147:, in a small home with dirt floors, raising pigs and chickens. He is listed in three Idaho census inquiries. All identified Monahan as a male, with one marked with an asterisk with the remark "doubtful sex." Locals remarked that they were aware that Monahan was female, but Monahan never confirmed it when questioned, and the issue was rarely raised. In a letter to the Buffalo police chief seeking next of kin, a local resident remarked that, "He had fought his way through with many of us ... suffered hardship and hunger in early days and never whimpered ... the cowboys treated him with the greatest respect, and he was always welcome to eat and sleep at their camps."
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in 1867. Raised in a foster home from the age of eight, Monahan left for the West at 14 years old. Because his identity was obscured until his death in 1904, the circumstances of his birth are unclear, and census records suggest he may have been born as Mary
Manumon, though the family also had a
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business, then a sawmill, and later saved several thousand dollars in mining, which were stolen in an investment fraud. Monahan voted in an 1880 Republican primary despite women being denied the vote at the time.
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young servant girl, Johanna Burke. Accounts to journalists after his death claimed that
Monahan's mother dressed the young child in boy's clothing in early childhood to sell newspapers on the street.
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80:, under an assumed masculine name and identity. The revelation of Joe's sex became a sensationalized national news story after his death in 1904. His life was the subject of the 1993 film
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and died in 1904. At this point, townspeople discovered his sex, which was widely reported in the media of the day including an exposé in the
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An image of "Little Joe" Monahan, previously
Johanna Monahan, published in a Buffalo newspaper upon his death in 1904.
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Peter Boag (2005). "Go West young man, go East young woman: Searching for the Trans in
Western gender history".
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Monahan's story became a popular story in
Western magazines starting in the 1950s. Barbara Lebow wrote a play,
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Hannelore
Sudermann (30 January 2015). "A re-dress of the West".
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Historical figures with ambiguous or disputed gender identity
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Monahan fell ill in 1903 after a winter cattle drive on the
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Monahan is believed to have been born as
Johanna Monahan in
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Gold rushes and mining camps of the early
American West
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98:"Little Joe Monahan," born Johanna Monahan, c. 1870s
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369:(The Globe Pequot Press, 2001), pp 51-59
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418:20th-century American LGBTQ people
413:19th-century American LGBTQ people
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106:, in 1850, and to have moved to
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253:University of California Press
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325:; Opal Laurel Holmes (1968),
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362:(A&C Black, 1999), pp 47
199:Western Historical Quarterly
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70:Joe "Little Joe" Monahan
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16:American cattle rancher
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367:More Than Petticoats
127:before returning to
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168:Little Joe Monaghan
360:Reclaiming Genders
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78:Silver City, Idaho
72:(1850–1904), born
349:Horan, James D.,
262:978-0-520-94995-9
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104:Buffalo, New York
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377:Categories
335:Q107297034
304:Q107297051
279:Q107296989
227:Q107296997
180:References
90:Early life
271:29609878M
211:0043-3810
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398:Cowboys
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41:Born
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