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of Nova Scotia, and in 1996 an archaeological investigation was conducted which confirmed the 1896 discovery. A second, more full excavation occurred in 1998 following the laying of a new concrete foundation for the church. Following the completion of the archaeological work and analysis of the bones, the individuals were reburied in a new common grave in a multi-faith ceremony involving the Parish of St. George, descendants of the original German settlers, members of the German
Canadian Association of Nova Scotia, and
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297:) who settled in the northern suburbs of Halifax between 1750 and 1752. The land the church sits on could have been set aside for their religious use as early as 1750, but construction of the church only took place several years later. This group of immigrants arrived in a Halifax which was beset by repeated
349:. While this was not conclusively determined, skull morphology indicated "characteristics more commonly associated with someone of aboriginal North American rather than of central-European or African origin," and distinctive wear patterns on the individual's teeth were similar to those of people eating a
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measures to isolate the sick from the healthy. The epidemic eventually slowed and serious infectious disease would not arrive in the colony again until 1752. Paul B. Williams, who participated in the excavation and examination of remains later found at the church site, hypothesized in a 2003 article
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A fire at St. George's Church in 1994 resulted in the Dutch Church being used regularly once again, leading to increased scrutiny of its structural condition. Concerns were raised about problems with its foundation, and a restoration project began. The project caught the attention of the government
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a block to the south, and the church largely fell into disuse. The churchyard was used for burials until the mid-19th century, when this ceased due to public health concerns and the pressures of urbanization. In
December 1896, repairs were made to the foundation, leading to the discovery of bones
397:. Williams remarks that "n the past, much of the attention of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada has been placed on the military and Anglo-French colonial narratives of Canadian nation building," and that the site helps to affirm a German heritage in Canada and provide a symbol of
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investigations conducted in the 1990s found that the individuals buried in the grave were of mixed sex and age, but a majority were adults. None of the bones showed signs of trauma or long-term health problems, likely indicating a cause of death which was fast-acting and only affected the
334:. The trench containing the mass grave had been capped with large stones, which may have been to prevent its disturbance by animals. The grave was bounded by the later foundations of the church, perhaps indicating that the church had been purposefully erected above it.
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or other personal effects. There is also little evidence that they were buried while clothed, though their clothing may have decayed; rope samples indicated that at least one individual may have been buried in sacking or a grave
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301:, such as during a period from September 1749 to April 1750. In the latter part of 1750, "Foreign Protestants" landed in Halifax, raising its overall population to 3,200 by September. On September 2, a ship named the
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recorded the burial of a "Protestant Indian" named John Tray in 1750. There was also evidence of people with possible
African ancestry in the mass grave, though this has also not been proven conclusively.
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Coinciding with this epidemic, an estimated thirty individuals were buried in a mass grave on the grounds upon which the church would be built only a few years later. The dead were buried without
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identity. However, he also raised concerns about the process as one which did not pay heed to archaeological and forensic discoveries on the site, and did not also include
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in
Deutsch-kanadisches Jahrbuch - German Canadian Yearbook, 16, Ed. Lothar Zimmermann, Hartmut Froeschle, Myka Burke. Historical Society of Mecklenburg,
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Halifax
Gazette, 15 May 1752 announced: "Just imported, and to be sold by Joshua Mauger, at Major Lockman's store in Halifax, several Negro slaves."
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beneath the church by workmen. The bones were subsequently reburied in a separate pit, which was also uncovered during the later investigations.
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arrived, carrying a number of ill and dying passengers. The health of the overall community began to deteriorate following the arrival of the
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diet consisting of foods such as dried meats and seeds. This man's identity is unknown, but it has been speculated that he may have been a
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945:"Raising the Dead: The Use of Osteo-Archaeology to Establish Identity at the Little Dutch Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia"
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Not long after this, in 1756, the church was constructed. It was consecrated in 1760. The
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Note the 1896 article Old
Chicken Cock Church erroneously asserts that
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Selections from the public documents of the province of Nova Scotia
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List of oldest buildings and structures in
Halifax, Nova Scotia
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1001:
Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church
National Historic Site of Canada
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that the disease the migrants brought with them may have been
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Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church
National Historic Site of Canada
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The history of the church is associated with a community of "
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is buried beneath the Church where his monument remains.
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A Brief History of the Little Dutch Church (St. George)
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439:(tablet removed to St. George's Round Church in 1831)
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273:, and is the oldest site in Canada associated with
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393:In 1997, the Little Dutch Church was proclaimed a
1351:Grand-Pré & Grand-Pré Rural Historic District
1266:Cast Iron Façade / Coomb's Old English Shoe Store
1867:18th-century Anglican church buildings in Canada
1838:
934:. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.).
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839:14 December 1896 edition The Acadian Recorder
534:, namesake of Lockman St. (now Brunswick St.)
579:Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church (Lunenburg)
574:History of the Halifax Regional Municipality
537:Elliot and Ella, Children of Mark P Seward,
1560:St. George's Anglican Church / Round Church
986:Old Chicken Cock Church. 14 December 1896.
584:Hillcrest Cemetery (Lunenburg, Nova Scotia)
1770:Waverley–Salmon River Long Lake Wilderness
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769:A Brief History of the Parish of St George
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589:Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
543:Elizabeth, Wife of John Fraser, Surgeon,
1872:Anglican church buildings in Nova Scotia
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1461:Marconi & Marconi Wireless Station
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1740:Eigg Mountain–James River Wilderness
1495:Old Town Lunenburg Historic District
1231:Argyle Township Court House and Jail
1006:Canadian Register of Historic Places
420:is buried in the cemetery and Major
238:Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island
1862:Archaeological sites in Nova Scotia
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961:
569:List of oldest buildings in Canada
14:
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1221:Annapolis Royal Historic District
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943:Williams, Paul B. (Spring 2003).
928:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
539:8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot
261:is the second-oldest building in
201:Nova Scotia Heritage Property Act
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931:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
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395:National Historic Site of Canada
279:National Historic Site of Canada
211:Provincially Registered Property
172:National Historic Site of Canada
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1735:Blue Mountain-Birch Cove Lakes
1550:Sir Frederick Borden Residence
1044:Protected areas of Nova Scotia
903:Akins, Thomas B., ed. (1869).
1:
1545:Sinclair Inn / Farmer's Hotel
1446:Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church
1401:Halifax WWII Coastal Defences
1226:Antigonish County Court House
1191:Acacia Grove / Prescott House
1125:Region of Queens Municipality
924:Blakeley, Phyllis R. (1974).
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259:Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church
18:Church in Nova Scotia, Canada
1590:Sydney WWII Coastal Defences
1485:Old Barrington Meeting House
1396:Halifax Waterfront Buildings
1216:Annapolis County Court House
778:, retrieved 2 September 2013
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1877:Lutheran churches in Canada
936:University of Toronto Press
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379:St. George's "Round" Church
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1575:St. Paul's Anglican Church
1565:St. John's Anglican Church
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1605:Truro Old Normal College
919:. Morton & Co. 1899.
1852:German-Canadian culture
1600:Trinity Anglican Church
1480:Nova Scotia Coal Fields
1183:National historic sites
949:Material Culture Review
886:Old Chicken Cock Church
510:Bernard Michael Houseal
495:Anthony Henry (Printer)
269:. It was built for the
65:44.6558194; -63.5856500
1745:Liscomb Game Sanctuary
1555:Springhill Coal Mining
1421:Jonathan McCully House
1391:Halifax Public Gardens
1336:Fortress of Louisbourg
1291:D'Anville's Encampment
549:Johann Nikolaus Batz,
1775:White Lake Wilderness
1725:Provincial wilderness
1520:Prince of Wales Tower
1211:Alexander Graham Bell
1163:Cape Breton Highlands
545:Nova Scotia Fencibles
481:Anthony Henry Holland
437:Otto William Schwartz
371:Otto William Schwartz
1173:Sable Island Reserve
988:The Acadian Recorder
338:Osteo-archaeological
263:Halifax, Nova Scotia
80:Halifax, Nova Scotia
1750:Panuke Lake Reserve
1570:St. Mary's Basilica
1466:Melanson Settlement
1451:Liverpool Town Hall
1436:Knaut–Rhuland House
1416:Hydrostone District
1376:Halifax Court House
1241:Bedford Petroglyphs
390:spiritual leaders.
291:Foreign Protestants
271:Foreign Protestants
56: /
24:Little Dutch Church
1727:areas & others
1490:Old Burying Ground
1361:Grassy Island Fort
1286:Covenaters' Church
1251:Black-Binney House
1246:Beinn Bhreagh Hall
1090:Guysborough County
926:"Lockman, Leonard"
774:2008-04-03 at the
413:Notable interments
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1826:Canada portal
1610:Truro Post Office
1456:Lunenburg Academy
1371:Halifax City Hall
1080:Cumberland County
1075:Colchester County
1065:Antigonish County
909:. Charles Annand.
551:Hessian (soldier)
467:Hessian (soldier)
407:Afro-Nova Scotian
311:Edward Cornwallis
267:St. Paul's Church
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190:22 September 1997
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1475:Deadman's Island
1441:Ladies' Seminary
1386:Halifax Dockyard
1346:Government House
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1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Royal Battery
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:Fort Lawrence
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:Chapman House
1274:
1272:
1271:Chapel Island
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1261:Canso Islands
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:Pictou County
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1008:
1007:
1002:
999:
998:
990:
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
965:
954:
950:
946:
941:
937:
933:
932:
927:
922:
918:
917:
912:
908:
907:
901:
900:
887:
883:
877:
868:
862:
857:
851:
846:
840:
835:
828:
827:Blakeley 1974
823:
816:
811:
805:, p. 64.
804:
803:Williams 2003
799:
797:
790:, p. 63.
789:
788:Williams 2003
784:
777:
773:
770:
767:Henry Roper:
764:
758:, p. 62.
757:
756:Williams 2003
752:
750:
748:
741:, p. 61.
740:
739:Williams 2003
735:
733:
731:
724:, p. 60.
723:
722:Williams 2003
718:
716:
714:
707:, p. 57.
706:
705:Williams 2003
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
684:, p. 59.
683:
682:Williams 2003
678:
676:
674:
672:
665:, p. 66.
664:
663:Williams 2003
659:
653:, p. 58.
652:
651:Williams 2003
647:
645:
643:
636:, p. 55.
635:
634:Williams 2003
630:
624:, p. 56.
623:
622:Williams 2003
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
605:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
552:
548:
546:
542:
540:
536:
533:
529:
528:
523:
522:Prince Edward
519:
515:
511:
504:
499:
496:
490:
485:
482:
476:
471:
468:
461:
456:
453:
447:
442:
438:
432:
427:
426:
425:
423:
419:
410:
408:
404:
403:First Nations
400:
396:
391:
389:
383:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
335:
333:
328:
323:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
251:
248:
246:
242:
239:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
179:Official name
177:
173:
168:
165:
162:
160:
156:
151:
147:
145:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
118:
114:
109:
105:
101:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
69:
48:44°39′20.95″N
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
16:
1811:
1799:
1779:
1712:
1620:York Redoubt
1445:
1281:Charles Fort
1256:Bloody Creek
1110:Kings County
1100:Hants County
1085:Digby County
1004:
987:
973:Upper Canada
968:
952:
948:
929:
915:
905:
896:Bibliography
876:
867:
856:
845:
834:
822:
810:
783:
763:
658:
629:
520:; friend of
416:
392:
384:
364:
336:
324:
306:
302:
288:
258:
256:
138:Architecture
95:Denomination
51:63°35′8.34″W
15:
1668:Dollar Lake
1580:St. Peter's
1406:Henry House
1311:Fort Edward
1206:Akins House
955:(1): 53–67.
343:soft tissue
327:grave goods
275:Lutheranism
117:Consecrated
106:traditions)
63: /
1841:Categories
1698:Mira River
1663:Dalem Lake
1515:Port-Royal
1426:Kejimkujik
1321:Fort McNab
1236:Beaubassin
1201:Africville
1168:Kejimkujik
1095:Halifax RM
815:Akins 1869
595:References
359:St. Paul's
347:indigenous
315:quarantine
293:" (mostly
277:. It is a
250:St. George
216:Designated
187:Designated
1683:Long Lake
1535:SS Acadia
1306:Fort Anne
981:0316-8603
850:pp. 83-87
600:Citations
299:epidemics
1801:Category
1648:Blomidon
1643:Ben Eoin
1301:Fernwood
772:Archived
558:See also
518:New York
514:Loyalist
159:Province
104:Lutheran
100:Anglican
76:Location
1813:Commons
1781:more...
1714:more...
1638:Arisaig
1510:Pier 21
388:Mi'kmaq
367:steeple
285:History
233:Diocese
131:steeple
111:History
86:Country
1473:&
979:
861:p. 122
530:Major
355:Mohawk
332:shroud
320:typhus
245:Parish
164:Canada
129:1760:
126:Events
89:Canada
516:from
133:added
1055:CRHP
977:ISSN
508:Rev
405:and
257:The
208:Type
148:1756
121:1760
307:Ann
303:Ann
1843::
1003:.
953:57
951:.
947:.
795:^
746:^
729:^
712:^
689:^
670:^
641:^
608:^
524:)
322:.
281:.
1036:e
1029:t
1022:v
1009:.
938:.
888:)
829:.
512:(
102:(
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