133:
213:
405:, this name has become better known in English than the others in recent decades. However, except for some scholars who prefer the word, the term 'Hmong/Mong' is only used within certain Hmong/Miao language speaking communities in China, where the majority of the Miao speakers live. In Mandarin, despite the fact that it was once a derogatory term, the word
339:
has been estimated to be about 2500 BP (500 BC) by Sagart, Blench, and
Sanchez-Mazas using traditional methods employing many lines of evidence, and about 4243 BP (2250 BC) by the Automated Similarity Judgment Program (ASJP), an experimental algorithm for automatic generation of phonologically based
497:: serial verb constructions replace most functions of adpositions in languages like English. For example, a construction translating as "be near" would be used where in English prepositions like "in" or "at" would be used.
327:
evidence suggests that the ancestors of the speakers of the Hmong–Mien languages were a population genetically distinct from that of the Tai–Kadai and
Austronesian language source populations at a location on the
332:. Recent Y-DNA phylogeny evidence supports the proposition that people who speak the Hmong–Mien languages are descended from a population that is distantly related to those who now speak the Mon-Khmer languages.
4162:
689:
Paper for the
Symposium "Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan: genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence". Geneva June 10–13, 2004. Université de Genève.
409:(Chinese: 苗; the tone varies according to the Sinitic dialect) is now commonly used by members of all nationalities to refer to the language and the ethnolinguistic group.
1051:
654:, in Selected Papers on Comparative Tai Studies, ed. R.J. Bickner et al., pp. 117–164. Center for South and Southeast Asian studies, the University of Michigan.
582:
283:
to include the Hmong–Mien languages. The hypothesis never received much acceptance for Hmong–Mien, however. Kosaka (2002) argued specifically for a Miao–
3360:
1078:
459:
languages in the world: Longmo and Zongdi Hmong have as many as twelve distinct tones. They are notable phonologically for the occurrence of
319:
expansion or as a result of exile from an original homeland by Han
Chinese. Migration of people speaking these languages from South China to
3495:
807:
4212:
1462:
608:
4152:
748:
Cai, X; Qin, Z; Wen, B; Xu, S; Wang, Y; Lu, Y; Wei, L; Wang, C; Li, S; Huang, X; Jin, L; Li, H; Genographic, Consortium (2011).
258:. The Mienic languages, on the other hand, have largely preserved syllable finals but reduced the number of initial consonants.
750:"Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes"
1011:
2875:
2456:
699:
Li, Hui; Huang, Ying; Mustavich, Laura F.; Zhang, Fan; Tan, Jing-Ze; Wang, Ling-E; Qian, Ji; Gao, Meng-He; Jin, Li (2007).
2985:
625:
Handel, Zev (2008). "What is Sino-Tibetan? Snapshot of a Field and a
Language Family in Flux: Sino-Tibetan: a Snapshot".
1957:
1071:
4357:
3142:
1032:
944:
922:
892:
855:
4235:
3488:
3118:
2357:
2276:
2212:
1455:
4077:
4065:
684:
2889:
2131:
2640:
4292:
4282:
4277:
4142:
3970:
3754:
3749:
3355:
3002:
2137:
1962:
1748:
1742:
1666:
1419:
1064:
686:
Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology?
577:
269:
is that they constitute a family of their own, the lexical and typological similarities among Hmong–Mien and
77:
4297:
4267:
4122:
3365:
3350:
3049:
2350:
2337:
2108:
2069:
4245:
4147:
3586:
3481:
3345:
3339:
3124:
2397:
2315:
2288:
1992:
1982:
474:
4362:
3914:
2911:
2572:
2369:
2167:
2027:
1997:
1987:
1977:
1683:
1448:
17:
254:
but greatly reduced the distinctions in the syllable finals, in particular losing all glides and stop
4312:
4307:
4302:
4170:
4092:
4087:
3743:
3729:
3504:
3323:
3130:
3106:
3081:
3054:
3037:
2047:
2002:
1972:
1945:
1516:
1471:
1354:
939:. Stockholm East Asian monographs, no. 5-6. : Institute of Oriental Languages, Stockholm University.
4137:
4082:
3683:
3572:
3370:
3177:
2814:
2802:
2634:
1696:
1505:
478:
664:
3951:
3846:
3796:
3775:
3766:
3648:
3565:
3525:
2375:
2300:
1703:
1653:
541:
482:
416:, which is a multicultural rather than ethnolinguistic group. It includes peoples speaking Mien,
814:
250:. The Hmongic languages appear to have kept the large set of initial consonants featured in the
4107:
4102:
3867:
3839:
3830:
3789:
3389:
3237:
3032:
2808:
2761:
2391:
2308:
1967:
1951:
1759:
1660:
1523:
1499:
1424:
1206:
1161:
651:
262:
3027:
4259:
4132:
4112:
3860:
3655:
3593:
3435:
3333:
3022:
2825:
2615:
2604:
2566:
2173:
2147:
2052:
2042:
1725:
1641:
1492:
1429:
1211:
1201:
1191:
529:
500:
Besides their tonality and lack of adpositions, another striking feature is the abundance of
490:
417:
284:
3136:
2861:
4240:
4230:
4220:
4070:
3924:
3737:
3621:
3410:
3167:
2975:
2948:
2931:
2899:
2797:
2511:
2436:
2363:
2142:
2119:
2091:
2022:
1933:
1714:
1236:
1186:
906:
Paul K. Benedict (1942). "Thai, Kadai and
Indonesian: a new alignment in south east Asia."
761:
517:
336:
3295:
8:
4287:
4060:
4045:
3980:
3782:
3704:
3614:
3607:
3558:
3516:
3187:
3091:
2991:
2980:
2942:
2921:
2819:
2778:
2553:
2535:
2529:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2403:
2386:
2125:
1791:
1778:
1672:
1622:
1479:
1382:
1226:
553:
360:
296:
265:, where they remain in many Chinese classifications. The current consensus among Western
837:
Tapp, Nicholas. The Hmong of China: Context, Agency, and imaginary. Leiden: Brill, 2001.
765:
4021:
3975:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3101:
3096:
3086:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3043:
3012:
3007:
2960:
2954:
2905:
2850:
2773:
2657:
2621:
2582:
2524:
2331:
2326:
2037:
1796:
1765:
1731:
1719:
1678:
1553:
1104:
1020:
784:
749:
730:
501:
456:
3198:
3161:
1302:
123:
4225:
4202:
4197:
4175:
4117:
3895:
3818:
3711:
3112:
3017:
2997:
2936:
2916:
2627:
2588:
2559:
2547:
2484:
2430:
2408:
2381:
2321:
2294:
2113:
2074:
2064:
2032:
1905:
1831:
1813:
1807:
1709:
1627:
1541:
1349:
1344:
1334:
1249:
1095:
1028:
1007:
940:
918:
888:
851:
789:
722:
638:
505:
452:
280:
270:
239:
231:
89:
3203:
3192:
3172:
1510:
930:
Hmong writing systems in
Vietnam: a case study of Vietnam's minority language policy
4187:
4180:
4127:
4055:
4050:
4007:
4000:
3930:
3874:
3812:
3718:
3690:
3676:
3662:
3579:
3551:
3539:
3532:
3420:
3280:
3270:
3265:
3219:
3213:
3182:
3075:
2970:
2894:
2832:
2784:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2680:
2664:
2599:
2594:
2577:
2518:
2412:
2344:
2255:
2222:
2190:
2086:
2058:
2007:
1928:
1912:
1898:
1880:
1873:
1859:
1819:
1801:
1785:
1771:
1593:
1576:
1372:
1339:
1329:
1321:
1307:
1221:
997:
896:
779:
769:
734:
712:
634:
545:
467:
276:
251:
243:
238:(Yao) are closely related, but clearly distinct. For internal classifications, see
235:
94:
3260:
3208:
2200:
4014:
3965:
3919:
3802:
3697:
3669:
3628:
3545:
3415:
3290:
3275:
3244:
2965:
2926:
2791:
2737:
2609:
2471:
2237:
2232:
2097:
2012:
1893:
1886:
1866:
1848:
1753:
1736:
1535:
1397:
1387:
1297:
1196:
1180:
1174:
1150:
1127:
1117:
1112:
774:
557:
413:
157:
67:
61:
4192:
3960:
3473:
3425:
3285:
3254:
3225:
2856:
2742:
2725:
2675:
2670:
2541:
2478:
2248:
2242:
2162:
2157:
2103:
2080:
1825:
1647:
1604:
1587:
1581:
1559:
1547:
1409:
1377:
1364:
1254:
1216:
1169:
1145:
989:
808:"Automated Dating of the World's Language Families based on Lexical Similarity"
561:
549:
533:
320:
300:
165:
54:
717:
700:
609:
The East Asian linguistic phylum: A reconstruction based on language and genes
4351:
3309:
3249:
3231:
2747:
2731:
2685:
2442:
2262:
2227:
2217:
2195:
2152:
2017:
1598:
1530:
1276:
1268:
1244:
588:
460:
329:
312:
304:
1440:
4097:
3905:
3639:
2206:
1292:
1135:
937:
A myth become reality: history and development of the Miao written language
900:
793:
726:
680:
448:
447:
Like many languages in southern China, the Hmong–Mien languages tend to be
308:
1039:
Mien–English everyday language dictionary = Mienh in-wuonh dimv nzangc sou
665:
On the affiliation of Miao-Yao and Kadai: Can we posit the Miao-Dai family
109:
1392:
1025:
Mother of writing: the origin and development of a Hmong messianic script
537:
521:
421:
316:
266:
201:
197:
261:
Early linguistic classifications placed the Hmong–Mien languages in the
4272:
3991:
3941:
3807:
1853:
1056:
1002:
525:
494:
398:
1140:
980:
247:
246:. The largest differences are due to divergent developments in their
189:
117:
103:
528:. These languages have variously been proposed as having Hmong-Mien
168:. They are spoken in mountainous areas of southern China, including
486:
463:
433:
255:
132:
3508:
974:. Bangkok, Thailand: German Cultural Institute, Goethe-Institute.
958:
Grammar of Mong Njua (Green Miao): a descriptive linguistic study
565:
311:
rivers, but speakers of these languages might have migrated from
185:
181:
169:
3949:
965:
Dictionary of Mong Njua: a Miao (Meo) language of
Southeast Asia
212:
3600:
3449:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
3430:
3328:
177:
196:
provinces; the speakers of these languages are predominantly "
701:"Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River"
193:
173:
161:
50:
470:; otherwise their phonology is quite typical of the region.
915:
Austro-Thai language and culture, with a glossary of roots
848:
The
Languages of East and Southeast Asia: An Introduction
493:
before the noun like
Chinese. They are extremely poor in
324:
323:
took place during the 17th century (1600–1700). Ancient
932:. Stockholm, Sweden: Center for Pacific Asian Studies.
979:
Phonology of a Yao dialect spoken in the province of
698:
412:
The Mandarin name Yao, on the other hand, is for the
1052:
Basic vocabulary word lists of Hmong–Mien languages
204:, who have settled the more fertile river valleys.
27:Language family of south China and Southeast Asia
4349:
3503:
692:
273:being attributed to contact-induced influence.
401:refugees in the United States call themselves
3489:
1470:
1456:
1072:
949:Lombard, S. J., & Purnell, H. C. (1968).
4333:Families with more than 30 languages are in
3459:Families with more than 30 languages are in
996:. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics.
747:
652:"On the Thai evidence for Austro-Tai" (PDF)
556:, various Lowland Yao languages including
348:The Mandarin names for these languages are
3496:
3482:
1463:
1449:
1079:
1065:
985:. Hartford studies in linguistics, no. 15.
967:. Janua linguarum, 123. The Hague: Mouton.
1023:, Vang, C. K., & Yang, G. Y. (1990).
1001:
783:
773:
716:
432:when spoken by Yao. For this reason, the
397:are local names for Miao, but since most
1086:
1027:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
868:The Languages of East and Southeast Asia
504:and their use where other languages use
424:, and Miao languages, the latter called
211:
14:
4350:
624:
583:Hmong-Mien comparative vocabulary list
3477:
1444:
1235:
1060:
887:. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House .
657:
645:
477:in word order but are not as rigidly
439:may be preferred as less ambiguous.
279:, an American scholar, extended the
137:Distribution of Hmong-Mien languages
508:or demonstratives to modify nouns.
481:as the Tai–Kadai languages or most
455:. They are some of the most highly
24:
877:
511:
442:
299:of the Hmong–Mien languages is in
200:", in contrast to the neighboring
25:
4374:
1045:
639:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00061.x
627:Language and Linguistics Compass
207:
131:
860:
840:
520:languages are spoken by ethnic
831:
800:
741:
674:
618:
613:Journal of the Asiatic Society
601:
536:, including languages such as
13:
1:
972:English/Meo pocket dictionary
594:
226: Mienic / Yao (in green)
220: Hmongic / Miao (in red)
775:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282
7:
994:Hmong-Mien language history
571:
367:, and the name for Mien is
290:
66:One of the world's primary
10:
4379:
4153:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
607:van Driem, George. 2018. "
4321:
4258:
4211:
4161:
4041:
4034:
3989:
3940:
3904:
3829:
3765:
3728:
3638:
3515:
3444:
3403:
3380:
3319:
3308:
3152:
2885:
2874:
2842:
2769:
2760:
2649:
2466:
2455:
2422:
2284:
2275:
2183:
1941:
1927:
1841:
1636:
1618:
1569:
1487:
1478:
1472:Primary language families
1406:
1363:
1320:
1285:
1267:
1160:
1126:
1103:
1094:
917:. New Haven: HRAF Press.
913:Paul K. Benedict (1975).
718:10.1007/s00439-007-0407-2
578:Proto-Hmong–Mien language
130:
116:
102:
83:
73:
62:Linguistic classification
60:
44:
37:
32:
2289:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
895:(CLDF Dataset on Zenodo
663:Kosaka, Ryuichi. 2002. "
363:, the name for Hmong is
343:
4330:have no living members.
4213:East and Southeast Asia
3456:have no living members.
977:Purnell, H. C. (1965).
908:American Anthropologist
3436:Unclassified languages
3390:list of sign languages
2358:Northeastern Tasmanian
951:Yao-English dictionary
901:10.5281/zenodo.3537712
883:Chen Qiguang (2013).
453:syntactically analytic
371:(i.e., Yao), although
315:either as part of the
228:
3411:Constructed languages
970:Lyman, T. A. (1970).
963:Lyman, T. A. (1974).
956:Lyman, T. A. (1979).
885:Miao and Yao language
516:Various unclassified
215:
156:) are a highly tonal
4358:Hmong–Mien languages
1958:Binanderean–Goilalan
1088:Hmong–Mien languages
248:phonological systems
146:Hmong–Mien languages
3971:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
3755:Northwest Caucasian
3750:Northeast Caucasian
3240:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
3143:Tequiraca–Canichana
2986:Harákmbut–Katukinan
1749:Northwest Caucasian
1743:Northeast Caucasian
1667:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
935:Enwall, J. (1994).
928:Enwall, J. (1995).
766:2011PLoSO...624282C
502:numeral classifiers
483:Mon–Khmer languages
263:Sino-Tibetan family
4236:Austronesian–Ongan
4035:Proposed groupings
2862:Tarascan/Purépecha
2351:Northern Tasmanian
2109:South Bougainville
2070:North Bougainville
1037:Smith, P. (1995).
485:, since they have
229:
4363:Language families
4345:
4344:
4254:
4253:
4246:Sino-Austronesian
4030:
4029:
3505:Language families
3471:
3470:
3421:Language isolates
3399:
3398:
3304:
3303:
2870:
2869:
2756:
2755:
2451:
2450:
2398:Western Tasmanian
2316:Eastern Tasmanian
2271:
2270:
1993:East Geelvink Bay
1923:
1922:
1614:
1613:
1438:
1437:
1316:
1315:
1263:
1262:
1013:978-0-85883-615-0
669:Mon-Khmer Studies
506:definite articles
468:uvular consonants
271:Sinitic languages
240:Hmongic languages
142:
141:
68:language families
16:(Redirected from
4370:
4313:Proto-Euphratean
4039:
4038:
3947:
3946:
3915:Great Andamanese
3498:
3491:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3317:
3316:
3271:Huaorani/Waorani
3155:(extant in 2000)
3119:Esmeralda–Yaruro
2890:Andoque–Urequena
2883:
2882:
2767:
2766:
2573:Plateau Penutian
2464:
2463:
2439:(Northern Daly?)
2282:
2281:
2168:Northwest Papuan
2132:Trans–New Guinea
1998:East New Britain
1973:Central Solomons
1939:
1938:
1684:Great Andamanese
1634:
1633:
1485:
1484:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1420:Proto-Hmong–Mien
1355:Yangchun Pai Yao
1233:
1232:
1101:
1100:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1041:. Visalia, CA: .
1017:
1005:
871:
864:
858:
846:Goddard, Cliff;
844:
838:
835:
829:
828:
826:
825:
819:
813:. Archived from
812:
804:
798:
797:
787:
777:
745:
739:
738:
720:
696:
690:
678:
672:
661:
655:
649:
643:
642:
622:
616:
605:
337:Proto-Hmong–Mien
295:The most likely
277:Paul K. Benedict
244:Mienic languages
225:
219:
135:
126:
112:
78:Proto-Hmong–Mien
30:
29:
21:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4317:
4308:Paleo-Laplandic
4303:Pre-Finno-Ugric
4250:
4207:
4171:Greater Siangic
4157:
4143:Uralic–Yukaghir
4093:Ibero-Caucasian
4088:Elamo-Dravidian
4026:
3985:
3936:
3900:
3825:
3761:
3744:North Caucasian
3724:
3634:
3573:Paleo-Sardinian
3511:
3502:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3440:
3426:Mixed languages
3395:
3376:
3311:
3300:
3154:
3148:
3003:Katembri–Taruma
2877:
2866:
2838:
2752:
2645:
2458:
2447:
2418:
2267:
2179:
2138:Turama–Kikorian
2048:Lower Mamberamo
2003:East Strickland
1931:
1919:
1837:
1625:
1620:
1610:
1565:
1474:
1469:
1439:
1434:
1410:Proto-languages
1402:
1365:Mixed languages
1359:
1312:
1281:
1259:
1231:
1156:
1122:
1090:
1085:
1048:
1014:
990:Ratliff, Martha
988:
960:. : The author.
880:
878:Further reading
875:
874:
865:
861:
845:
841:
836:
832:
823:
821:
817:
810:
806:
805:
801:
746:
742:
697:
693:
679:
675:
662:
658:
650:
646:
623:
619:
615:, LX (4): 1-38.
606:
602:
597:
574:
534:mixed languages
514:
512:Mixed languages
479:right-branching
445:
443:Characteristics
414:Yao nationality
346:
293:
227:
223:
221:
217:
210:
158:language family
148:(also known as
138:
122:
108:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4376:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4331:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4138:Uralo-Siberian
4135:
4130:
4125:
4123:Serbi–Mongolic
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4083:Dravido-Korean
4080:
4078:Dené–Yeniseian
4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4066:Dené–Caucasian
4063:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3994:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3835:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3684:Hurro-Urartian
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3566:Paleo-Corsican
3562:
3555:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3521:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3351:Indo-Pakistani
3348:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3050:Piaroa–Saliban
3047:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2951:
2946:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2815:Tequistlatecan
2812:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2338:Marrku–Wurrugu
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1697:Hurro-Urartian
1693:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1046:External links
1044:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1021:Smalley, W. A.
1018:
1012:
986:
975:
968:
961:
954:
947:
933:
926:
911:
904:
879:
876:
873:
872:
859:
839:
830:
799:
740:
711:(3–4): 383–8.
705:Human Genetics
691:
673:
656:
644:
633:(3): 422–441.
617:
599:
598:
596:
593:
592:
591:
586:
580:
573:
570:
564:, and various
562:Shaozhou Tuhua
513:
510:
444:
441:
375:is also used.
345:
342:
321:Southeast Asia
301:Southern China
292:
289:
281:Austric theory
222:
216:
209:
206:
166:Southeast Asia
152:and rarely as
140:
139:
136:
128:
127:
120:
114:
113:
106:
100:
99:
98:
97:
92:
90:Hmongic (Miao)
85:
81:
80:
75:
74:Proto-language
71:
70:
64:
58:
57:
55:Southeast Asia
48:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4375:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4148:Eskimo–Uralic
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:Paleosiberian
3948:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3847:Austroasiatic
3844:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3797:Austroasiatic
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3776:Indo-European
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3649:Indo-European
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3526:Indo-European
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:Original Thai
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3125:Hibito–Cholón
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2641:Yuman–Cochimí
2639:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2376:Southern Daly
2374:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:Darwin Region
2298:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Demta–Sentani
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
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1773:
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1728:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1704:Indo-European
1701:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1654:Austroasiatic
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1595:
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1583:
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1568:
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1501:
1497:
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1489:
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1477:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:Proto-Hmongic
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
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1348:
1346:
1343:
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1336:
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1325:
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1309:
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1301:
1299:
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1278:
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1274:
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1266:
1256:
1253:
1251:
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1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
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1234:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:Small Flowery
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
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1102:
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1097:
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1077:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1033:0-226-76286-6
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
984:
982:
976:
973:
969:
966:
962:
959:
955:
952:
948:
946:
945:91-7153-269-2
942:
938:
934:
931:
927:
924:
923:0-87536-323-7
920:
916:
912:
909:
905:
902:
898:
894:
893:9787566003263
890:
886:
882:
881:
869:
863:
857:
856:0-19-924860-5
853:
849:
843:
834:
820:on 2013-11-27
816:
809:
803:
795:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
767:
763:
760:(8): e24282.
759:
755:
751:
744:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
688:
687:
682:
681:Blench, Roger
677:
670:
666:
660:
653:
648:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
614:
610:
604:
600:
590:
589:Hmong writing
587:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
509:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
462:
458:
454:
450:
440:
438:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
341:
340:phylogenies.
338:
333:
331:
330:Yangtze River
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:Central China
310:
306:
302:
298:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
252:protolanguage
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
214:
208:Relationships
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:and northern
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
134:
129:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
105:
101:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
63:
59:
56:
52:
49:
43:
36:
31:
19:
4334:
4327:
4326:Families in
4283:Pre-Goidelic
4278:Pre-Germanic
4108:Indo-Semitic
4103:Indo-Pacific
4098:Indo-Hittite
4013:
4006:
3999:
3929:
3906:Indian Ocean
3873:
3868:Austronesian
3866:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3840:Sino-Tibetan
3838:
3817:
3795:
3790:Sino-Tibetan
3788:
3781:
3774:
3742:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3594:North Picene
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3460:
3453:
3452:Families in
3387:
3338:
3236:
3224:
3074:
3042:
3033:Pano-Tacanan
2990:
2953:
2941:
2912:Arutani–Sape
2904:
2849:
2831:
2824:
2809:Oto-Manguean
2807:
2790:
2783:
2730:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2663:
2656:
2633:
2626:
2614:
2587:
2565:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2477:
2470:
2429:
2396:
2392:Western Daly
2370:Pama–Nyungan
2368:
2356:
2349:
2336:
2314:
2309:Eastern Daly
2307:
2299:
2254:
2130:
2118:
2096:
2079:
2057:
2028:Kaure–Kosare
1988:Doso–Turumsa
1978:Chimbu–Wahgi
1968:Bulaka River
1952:Austronesian
1950:
1911:
1904:
1885:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1760:Sino-Tibetan
1758:
1741:
1724:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1671:
1661:Austronesian
1659:
1652:
1640:
1586:
1524:Nilo-Saharan
1522:
1515:
1500:Austronesian
1498:
1491:
1430:Proto-Mienic
1408:
1162:West Hmongic
1087:
1038:
1024:
993:
978:
971:
964:
957:
950:
936:
929:
914:
907:
884:
867:
862:
847:
842:
833:
822:. Retrieved
815:the original
802:
757:
753:
743:
708:
704:
694:
685:
676:
668:
659:
647:
630:
626:
620:
612:
603:
585:(Wiktionary)
515:
499:
472:
449:monosyllabic
446:
436:
429:
428:rather than
425:
411:
406:
402:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:
372:
368:
364:
358:
353:
349:
347:
335:The date of
334:
303:between the
294:
275:
260:
230:
160:of southern
153:
149:
145:
143:
95:Mienic (Yao)
84:Subdivisions
47:distribution
4133:Ural-Altaic
4113:Indo-Uralic
3925:Sentinelese
3656:Afroasiatic
3622:Eteocypriot
3346:Germanosign
3250:Mura-Pirahã
3131:Lule–Vilela
3107:Bora-Witoto
3082:Uru–Chipaya
3055:Ticuna–Yuri
3038:Peba–Yaguan
3023:Nambikwaran
2826:Uto-Aztecan
2762:Mesoamerica
2616:Uto-Aztecan
2605:Tsimshianic
2567:Palaihnihan
2437:Malak-Malak
2174:Papuan Gulf
2148:West Papuan
2053:Lower Sepik
2043:Lakes Plain
1946:Arai–Samaia
1934:the Pacific
1642:Afroasiatic
1517:Niger–Congo
1493:Afroasiatic
1393:She Chinese
1181:Big Flowery
1003:1885/146760
910:44.576-601.
538:She Chinese
495:adpositions
317:Han Chinese
234:(Miao) and
202:Han Chinese
198:hill people
4352:Categories
4273:Pre-Celtic
4241:East Asian
4231:Austro-Tai
4221:Andamanese
4071:Eurasiatic
3992:North Asia
3942:North Asia
3854:Hmong–Mien
3808:Burushaski
3767:South Asia
3738:Kartvelian
3705:Philistine
3615:Eteocretan
3559:Tartessian
3340:Francosign
3188:Chiquitano
3168:Alacalufan
2976:Guaicuruan
2949:Chapacuran
2932:Cahuapanan
2900:Araucanian
2803:Mixe–Zoque
2798:Misumalpan
2512:Comecrudan
2364:Nyulnyulan
2143:Upper Yuat
2120:Torricelli
2092:Senu River
2023:Foja Range
1929:New Guinea
1854:Burushaski
1715:Kartvelian
1690:Hmong–Mien
1506:Khoe–Kwadi
1383:Badong Yao
983:, Thailand
824:2013-12-30
671:32:71-100.
595:References
568:dialects.
554:Badong Yao
403:Hmong/Mong
361:Vietnamese
45:Geographic
33:Hmong–Mien
18:Hmong-Mien
4298:Pre-Vedic
4288:Pre-Greek
4260:Substrata
4163:Arunachal
4061:Nostratic
4046:Alarodian
3981:Yeniseian
3831:East Asia
3783:Dravidian
3640:West Asia
3608:Tyrsenian
3371:Tanzanian
3312:languages
3209:Hodï/Joti
3153:Isolates
3092:Yanomaman
3028:Otomákoan
2992:Jirajaran
2981:Guajiboan
2943:Catacaoan
2922:Barbacoan
2851:Cuitlatec
2820:Totonacan
2779:Jicaquean
2658:Chimariko
2554:Muskogean
2536:Kalapuyan
2530:Iroquoian
2505:Chumashan
2498:Chinookan
2491:Chimakuan
2409:Yangmanic
2404:Worrorran
2387:Wagaydyic
2277:Australia
2126:Trans-Fly
1792:Yeniseian
1779:Tyrsenian
1673:Dravidian
1141:Kiong Nai
981:Chiengrai
866:Goddard,
850:; p. 36.
530:substrata
487:genitives
473:They are
464:sonorants
461:voiceless
267:linguists
190:Guangdong
154:Yangtzean
118:Glottolog
104:ISO 639-5
40:Yangtzean
4293:Vasconic
4268:Atlantic
4022:Eskaleut
3976:Yukaghir
3891:Koreanic
3886:Tungusic
3881:Mongolic
3819:Harappan
3730:Caucasus
3712:Sumerian
3587:Ligurian
3404:See also
3381:Isolates
3356:Japanese
3296:Yuracaré
3178:Candoshi
3137:Macro-Jê
3102:Zaparoan
3097:Zamucoan
3087:Witotoan
3070:Tucanoan
3065:Tiniguan
3060:Timotean
3044:Quechuan
3013:Matacoan
3008:Mascoian
2998:Jivaroan
2961:Chibchan
2955:Charruan
2906:Arawakan
2843:Isolates
2774:Chibchan
2650:Isolates
2622:Wakashan
2583:Salishan
2525:Eskaleut
2431:Giimbiyu
2423:Isolates
2332:Jarrakan
2327:Iwaidjan
2184:Isolates
2038:Kutubuan
1906:Sumerian
1842:Isolates
1797:Yukaghir
1766:Tungusic
1732:Mongolic
1720:Koreanic
1679:Eskaleut
1570:Isolates
1554:Ubangian
1373:Lingling
1350:Dzao Min
1345:Biao Min
1335:Biao Mon
1250:Nao Klao
1207:Pingtang
1183:(A-Hmao)
1177:(Gha-Mu)
1105:Bahengic
992:(2010).
870:; p. 121
794:21904623
754:PLOS ONE
727:17657509
683:. 2004.
572:See also
546:Lingling
491:numerals
434:ethnonym
297:homeland
291:Homeland
287:family.
150:Miao–Yao
124:hmon1336
38:Miao–Yao
4328:italics
4226:Austric
4203:Kho-Bwa
4198:Hrusish
4176:Siangic
4118:Karasuk
4018: ?
3931:Kenaboi
3896:Japonic
3861:Kra–Dai
3822: ?
3813:Kusunda
3719:Elamite
3691:Kassite
3677:Kaskian
3580:Camunic
3552:Iberian
3509:Eurasia
3454:italics
3431:Pidgins
3416:Creoles
3366:Swedish
3334:Chinese
3281:Urarina
3266:Puinave
3220:Itonama
3214:Irantxe
3183:Chimane
3113:Chimuan
3018:Nadahup
2937:Cariban
2917:Aymaran
2878:America
2720:Waikuri
2713:Tonkawa
2706:Timucua
2699:Takelma
2692:Siuslaw
2681:Kutenai
2665:Esselen
2628:Wintuan
2589:Shastan
2560:Na-Dene
2548:Maiduan
2485:Caddoan
2459:America
2413:Wagiman
2411:(incl.
2382:Tangkic
2322:Garawan
2295:Bunuban
2256:Tambora
2223:Maybrat
2191:Abinomn
2114:Teberan
2075:Pauwasi
2065:Mairasi
2033:Kiwaian
1913:Tambora
1899:Shompen
1881:Kusunda
1874:Kenaboi
1860:Elamite
1832:Siangic
1814:Kho-Bwa
1808:Hrusish
1726:Kra–Dai
1710:Japonic
1619:Eurasia
1594:Sandawe
1577:Bangime
1542:Songhay
1398:Younian
1340:Kim Mun
1330:Iu Mien
1308:Sanqiao
1222:Dongjia
1212:Luobohe
1202:Huishui
1192:Guiyang
1096:Hmongic
785:3164178
762:Bibcode
735:2533393
566:Pinghua
518:Sinitic
418:Kra–Dai
399:Laotian
305:Yangtze
232:Hmongic
186:Guangxi
182:Sichuan
170:Guizhou
4188:Mijiic
4181:Digaro
4128:Pontic
4056:Borean
4051:Altaic
4015:Rouran
4008:Turkic
4001:Uralic
3990:Other
3875:Turkic
3803:Nihali
3698:Gutian
3670:Hattic
3663:Turkic
3629:Minoan
3601:Sicani
3546:Basque
3540:Turkic
3533:Uralic
3517:Europe
3329:BANZSL
3291:Yamana
3276:Trumai
3245:Movima
3199:Fulniô
3162:Aikanã
3076:Tupian
2971:Chonan
2895:Arauan
2833:Xincan
2785:Lencan
2738:Yokuts
2635:Yukian
2600:Tanoan
2595:Siouan
2578:Pomoan
2519:Coosan
2345:Mirndi
2238:Porome
2233:Pawaia
2087:Senagi
2059:Madang
2008:Eleman
1963:Border
1894:Nihali
1887:Minoan
1867:Hattic
1849:Basque
1820:Mijiic
1802:Digaro
1786:Uralic
1772:Turkic
1623:Europe
1480:Africa
1388:Yeheni
1378:Maojia
1322:Mienic
1303:Ná-Meo
1298:Raojia
1237:Bu–Nao
1197:Mo Piu
1187:Mashan
1151:Younuo
1118:Hm Nai
1113:Pa-Hng
1031:
1010:
943:
921:
891:
854:
792:
782:
733:
725:
558:Yeheni
550:Maojia
532:or as
393:, and
365:H'Mông
309:Mekong
236:Mienic
224:
218:
178:Yunnan
3966:Nivkh
3920:Ongan
3286:Warao
3255:Nukak
3226:Kunza
3204:Guató
3193:Cofán
3173:Camsá
2966:Choco
2927:Boran
2876:South
2857:Huave
2792:Mayan
2743:Yuchi
2726:Washo
2676:Karuk
2671:Haida
2610:Utian
2542:Keres
2479:Alsea
2472:Algic
2457:North
2249:Taiap
2243:Sulka
2098:Sepik
2013:Engan
1754:Ongan
1737:Nivkh
1605:Shabo
1588:Jalaa
1582:Hadza
1536:Mande
1286:Hmuic
1255:Numao
1227:Xixiu
1217:Gejia
1170:Hmong
1146:Pa Na
1128:Sheic
818:(PDF)
811:(PDF)
731:S2CID
457:tonal
395:Hmong
344:Names
256:codas
194:Hubei
174:Hunan
162:China
51:China
4335:bold
4193:Miju
3961:Ainu
3461:bold
3388:See
3324:Arab
3310:Sign
3261:Páez
3238:Maku
3232:Leco
2748:Zuni
2732:Yana
2686:Seri
2443:Tiwi
2263:Wiru
2228:Mpur
2218:Kuot
2201:Anêm
2196:Abun
2163:Yuat
2158:Yawa
2104:Skou
2081:Ramu
1932:and
1826:Miju
1648:Ainu
1628:Asia
1626:and
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