

design, but at the expense of the extra dry mass of the battery pack. Example engine is the

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s), principally because carbon monoxide and oxygen can be straightforwardly produced by

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using three types of propellant are rare. Liquid oxidizer propellants are also used in

61: 1795:(GDL), where a new research section was set up for the study of liquid-propellant and 4097: 4063: 4018: 3918: 3818: 3520: 3494: 3361: 3066: 2951: 2762: 2752: 2722:

Problems of Flight by Jet Propulsion-Interplanetary Flights (Translated from Russian)

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Shutdown and restart capabilities allow for multiple burn cycles throughout a flight.

3084:"Fritz von Opel, Speech at Deutsches Museum, April 3, 1968, re-print in "Opel Post"" 1854: 1816: 1650:, which uses the fuel or less commonly the oxidizer to cool the chamber and nozzle. 5381: 5361: 4083: 4073: 4023: 3729: 3482: 3378:. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Div 3347: 2464: 2308: 2263: 2191: 2150: 1934: 1829: 1777: 1299: 613: 566: 270: 202: 102: 3132: 1888: 1805: 1599:

High specific impulse; high combustion chamber pressures allowing for high thrust

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Because the propellant is a very large proportion of the mass of the vehicle, the

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than solids and hybrid rocket motors and can provide very high tankage efficiency.

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A liquid rocket engine can also usually be reused for several flights, as in the

149: 51: 3352: 4755: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4349: 4186: 4154: 4142: 4028: 3963: 3664: 3504: 2138: 2087: 2048: 2011: 1942: 1864: 1781: 1722: 1687: 1493: 1410: 1398: 1293: 1192: 1107: 1076: 1004: 250: 3022:"Un documental reivindicará al peruano Paulet como pionero de la astronáutica" 2035: 1879: 5496: 4760: 4544: 4460: 4386: 4205: 4143: 4038: 3958: 3813: 3782: 3562: 3552: 3547: 3470: 3460: 2608: 2302: 2125:

engines started being used for spaceflight. Examples of such engines include

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Hitler's Secret Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Nazi Plan for Final Victory

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Hitler's Secret Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Nazi Plan for Final Victory

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Hitler's Secret Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Nazi Plan for Final Victory

2832:"The alleged contributions of Pedro E. Paulet to liquid-propellant rocketry" 2766: 2575: 2312: 1966:

would later attempt to discredit Paulet's discoveries in the context of the

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Greatly increased complexity &, therefore, mass (more-so for full-flow)

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as damping mechanisms to stop particular resonant frequencies from growing.

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Nasa, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 2

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near Berlin. Max Valier was a co-founder of an amateur research group, the

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Use of liquid propellants can also be associated with a number of issues:

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Challenge to Apollo : the Soviet Union and the space race, 1945-1974

2122: 2060: 1986: 1083: 1008: 987: 983: 884: 859: 5476:* Different versions of the engine use different propellant combinations 5266: 3410: 601:, as a piece broke loose, damaged its wing and caused it to break up on 4905: 4078: 3535: 2728:. Israel Program for Scientific Translations. pp. 32, 38–39, 58–59 2126: 2115: 2072: 2044: 2027: 1926: 1897: 1694: 1678: 1660: 1593:

Simple; low dry mass; allows for high power turbopumps for high thrust

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which has a much lower density, while requiring only relatively modest

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began to seriously experiment with them in 1921. The German-Romanian

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to create triethylaluminum-triethylborane, better known as TEA-TEB.

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and better system performance. A liquid rocket engine often employs

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published a book in 1922 suggesting the use of liquid propellants.

1967: 1900: 1451: 1443: 1431: 1386: 1325: 1273: 979: 779: 756: 703: 699: 578: 467: 441: 285: 213: 157: 3397: 2101:

in 1944-45, also used a Walter-designed liquid rocket engine, the

5441: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4681: 4644: 4634: 4629: 4603: 4492: 4379: 4324: 4318: 3854: 3487: 3400:"How to Design, Build, and Test Small Liquid-Fuel Rocket Engines" 2154: 2026:, the world's first rocket program, in Rüsselsheim. According to 1504: 827: 815: 738: 726: 363: 357:

including a turbopump have been as high as 155:1 with the SpaceX

273:

where the rocket suffers from uncommanded cycles of acceleration.

1347:

the stability and redesign features of the chamber if required.

1187:. Consequently, to improve handling, some crew vehicles such as 474:

of Blue Origin's New Shepard, the first and second stage of the

198:

must be applied during manufacturing to ensure high reliability.

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The Heinkel He 176, worlds's first liquid-fuel rocket aircraft

3405: 3197:"Orbex unveiled largest 3D printed rocket engine in the world" 1997:

of a liquid-propellant rocket took place on March 16, 1926 at

5446: 5386: 5256: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5161: 5155: 5099: 5088: 5078: 5028: 4880: 4870: 4822: 4790: 4775: 4765: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4562: 4556: 4430: 4424: 4419: 4399: 4364: 4359: 4336: 4313: 4281: 4245: 4238: 4232: 4222: 4217: 2146: 1447: 1374: 1332: 1284: 1061: 527: 523: 491: 258: 2773: 2641: 288:, possibly leading to the formation of an explosive mixture. 5083: 5073: 4865: 4701: 4540: 4455: 4354: 4343: 4302: 4296: 4291: 4256: 3249: 2816: 2369: 1922: 1912: 1911:, who had experimented with rockets throughout his life in 1602:

Simple; no turbopumps; low dry mass; high specific impulse

1533: 1525: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1487: 1483: 1455: 1406: 1343:

unnecessary, and the gas phase combustion worked reliably.

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Exploration of the Universe with Rocket-Propelled Vehicles

381:

feed system, valves, regulators, propellant tanks and the

369:

The major components of a rocket engine are therefore the

190:

The use of liquid propellants has a number of advantages:

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Developments of Rocketry and Space Technology in the USSR

2233:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 25, 186, 187. 746: 445: 433: 2842: 2530:

Issledovaniye mirovykh prostranstv reaktivnymi priborami

2519:

Rocket Propulsion elements - Sutton Biblarz, section 8.1

1363:. For orbital use, lower power cycles are usually fine. 253:

at all times to avoid catastrophic collapse of the tank.

3265:"Air Force funding keeps Launcher development on track" 2485:, 7th ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2001. 310:. Non-cryogenic propellants do not cause such problems. 2785: 2534:Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами 2907:

Von Braun, Wernher; Ordway III, Frederick I. (1968).

2551: 2419:"Methane Engine Just for Future Space Transportation" 2034:

launched two liquid-fuel rockets at Opel Rennbahn in

774:

vehicle (with a specific impulse of approximately 250

182:

apply a liquid or gaseous oxidizer to a solid fuel.

2653: 2539: 2137:

and also engines used for first or second stages in

1945:

would name Paulet as a pioneer in rocketry in 1965.

1478:

of the rocket engine and routes them through engine

786: 4536: 2906: 349:due to their high power and light weight, although 41:

A simplified diagram of a liquid-propellant rocket.

2182:Comparison of solid-fuelled orbital launch systems 2082:Drawing of the He 176 V1 prototype rocket aircraft 858:as the fuel) – used for the Hellmuth-Walter-Werke 470:main stage and the Ariane 5 ECA second stage, the 27:Rocket engine that uses liquid fuels and oxidizers 2913:. París: Larousse / Paris -Match. pp. 51–52. 2806: 2055:and integrated into the activities under General 1677:, electrical (spark or hot wire), and chemical. 608:Liquid methane/LNG has several advantages over LH 5494: 2603:. Novosti Press Pub. House. pp. 12–14, 19. 1562:Tradeoff comparison among popular engine cycles 866:B Komet, an operational rocket fighter plane of 563:Propulsion Cryogenics & Advanced Development 393:, with pump-fed engines working in a variety of 3321:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3296:Baker, David; Zak, Anatoly (9 September 2013). 2445:"Mars Rocket Vehicle Using In Situ Propellants" 1331:Some combustion chambers, such as those of the 1199:with non-toxic fuel and oxidizer combinations. 185: 3346:(14). Universidad Católica San Pablo: 95–122. 2746: 4128: 3426: 1596:High specific impulse; fairly low complexity 2671: 2809:"Pedro Paulet: pionero peruano del espacio" 2304:History and principles of rocket propulsion 1844:In 1933 GDL and GIRD merged and became the 1507:and Delta IV second stages (closed cycle), 4135: 4121: 3433: 3419: 3001: 2923: 2860: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2359: 2357: 2355: 518:, the first stage and second stage of the 171:Most designs of liquid rocket engines are 3440: 3351: 3130: 2436: 2393:Hagemann, Dr. Gerald (November 4, 2015). 1553: 321: 3845:Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion 3336:"Pedro Paulet, sabio multidisciplinario" 3295: 2693: 2687: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2224: 2222: 2172:Comparison of orbital launchers families 2077: 1977: 1878: 1743: 1075: 790: 284:Liquid propellants can leak, especially 229: 36: 3368: 3314: 3299:Race for Space 1: Dawn of the Space Age 3156:Heinkel He 176 – Dichtung und Wahrheit, 2941: 2791: 2779: 2718: 2712: 2659: 2647: 2615: 2598: 2587: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2352: 2231:Rocket Propulsion Elements, 3rd edition 1791:Glushko pursued rocket research at the 1760:. The magnitude of his contribution to 1310: 862:A, -B and -C engine family used on the 97:. (Alternate approaches use gaseous or 14: 5495: 2829: 2481:Sutton, George P. and Biblarz, Oscar, 2442: 2228: 2030:'s account, Opel RAK rocket designer, 1846:Reactive Scientific Research Institute 1834:Group for the Study of Reactive Motion 1739: 931:) and unsymmetric dimethyl hydrazine ( 506:rocket stage, the upper stages of the 124:using a single type of propellant, or 4116: 3414: 3333: 3108: 2848: 2802: 2800: 2383: 2297: 2295: 2219: 1663:can even cause an engine to explode. 1218: 807:Many non-cryogenic bipropellants are 4166:Comparison of orbital rocket engines 2910:Histoire Mondiale de L'Astronautique 2599:Glushko, Valentin (1 January 1973). 2584:, p. 3,166,182,187,205–206,208. 2177:Comparison of orbital rocket engines 2167:Comparison of orbital launch systems 2108: 1268:engine, it is currently used in the 573:One of the most efficient mixtures, 67:Combustion product gasses enter the 3169:"Astra Rocket Engine — Delphin 3.0" 3109:Boyne, Walter J. (September 2004). 2968: 2900: 2854: 2747:Gordon, E.; Sweetman, Bill (1992). 2187:List of space launch system designs 1721:. May be used in conjunction with 915:Inhibited red fuming nitric acid (I 136:, with some of the advantages of a 24: 3750:Field-emission electric propulsion 3014: 2995: 2935: 2917: 2873: 2797: 2292: 2237: 1953:". Paulet was later approached by 1903:for horizontal or vertical flight. 1430:for high power engines. Examples: 256:Liquid propellants are subject to 57:Pumps carry the fuel and oxidizer. 25: 5524: 3824:Microwave electrothermal thruster 3391: 2449:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 2395:"LOX/Methane The Future is Green" 2249: 1540:Full-flow staged combustion cycle 1110:, interplanetary probes (Such as 787:Non-cryogenic/storable/hypergolic 737:OH) – early liquid rockets, like 725:Liquid oxygen (LOX) and alcohol ( 648: 561:(Blue Origin) engines. (See also 400: 5177: 4096: 3289: 3131:Magazines, Hearst (1 May 1931). 2830:Ordway, F. I. (September 1977). 2807:Paulet de Vásquez, Sara (2002). 2683:from the original on 2021-04-03. 1973: 1756:by the Russian rocket scientist 1639:to be used which gives a higher 1350: 1234:The main types of injectors are 339:pressure to prevent vaporization 128:using two types of propellant. 64:mixes and burns the two liquids. 3271: 3257: 3237: 3223: 3203: 3189: 3175: 3161: 3148: 3143:Popular Mechanics 1931 curtiss. 3124: 3102: 3093: 3076: 3059: 3041: 2823: 2740: 2665: 2621: 2522: 2513: 2488: 2475: 1315:To avoid instabilities such as 1164:and SuperDraco engines for the 1040:Unsymmetric dimethylhydrazine ( 1015:Development (or study): BA-3200 308:Space Shuttle Columbia disaster 3954:Pulsed nuclear thermal rocket‎ 3850:High Power Electric Propulsion 3318:Rockets and People Volumes 1-4 3141:– via Internet Archive. 2496:"Sometimes, Smaller is Better" 2411: 2334: 2262:. Cambridge University Press. 2197:List of orbital launch systems 2059:in the early and mid-1930s in 2001:, when American professor Dr. 1861:RP-318 rocket-powered aircraft 1474:Takes hot gases from the main 1385:, and the second stage of the 1086:(50% UDMH, 50% hydrazine) and 412: 276:Liquid propellants often need 13: 1: 4962:RD-0202 to 0206, 0208 to 0213 3809:Helicon double-layer thruster 3778:Electrodeless plasma thruster 3773:Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster 2698:. Routledge. pp. 74–75. 2696:The Soviet Armaments Industry 2365:"About LNG Propulsion System" 2212: 1764:is astounding, including the 1328:, but were finally overcome. 1136:) and dinitrogen tetroxide (N 637:. Unlike engines that burn LH 530:, and the upper stage of the 201:Liquid systems enable higher 5513:Rocket engines by propellant 3137:. Hearst Magazines. p. 3002:Fitzgerald, Michael (2018). 2924:Fitzgerald, Michael (2018). 2861:Fitzgerald, Michael (2018). 2677:"The Man Behind the Curtain" 1957:, being invited to join the 1673:Methods of ignition include 1377:, used in the Space Shuttle 1202: 674:-derived vehicles including 426: 186:Advantages and disadvantages 7: 3353:10.36901/persona.v14i14.209 2942:Harding, Robert C. (2012). 2160: 1985:, bundled against the cold 1766:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation 1653: 1403:brushless DC electric motor 1224:density of the propellant. 902:rocket fighter prototypes, 770:(CO) – proposed for a Mars 583:Space Shuttle external tank 142:Bipropellant liquid rockets 10: 5529: 3158:Jet&Prop 1/94 p. 17–21 2483:Rocket Propulsion Elements 2244:NASA:Liquid rocket engines 2229:Sutton, George P. (1963). 2017: 1959:Astronomische Gesellschaft 1732: 1728: 1631: 1627: 1359:are desirable to minimize 1150:orbital maneuvering system 616:) is lower than that of LH 478:, the upper stages of the 416: 29: 5472: 5186: 5175: 5115: 4805: 4527: 4375: 4194: 4185: 4174: 4161: 4094: 4011: 3990: 3934: 3881: 3872: 3837: 3791: 3768:Pulsed inductive thruster 3760: 3722: 3713: 3683: 3652: 3609: 3583: 3576: 3513: 3448: 2694:Albrecht, Ulrich (1993). 2624:"Gas Dynamics Laboratory" 2246:, 1998, Purdue University 2005:launched a vehicle using 1772:. Soviet search teams at 1568: 1566: 1262:Descent Propulsion System 838:, and hydrazine hydrate, 818:(80% hydrogen peroxide, H 74:Exhaust exits the rocket. 3942:Nuclear pulse propulsion 3701:Electric-pump-fed engine 3601:Hybrid-propellant rocket 3591:Liquid-propellant rocket 3398:An online book entitled 3089:. May 1968. p. 4ff. 3030:(in Spanish). 2012-04-05 2207:List of military rockets 2202:List of sounding rockets 2032:Friedrich Wilhelm Sander 1287:engine designed for the 766:Liquid oxygen (LOX) and 755:Liquid oxygen (LOX) and 654:Liquid oxygen (LOX) and 612:. Its performance (max. 541:Liquid oxygen (LOX) and 419:Liquid rocket propellant 317:for most weapon systems. 115: 83:liquid-propellant rocket 30:Not to be confused with 5007:RD-250 to 252, 261, 262 3998:Beam-powered propulsion 3971:Fission-fragment rocket 3926:Nuclear photonic rocket 3894:Nuclear electric rocket 3660:Staged combustion cycle 3596:Solid-propellant rocket 3315:Chertok, Boris (2005). 2719:Tsander, F. A. (1964). 2313:10.1007/3-540-27041-8_1 2075:weapon for the Nazis. 1964:Frederick I. Ordway III 1874: 1797:electric rocket engines 1793:Gas Dynamics Laboratory 1612:Lower specific impulse 1519:Staged combustion cycle 1247:Centripetal or swirling 1244:Cross-impinging triplet 1154:Reaction control system 881:interceptor prototypes. 626:reusable launch systems 355:thrust to weight ratios 166:cryogenic rocket engine 32:Rocket-powered aircraft 4049:Non-rocket spacelaunch 3899:Nuclear thermal rocket 3799:Pulsed plasma thruster 3369:Siddiqi, Asif (2000). 3334:Mejía, Álvaro (2017). 3051:. NASA. Archived from 3006:. pp. Chapter 3. 2928:. pp. Chapter 3. 2865:. pp. Chapter 3. 2083: 1990: 1904: 1824:During this period in 1758:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 1749: 1708:enthalpy of combustion 1554:Engine cycle tradeoffs 1241:Self-impinging doublet 1081: 1031:red fuming nitric acid 804: 763:'s first liquid rocket 322:Principle of operation 235: 164:. The engine may be a 122:monopropellant rockets 120:Liquid rockets can be 78: 5483:are under development 4871:YF-20, 21, 22, 24, 25 4650:RD-107, 108, 117, 118 3715:Electrical propulsion 3442:Spacecraft propulsion 3340:Persona & Cultura 3049:"Re-Creating History" 2268:10.1017/9781108381376 2081: 1999:Auburn, Massachusetts 1981: 1892:of 1902, featuring a 1882: 1869:Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1 1787:From 1929 to 1930 in 1747: 1634:Rocket engine cooling 1417:designed and used by 1146:Space Shuttle orbiter 1079: 1037:Anti-aircraft missile 962:Nitric acid 73% with 826:as the oxidizer) and 794: 565:project of NASA, and 551:liquefied natural gas 299:Cryogenic propellants 269:They can suffer from 233: 130:Tripropellant rockets 40: 3947:Antimatter-catalyzed 3745:Hall-effect thruster 3558:Solar thermal rocket 2813:Ciencia y tecnología 2782:, p. 167 Vol 1. 2650:, p. 165 Vol 1. 2131:launch escape system 1915:, wrote a letter to 1780:and rocket designer 1648:regenerative cooling 1337:Helmholtz resonators 1311:Combustion stability 1088:dinitrogen tetroxide 1046:dinitrogen tetroxide 964:dinitrogen tetroxide 864:Messerschmitt Me 163 383:rocket engine nozzle 126:bipropellant rockets 5503:American inventions 4972:RD-0216, 0217, 0235 4635:RD-0107, 0108, 0110 3889:Direct Fusion Drive 3804:Vacuum arc thruster 3691:Pressure-fed engine 3670:Gas-generator cycle 3577:Chemical propulsion 3514:Physical propulsion 3267:. 14 November 2019. 3253:. 20 February 2019. 3219:. 28 February 2020. 3199:. 13 February 2019. 3185:. 13 February 2019. 2851:, pp. 115–116. 2461:2001JSpRo..38..730L 1838:Mikhail Tikhonravov 1740:Russia–Soviet Union 1563: 1425:Gas-generator cycle 1258:Apollo Lunar Module 1122:Monomethylhydrazine 603:atmospheric reentry 461:Space Launch System 375:pyrotechnic igniter 351:reciprocating pumps 4103:Spaceflight portal 4069:Reactionless drive 4034:Aerogravity assist 3874:Nuclear propulsion 3281:. 9 November 2020. 3233:. 3 February 2020. 3118:Air Force Magazine 2572:, p. 6–7,333. 2103:Walter HWK 109-509 2084: 1991: 1951:man reach the Moon 1905: 1750: 1735:History of rockets 1580:Staged-combustion 1561: 1476:combustion chamber 1368:Pressure-fed cycle 1219:Types of injectors 1152:(OMS) engines and 1082: 993:High-test peroxide 805: 373:(thrust chamber), 371:combustion chamber 236: 196:quality management 103:specific impulse ( 95:liquid propellants 79: 62:combustion chamber 46:Liquid rocket fuel 18:Liquid fuel rocket 5508:Rocket propulsion 5490: 5489: 5432:Space Shuttle SRB 5173: 5172: 5111: 5110: 4801: 4800: 4523: 4522: 4110: 4109: 4064:Atmospheric entry 4019:Orbital mechanics 3986: 3985: 3868: 3867: 3819:Resistojet rocket 3709: 3708: 3684:Intake mechanisms 3617:Liquid propellant 3521:Cold gas thruster 3134:Popular Mechanics 3071:978-3-486-76182-5 2758:978-0-87938-498-2 2675:(November 2007). 2628:Russian Space Web 2424:. IHI Corporation 2322:978-3-540-22190-6 2277:978-1-108-38137-6 2259:Rocket Propulsion 2109:Post World War II 2069:Wernher von Braun 2057:Walter Dornberger 2003:Robert H. Goddard 1983:Robert H. Goddard 1947:Wernher von Braun 1770:Wernher von Braun 1699:Triethylaluminium 1684:F-1 rocket engine 1625: 1624: 1393:Electric pump-fed 1166:Dragon spacecraft 1156:(RCS) thrusters. 1003:) and kerosene – 891:) and kerosene – 811:(self igniting). 99:solid propellants 71:through a throat. 16:(Redirected from 5520: 5181: 5180: 5017:RD-263, 268, 273 4948:along other LREs 4810: 4809: 4670:RD-191, 151, 181 4534: 4533: 4192: 4191: 4183: 4182: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4114: 4113: 4100: 4084:Alcubierre drive 4074:Field propulsion 4024:Orbital maneuver 4012:Related concepts 3879: 3878: 3730:Colloid thruster 3720: 3719: 3581: 3580: 3483:Specific impulse 3435: 3428: 3421: 3412: 3411: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3377: 3365: 3355: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3283: 3282: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3165: 3159: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3115: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3080: 3074: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2989: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2804: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2727: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2596: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2507: 2498:. Archived from 2492: 2486: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2423: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2399: 2390: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2377: 2361: 2350: 2349: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2299: 2290: 2289: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2226: 2192:List of missiles 2151:Relativity Space 1858: 1830:Fredrich Tsander 1820: 1809: 1778:Valentin Glushko 1693:Ignition with a 1564: 1560: 1300:Valentin Glushko 1068:(used to launch 857: 837: 777: 614:specific impulse 590: 567:Project Morpheus 271:pogo oscillation 203:specific impulse 21: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5468: 5189: 5182: 5178: 5169: 5107: 4997:RD-0255 to 0257 4992:RD-0243 to 0245 4854: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4821: 4797: 4538: 4529: 4519: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4202: 4196: 4177: 4170: 4157: 4155:launch vehicles 4141: 4111: 4106: 4090: 4007: 3982: 3930: 3864: 3833: 3787: 3761:Electromagnetic 3756: 3705: 3696:Pump-fed engine 3679: 3648: 3605: 3572: 3509: 3500:Rocket equation 3466:Reaction engine 3444: 3439: 3394: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3324: 3322: 3305: 3303: 3292: 3287: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3149: 3129: 3125: 3113: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3064: 3060: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3033: 3031: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2985: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2958: 2950:. p. 156. 2940: 2936: 2922: 2918: 2905: 2901: 2892: 2890: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2828: 2824: 2805: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2759: 2749:Soviet X-planes 2745: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2692: 2688: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2620: 2616: 2597: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2552: 2544: 2540: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2505: 2503: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2476: 2443:Landis (2001). 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2384: 2375: 2373: 2363: 2362: 2353: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2301: 2300: 2293: 2278: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2227: 2220: 2215: 2163: 2157:, or Launcher. 2139:launch vehicles 2135:SpaceX Dragon 2 2111: 2092:Hellmuth Walter 2053:Heereswaffenamt 2041:Frank H. Winter 2020: 1976: 1877: 1852: 1814: 1803: 1742: 1737: 1731: 1713: 1656: 1644: 1636: 1630: 1577:Expander cycle 1556: 1353: 1313: 1221: 1205: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1097: 1093: 1072:crew vehicles.) 1055: 1051: 1035:MIM-3 Nike Ajax 1028: 1024: 1002: 998: 950: 946: 942: 938: 930: 926: 922: 890: 855: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 825: 821: 789: 775: 768:carbon monoxide 736: 732: 651: 644: 640: 636: 632: 623: 619: 611: 586: 548: 454: 449: 439: 432:Liquid oxygen ( 429: 421: 415: 403: 335:liquid hydrogen 324: 264:guidance system 188: 156:, and a liquid 150:liquid hydrogen 118: 109: 77: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5526: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5393:United States 5391: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 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4597: 4596: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4559: 4550: 4548: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4508: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4458: 4452:United States 4450: 4449: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4392: 4390: 4381: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4332:United States 4330: 4329: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4299: 4294: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4211: 4209: 4200: 4189: 4180: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4144:Rocket engines 4140: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4117: 4108: 4107: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4029:Gravity assist 4026: 4021: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3994: 3992: 3991:External power 3988: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3964:Bussard ramjet 3956: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3896: 3891: 3885: 3883: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3793: 3792:Electrothermal 3789: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3665:Expander cycle 3662: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3634:Monopropellant 3631: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3505:Thermal rocket 3502: 3497: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3458: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3393: 3392:External links 3390: 3389: 3388: 3366: 3342:(in Spanish). 3331: 3312: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3270: 3256: 3236: 3222: 3202: 3188: 3174: 3160: 3147: 3123: 3101: 3092: 3075: 3058: 3055:on 2007-12-01. 3040: 3013: 2994: 2967: 2956: 2934: 2916: 2899: 2872: 2853: 2841: 2822: 2796: 2794:, p. 8-9. 2784: 2772: 2757: 2739: 2711: 2704: 2686: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2622:Zak, Anatoly. 2614: 2586: 2574: 2562: 2550: 2538: 2528:Russian title 2521: 2512: 2487: 2474: 2469:10.2514/2.3739 2455:(5): 730–735. 2435: 2410: 2382: 2351: 2333: 2321: 2291: 2276: 2248: 2236: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2110: 2107: 2088:Heinkel He 176 2049:Arthur Rudolph 2019: 2016: 2012:Hermann Oberth 1975: 1972: 1943:Hermann Oberth 1876: 1873: 1865:Leonid Dushkin 1782:Sergey Korolev 1741: 1738: 1733:Main article: 1730: 1727: 1723:triethylborane 1711: 1688:Apollo program 1655: 1652: 1642: 1632:Main article: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1574:Gas generator 1571: 1570: 1567: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1542: 1537: 1521: 1516: 1515:(bleed cycle). 1496: 1494:Expander cycle 1491: 1472: 1467: 1427: 1422: 1411:turbomachinery 1401:, generally a 1399:electric motor 1395: 1390: 1370: 1352: 1349: 1312: 1309: 1294:Apollo program 1254: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1220: 1217: 1204: 1201: 1197:hybrid rockets 1193:Space Ship Two 1170: 1169: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1119: 1108:service module 1095: 1091: 1073: 1053: 1049: 1038: 1026: 1022: 1016: 1000: 996: 990: 960: 948: 944: 940: 936: 928: 924: 920: 913: 888: 882: 853: 845: 841: 833: 823: 819: 788: 785: 784: 783: 764: 761:Robert Goddard 753: 734: 730: 723: 690:first stages, 650: 649:Semi-cryogenic 647: 642: 638: 634: 630: 621: 617: 609: 571: 570: 546: 543:liquid methane 539: 459:main engines, 452: 447: 437: 428: 425: 417:Main article: 414: 411: 402: 401:Pressurization 399: 323: 320: 319: 318: 311: 296: 289: 282: 274: 267: 254: 251:gauge pressure 247: 244:center of mass 228: 227: 224: 221: 217: 206: 199: 187: 184: 180:Hybrid rockets 134:hybrid rockets 117: 114: 107: 76: 75: 72: 65: 58: 55: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5525: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5482: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5185: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5131:RD-211 to 214 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5002:RD-215 to 219 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4977:RD-0233, 0234 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4967:RD-0207, 0214 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4947: 4946:Paektusan LRE 4944: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4848: 4844: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4630:RD-0105, 0109 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4532: 4526: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4314:KVD-1 (RD-56) 4312: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4133: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4039:Oberth effect 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3959:Fusion rocket 3957: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882:Closed system 3880: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3814:Arcjet rocket 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3783:Plasma magnet 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723:Electrostatic 3721: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3675:Tap-off cycle 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3644:Tripropellant 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3563:Photon rocket 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3553:Magnetic sail 3551: 3549: 3548:Electric sail 3546: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3471:Reaction mass 3469: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3461:Rocket engine 3459: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3395: 3374: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3320: 3319: 3313: 3301: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3290:Sources cited 3280: 3274: 3266: 3260: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3240: 3232: 3226: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3206: 3198: 3192: 3184: 3178: 3170: 3164: 3157: 3154:Volker Koos, 3151: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3127: 3119: 3112: 3105: 3096: 3085: 3079: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3017: 3010: 3005: 2998: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2971: 2964: 2959: 2957:9781136257902 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2912: 2911: 2903: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2876: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2801: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2724: 2723: 2715: 2707: 2705:3-7186-5313-3 2701: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2661: 2656: 2649: 2644: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2583: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2560:, p. 27. 2559: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2516: 2502:on 2012-04-14 2501: 2497: 2491: 2484: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2420: 2414: 2396: 2389: 2387: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2347: 2346:www.quora.com 2343: 2337: 2324: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2298: 2296: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2232: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2007:liquid oxygen 2004: 2000: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1974:United States 1971: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935:John D. Clark 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1889:Avion Torpedo 1885: 1881: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1859:powering the 1856: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1746: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1716:rocket engine 1709: 1705: 1704:liquid oxygen 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1608:Disadvantages 1606: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1583:Pressure-fed 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1565: 1559: 1548: 1547:SpaceX Raptor 1543: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1470:Tap-off cycle 1468: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1405:, drives the 1404: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1362: 1356: 1351:Engine cycles 1348: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1290: 1289:Space Shuttle 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1216: 1212: 1210: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1089: 1085: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1006: 994: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 958: 954: 934: 918: 914: 912: 909: 905: 901: 897: 894: 886: 883: 880: 876: 875: 869: 865: 861: 851: 829: 817: 814: 813: 812: 810: 802: 798: 793: 781: 773: 769: 765: 762: 758: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 728: 724: 722:first stages. 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 696:Atlas rockets 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 658:(kerosene) – 657: 653: 652: 646: 627: 615: 606: 604: 600: 596: 595: 589: 588:Space Shuttle 584: 580: 576: 568: 564: 560: 557:(SpaceX) and 556: 553:, LNG) – the 552: 544: 540: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 462: 458: 457:Space Shuttle 450: 443: 440:) and liquid 435: 431: 430: 424: 420: 410: 408: 398: 396: 395:engine cycles 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 365: 360: 356: 352: 348: 342: 340: 336: 331: 329: 316: 315:solid rockets 312: 309: 304: 300: 297: 293: 290: 287: 283: 279: 278:ullage motors 275: 272: 268: 265: 261: 260: 255: 252: 248: 245: 241: 240: 239: 232: 225: 222: 218: 215: 211: 210:Space Shuttle 207: 204: 200: 197: 193: 192: 191: 183: 181: 177: 174: 169: 167: 163: 162:liquid oxygen 159: 155: 151: 147: 144:use a liquid 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 113: 111: 106: 100: 96: 92: 91:rocket engine 88: 87:liquid rocket 84: 73: 70: 66: 63: 59: 56: 53: 50: 47: 44: 43: 39: 33: 19: 5480: 5021: 4942:North Korea 4713: 4706: 4674: 4602: 4590: 4583: 4561: 4510: 4503: 4491: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4342: 4335: 4323: 4301: 4244: 4237: 4175: 4148:solid motors 4101: 4044:Space launch 3976:Fission sail 3904:Radioisotope 3735:Ion thruster 3653:Power cycles 3639:Bipropellant 3590: 3531:Steam rocket 3526:Water rocket 3399: 3380:. Retrieved 3371: 3343: 3339: 3323:. Retrieved 3317: 3304:. Retrieved 3298: 3273: 3259: 3248: 3239: 3225: 3214: 3205: 3191: 3177: 3171:. June 2020. 3163: 3155: 3150: 3142: 3133: 3126: 3117: 3111:"Rocket Men" 3104: 3095: 3078: 3061: 3053:the original 3043: 3032:. Retrieved 3025: 3016: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2986:. Retrieved 2984:(in Spanish) 2979: 2970: 2961: 2943: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2909: 2902: 2891:. Retrieved 2889:(in Spanish) 2884: 2875: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2844: 2835: 2825: 2812: 2792:Siddiqi 2000 2787: 2780:Chertok 2005 2775: 2748: 2742: 2730:. Retrieved 2721: 2714: 2695: 2689: 2673:Asif Siddiqi 2667: 2662:, p. 4. 2660:Siddiqi 2000 2655: 2648:Chertok 2005 2643: 2631:. Retrieved 2627: 2617: 2600: 2582:Siddiqi 2000 2577: 2570:Siddiqi 2000 2565: 2558:Siddiqi 2000 2553: 2548:, p. 1. 2546:Siddiqi 2000 2541: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2515: 2504:. Retrieved 2500:the original 2490: 2482: 2477: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2428:November 29, 2426:. Retrieved 2413: 2403:November 29, 2401:. Retrieved 2374:. Retrieved 2368: 2345: 2336: 2326:, retrieved 2303: 2258: 2251: 2239: 2230: 2120: 2112: 2098: 2085: 2021: 1994: 1992: 1955:Nazi Germany 1938: 1917: 1909:Pedro Paulet 1906: 1887: 1884:Pedro Paulet 1843: 1823: 1786: 1762:astronautics 1753: 1751: 1692: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1657: 1640: 1637: 1607: 1588: 1557: 1361:gravity drag 1357: 1354: 1345: 1341: 1335:engine, use 1330: 1322: 1316: 1314: 1298: 1282: 1278:Falcon Heavy 1255: 1233: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1213: 1206: 1195:plan to use 1189:Dream Chaser 1185:carcinogenic 1171: 1104:lunar module 1066:Long March 2 873: 868:World War II 849: 806: 803:rocket plane 800: 771: 743:World War II 720:Long March 8 716:Long March 7 712:Long March 6 708:Long March 5 668:Zenit rocket 607: 593: 572: 516:Long March 8 512:Long March 5 508:Long March 3 492:third stages 422: 404: 387:pressure-fed 368: 343: 332: 325: 302: 257: 237: 189: 178: 173:throttleable 170: 141: 138:solid rocket 119: 104: 86: 82: 80: 5479:Engines in 5126:RD-109, 119 5064:RD-864, 869 5049:RD-854, 861 5012:RD-253, 275 4660:RD-170, 171 4059:Aerocapture 4054:Aerobraking 3935:Open system 3919:"Lightbulb" 3860:Mass driver 3610:Propellants 3541:Diffractive 2036:Rüsselsheim 1987:New England 1918:El Comercio 1896:fixed to a 1853: [ 1815: [ 1804: [ 1675:pyrotechnic 1569:Cycle type 1238:Shower head 1084:Aerozine 50 1009:Black Arrow 988:Taepodong-2 984:North Korea 951:) – Soviet 885:Nitric acid 860:HWK 109-509 830:(methanol, 799:'s Me 163B 664:first stage 599:destruction 585:led to the 536:GSLV Mk-III 502:as well as 413:Propellants 5497:Categories 4866:YF-1, 2, 3 4814:Hypergolic 4786:Rutherford 4505:Prometheus 4467:Archimedes 4079:Warp drive 3909:Salt-water 3627:Hypergolic 3536:Solar sail 3034:2022-03-11 2988:2022-03-11 2893:2022-03-11 2849:Mejía 2017 2506:2010-06-01 2376:2020-08-25 2328:2023-11-29 2213:References 2127:SuperDraco 2123:3D printed 2116:Space Race 2073:V-2 rocket 2045:Opel RAK.1 2028:Max Valier 1993:The first 1939:Die Rakete 1927:Max Valier 1863:. In 1938 1774:Peenemünde 1695:pyrophoric 1679:Hypergolic 1661:hard start 1589:Advantages 1419:Rocket Lab 1415:Rutherford 1373:Examples: 1305:Wasserfall 1272:engine on 1264:) and the 1100:Titans 2–4 809:hypergolic 745:) A4, aka 532:GSLV Mk-II 464:core stage 379:propellant 347:turbopumps 292:Turbopumps 5407:Castor 30 5287:Zefiro 40 5282:Zefiro 23 5223:SpaB-140C 4620:NK-33, 44 4530:cryogenic 4376:Methalox 4195:Hydrolox 4187:Cryogenic 3622:Cryogenic 3362:258143557 3216:Space.com 2948:Routledge 2609:699561269 2286:203039055 2121:In 2010s 1931:Willy Ley 1907:Peruvian 1789:Leningrad 1480:turbopump 1381:, Apollo 1317:chugging, 1307:missile. 1280:rockets. 1260:engines ( 1203:Injectors 1181:hydrazine 1124:(MMH, (CH 1116:Voyager 2 1112:Voyager 1 1106:, Apollo 1102:, Apollo 1019:Hydrazine 900:MiG I-270 688:Saturn IB 496:Saturn IB 427:Cryogenic 407:turbopump 359:Merlin 1D 303:chilldown 5422:Orbus-21 5277:Zefiro 9 5040:Ukraine 4818:Aerozine 4806:Storable 4698:Ukraine 4640:RD-0110R 4537:Kerolox 3914:Gas core 3449:Concepts 2981:BBC News 2886:BBC News 2767:22704082 2681:Archived 2161:See also 2129:used in 2024:Opel RAK 1968:Cold War 1901:tiltwing 1654:Ignition 1460:Falcon 9 1452:Ariane 5 1444:Delta IV 1432:Saturn V 1387:Delta II 1326:Saturn V 1274:Falcon 9 1174:storable 1080:Titan II 1070:Shenzhou 1007:(1970s) 980:Shahab-5 974:-B,-D), 959:-c,-d,-e 955:-C, aka 906:-A, aka 780:Zirconia 757:gasoline 751:Redstone 704:Falcon 9 700:Falcon 1 684:Saturn I 660:Saturn V 594:Columbia 579:hydrogen 500:Saturn I 484:Saturn V 476:Delta IV 468:Ariane 5 442:hydrogen 391:pump-fed 286:hydrogen 214:Falcon 9 160:such as 158:oxidizer 148:such as 93:burning 52:Oxidizer 5481:italics 5442:Star 48 5437:Star 37 5417:Orbus-6 5338:Israel 5272:Waxwing 5228:Europe 5220:SpaB-65 5122:Russia 4987:RD-0237 4982:RD-0236 4953:Russia 4932:Israel 4892:Europe 4736:Kestrel 4682:S1.5400 4645:RD-0124 4611:Russia 4604:SCE-200 4500:Europe 4493:RD-0169 4488:Russia 4414:Longyun 4407:Lingyun 4325:RD-0146 4319:RD-0120 4310:Russia 4267:Vulcain 4253:Europe 4176:Liquid 4152:orbital 4003:Tethers 3855:MagBeam 3740:Gridded 3495:Staging 3488:Delta-v 3382:21 July 3325:21 July 3306:21 July 2838:. NASA. 2819:: 5–12. 2732:13 June 2633:20 July 2457:Bibcode 2155:Skyrora 2133:of the 2061:a field 2018:Germany 1729:History 1719:ignitor 1697:agent: 1686:on the 1628:Cooling 1505:Atlas V 1266:Kestrel 877:crewed 872:Ba 349 828:C-Stoff 816:T-Stoff 727:ethanol 692:Titan I 504:Centaur 364:delta-v 328:nozzles 89:uses a 5397:AJ-60A 5362:KM-V2b 5353:Japan 5327:Salman 5293:India 5267:Topaze 5232:Mage 1 5197:China 5188:Solid 5095:TR-201 5059:RD-856 5054:RD-855 5044:RD-843 5034:S5.98M 5023:RD-270 4917:India 4911:Viking 4901:Astris 4896:Aestus 4886:YF-50D 4862:China 4771:RS-27A 4761:Merlin 4751:LR-105 4715:RD-810 4708:RD-801 4692:TEPREL 4688:Spain 4676:RD-193 4665:RD-180 4655:RD-120 4599:India 4592:Welkin 4585:YF-130 4579:YF-115 4574:YF-102 4569:YF-100 4553:China 4481:Aeon R 4474:Aeon 1 4461:Raptor 4445:YF-215 4438:YF-209 4431:TQ-15A 4395:China 4288:Japan 4277:CE-7.5 4273:India 4228:YF-75D 4214:China 3829:VASIMR 3478:Thrust 3456:Rocket 3360: 3069: 2954: 2765: 2755: 2702: 2607: 2319: 2284: 2274: 2096:Me 163 1995:flight 1933:, and 1894:canopy 1850:ORM-65 1826:Moscow 1812:ORM-52 1706:. The 1530:RD-191 1464:Merlin 1270:Merlin 1251:Pintle 1209:nozzle 1158:SpaceX 1058:Proton 1044:) and 1029:) and 893:Soviet 874:Natter 870:, and 848:· 797:NMUSAF 776: 772:hopper 749:, and 739:German 686:, and 575:oxygen 555:Raptor 498:, and 488:second 480:Ares I 220:gains. 69:nozzle 5462:X-254 5457:X-248 5447:UA120 5427:Orion 5402:Algol 5387:SRB-A 5382:M-34c 5357:KM-V1 5347:RSA-3 5323:Iran 5257:P120C 5216:FG-47 5211:FG-46 5206:FG-36 5201:FG-02 5162:XLR81 5156:RS-88 5151:Curie 5141:Gamma 5116:Other 5100:XLR81 5089:RS-88 5084:LR-91 5079:LR-87 5029:S5.92 4957:17D61 4926:Vikas 4906:Vexin 4881:YF-40 4876:YF-23 4849:, or 4829:, or 4823:UH 25 4791:XLR50 4776:RS-56 4766:RS-27 4746:LR-89 4741:LR-79 4625:RD-58 4615:NK-15 4563:TH-12 4557:TH-11 4528:Semi- 4425:TQ-12 4420:TQ-11 4400:BF-20 4365:RS-68 4360:RS-25 4337:BE-3U 4282:CE-20 4262:Vinci 4246:YF-90 4239:YF-79 4233:YF-77 4223:YF-75 4218:YF-73 3838:Other 3584:State 3376:(PDF) 3358:S2CID 3302:. RHK 3114:(PDF) 3087:(PDF) 2726:(PDF) 2422:(PDF) 2398:(PDF) 2282:S2CID 2147:Orbex 2143:Astra 2141:from 2099:Komet 1898:delta 1857:] 1819:] 1808:] 1801:ORM-1 1448:RS-68 1407:pumps 1375:AJ-10 1333:RS-25 1285:RS-25 1177:ICBMs 1162:Draco 1062:Rokot 935:, (CH 919:, HNO 801:Komet 680:Delta 676:Soyuz 591: 528:H-IIB 524:H-IIA 295:pump. 281:pump. 259:slosh 116:Types 5452:SRMU 5377:M-34 5372:M-24 5367:M-14 5342:LK-1 5332:Rafe 5317:S200 5312:S139 5262:P230 5190:fuel 5074:AJ10 4936:LK-4 4831:UDMH 4781:S-3D 4702:RD-8 4541:RP-1 4512:M-10 4456:BE-4 4355:RL10 4344:BE-7 4303:LE-9 4297:LE-7 4292:LE-5 4257:HM7B 4178:fuel 4150:for 4146:and 3568:WINE 3384:2022 3327:2022 3308:2022 3250:CNBC 3067:ISBN 2952:ISBN 2817:Lima 2763:OCLC 2753:ISBN 2734:2022 2700:ISBN 2635:2022 2605:OCLC 2430:2022 2405:2022 2370:JAXA 2317:ISBN 2272:ISBN 1923:Lima 1913:Peru 1875:Peru 1534:LE-7 1526:SSME 1513:LE-5 1509:H-II 1503:for 1501:RL10 1488:BE-3 1486:and 1484:J-2S 1456:HM7B 1438:and 1283:The 1276:and 1191:and 1172:For 1144:) – 1114:and 1098:) – 1056:) – 1042:UDMH 976:Iran 972:Scud 968:R-12 957:SS-1 953:Scud 933:UDMH 917:RFNA 911:SRBM 908:SS-1 904:Scud 898:and 896:BI-1 887:(HNO 795:The 718:and 702:and 694:and 656:RP-1 577:and 559:BE-4 534:and 520:H-II 490:and 472:BE-3 455:) – 212:and 154:RP-1 146:fuel 60:The 5412:GEM 5307:S12 5252:P80 5247:PAP 5242:P-6 5237:P-4 5137:UK 4921:PS4 4851:HNO 4847:MON 4827:MMH 4731:H-1 4726:F-1 4545:LOX 4387:LOX 4350:J-2 4206:LOX 3348:doi 3139:716 3027:EFE 2465:doi 2309:doi 2264:doi 2065:VfR 1921:in 1886:'s 1810:to 1710:, Δ 1511:'s 1462:'s 1454:'s 1446:'s 1440:J-2 1436:F-1 1434:'s 1397:An 1383:SPS 1379:OMS 1160:'s 1148:'s 1128:)HN 1013:USA 923:+ N 879:VTO 747:V-2 729:, C 672:R-7 662:'s 597:'s 545:(CH 486:'s 451:, H 436:, O 434:LOX 389:or 152:or 85:or 5499:: 5302:S9 5297:S7 4845:, 4834:/ 4825:, 4820:, 4543:/ 4385:/ 4380:CH 4204:/ 4199:LH 3356:. 3344:14 3338:. 3247:. 3213:. 3116:. 3024:. 2978:. 2960:. 2946:. 2883:. 2834:. 2815:. 2811:. 2799:^ 2761:. 2679:. 2626:. 2589:^ 2463:. 2453:38 2451:. 2447:. 2385:^ 2367:. 2354:^ 2344:. 2315:, 2294:^ 2280:. 2270:. 2221:^ 2153:, 2149:, 2145:, 2118:. 1929:, 1855:ru 1828:, 1817:ru 1806:ru 1690:. 1659:A 1643:SP 1532:, 1528:, 1458:, 1450:, 1442:, 1090:(N 1064:, 1060:, 1048:(N 1033:– 1021:(N 1011:, 1005:UK 995:(H 986:: 982:, 978:: 970:, 856:O) 852:(H 836:OH 832:CH 759:– 714:, 710:, 706:, 698:, 682:, 678:, 670:, 666:, 645:. 629:LH 605:. 569:.) 549:, 526:, 522:, 514:, 510:, 494:, 482:, 466:, 446:LH 397:. 377:, 330:. 140:. 108:sp 81:A 5164:* 5158:* 5102:* 5091:* 4856:) 4853:3 4842:4 4840:O 4838:2 4836:N 4816:( 4547:) 4539:( 4389:) 4382:4 4378:( 4208:) 4201:2 4197:( 4136:e 4129:t 4122:v 3434:e 3427:t 3420:v 3386:. 3364:. 3350:: 3329:. 3310:. 3120:. 3073:) 3037:. 2991:. 2896:. 2769:. 2736:. 2708:. 2637:. 2611:. 2536:) 2532:( 2509:. 2471:. 2467:: 2459:: 2432:. 2407:. 2379:. 2348:. 2311:: 2288:. 2266:: 1712:c 1641:I 1549:. 1536:. 1490:. 1466:. 1421:. 1389:. 1168:. 1142:4 1140:O 1138:2 1134:2 1132:H 1130:2 1126:3 1118:) 1096:4 1094:O 1092:2 1054:4 1052:O 1050:2 1027:4 1025:H 1023:2 1001:2 999:O 997:2 949:2 947:H 945:2 943:N 941:2 939:) 937:3 929:4 927:O 925:2 921:3 889:3 854:2 850:n 846:4 844:H 842:2 840:N 834:3 824:2 822:O 820:2 741:( 735:5 733:H 731:2 643:2 639:2 635:2 631:2 622:2 618:2 610:2 547:4 453:2 448:2 444:( 438:2 266:. 110:) 105:I 54:. 48:. 34:. 20:)

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Liquid-propellant rocket

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