Literature of Laos

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folklore. It is important to appreciate that for the Lao, to engage in study or writing was in essence to pursue a deeper philosophical or religious meaning. Equally important is that oral traditions continue to exist along with written literary forms, and there is difficulty to distinguish the two as separate traditions as they are essentially coexisting and complementary. Written texts, in particular classical or religious, frequently do not have individual authorship nor do they have a fixed form, they are subject to continual retelling, reinterpretation and elaboration.

514:(mythological giant) during his youth. The king is so distraught he renounces the throne, and becomes a wandering monk to find his sister. As a wandering monk the king makes his way to a city where he sees seven daughters of wealthy merchant and falls in love. He returns to the kingdom and ceases being a monk to wed all seven of the girls. Six of the queens bear six sons. Through divine intervention the first queen gives birth to an elephant with giant golden tusks, and the youngest gives birth to twins- a golden snail, and boy born clutching a bow, who they name Sin Xay. 237: 1741: 773: 2043: 964: 3569: 1339: 557: 2730:, with over 86,000 texts being preserved and 12,000 texts microfilmed in a central database. The results of these efforts are over 7,500 old and unique titles, representing a massive amount of literary wealth despite the destruction and wars of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The effort to translate, preserve and promote these primary sources is ongoing and will protect the literary heritage of 838:

The Toad King builds a bridge to heaven and fights a terrible battle with the Lord of Heaven. The Toad King wins, and teaches the Lord of Heaven the value of humility. As a result, each year the Lord of Heaven sends down rains, but just in case he forgets the people hold festivals and shoot rockets

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struggling to assert their control over Laos. Today Laos has a reawakening interest in literature, as people struggle with national identity, rapid technological and social changes, development and a lagging economy, while maintaining a strong popular interest in the folk culture which has been part

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beliefs is also common, religious and philosophical teachings. Individual authorship is not important; works were simply attributed with a perceived religious origin raising its status in the eyes of the audience. Owing to the religious and societal importance of most literature, the written word

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including religious, philosophy, prose, epic or lyric poetry, histories, traditional law and customs, folklore, astrology, rituals, grammar and lexicography, dramas, romances, comedies, and non-fiction. Lao thematic elements frequently combine the religious and philosophical with secular works and

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When the princes come of age the king sends them out to find his sister who had long ago been kidnapped. Through the princes aimless wanderings they come to find Sin Xay- whom they trick into thinking will be welcomed back by the king if he joins them in their quest. The group endures many

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have a rich literary tradition dating back at least six hundred years, with the oral and storytelling traditions of its peoples dating back much earlier. Lao literature refers to the written productions of Laotian peoples, its émigrés, and to Lao-language works. In Laos today there are over

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Most works of Lao literature have been handed down through continuous copying and have survived in the form of palm-leaf manuscripts, which were traditionally stored in wooden caskets and kept in the libraries of Buddhist monasteries. The act of copying a book or text held deep religious

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The prince finds a beautiful wife and his father happily allows his son to become king. The Toad King and his wife are so beloved that everyone and everything under heaven comes to pay him homage, and forget to honor the Lord of Heaven. The Lord of Heaven is so humiliated he forbids the

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epic is regarded by literary critics and historians as one of the most important indigenous epic poems in Southeast Asia and a Lao language literary masterpiece for artistic, historical, and cultural reasons. Both the single extant copy of the text and the oral history originated in

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Within the tale, mankind was threatened with destruction by giant creeping ivy, and was saved only through the sacrifice of a common elderly couple who volunteered to destroy the ivy and was crushed to death in the process. The story is recalled during the annual

127:), which were prepared from dried palm leaves which had been cut, incised, covered over with ink or charcoal and subsequently cleaned to reveal the written words. Texts were also recorded using folding books of locally produced paper from mulberry bark paper ( 2675:

did extensive work on the early classics identifying the major masterpieces of Lao storytelling and producing one of the first popular histories of Lan Xang. Maha Viravong is also credited with the rediscovery of one of the only primary copies of the

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to make rain, which causes drought, terrible fires and suffering on Earth. After seven years of suffering the people, and creatures of Earth and even the divine creatures of heaven cannot take anymore trouble, and come to the Toad King for help.

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The king feared the omen of the births, and consulted the court astrologer, who secretly plotted with other six queens, and suggested that the snail, elephant, and boy together with the two queens who bore them be exiled. The Lord of Heaven

1852:. The category can apply to almost any narrative form of expression, and includes many myths, customs, popular beliefs, riddles, jokes, and common depictions of everyday life. Most Lao folklore is pre-classical and mostly comes from 885:

prince Phangkhi fell madly in love with Nang Aikham. Prince Phangkhi had been Nang Aikham’s soul mate in past lives. Prince Phangkhi transformed himself into a white squirrel to slip past her father’s guards and visit Nang Aikham.

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The database is maintained via Internet by the National Library of Laos. Master copies of digital data are stored at the National Library of Laos and at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin and the Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund (GBV) in

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is generally considered one of the greatest masterpieces of Lao literature. The story recalls the past life of a compassionate prince, Vessantara, who gives away everything he owns, including his children, thereby displaying the

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The epic of the Toad King, tells the story of a prince born to a king in the form of a golden toad. The king cares for the prince, but the prince wishes for a wife as he grows older. The toad prince prays to the Lord of Heaven

522:) at this point in the epic saves the divine children and the queens by constructing a castle in the sky for them to live. The astrologer is made to raise the remaining six princes, who are neither very smart nor very diligent. 216:, based upon the belief that it was a sacred script and special knowledge was required to produce and to use these manuscripts. In the early periods, knowledge of Khom script was originally exclusively attributed to court 2620:

over the centuries shaped much of Lao literature, and determines what primary sources have continued to survive. Yet, renewed scholarship has led to important discoveries of classical literature in the twentieth century.

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during the 10th and 12th centuries. The plot follows the exploits of a conquering hero Thao Hung, who even in death goes on to lead a ghost army in the afterlife. One scene of the epic describes the creation of the

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As a result of itinerant monks, Buddhist texts in Laos vary greatly between monasteries, with an emphasis for those texts used most frequently in daily community life, rather than complete or formal copies of the

2483:, with the exception of the military. However the rifts between the political factions were deep and split along both ideological and personal lines among the Lao royal family, and would later give rise to the 2723:(Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz) to create the Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts. The government granted permission for the manuscript collection to be made accessible via the Internet. 541:

Having achieved their quest, group sets out to return but stops to cleanse themselves and make offerings to the Lord of Heaven. The six brothers, not wanting to lose face in the eyes of their father push

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and topics. All of these groups and transitions are creating a broad spectrum of uniquely Lao literary voices, which are reemerging with a frequency that had long been dormant since the classical era of

2715:) in over 800 monasteries. From 1992-2004 the Preservation of Lao Manuscripts Programme began as a joint German and Lao venture. Starting in October 2007, the National Library has collaborated with the 546:, the golden-tusked elephant and snail off a cliff and tell the king's sister that they had tragically drowned. The king’s sister did not believe the princes, but waited to tell the king directly. 549:

On seeing his long lost sister and hearing from her that the princes had killed their brothers, the king becomes enraged and banishes them all, the astrologer, and his six remaining queens.

2075:). The stories involve the protagonist Xiang Miang, who is portrayed as a boy and novice monk, and his efforts to outwit the king or abbot in both humorous and morally instructive ways. 208:(Ancient Khmer) scripts. Khom script was mainly used for Buddhist texts, works on language, medicine, cosmology, astrology and numerology, protective and astrological formulas (mantra and 2660: 2140:

studies of these societies, and first hand retelling from the members of these groups have become an increasing part of modern literature about Laos, and are a source of increasing

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during the wars of the eighteenth and nineteenth century when both the Lao kings and sangha were politically at their weakest, and yet direct criticism would have broken cultural

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had developed a sophisticated tradition of art, literature and scholarship. Subjects were primarily religious or historical in nature, but also included epic poems, law, customs,

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From 1975 to the present Lao literature has begun to reemerge after decades of wars and conflict. Some literature remains overtly political, Laos being one of the few remaining

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and Siam using both romantic and religious language and imagery. The unnamed author In the end prays for a divine intervention to end the widespread suffering. Similarly, the

553:, who did not die in the fall, but was saved by his elephant and snail brothers, returns to see his father. The king is overjoyed to see his faithful son, and crowns him king. 1327:

to the Isan region revived cross cultural communications. The importance of this history to Lao literature and culture is that Thailand is now home to an estimated 30 million

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monk. Monastic education was the typical route to gain literacy and also some degree of social mobility in traditional society. Royal and religious records were stored in

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king pursued King Phadaeng and Nang Aikham in a chase that went on for days. Eventually he caught up when Nang Aikham stopped to drink water from a stream, where the

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The first serious efforts to interpret and preserve Lao literature began in the twentieth century. Modern efforts to translate and preserve Lao literature began with

466:, as well as traditional medicine and healing. Many of the works during this period have been lost due to wars in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth century. 103:

is generally kept in high regard and stored according to specific cultural taboos (i.e. never on the ground, and must be stored in a way that demonstrates respect).

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identity. Lao language, dress, and cultural expression in the Isan region were made illegal. The ultimate goal was an attempt to absorb the territories of

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Nineteenth-century Kammavāca palm leaf manuscript from Laos written in Tham Script. The wooden covers are decorated with lacquer, gilt and mirror glass inlay.

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found in weaving. All ethnic groups in Laos practice weaving at some level and it forms an important method of story telling and identity through folk art.

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The goals of these initial studies were threefold. The first goal, was a genuine intellectual and rational discourse to better understand the Lao, from an

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As a reward they would win his daughter’s hand in marriage. King Phadaeng built a rocket but it exploded on the launcher, he left humiliated, and the

3538: 2408:. Politics and internal struggle would come to dominate Lao life and literature for the second half of the twentieth century. Literature took on a 1001:) is one of the most important origin legends and describes the origin of the peoples in Laos and the surrounding regions from a common gourd. The 3498: 2241: 2206:. Studies into traditional Lao literary forms were made by a small group of French intellectuals representing the French cultural institute the 1105:. The Buddha images were symbols of royal and religious authority, and their stories combined folklore with animist traditions to become powerful 3493: 341:

during these periods had a lasting impact on Lao society and literature. The traditional model of monastic education was slowly replaced by a

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and historical perspective. The second, being more intentionally political, was to preserve Lao cultural identity and fashion it into a more

818:) celebrations each year. The festival has roots as a fertility celebration, and is held at the beginnings of the monsoon season each year. 2707:

began. The Toyota Foundation in conjunction with the Lao Ministry of Information and Culture began an initiative to catalogue over 300,000

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and acts of religious merit. In return, the most prolific teachers with royal sponsorship attracted wealthy patrons, artists, and pilgrims.

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tales are among some of the most recent and widely known folk literature in Laos. The stories emerged as clever and irreverent political

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to the French public as a "positive" for Lao society in general. The net impact to the culture was one which was positively pro-French.

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and traditional medicine. Oral and written traditions also include entertaining stories of malevolent ghosts, such as Grandmother Vom (

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was erected in Laos, a tangible symbol that the cultural memories of the rebellion still carried symbolic importance in the modern era.

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expresses the author's sadness that he cannot speak freely of his country while he tries to cope with tumultuous relationship between

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The Canon in Southeast Asian Literature: Literatures of Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam

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Despite the changes, major thematic elements and wording remained consistent, so the epic is one of the only descriptions of life in

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literature is inseparable from the political history of the country. Modern literary forms began in Laos began to emerge during the

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or "Great River of the Giant Serpent," for the belief that the river and surrounding terrain were gouged by the movement of a great

723:(Lao New Year) scenes from the work would be recreated, read aloud, or used in religious sermons. The Lao version is set along the 664:. The historical and cultural value continues in the description of the way of life among Lao peoples prior to the introduction of 2071: 710:. The emphasis of the story is on selflessness and brotherly love in the Lao version, making it traditionally classified among the 2663:

for the promotion and preservation of Lao cultural heritage. During the 1940s and 1950s preeminent Lao scholars began to emerge.

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identity to the Lao who would not compromise to outside pressures. In one of the most enigmatic and controversial Lao epics, the

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come in many versions, yet few of these primary sources have survived due to wars throughout the history of Laos and the earlier

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the political history of Laos has been complicated by frequent warfare and colonial conquests by European and regional rivals.

826:), who grants the prince everything he wishes for and allows him to shed his toad-like appearance to become a handsome prince. 2542:, Thailand and Vietnam, and all three have a history of mutual distrust stronger than cooperation. Yet, the economic power of 135:, or from lacquered cotton although these materials were less durable, and thus tended to be used for non-religious purposes. 69: 3409: 3096: 2957: 2491:

victory in 1975, can be divided into two distinct groups: literature created in the regions of the country controlled by the

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is one of the most popular and widely used methods to preserve folk heritage. Another widely used method is in the various

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era, creating a Lao literary tradition from outside the country. The younger post-war generation of Lao is influenced by

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City. King Phadaeng looked for her till the day he died. In death, he became a ghost king and made constant war with the

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would create a political division with the Isan region, although the majority population was historically and ethnically

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era, the story was written and adapted by royal scribes so that the version recalled the struggle of the Lao against the

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identity for the Lao, and interest in traditional Lao history and culture slowly reemerged. Revolutionaries in Laos and

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The twentieth century was period of immense upheaval and conflict, but also a gradual renewal of Lao literature. Both

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court. The court was all poisoned except Nang Aikham. King Phadaeng charged in to rescue her on a white horse. The

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working in the late 1910s and 1920s produced the first in depth cultural materials on Laos since the explorations of

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influence. The indigenous and pre-Buddhist Lao took their folklore and combined it with the serpents found in the

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had a profound impact on everyday life for the Lao, which gave way to independence movements and the emergence of

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priests were recruited by Lao kings for the purpose of carrying out certain ritual functions at the royal courts.

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create unique myths, legends, laws, customs, beliefs and identities which have been passed down largely through

1398:(1828). The end results of the rebellion were disastrous for the Lao, and resulted in the total destruction of 280:. All Lao males were expected to spend several years in religious education as a novice or to continue on as a 33:

family) is officially recognized as the national language, but owing to the ethnic diversity of the country the

3220: 2925: 1831:(Festival of Prince Vessantara) where the story is read aloud and is usually accompanied with dance, drama and 1799:. The term Jataka may also refer to a traditional commentary on this book. Jataka tales are common throughout 1649:

it was common for monks, texts and even complete libraries to move between monasteries. Kingship in Laos, and

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Elkington, Bethany; Kongmany Sydara; John F. Hartmann; Bounhong Southavong; D. Doel Soejarto (October 2013).

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working through the Comite Litteraire, produced the first popular publications of classical Lao literature.

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having been firmly established during the 1930s-1940s, political movements for independence took shape after

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are a rich source of folklore which developed along parallel lines to the written literature of the majority

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which sought their own government but were deeply divided between pro-Thai and pro-Vietnamese factions, and

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The plot follows the exploits of a king and his family, whose sister was kidnapped by a flying multi-headed

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cultural influence was strongest among the Lao nobility and upper classes who were sent to French language

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from the perspective of his top commanders. These secret histories and poetry circulated among the ethnic

1106: 2602: 4028: 3993: 3488: 3422: 1919:, or spirits, are believed to inhabit buildings, territories, natural places and things, and phenomena. 1495:

Religion and religious teaching is a recurring theme for much of Lao literature throughout its history.

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and tradition remained one of the few remaining links between the Lao and their ethnic heritage.

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are reflecting on the period of upheaval which began in the 1940s and came to crisis during the

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had a highly literate society because of the importance of religion and religious education in

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Novice monks practicing the art of making palm-leaf folios at Wat Manolom, Luang Prabang, Laos

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era, and flourished during the early sixteenth century. The primary cultural influence on

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in 1975. During this period Laos became the most heavily bombed country in world history.

389: 296: 1468:, keeping the cultural memory of the rebellion in the popular memory. In 2010 a statue of 8: 3765: 3690: 2520: 2144:. Each group maintains unique aspects of their storytelling culture. For instance, the 1504: 1300:, and has developed a distinctly different historical identity which has been the result 1146: 1098: 1066: 960:(chronicles) which were meant to be read aloud during festivals and important occasions. 530:

among the clouds, where they find the king's sister. They fight a terrible battle where

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government which was concerned with its own internal security and relationship with the

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was razed and many of the most important royal chronicles were destroyed or carried to

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story ends to describe the relationship between the early Lao and the Lord of Heaven (

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The Literary Heritage of Laos: Preservation, Dissemination, and Research Perspectives

3216: 3205: 3144: 3060: 3025: 2995: 2984: 2921: 2910: 2847: 2783: 2773: 2608: 2504: 2484: 2189: 2157: 1931:), who eats the living that wander into the jungle, or the ghosts of spurned lovers ( 1815: 1654: 1563: 1274: 1270: 1110: 1054: 990:) for the people, places, and cultural relics which were part of their society. The 684: 307:. By the end of the eighteenth century the Lao kingdoms, had become vassal states to 277: 273: 150: 146: 30: 3305:

The Literary Heritage of Laos: Preservation, Dissemination and Research Perspectives

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The Literary Heritage of Laos: Preservation, Dissemination and Research Perspectives

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although the story also had great significance in the royal court as a dance-drama.

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unable to remain politically independent, and the infighting among the kingdoms of

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as part of a massive victory feast. The composition resulted in three patterns of

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has developed a number of Jataka tales which are uniquely Lao in their tradition.

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King sent the contestants away without promising his daughter to anyone. When the

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The Lao trace their linguistic, cultural, and political history to the Kingdom of

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commonly includes ancestral spirits and protection spirits, which are popular in

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historians and academics for serious study with an aim of popular publication.

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The spirit stories are varied and extremely popular. The Lao ceremony known as

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are along with phi the oldest written and oral subjects in Lao folklore. The

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Other histories were put into the classical form of epic poetry including the

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into the air to bring the rains and remind the Lord of Heaven of his promise.

4022: 4002: 3967: 3957: 3922: 3904: 3839: 3358: 3267:"Lao Manuscripts and Traditional Literature: The struggle for their survival" 2758: 2668: 2649: 2637: 2625: 2547: 2528: 2508: 2499:

Lao Patriotic Front (Pathet Lao). Further complicating the conflict was the

2487:. Literature produced during the war, from the early 1950s to the communist 2465: 2437: 2261: 2185: 2111: 2020: 1717: 1684: 1603: 1551: 1489: 1383: 1160: 1086: 1058: 1046: 689: 626: 350: 2397:. France reasserted control of Laos, and the Lao Issara fled to Thailand. 1662: 1621:

period to the modern day. The oldest monastic school in Laos was founded by

3947: 3884: 3148: 2753: 2748: 2696: 2578: 2453: 2449: 2405: 2382: 2366: 2296: 2245: 2161: 2145: 2141: 2028: 1995: 1987: 1963: 1811: 1796: 1757: 1679: 1557: 1328: 1321: 1301: 1278: 1101:) all had written accounts for their creation or discovery and transfer to 944:, who will make the final judgment of who she should be with for eternity. 936:) had to separate Nang Aikham from her two lovers; there they wait between 910: 902: 894: 874: 859: 851: 811: 724: 711: 630: 451: 422:

Politics continued to dominate literature in the 1980s, with the communist

377: 358: 354: 328: 26: 731:, and scenes which involve buffalo sacrifice which is associated with the 4007: 3927: 3697: 3483: 3453: 2778: 2582: 2574: 2401: 2331: 2288: 2226: 2218: 2123: 2115: 1894: 1761: 1707: 1575: 1508: 1461: 1418: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1259: 802:

are extremely popular literary works and are read or sung as part of the

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and show the complex relationship between the major ethnic groups of the

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significance as a meritorious act. The emphasis in writing was to convey

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in 1353, according to folk traditions. The principle religious texts of

870:), where the winner would be the one to shoot their rocket the highest. 3523: 3503: 3448: 3443: 3178: 2570: 2488: 2469: 2425: 2417: 2378: 2323: 2315: 2225:

cultural influence. Lastly, there was also a political aim to present

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is one of the most popular folk traditions and beliefs which stem from

1906: 1788: 1689: 1583: 1571: 1567: 1457: 1367: 1290: 1009: 998: 993: 657: 649: 597:. The oral tradition of the folktale recalls the struggle between the 463: 455: 423: 373: 257: 154: 132: 95: 78: 50: 2531:, but very cautiously seeking to preserve its own regional interests. 963: 671: 266:) typically existed in every Lao village and certainly in every town ( 2700: 2633: 2551: 2496: 2421: 2347: 2165: 2099: 2016: 1924: 1622: 1611: 1524: 1520: 1422: 1399: 1286: 1233: 1217: 1164: 1156: 1042: 703: 459: 408: 385: 320: 138: 46: 42: 1950:

life to strengthen the soul and its believed thirty-two components (

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or teach a specific lesson, in which the character representing the

3609: 3463: 3458: 2632:, a French colonial institute dedicated to cultural studies within 2591: 2559: 2524: 2386: 2370: 2355: 2300: 2265: 2222: 2095: 2006: 1910: 1902: 1845: 1827:. The story is incorporated into Lao celebrations of the festival 1638: 1618: 1544: 1536: 1516: 1469: 1453: 1430: 1414: 1324: 1297: 1252: 1213: 1209: 1172: 1114: 1102: 1038: 776:

Luang Prabang, Wat Xieng Thong, Gilded bas relief figures from the

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migrations. Both the written form and oral traditions are uniquely

621: 617: 444: 440: 436: 316: 281: 253: 249: 213: 178: 166: 22: 3311:. Vientiane: National Library of Laos. p. 326. Archived from 3211:(3 ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 3164:"Aksoon Khoom: Khmer Heritage in Thai and Lao Manuscript Cultures" 2883:. Vientiane: National Library of Laos. p. 326. Archived from 2703:. In 1988 the first serious attempt to catalogue and digitize Lao 2612:, a literacy project in Laos, gets children excited about reading. 2009:, and became popular spirit guardians depicted among Lao temples ( 1338: 3775: 2768: 2685: 2563: 2516: 2413: 2276: 2199: 1943: 1886: 1858: 1833: 1642: 1626: 1595: 1512: 1221: 1062: 1004: 754: 738: 404: 396: 342: 225: 217: 182: 99: 3387: 2036: 2024: 2002: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1848:

is among the most diverse, and expressive form of literature in

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generally, was reinforced and legitimized by sponsorship of the

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verses in 20,000 lines, making it one of the longest Lao epics.

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which he uncovered in 1943, having been kept in storage at the

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had indirectly created the Lao independence movement under the

2280: 2253: 2203: 2066: 2062: 1889:

is the most widely practiced spiritual practice in Laos behind

1820: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1607: 1266: 1237: 1201: 1070: 941: 535: 527: 511: 221: 209: 2307:) into a reunified Thailand, within the borders of the former 1232:) and other cultural treasures. The population in and around 1037:

Other origin legends describe the founding of major cities in

741:

religions) in Laos. The story is part shows the influence of

319:, an area which was predominantly Lao in terms of history and 3123:"Folk Epidemiology Recorded in Palm Leaf Manuscripts of Laos" 2543: 2539: 2377:

was on the defensive, control of Laos was handed over to the

2327: 2202:, and in rare occasions were sent on to higher education in 2194: 2153: 1634: 1177: 1151: 854:

king, her beauty was so great it was renowned even among the

742: 268: 190: 82: 1803:

and there can often be found with many regional variations.

1617:

Monastic education has been central to Lao society from the

1554:("Discipline Basket"), dealing with rules for monks and nuns 753:

story are common in Southeast Asia, and can be found as the

388:. Politics split Lao society and Lao literature, while the 3418: 2731: 2617: 2441: 2412:

between pro-French views which distrusted the influence of

2308: 2292: 2272: 2091: 1939: 1849: 1804: 1646: 1587: 1532: 1496: 1465: 1407: 1363: 1332: 1262: 1248: 1142: 1118: 707: 693: 606: 372:

nationalist policies aggressively sought to assimilate the

332: 312: 308: 174: 142: 17: 2495:

and literature from the "liberated zones" governed by the

1625:

in 1503. Throughout the areas of what are today southeast

1354: 568: 327:

had forced Siam to cede the areas on the east bank of the

2011: 1382:

was bitterly resented among the common people. In 1828,

956:(poetry) which was intended to be sung or performed, and 262: 1308:

these people within the dominant culture of the central

1265:

where the population could be taxed or brought into the

850:. The title heroine Nang Aikham was born to a powerful 435:

The Lao period of classical literature began during the

2562:

kings were erected beginning in 2004, with the founder

1171:

maintained various versions of the court chronicles of

357:

literature were preserved only in the monasteries, and

2916:. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 2192:

in Laos, would subsequently pursue high school at the

2152:

who immigrated to Laos in the nineteenth century from

1677:); non-canonical stories from the life of the Buddha ( 881:

came to bring the rain after the rocket festival, the

846:

poem is a love story that takes place across multiple

288:

or specifically designed libraries on temple grounds.

57:(primarily Tibeto-Burman). As an inland crossroads of 3018:

Laos and Ethnic Minority Cultures: Promoting Heritage

2840:

Laos and Ethnic Minority Cultures: Promoting Heritage

2393:

in exchange for recognition in the newly established

2244:, was published in 1944 and was composed entirely in 1962:

Folk traditions include the protector spirits of the

454:

classical literature in the seventeenth century, the

3276:. Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts. Archived from 1693:); ritual rules or instructions for monks and nuns ( 1269:

system of labor. The Lao kingdoms maintained their

947: 727:

and includes Lao characters such as the king of the

331:, and had roughly established the borders of modern 276:

had a moral and religious authority on par with the

1752: 1673:

instructions used for lay or religious ceremonies (

157:used in inscriptions in the ancient Mon kingdom of 2990:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 2299:in the South, and the remaining traditions of the 1394:rebelled against Siam in what became known as the 1335:has an approximate total population of 6 million. 1197:, the chronicles became more regional in nature. 311:. The cultural impact of Siam was greatest in the 3080:Hundius, Harald; Wharton, David (November 2011). 2053: 1772:. The stories are used to exemplify a particular 1602:. The earliest record of a complete copy of the 1258:, was more accessible for the growing power of a 1136: 1130: 985: 793: 4020: 2078: 1994:which was familiar through interaction with the 1946:traditions, and are performed at key moments in 77:Traditionally literature is held high regard in 1057:. Important religious sites such as Phu Si in 924:king was able to drag through the water to the 21:forty-seven recognized ethnic groups, with the 3079: 1715:); summary treatises on Theravadist doctrine ( 526:adventures, finally coming to the City of the 392:struggled to establish itself from 1954-1975. 81:society. Lao literature spans a wide range of 3403: 2156:, are famous for their "story cloths". These 1970:which take a serpentine form and are popular 967:Luang Prabang, Lao New Year, Spirit masks of 2726:The project digitally copied and stored Lao 1787:, the Jatakas are a textual division of the 1175:. During the eighteenth century when these 783: 745:in Lao culture, and more broadly throughout 64: 3335: 3301: 3050: 3048: 2873: 2287:the ethnic minorities of Thailand into the 2005:would again be “tamed” by the influence of 1760:are morality stories which recall previous 1304:which began during the 1930s and sought to 491:and is regarded as the seminal work of Lao 469: 443:during this period was the closely related 323:. By the end of the nineteenth century the 37:can generally be grouped according to four 3410: 3396: 3202: 3054: 2907: 2477:Franco–Lao Treaty of Amity and Association 1733:); and relic, image and temple histories ( 1069:were also recorded. Major statues of the 427:of their cultural heritage for millennia. 240:Luang Prabang, Wat Xieng Thong, an ornate 197:, the precursor of the modern Lao script. 141:religious texts were generally written in 3234: 3232: 3138: 3059:. New York: Routledge. pp. 210–233. 3014: 2836: 1285:establishment of Laos in 1893 as part of 1251:region, although historically within the 984:The Lao frequently wrote origin legends ( 3082:"The Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts" 3045: 2981: 2943:"The Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts" 2846:. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. p. 14. 2805:"The Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts" 2601: 2431: 2041: 1868: 1744:Luang Prabang, Wat Mai, Scenes from the 1739: 1725:); grammar handbooks (excerpts from the 1479: 1337: 1135:) and more general historical accounts ( 962: 771: 616:During the fifteenth century, under the 555: 497: 235: 153:script shows a strong similarity to the 110: 68: 3264: 2940: 2802: 2597: 2334:in 1940, the momentary weakness of the 1974:in Lao art, weaving and folklore. The 1475: 1366:during the nineteenth century left the 506:epic from Wat Chaisi in Isan, Thailand. 430: 407:during the early 1950s began to spread 4021: 3238: 3229: 3161: 2699:: ຫໍສະໝຸດແຫ່ງຊາດ) was established in 2452:, in an attempt to reconcile with the 1503:, which was the state religion in the 1296:Today the Isan region remains part of 1236:was relocated to the west bank of the 231: 173:and Tai Khuen. comprising present-day 3391: 2538:is caught in a balancing act between 2369:to cede Lao territories and areas of 2264:tone to counterbalance Thai regional 1897:the religion preserves pre-Buddhist, 1582:The texts, collectively known as the 1413:The willingness to challenge Siamese 2365:mediated the conflict, which forced 2346:to establish a military presence in 2171: 1982:stories show a mixing of indigenous 1441:are first hand Lao histories of the 1390:, together with his son the king of 200:Less common script variants include 3241:"Laos: 'Most-heavily bombed place'" 3055:Smyth, David; Koret, Peter (2003). 2428:which were supported from Vietnam. 1417:created the first stirrings of Lao 905:for killing his son sent a massive 696:and retells the Lao version of the 177:, the Upper North and Northeast of 13: 411:ideology, which culminated in the 14: 4040: 3417: 2941:Hundius, Harald (November 2011). 2221:one as a means to counterbalance 1881: 1701:); local epics and legends (e.g. 1669:; blessings used for protection ( 1606:in Laos was such a gift from the 979: 948:Historical legends and chronicles 119:Traditionally texts were kept as 3567: 3265:Hundius, Harold (January 2004). 3239:Ingram, Simon (5 January 2001). 2630:École Française d'Extrême-Orient 2208:École Française d'Extrême-Orient 1753:Jataka tale of Prince Vessantara 450:. By the second resurgence of 244:or library is in the background. 145:, or transcribed into Lao using 25:comprising the majority group. 3351: 3329: 3295: 3258: 3196: 3155: 3114: 2661:Chanthabouly Buddhist Institute 2381:. In 1946 following the end of 1957: 1780:may be either human or animal. 1547:(Three Baskets) which include: 1535:) with him when he established 932:. Finally the Lord of Heaven ( 353:culture. The earlier forms of 295:had split into the kingdoms of 3073: 3024:. France: UNESCO. p. 68. 3008: 2975: 2934: 2901: 2867: 2830: 2796: 2606:Reading aloud is one way that 2479:, gave control of Laos to the 2182:French Colonial period in Laos 2054:Trickster tales of Xiang Miang 1452:, which retold the history of 889:Prince Phangkhi was shot by a 564:, Xieng Khouang Province, Laos 534:slays the flying multi-headed 1: 3207:Historical Dictionary of Laos 2912:Historical Dictionary of Laos 2789: 2569:At the same time, expatriate 2256:image. In the same period, 2079:Indigenous and tribal stories 1195:Principality of Xieng Khouang 1149:. Each of the major cities ( 1124: 940:for the second coming of the 901:king, seeking revenge on the 483:was composed by the Lao poet 399:education helped to create a 2616:The history of conflicts in 2464:, and brought together both 2389:returned the territories to 2232:The first modern Lao novel, 1768:before he was able to reach 1129:The royal court chronicles ( 7: 3336:Chamberlain, James (1991). 3302:Chamberlain, James (2005). 3203:Stuart-Fox, Martin (2008). 2986:Culture and Customs of Laos 2908:Stuart-Fox, Martin (2008). 2874:Chamberlain, James (2005). 2737: 2585:, creating a modern mix of 2373:. In 1945 facing when the 1840: 1404:forced population transfers 1137: 1131: 986: 794: 788:The tale of the Toad King ( 415:era and the ousting of the 345:one which was dominated by 10: 4045: 3089:The Journal of Lao Studies 2950:The Journal of Lao Studies 2812:The Journal of Lao Studies 2628:scholars working with the 2424:revolutionaries among the 2248:, with an introduction in 2164:history and folklore in a 2027:in Lao tradition, and the 1358:and other secret histories 952:History was related using 106: 3980: 3913: 3835: 3826: 3761: 3752: 3656: 3647: 3585: 3576: 3565: 3429: 2764:Dance and Theater of Laos 2550:image remain a model for 2258:French colonial influence 1893:. Collectively known as 1594:gift among the kings and 1566:, variously described as 815: 784:The Rocket Festival Epics 675:– the Lao version of the 376:during the 1920s-1940s. 65:Literature in Lao society 3661:Administrative divisions 3015:Goudineau, Yves (2003). 2837:Goudineau, Yves (2003). 2803:Hundius, Harold (2011). 2734:for future generations. 2693:National Library of Laos 2460:, the forerunner of the 2238:Phra Phoutthahoup Saksit 2069:or religious authority ( 2049:folk masks, Lao New Year 2031:itself was first called 1746:Prince Vessantara Jataka 1484:Monks at evening prayer 1320:, the influx of Lao and 1316:, and the period of the 1204:and again following the 717:During the festivals of 3177:: 26–32. Archived from 3095:(2): 68. Archived from 2982:Kislenko, Arne (2009). 2956:(2): 68. Archived from 2446:constitutional monarchy 2234:The Sacred Buddha Image 2039:lord over the Earth. 1856:. Lao folk singing or 1814:written version of the 1590:and were a traditional 1181:became the kingdoms of 185:, and the Southwest of 3338:"Thao Hung or Cheuang" 3127:Journal of Lao Studies 2678:Thao Hung Thao Cheuang 2613: 2260:took a decidedly more 2088:ethnic minority groups 2050: 1878: 1749: 1713:Thao Hung Thao Cheuang 1637:, north and northeast 1492: 1351: 976: 780: 578:Thao Hung Thao Cheuang 571:Thao Hung Thao Cheuang 565: 507: 245: 116: 74: 3499:Japanese puppet state 3359:"About DLLM: Project" 3162:Igunma, Jana (2013). 2728:palm leaf manuscripts 2605: 2583:Western pop influence 2558:. Statues of former 2432:Post-Second World War 2283:, sought to forcibly 2045: 1872: 1743: 1614:in the 16th century. 1483: 1341: 1202:King Taksin the Great 1073:, which included the 966: 775: 749:. Variations of the 593:to Laos prior to the 559: 501: 239: 121:palm leaf manuscripts 114: 72: 3635:World Heritage Sites 3367:Berlin State Library 3363:East Asia Department 2721:Berlin State Library 2717:University of Passau 2598:Preservation efforts 2513:Royal Lao Government 2501:internationalization 2493:Royal Lao Government 2481:Royal Lao Government 2281:Field Marshal Phibun 2148:, a division of the 2098:. Stories from the 2023:were first ruled by 1913:throughout history. 1837:(Lao folk singing). 1476:Religious literature 987:nithan a-thi bay hed 909:army to destroy the 489:King Sourigna Vongsa 487:during the reign of 431:Classical literature 390:Royal Lao Government 315:region of northeast 260:society. A temple ( 3534:Vietnamese invasion 3489:French protectorate 3102:on 17 February 2016 2963:on 17 February 2016 2546:and its increasing 2521:Lao Patriotic Front 1505:Kingdom of Lan Xang 1240:in the area of the 1147:Kingdom of Lan Xang 706:, and Phra Lam, or 585:in Laos, among the 560:Hmong girls at the 293:Kingdom of Lan Xang 291:From 1707-1713 the 232:Historical Overview 181:, the Northeast of 41:families: Lao-Tai ( 4029:Laotian literature 3799:Telecommunications 3549:History since 1945 3544:History until 1945 3283:on 4 November 2013 3184:on 2 February 2017 2673:Maha Sila Viravong 2669:Maha Sila Viravong 2636:. Academics like 2614: 2416:and Thailand, the 2142:ethnographic study 2051: 2033:Nam Nyai Ngu Luang 1891:Theravada Buddhism 1879: 1791:, included in the 1785:Theravada Buddhism 1750: 1731:Kaccāyanavyākarana 1541:Theravada Buddhism 1507:since the time of 1501:Theravada Buddhist 1493: 1450:Kab Phagna Siengsa 1443:Anouvong Rebellion 1421:, and presented a 1396:Anouvong Rebellion 1352: 1008:expands where the 977: 781: 666:Theravada Buddhism 642:indigenous peoples 603:indigenous peoples 566: 508: 246: 139:Theravada Buddhist 117: 94:thought, although 92:Theravada Buddhist 75: 35:literature of Laos 4016: 4015: 3976: 3975: 3822: 3821: 3748: 3747: 3725:Political parties 3713:National Assembly 3681:General Secretary 3676:Foreign relations 3643: 3642: 3559:2007 coup attempt 3529:Laotian Civil War 3519:Ho Chi Minh trail 3494:Japanese invasion 3345:Mon-Khmer Studies 2784:Big Brother Mouse 2774:Phra Lak Phra Lam 2657:Prince Phetsarath 2609:Big Brother Mouse 2505:Laotian Civil War 2485:Laotian Civil War 2462:Lao Royal Academy 2458:Comite Litteraire 2190:parochial schools 2172:Modern literature 2015:). The cities of 1816:Vessantara Jataka 1683:); commentary on 1586:, are written in 1564:Abhidhamma Pitaka 1543:are known as the 1499:is predominantly 1362:The dominance of 1281:within Siam. The 778:Phra Lak Phra Lam 685:Phra Lak Phra Lam 673:Phra Lak Phra Lam 569:The epic poem of 470:The epic poem of 395:Independence and 49:(Austroasiatic); 4036: 3996: 3989: 3833: 3832: 3779: 3759: 3758: 3654: 3653: 3583: 3582: 3571: 3412: 3405: 3398: 3389: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3342: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3282: 3271: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3210: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3183: 3168: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3142: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3101: 3086: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3052: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3023: 3012: 3006: 3005: 2989: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2962: 2947: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2915: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2889: 2882: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2845: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2809: 2800: 2682:National Library 2642:Henri Parmentier 2556:communist regime 2536:communist states 2336:Vichy Government 2295:(as well as the 1608:Kingdom of Lanna 1509:King Photisarath 1331:speakers, while 1216:capital city of 1140: 1134: 1113:and kingdoms of 989: 844:Phadaeng Nang Ai 817: 800:Phadaeng Nang Ai 797: 688:is the official 448:Kingdom of Lanna 163:Lamphun Province 53:(Miao-Yao), and 4044: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4012: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3972: 3963:Public holidays 3909: 3900:Sex trafficking 3818: 3777: 3744: 3703:Law enforcement 3639: 3620:Protected areas 3572: 3563: 3509:Kingdom of Laos 3425: 3416: 3386: 3385: 3372: 3370: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3347:(18–19): 14–34. 3340: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3269: 3263: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3053: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2906: 2902: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2807: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2744:Culture of Laos 2740: 2713:palm-leaf books 2705:primary sources 2688:for a century. 2655:From 1928–1940 2600: 2519:supporting the 2511:supporting the 2434: 2375:Empire of Japan 2363:Empire of Japan 2352:Franco-Thai War 2344:Empire of Japan 2314:In promoting a 2215:anthropological 2174: 2138:Anthropological 2084:Oral traditions 2081: 2056: 1960: 1884: 1854:oral traditions 1843: 1793:Khuddaka Nikaya 1755: 1515:the founder of 1486:Wat Xieng Thong 1478: 1360: 1224:along with the 1127: 982: 950: 864:rocket festival 862:King ordered a 804:Rocket Festival 786: 680: 574: 475: 433: 382:Franco-Thai War 234: 187:Yunnan Province 109: 67: 39:ethnolinguistic 12: 11: 5: 4042: 4032: 4031: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4010: 4005: 3998: 3997: 3990: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3879:hybrid variant 3867: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3794:Stock exchange 3791: 3786: 3781: 3773: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3740:Prime Minister 3737: 3735:Vice President 3732: 3727: 3722: 3721: 3720: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3514:Indochina Wars 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3469:Luang Phrabang 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3435: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3415: 3414: 3407: 3400: 3392: 3384: 3383: 3350: 3328: 3294: 3257: 3228: 3221: 3195: 3154: 3113: 3072: 3066:978-0700710904 3065: 3044: 3030: 3007: 3000: 2974: 2933: 2926: 2900: 2866: 2852: 2829: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2739: 2736: 2652:in the 1870s. 2599: 2596: 2433: 2430: 2395:United Nations 2342:to permit the 2318:identity, the 2242:Somchine Nginn 2184:(1893–1954). 2173: 2170: 2132:oral tradition 2120:Tibeto-Burmese 2080: 2077: 2055: 2052: 1992:Hindu pantheon 1959: 1956: 1883: 1882:Spirit stories 1880: 1842: 1839: 1801:Southeast Asia 1754: 1751: 1727:Padarūpasiddhi 1651:Southeast Asia 1600:Southeast Asia 1580: 1579: 1561: 1555: 1523:monks and the 1511:in the 1520s. 1477: 1474: 1435:Pheun Raxavong 1359: 1353: 1242:Khorat Plateau 1230:Emerald Buddha 1200:In 1779 under 1126: 1123: 1079:Emerald Buddha 981: 980:Origin legends 978: 949: 946: 891:poisoned arrow 848:reincarnations 790:Phya Khankhaak 785: 782: 747:Southeast Asia 679: 670: 638:Southeast Asia 595:Tai migrations 573: 567: 474: 468: 432: 429: 233: 230: 108: 105: 66: 63: 59:Southeast Asia 16:The people of 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4041: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3933:Dramatic arts 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3855:Ethnic groups 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3595:Deforestation 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3380: 3369:. 12 Sep 2013 3368: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3318:on 2017-02-02 3314: 3307: 3306: 3298: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3261: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3233: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3199: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3076: 3068: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3049: 3033: 3031:92-3-103891-5 3027: 3020: 3019: 3011: 3003: 3001:9780313339776 2997: 2993: 2988: 2987: 2978: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2904: 2890:on 2017-02-02 2886: 2879: 2878: 2870: 2855: 2853:92-3-103891-5 2849: 2842: 2841: 2833: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2759:Isan language 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2691:In 1956, the 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2659:promoted the 2658: 2653: 2651: 2650:Auguste Pavie 2647: 2643: 2639: 2638:George Coedes 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2611: 2610: 2604: 2595: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2548:nationalistic 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2529:United States 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2509:United States 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2262:nationalistic 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2076: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021:Luang Prabang 2018: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1933:Phi Khon Long 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1877:folk singing. 1876: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1838: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1829:Boun Phra Vet 1826: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770:enlightenment 1767: 1763: 1759: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723:Mangaladipani 1720: 1719: 1718:Visuddhimagga 1714: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1699:vinaya pitaka 1696: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1552:Vinaya Pitaka 1550: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1490:Luang Prabang 1487: 1482: 1473: 1471: 1470:King Anouvong 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454:King Anouvong 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:King Anouvong 1381: 1377: 1376:Luang Prabang 1373: 1369: 1365: 1357: 1349: 1348:Haw Phra Kaew 1345: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1312:. During the 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302:Thai policies 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1279:vassal states 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1212:in 1828, the 1211: 1210:King Anouvong 1207: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1187:Luang Prabang 1184: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161:Luang Prabang 1158: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1091:Phra Sae Kham 1088: 1087:Luang Prabang 1085:(namesake of 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1059:Luang Prabang 1056: 1052: 1051:Xieng Khouang 1048: 1047:Luang Prabang 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1000: 996: 995: 988: 974: 970: 965: 961: 959: 955: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 884: 880: 876: 871: 869: 868:Boun Bang Fai 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 840: 836: 833: 827: 825: 819: 813: 809: 808:Boun Bang Fai 805: 801: 798:or love poem 796: 791: 779: 774: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 735: 730: 726: 722: 721: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 700: 695: 691: 690:national epic 687: 686: 678: 674: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 634: 632: 628: 627:Plain of Jars 623: 619: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 589:, which were 588: 584: 583:Xieng Khouang 579: 572: 563: 562:Plain of Jars 558: 554: 552: 547: 545: 539: 537: 533: 529: 523: 521: 515: 513: 505: 500: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 481: 473: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 446: 442: 438: 428: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 301:Luang Prabang 298: 294: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 270: 265: 264: 259: 255: 252:(1353-1707). 251: 243: 238: 229: 227: 223: 219: 215: 212:) in Pali or 211: 207: 203: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 161:(present-day 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 134: 130: 126: 122: 113: 104: 101: 97: 93: 87: 84: 80: 71: 62: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 29:(part of the 28: 24: 19: 3952: 3890:Prostitution 3845:Demographics 3809:Trade unions 3771:Central bank 3686:Human rights 3666:Constitution 3377: 3371:. Retrieved 3362: 3353: 3344: 3331: 3320:. Retrieved 3313:the original 3304: 3297: 3285:. Retrieved 3278:the original 3273: 3260: 3248:. Retrieved 3244: 3206: 3198: 3186:. Retrieved 3179:the original 3174: 3170: 3157: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3104:. Retrieved 3097:the original 3092: 3088: 3075: 3056: 3035:. Retrieved 3017: 3010: 2985: 2977: 2965:. Retrieved 2958:the original 2953: 2949: 2936: 2911: 2903: 2892:. Retrieved 2885:the original 2876: 2869: 2857:. Retrieved 2839: 2832: 2820:. Retrieved 2815: 2811: 2798: 2754:Lao Language 2749:Lao alphabet 2725: 2708: 2697:Lao language 2690: 2677: 2654: 2623: 2615: 2607: 2579:Thai culture 2568: 2564:King Fa Ngum 2533: 2476: 2475:By 1953 the 2474: 2457: 2454:nationalists 2450:French Union 2440:established 2436:In 1946 the 2435: 2406:World War II 2399: 2383:World War II 2367:Vichy France 2360: 2330:fell to the 2313: 2289:Central Thai 2279:policies of 2275:region, the 2270: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2212: 2193: 2175: 2136: 2082: 2070: 2058: 2057: 2046: 2032: 2029:Mekong River 2010: 2000: 1986:beliefs and 1964:Mekong River 1961: 1958:Naga stories 1951: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1885: 1874: 1857: 1844: 1832: 1828: 1809: 1797:Sutta Pitaka 1782: 1762:incarnations 1758:Jataka tales 1756: 1745: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1659: 1641:, northwest 1631:Xipsongpanna 1616: 1592:merit making 1581: 1558:Sutta Pitaka 1513:King Fa Ngum 1494: 1449: 1447: 1438: 1434: 1427:Leup Pha Sun 1426: 1412: 1361: 1356:Leup Pha Sun 1355: 1350:, Vientiane. 1347: 1346:outside the 1343: 1295: 1246: 1225: 1199: 1176: 1165:Xiengkhouang 1150: 1132:phongsavadan 1128: 1094: 1090: 1082: 1074: 1055:Sikhottabong 1036: 1031: 1027: 1021: 1018: 1013: 1002: 991: 983: 972: 968: 958:phongsavadan 957: 953: 951: 933: 915: 888: 872: 867: 843: 841: 837: 828: 823: 820: 807: 799: 789: 787: 777: 732: 725:Mekong River 718: 716: 712:Jataka tales 697: 683: 681: 676: 672: 635: 615: 587:Khmu peoples 577: 575: 570: 561: 548: 540: 524: 519: 516: 509: 503: 478: 477:The epic of 476: 471: 434: 421: 417:Lao monarchy 394: 378:World War II 363: 359:folk culture 337: 329:Mekong River 290: 285: 272:). The Lao 267: 261: 247: 241: 199: 165:of Northern 149:script. The 137: 128: 124: 118: 88: 76: 55:Sino-Tibetan 34: 15: 3766:Agriculture 3691:LGBT rights 3484:Muang Phuan 3454:Tai peoples 3188:22 February 3171:Tai Culture 3133:(1): 1–14. 3106:22 February 3037:22 February 2967:22 February 2859:14 February 2779:Sang Sinxay 2665:Nhoui Abhay 2646:Louis Finot 2575:Vietnam War 2507:, with the 2448:within the 2402:nationalism 2332:Axis powers 2227:colonialism 2219:nationalist 2059:Xiang Miang 1895:Satsana Phi 1823:of perfect 1703:Xiang Miang 1576:metaphysics 1439:Pheun Viang 1419:nationalism 1318:Khmer Rouge 1314:Vietnam War 1277:but became 1260:nationalist 1014:Phaya Thaen 934:Phaya Thaen 824:Phaya Thaen 734:satsana phi 644:during the 520:Phaya Thaen 504:San Sin Xay 502:A mural of 493:epic poetry 413:Vietnam War 401:nationalist 339:Colonialism 159:Haripuñjaya 3953:Literature 3778:(currency) 3600:Ecoregions 3554:Insurgency 3539:Neutrality 3524:Pathet Lao 3504:Lao Issara 3449:Lao people 3444:Khun Borom 3373:2013-09-12 3322:2016-02-14 3222:0810856247 2927:0810856247 2894:2016-02-14 2822:7 February 2790:References 2523:, and the 2517:Vietnamese 2489:Pathet Lao 2426:Pathet Lao 2379:Lao Issara 2324:Lao Issara 2285:assimilate 2128:Hmong-Mien 2086:among the 1929:Phi Ya Vom 1907:Lao Theung 1899:indigenous 1789:Pali Canon 1690:atthakatha 1663:Pali Canon 1623:King Vixun 1612:King Vixun 1584:Pali Canon 1572:psychology 1568:philosophy 1392:Champassak 1380:Champassak 1306:assimilate 1193:, and the 1191:Champassak 1169:Champassak 1138:phuen sueb 1125:Chronicles 1107:palladiums 1099:Champassak 1067:Champassak 1041:, such as 1010:Khun Borom 999:Khun Borom 997:(Story of 994:Khun Borom 816:ບຸນບັ້ງໄຟ, 792:) and the 658:Lao Theung 591:indigenous 464:numerology 424:Pathet Lao 305:Champassak 155:Mon script 133:khoi paper 96:syncretism 51:Hmong-Mien 3943:Festivals 3850:Education 3814:Transport 3730:President 3718:President 3671:Elections 3578:Geography 3479:Champasak 3474:Vientiane 2701:Vientiane 2634:Indochina 2552:Muang Lao 2497:communist 2422:communist 2348:Indochina 2338:, forced 2166:narrative 2100:Mon-Khmer 2017:Vientiane 1925:shamanism 1695:kammavaca 1671:paritta); 1529:palladium 1525:Phra Bang 1521:Theravada 1423:folk hero 1402:and more 1400:Vientiane 1388:Vientiane 1372:Vientiane 1287:Indochina 1234:Vientiane 1226:Phra Kaew 1218:Vientiane 1206:rebellion 1183:Vientiane 1157:Vientiane 1083:Phra Bang 1075:Phra Kaew 1043:Vientiane 704:Lakshaman 485:Pang Kham 460:astrology 409:communist 386:communism 321:ethnicity 297:Vientiane 195:Lao Buhan 47:Mon-Khmer 43:Tai-Kadai 4023:Category 4003:Category 3895:Religion 3885:Language 3870:COVID-19 3708:Military 3649:Politics 3630:Wildlife 3610:Phou Bia 3464:Vat Phou 3459:Lan Xang 3439:Peopling 3423:articles 3379:Germany. 3287:13 April 3250:13 April 3245:BBC News 3149:23847746 2738:See also 2719:and the 2592:Lan Xang 2560:Lan Xang 2410:polarity 2387:Thailand 2371:Cambodia 2356:Cambodia 2301:Tai Yuan 2266:hegemony 2096:Lao Loum 2007:Buddhism 1911:Lao Sung 1903:Lao Loum 1846:Folklore 1841:Folklore 1685:Tipitaka 1667:animasa) 1639:Thailand 1619:Lan Xang 1604:Tipitaka 1545:Tipitaka 1537:Lan Xang 1519:brought 1517:Lan Xang 1431:Lan Xang 1415:hegemony 1325:refugees 1298:Thailand 1271:monarchy 1253:Lan Xang 1214:Lan Xang 1173:Lan Xang 1115:Lan Xang 1111:monarchy 1103:Lan Xang 1095:Phra Luk 1039:Lan Xang 938:rebirths 767:Thailand 763:Ramakien 759:Cambodia 751:Ramayana 699:Ramayana 677:Ramayana 662:Lao Sung 654:Lao Loum 622:Dai Viet 618:Lan Xang 609:and the 445:Tai Yuan 441:Lan Xang 437:Lan Xang 380:and the 317:Thailand 282:Buddhist 278:monarchy 254:Lan Xang 250:Lan Xang 224:. Khmer 214:Sanskrit 179:Thailand 167:Thailand 23:Lao Loum 3987:Outline 3928:Cuisine 3915:Culture 3828:Society 3804:Tourism 3789:Fishing 3754:Economy 3590:Borders 3431:History 3140:3703660 2818:(2): 68 2769:Mor lam 2686:Bangkok 2503:of the 2414:Vietnam 2326:. When 2277:fascist 2271:In the 2200:Vietnam 2176:Modern 2124:Tai-Rau 1944:animist 1887:Animism 1875:Mor Lam 1859:mor lam 1834:mor lam 1825:charity 1795:of the 1764:of the 1708:Sin Xay 1643:Vietnam 1627:Myanmar 1596:sanghas 1464:and in 1406:to the 1256:mandala 1222:Bangkok 1109:of the 1063:Wat Phu 1032:Ya Nyoe 1028:Pu Nyoe 1023:Pii Mai 1005:Khun Lo 1003:Nithan 992:Nithan 973:Ya Nyoe 969:Pu Nyoe 761:or the 755:Reamker 739:animist 720:Pii Mai 611:Tai-Lao 551:Sin Xay 544:Sin Xay 532:Sin Xay 480:Sin Xay 472:Sin Xay 405:Vietnam 397:secular 347:Siamese 343:secular 226:Brahmin 218:Brahmin 202:Tai Dam 183:Myanmar 171:Tai Lue 107:Scripts 100:animist 31:Lao-Tai 4008:Portal 3968:Sports 3938:Emblem 3923:Anthem 3860:Health 3784:Energy 3615:Rivers 3605:Mekong 3421: 3219: 3147: 3137: 3063: 3028: 2998: 2924: 2850: 2667:, and 2644:, and 2626:French 2587:genres 2515:, the 2466:French 2438:French 2418:Issara 2391:France 2340:France 2320:French 2254:Buddha 2250:French 2204:France 2186:French 2168:form. 2158:cloths 2126:, and 2072:saksit 2067:taboos 2063:satire 1972:motifs 1966:, the 1864:motifs 1821:virtue 1778:Buddha 1774:virtue 1766:Buddha 1735:tamnan 1711:, and 1680:jataka 1675:xalong 1655:sangha 1645:, and 1629:, the 1578:, etc. 1283:French 1275:sangha 1267:corvee 1238:Mekong 1093:, and 1071:Buddha 1053:, and 942:Buddha 795:nithan 640:among 366:French 351:French 325:French 303:, and 274:sangha 222:Angkor 210:yantra 204:, and 125:bailan 83:genres 3994:Index 3958:Music 3905:Women 3874:Delta 3840:Crime 3625:Towns 3341:(PDF) 3316:(PDF) 3309:(PDF) 3281:(PDF) 3270:(PDF) 3182:(PDF) 3167:(PDF) 3100:(PDF) 3085:(PDF) 3022:(PDF) 2961:(PDF) 2946:(PDF) 2888:(PDF) 2881:(PDF) 2844:(PDF) 2808:(PDF) 2544:China 2540:China 2444:as a 2328:Paris 2305:Lanna 2303:, of 2297:Malay 2240:) by 2195:lycee 2162:Hmong 2154:China 2146:Hmong 2108:Lamet 2104:Blang 1996:Khmer 1988:Khmer 1635:China 1322:Khmer 1178:muang 1152:muang 1141:) of 911:Khmer 903:Khmer 895:Khmer 875:Khmer 860:Khmer 852:Khmer 743:India 269:muang 220:from 191:China 98:with 3948:Flag 3877:cron 3872:and 3776:Kip 3419:Laos 3289:2014 3252:2014 3217:ISBN 3190:2016 3145:PMID 3108:2016 3061:ISBN 3039:2016 3026:ISBN 2996:ISBN 2969:2016 2922:ISBN 2861:2016 2848:ISBN 2824:2016 2732:Laos 2709:phuk 2618:Laos 2581:and 2525:Thai 2468:and 2442:Laos 2400:Lao 2361:The 2309:Siam 2293:Laos 2273:Isan 2223:Thai 2150:Mien 2116:Akha 2112:Khmu 2092:Laos 2047:Nyak 2037:nāga 2025:nāga 2019:and 2012:wats 2003:nāga 2001:The 1980:nāga 1976:nāga 1968:nāga 1952:kwan 1940:baci 1909:and 1873:Lao 1850:Laos 1810:The 1805:Laos 1729:and 1721:and 1697:and 1647:Laos 1588:Pali 1533:Laos 1497:Laos 1466:Laos 1462:Isan 1437:and 1408:Isan 1378:and 1364:Siam 1344:Naga 1342:Lao 1333:Laos 1310:Thai 1273:and 1263:Siam 1249:Isan 1247:The 1189:and 1143:Laos 1119:Laos 1117:and 1061:and 1030:and 971:and 930:nāga 926:Nāga 922:nāga 918:nāga 916:The 907:nāga 899:nāga 883:nāga 879:nāga 856:nāga 842:The 832:nāga 729:nāga 708:Rama 694:Laos 682:The 660:and 607:Laos 601:and 599:Khmu 576:The 536:nyak 528:Nyak 512:nyak 370:Thai 368:and 333:Laos 313:Isan 309:Siam 206:Khom 175:Laos 151:Tham 147:Tham 143:Pali 18:Laos 3865:HIV 3698:Law 3213:200 3135:PMC 2918:200 2684:in 2571:Lao 2554:'s 2470:Lao 2316:Lao 2246:Lao 2198:in 2178:Lao 2090:of 1984:Lao 1954:). 1948:Lao 1935:). 1921:Phi 1917:Phi 1812:Lao 1783:In 1633:in 1610:to 1598:of 1531:of 1460:in 1458:Lao 1386:of 1368:Lao 1329:Lao 1291:Lao 1208:of 1089:), 1081:), 1065:in 1034:). 954:san 812:Lao 765:in 757:in 692:of 650:Lao 646:Tai 631:Lao 605:of 456:Lao 452:Lao 374:Lao 355:Lao 349:or 263:wat 258:Lao 189:in 131:), 129:saa 79:Lao 45:); 27:Lao 4025:: 3376:. 3365:. 3361:. 3343:. 3272:. 3243:. 3231:^ 3215:. 3175:23 3173:. 3169:. 3143:. 3129:. 3125:. 3091:. 3087:. 3047:^ 2994:. 2992:65 2952:. 2948:. 2920:. 2814:. 2810:. 2640:, 2594:. 2566:. 2385:, 2358:. 2311:. 2268:. 2210:. 2134:. 2122:, 2118:, 2114:, 2110:, 2106:, 2102:, 1998:. 1905:, 1737:). 1705:, 1574:, 1570:, 1488:, 1445:. 1410:. 1374:, 1293:. 1244:. 1185:, 1167:, 1163:, 1159:, 1155:) 1121:. 1049:, 1045:, 913:. 814:: 810:; 769:. 668:. 656:, 613:. 538:. 462:, 335:. 299:, 286:Ho 242:Ho 3411:e 3404:t 3397:v 3325:. 3291:. 3254:. 3225:. 3192:. 3151:. 3131:3 3110:. 3093:2 3069:. 3041:. 3004:. 2971:. 2954:2 2930:. 2897:. 2863:. 2826:. 2816:2 2711:( 2695:( 2236:( 1748:. 1687:( 1527:( 1228:( 1097:( 1077:( 975:. 866:( 822:( 806:( 737:( 518:( 123:(

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