993:. This is only for an advance refusal of treatment for when the person lacks mental capacity; to be legally binding, the advance decision must be specific about the treatment that is being refused and the circumstances in which the refusal will apply. To be valid, the person must have been competent and must have understood the decision when they signed the directive. Where the patient's advance decision relates to a refusal of life-prolonging treatment this must be recorded in writing and witnessed. Any advance refusal is legally binding providing that the patient is an adult, the patient was competent and properly informed when reaching the decision, it is clearly applicable to the present circumstances and there is no reason to believe that the patient has changed their mind. If an advance decision does not meet these criteria but appears to set out a clear indication of the patient's wishes, it will not be legally binding but should be taken into consideration in determining the patient's best interests. In June 2010, the Wealth Management Solicitors, Moore Blatch, announced that research showed demand for Living Wills had trebled in the two years previous, indicating the rising level of people concerned about the way in which their terminal illness will be managed. According to the British Government, every adult with mental capacity has the right to agree to or refuse medical treatment. To make their advance wishes clear, people can use a living will, which can include general statements about wishes, which are not legally binding, and specific refusals of treatment called "advance decisions" or "advance directives".
1025:
the respirator under sedation. The physician was initially charged for violating Italy's laws against euthanasia, but was later cleared. Further debate ensued after the father of a 38-year-old woman, Eluana
Englaro, petitioned the courts for permission to withdraw feeding tubes to allow her to die. Englaro had been in a coma for 17 years, following a car accident. After petitioning the courts for 10 years, authorization was granted and Englaro died in February 2009. In May 2008, apparently as a result of the recent Court of Cassation's holding in the case of Englaro, a guardianship judge in Modena, Italy used relatively new legislation to work around the lack of the advance directive legislation. The new law permitted a judicially appointed guardian ("amministratore di sostegno") to make decisions for an individual. Faced with a 70-year-old woman with end-stage Lou Gehrig's Disease who was petitioning the court (with the support of her family) to prevent any later use of a respirator, the judge appointed her husband as guardian with the specific duty to refuse any tracheotomy and/or respirator use if/when the patient became unable to refuse such treatment herself.
733:" (i.e., laws brought from England to the United States during the colonial period). These early powers of attorney allowed an individual to name someone to act in their stead. Drawing upon these laws, "durable powers of attorney for health care" and "healthcare proxy appointment" documents were created and codified in law, allowing an individual to appoint someone to make healthcare decisions in their behalf if they should ever be rendered incapable of making their wishes known. People will normally benefit from having both a durable power of attorney and a healthcare proxy.
684:, in a speech to the Euthanasia Society of America in 1967 and published in a law journal in 1969. Kutner drew from existing estate law, by which an individual can control property affairs after death (i.e., when no longer available to speak for himself or herself) and devised a way for an individual to express their health care desires when no longer able to express current healthcare wishes. Because this form of "will" was to be used while an individual was still alive (but no longer able to make decisions), it was dubbed the "living will". The U.S.
692:
and water, if supplied via tubes or other medical devices. The living will is used only if the individual has become unable to give informed consent or refusal due to incapacity. A living will can be very specific or very general. An example of a statement sometimes found in a living will is: "If I suffer an incurable, irreversible illness, disease, or condition and my attending physician determines that my condition is terminal, I direct that life-sustaining measures that would serve only to prolong my dying be withheld or discontinued."
669:
51:
753:, a "two-part advance directive instrument that elicits patient values about terminal medical care and therapy-specific directives." The goal of this advance directive is to move away from a focus on specific treatments and medical procedures to a focus on patient values and personal goals. Studies suggest that values regarding financial and psychological burden are strong motivators in not wanting a broad array of end-of-life therapies.
1084:, forms which are signed by the patients declaring that in case of permanent loss of judgement (e.g., inability to communicate or severe brain damage) all means of prolonging life shall be stopped. Family members and these organizations also keep proxies which entitle their holder to enforce such patient decrees. Establishing such decrees is relatively uncomplicated.
737:
and communicating health care decisions. The appointed representative is authorized to make real-time decisions in actual circumstances, as opposed to advance decisions framed in hypothetical situations, as might be recorded in a living will. The healthcare proxy was rapidly accepted within the U.S. and authorizing legislation was soon enacted in most states.
962:. Former Federal Health Minister Rona Ambrose (July 15, 2013 to November 4, 2015) has stated: "I think the starting point for me is that we still don't have the best elderly care and palliative care yet… So let's talk about making sure we have the best end-of-life care before we start talking about assisted suicide and euthanasia."
635:, in which the person authorizes someone (an agent) to make decisions on their behalf when they are incapacitated. People are often encouraged to complete both documents to provide comprehensive guidance regarding their care, although they may be combined into a single form. An example of combination documents includes the
624:, is a legal document in which a person specifies what actions should be taken for their health if they are no longer able to make decisions for themselves because of illness or incapacity. In the U.S. it has a legal status in itself, whereas in some countries it is legally persuasive without being a legal document.
835:
citizens detained and labeled as psychiatric patients who present or are coercively presented and labeled as in crisis. A PAD may help clinicians gain prompt access to relevant information about individual cases and thus improve the quality of clinical decision-making, and enhance patient safety and long-term
2389:"Psychiatric Advance Directives Among Public Mental Health Consumers in Five U.S. Cities: Prevalence, Demand, and Correlates" Jeffrey W. Swanson, Marvin S. Swartz, Joelle Feron, Eric B. Elbogen, and Richard Van Dorn. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Volume 34, Number 1, 2006
760:, a document that describes six case scenarios for advance medical decision-making. The scenarios are each associated with a roster of commonly considered medical procedures and interventions, allowing the individual to decide in advance which treatments are wanted or not wanted under the circumstances.
1123:
In
Pennsylvania on November 30, 2006, Governor Edward Rendell signed into law Act 169, that provides a comprehensive statutory framework governing advance health care directives and health care decision-making for incompetent patients. As a result, health care organizations make available a "Combined
937:
which involves encouraging individuals to reflect on and express their wishes for future care, including end-of-life care, before they become terminally ill or incapable of making decisions for themselves. A number of publicly funded initiatives exist to promote advance care planning and to encourage
707:
However, as living wills began to be better recognized, key deficits were soon discovered. Most living wills tended to be limited in scope and often failed to fully address presenting problems and needs. Further, many individuals wrote out their wishes in ways that might conflict with quality medical
699:
However, by the late 1980s, public advocacy groups became aware that many people remained unaware of advance directives and even fewer actually completed them. In part, this was seen as a failure of health care providers and medical organizations to promote and support the use of these documents. The
695:
More specific living wills may include information regarding an individual's desire for such services such as analgesia (pain relief), antibiotics, hydration, feeding, and the use of ventilators or cardiopulmonary resuscitation. However, studies have also shown that adults are more likely to complete
691:
A living will usually provides specific directives about the course of treatment healthcare providers and caregivers are to follow. In some cases a living will may forbid the use of various kinds of burdensome medical treatment. It may also be used to express wishes about the use or foregoing of food
1127:
Several states offer living will "registries" where citizens can file their living will so that they are more easily and readily accessible by doctors and other health care providers. However, in recent years some of these registries, such as the one run by the
Washington State Department of Health,
1108:
As more and more
Americans experienced the burdens and diminishing benefits of invasive and aggressive medical treatment in poor prognosis states – either directly (themselves) or through a loved one – pressure began to mount to devise ways to avoid the suffering and costs associated with treatments
1087:
In 2013 a law concerning advanced healthcare directives has been voted. Every adult with testamentary capacity can redact a legal binding document declaring a will in the event of loss of judgement. They may also designate a natural person to discuss medical procedures with the attending doctor and
1033:
Advance healthcare directives are not legally recognized in Japan. According to a 2017 survey by the
Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW), 66% of surveyed individuals supported the idea of such directives, but only 8.1% had prepared their own. The private organization Nihon Songenshi KyĹŤkai
1024:
Controversy over end-of-life care emerged in Italy in 2006, when a terminally ill patient suffering from muscular dystrophy, Piergiorgio Welby, petitioned the courts for removal of his respirator. Debated in
Parliament, no decision was reached. A doctor eventually honored Welby's wishes by removing
740:
One problem with a conventional healthcare proxy is that it may not be possible for the appointed proxy to determine what care choices the individual would have made if still capable, as healthcare proxies may be too vague for meaningful interpretation. While a study comparing next-of-kin decisions
1139:
town meeting, "So I actually think it's a good idea to have a living will. I'd encourage everybody to get one. I have one; Michelle has one. And we hope we don't have to use it for a long time, but I think it's something that is sensible." The announcement followed controversy surrounding proposed
736:
A healthcare proxy document appoints a person, the proxy, who can make decisions on behalf of the granting individual in the event of incapacity. The appointed healthcare proxy has, in essence, the same rights to request or refuse treatment that the individual would have if still capable of making
659:
Advance directives were created in response to the increasing sophistication and prevalence of medical technology. Numerous studies have documented critical deficits in the medical care of the dying; it has been found to be unnecessarily prolonged, painful, expensive, and emotionally burdensome to
708:
practice. Ultimately, it was determined that a living will alone might be insufficient to address many important health care decisions. This led to the development of what some have called "second generation" advance directives – the "health care proxy appointment" or "medical power of attorney."
1104:
Cost burdens to individuals and families are considerable. A national study found that: "In 20% of cases, a family member had to quit work", 31% lost "all or most savings" (even though 96% had insurance), and "20% reported loss of major source of income". Yet, studies indicate that 70-95% of
834:
PADs also provide a transportable document—increasingly accessible through electronic directories—to convey information about a detainee's treatment history, including medical disorders, emergency contact information, and medication side effects. Clinicians often have limited information about
2376:"Facilitated Psychiatric Advance Directives: A Randomized Trial of an Intervention to Foster Advance Treatment Planning Among Persons with Severe Mental Illness" Jeffrey W. Swanson, Marvin S. Swartz, Eric B. Elbogen, Richard A. Van Dorn, Joelle Ferron, H. Ryan Wagner, Barbara J. McCauley,
700:
public's response was to press for further legislative support. The most recent result was the
Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990, which attempted to address this awareness problem by requiring health care institutions to better promote and support the use of advance directives.
957:
A 2014 Ipsos Reid Survey reveals that only about a third of
Canadian doctors and nurses working in primary care feel comfortable discussing end of life issues with their patients. End-of-life issues in Canada have recently been highlighted due to the ongoing related debate about
830:
has shown that creating a PAD with a trained facilitator increases therapeutic alliance with clinicians, enhances involuntary patients' treatment satisfaction and perceived autonomy, and improves treatment decision-making capacity among people labeled with severe mental illness.
2046:
Cohen-Mansfield, J; Rabinovich, BA; Lipson, S; Fein, A; Gerber, B; Weisman, S; Pawlson, LG (February 1991). "The decision to execute a durable power of attorney for health care and preferences regarding the utilization of life-sustaining treatments in nursing home residents".
863:
showed that the vast majority thought advance care planning for crises would help improve patients' overall mental health care. Further, the more clinicians knew about PAD laws, the more favorable were their attitudes toward these practices. For instance, while most
953:
Polling indicates that 96% of
Canadians think that having a conversation with a loved one about planning for the end of life is important. However, the same polls show that only about 13% have actually done so, or have created an advance care plan for themselves.
1042:
Advance healthcare directives are legally recognized in Korea since 2016, when the Act on
Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment for Patients in Hospice and Palliative Care was implemented in Korea, providing a broad framework for end-of-life decision-making.
907:. Tasmania has no specific legislation concerning advance healthcare directives. Advance Care Planning (ACP) has been gaining prominence in Australia for its role in enhancing a patient's autonomy and as an important component of good end-of-life care.
2398:"Clinical Decision Making and Views About Psychiatric Advance Directives" Eric B. Elbogen, Marvin S. Swartz, Richard Van Dorn, Jeffrey W. Swanson, Mimi Kim, and Anna Scheyett Psychiatric Services, Volume 57, Number 3: 350-355, March 2006
813:
In the United States, although 25 states have now passed legislation in the past decade establishing authority for PADs, there is relatively little public information available to address growing interest in these legal documents. The
703:
Living wills proved to be very popular, and by 2007, 41% of Americans had completed a living will. In response to public needs, state legislatures soon passed laws in support of living wills in virtually every state in the union.
688:(PSDA) went into effect in December 1991 and required healthcare providers (primarily hospitals, nursing homes, and home health agencies) to give patients information about their rights to make advance directives under state law.
1140:
health care legislation that included language that would permit the payment of doctors under Medicare to counsel patients regarding living wills, sometimes referred to as the "infamous" page 425. Shortly afterwards, bioethicist
847:
National surveys in the United States indicate that although approximately 70% of people targeted by coercive psychiatry laws would want a PAD if offered assistance in completing one, less than 10% have actually completed a PAD.
2122:, McCullough LB, "Assessing the Values History of the Aged Patient Regarding Critical and Chronic Care," in The Handbook of Geriatric Assessment. Eds. Gallo JJ, Reichel W, Andersen LM, Rockville, MD: Aspen Press, 1988:111-124.
945:
In 2008, The Advance Care Planning in Canada: A National Framework and Implementation Project was founded. The goal was to engage healthcare professionals and educate patients about the importance of advance care planning and
1724:. Sections 4206 and 4751, P.L. 101-508. Introduced as S. 1766 by Senators Danforth and Moynihan, and HR 5067 by Congressman Sander Levin. Signed by the President on November 5, 1990; effective beginning December 1, 1991.
1155:
on March 9, 2018, permitted living wills and withholding and withdrawing life sustaining treatments. The country's apex court held that the right to a dignified life extends up to the point of having a dignified death.
1100:
as to survive only through the use of feeding tubes. Of U.S. deaths, about a third occur in health care facilities. As many as 30,000 persons are kept alive in comatose and permanently vegetative states.
1051:
Advance healthcare directives is yet to be legalised in Nigeria, and patient’s “written directives” for determining their preferences, tradition still dominates in Nigeria and the most african country.
896:
The laws regarding advance directives, powers of attorney, and enduring guardianships vary from state to state. In Queensland, for example, the concept of an advance health directive is defined in the
883:
Many clinicians reported not knowing enough about how PADs work and specifically indicated they lacked resources to readily help patients fill out PADs or to help their clients develop crisis plans.
763:
A study conducted to address concerns that a non-statutory advance directive might leave an incapacitated person with a document that may not be honored found that they are generally accepted.
1567:
Patient Self-Determination Act U.S.C.A. 1395cc & 1396a, 4206-4207, 4751, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, P.L:.b 101-508 (101ST Cong. 2nd Sess. Nov. 5, 1990) (West Supp., 1991).
942:" who make medical decisions and can give or withhold consent for medical procedures according to the patient's pre-expressed wishes when the patient becomes incapable of doing so themselves
3417:
3366:
2433:
1034:(Japan Society for Dying with Dignity) offers members a semi-standardized "living will" (ribingu uiru) form that is registered with the organization, though it holds no legal weight.
973:
is a 2008 paper summarizing advance health care legislation on each country in the European Union with a shorter summary for the U.S.; a 2009 paper also provides a European overview.
775:(PAD), also known as a mental health advance directive, is a written document that describes what a person wants to happen if at some time in the future they are judged to have a
1333:"A controlled trial to improve care for seriously ill hospitalized patients: the Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments (SUPPORT)".
1005:
passed a law on advance directives, applicable since 1 September 2009. Such law, based on the principle of the right of self-determination, provides for the assistance of a
2628:
1120:
is not officially recognized under California law, but an advance health care directive or durable power of attorney may be used for the same purpose as a living will.
2916:
2856:
2515:
802:
Psychiatric advance directives are legal documents used by persons currently enjoying legal capacity to declare their preferences and instructions for future
3442:
1687:
Johnston SC; et al. (1995). "The discussion about advance directives: patient and physician opinions regarding when and how it should be conducted".
790:, and it can identify a person to whom they have given the authority to make decisions on their behalf. A mental health advance directive is one kind of
3260:
3047:
Spoden, Celia (2020). "Deciding one's own death in advance: Biopower, living wills, and resistance to a legislation of death with dignity in Japan".
2354:"Advance Directives for Mental Health Treatment" Debra S. Srebnik and John Q. La Fond Psychiatric Services, Volume 50, Number 7: 919 - 925, July 1999
3421:
2161:
Lambert P, Gibson, JM, Nathanson, P. The Values History: An Innovation in Surrogate Medical Decision-Making, Med. & Health Care, 202-212 (1990)
1081:
587:
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people would rather refuse aggressive medical treatment than have their lives medically prolonged in incompetent or other poor prognosis states.
2108:
Conclusions Patient-designated and next-of-kin surrogates incorrectly predict patients' end-of-life treatment preferences in one third of cases.
711:
Living wills also reflect a moment in time, and may therefore need regular updating to ensure that the correct course of action can be chosen.
2437:
880:, clinicians with more legal knowledge about PAD laws were more likely to endorse PADs as a beneficial part of patients' treatment planning.
2896:
1135:
became the first United States President to announce publicly that he had a living will, and to encourage others to do the same. He told an
810:(HCPA), in advance of being targeted by coercive mental health laws, during which they may be stripped of legal capacity to make decisions.
3127:"A quantitative study of nurses perception to advance directive in selected private and public secondary healthcare facilities in Ibadan"
2677:
2082:
Shalowitz, David I.; Garrett-Mayer, Elizabeth; Wendler, David (2006). "The Accuracy of Surrogate Decision Makers: A Systematic Review".
1096:
Aggressive medical intervention leaves nearly two million Americans confined to nursing homes, and over 1.4 million Americans remain so
2785:
876:
surveyed believed PADs would be helpful to people detained and targeted for forced drugging and electroshock when labeled with severe
1064:
passed a law allowing people to write advanced care directives. Right to refuse care is only recognized if the patient is considered
1587:
1576:
Docker, C. Advance Directives/Living Wills in: McLean S.A.M., Contemporary Issues in Law, Medicine and Ethics," Dartmouth 1996:182.
2701:
2011:
High, Dallas M. (1 June 1988). "All in the Family: Extended Autonomy and Expectations in Surrogate Health Care Decision-Making1".
1505:
Benzenhöfer, U, Hack-Molitor, G (2009). Luis Kutner and the development of the advance directive (living will). Frankfurt (Main).
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on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) requires behavioral health facilities to ask patients if they have PADs.
2408:
Rothschild, Alan (5 Feb 2008). "Physician-Assisted Death. An Australian Perspective". In Birnbacher, Dieter; Dahl, Edgar (eds.).
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on behalf of an incapacitated person, (who later recovered) found that these surrogates chose correctly 68% of the time overall.
2632:
2722:
3004:
2903:, 2010. Although addressed to doctors, the guidance may also provide helpful information to patients and the public; see,
580:
410:
3483:
2920:
2678:"The Way Forward- moving towards an integrated palliative approach to care: survey of GP/FPs and nurses in primary care"
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3392:
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1818:
627:
A living will is one form of advance directive, leaving instructions for treatment. Another form is a specific type of
281:
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1865:
Guidelines on the Termination of Life-Sustaining Treatment and the Care of the Dying: a report by the Hastings Center.
2653:
2417:
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2519:
214:
3288:"Practice Parameters: Assessment and Management of Patients in the Persistent Vegetative State: Summary Statement"
3620:
1175:
573:
200:
3450:
1018:
685:
2135:, McCullough LB (1991). "The values history: the evaluation of the patient's values and advance directives".
1506:
791:
1652:
Cugliari A, Miller T, Sobal J (1995). "Factors promoting completion of advance directives in the hospital".
1444:"Guidelines for the Appropriate Use of Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders. Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs".
2941:
1933:
Brett, AS (14 August 1991). "Limitations of listing specific medical interventions in advance directives".
426:
288:
83:
42:
3496:
Appel Jacob M (2010). "When Any Answer is a Good Answer: A Mandated Choice Model for Advance Directives".
1968:
Silverman, HJ; Vinicky, JK; Gasner, MR (July 1992). "Advance directives: implications for critical care".
3600:
3217:
2603:
787:
17:
3574:
3615:
2460:"Uptake and implementation of Advance Care Planning in Australia: findings of key informant interviews"
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Giving Death a Helping Hand: Physician-Assisted Suicide and Public Policy. An International Perspective
134:
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one did not want in personally untenable situations. The first formal response was the living will.
476:
207:
3580:
3610:
3082:
Hwang, Hyeyoung; Kim, Claire Junga (2022). "Nurse roles in the advance directive system in Korea".
2412:. International Library of Ethics, Law, and the New Medicine. Vol. 38. Springer. p. 104.
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Charmaine Jones, With living wills gaining in popularity, push grows for more extensive directive,
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officially approved a law on advance healthcare directive that came into force on 31 January 2018.
990:
939:
696:
these documents if they are written in everyday language and less focused on technical treatments.
374:
2978:
2232:
Emanuel LL, Emanuel E (1989). "The medical directive: A new comprehensive advance care document".
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in such a way that they are deemed unable to decide for themselves or to communicate effectively.
643:
is also the commonly recognised vernacular in many countries, especially the U.K. The legality of
2900:
1124:
Living Will & Health Care Power of Attorney Example Form from Pennsylvania Act 169 of 2006."
3326:
Covinsky, KE; Goldman, L; Cook, EF; etal. The impact of serious illness on patient's families.
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have been shuttered by the state government because of low enrollment, lack of funds, or both.
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care as the country faces a rapidly growing population of elderly and terminally ill citizens.
483:
403:
362:
76:
3559:
2959:
2363:"Law and Psychiatry: Psychiatric Advance Directives and the Treatment of Committed Patients"
1471:
McGrath RB (1987). "In-house Cardiopulmonary resuscitation -- after a quarter of a century".
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In the United States, all states recognize some form of living wills or the designation of a
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330:
188:
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1214:"Final consent, advance consent and alleviating suffering in frail adults requesting MAiD"
8:
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3037:
Decree of Dr. Guido Stanziani, Guardianship Judge of the Tribunal of Modena, 13 May 2008.
2060:
1591:
369:
274:
1819:"A structural analysis of the physician-patient relationship in no-code decision-making"
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3176:
Shvartzman, Pesach; Reuven, Yonatan; Halperin, Mordechai; Menahem, Sasson (June 2015).
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The living will is the oldest form of advance directive. It was first proposed by an
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226:
175:
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in: McLean S.A.M., "Contemporary Issues in Law, Medicine and Ethics," Dartmouth 1996
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1942:
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815:
318:
295:
127:
102:
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1923:
American Bar Association Commission on Legal Problems of the Elderly. August 1991.
3339:
Heap, MJ; etal. Elderly patients' preferences concerning life support treatment.
2484:
2380:. American Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 163, Number 11: 1943-1951, November 2006
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1097:
923:
922:'s federal health agency – has acknowledged the need for a greater investment in
827:
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514:
488:
305:
249:
163:
156:
2171:
1795:
1740:
American Bar Association Commission on Legal Problems of The Elder. August 1991.
1378:
1361:
729:
Power of attorney statutes have existed in the United States since the days of "
3143:
2095:
1549:
Alexander G.J. (1991). "Time for a new law on health care advance directives".
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869:
860:
561:
389:
357:
221:
95:
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3484:
President Obama Holds a Tele-Townhall Meeting on Health Care with AARP Members
2917:"How to make a living will : Directgov - Government, citizens and rights"
2897:"Treatment and care towards the end of life: good practice in decision making"
2808:"The Mental Capacity Act 2005: a new framework for healthcare decision making"
1588:"Patients Prefer Simplified Advance Directive over Standard Form - UCSF Today"
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Patrick, DL; etal. Measuring preferences for health states worse than death.
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90:
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3203:
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3103:
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1850:
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1132:
782:
A PAD can inform others about what treatment they want or do not want from
648:
556:
549:
519:
142:
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2218:
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2068:
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1989:
1954:
1901:
1803:
1708:
1673:
1625:
1492:
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3577:, toolkit for medical professionals from the British Medical Association.
3367:"Living Wills, Health Care Proxies, & Advance Health Care Directives"
1077:
681:
636:
509:
464:
235:
37:
2748:"Advance Health Care Directives: Towards a Coordinated European Policy?"
1880:
Campbell ML (1995). "Interpretation of an ambiguous advance directive".
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treatment, or to appoint a surrogate decision maker through Health Care
50:
2315:
2197:
Eisendrath S, Jonsen A (1983). "The living will – help or hindrance?".
1422:
1229:
1088:
make decisions on their behalf if they are longer capable of judgment.
730:
529:
269:
59:
3418:"Facts on Act 169 (Advance Directives) - Pennsylvania Medical Society"
3095:
1842:
2540:
1006:
1002:
435:
195:
107:
3540:"Death with dignity: on SC's verdict on euthanasia and living wills"
2475:
2307:
1414:
2377:
2045:
1834:
836:
677:
539:
440:
2747:
1612:
Damato AN (1993). "Advance Directives for the Elderly: A Survey".
3570:
National Resource Center on Psychiatric Advance Directives (U.S.)
3250:
OTA-BA-306. Washington, DC: US Gov't Printing Office. July, 1987.
2367:, Psychiatric Services, Volume 55, Number 7: 751 - 763, July 2004
1212:
Oliver, Jill; Petropanagos, Angel; Chidwick, Paula (9 May 2022).
1080:, there are several organizations which take care of registering
1061:
927:
644:
445:
2582:
1732:
1730:
3470:
Conolly, Ceci. "Obama takes personal approach in AARP speech,"
3175:
2434:"The law of Advance Care Planning | Advance Care Planning"
919:
2607:
2458:
Rhee, Joel J.; Zwar, Nicholas A.; Kemp, Lynn A. (2012-02-24).
756:
Another alternative to a conventional healthcare proxy is the
2081:
1727:
168:
3124:
2654:"The Way Forward: an Integrated Approach to Palliative Care"
2336:. National Resource Center on Psychiatric Advance Directives
1401:
Scitovsky A.A. (1994). "The High Cost of Dying, Revisited".
3575:
Best interests decision-making for adults who lack capacity
2178:. Hospice & Palliative Care Federation of Massachusetts
1136:
544:
1211:
749:
One alternative to a conventional healthcare proxy is the
3569:
1269:
Childress J (1989). "Dying Patients. Who's in Control?".
1520:"Due Process of Euthanasia: The Living Will, a Proposal"
2857:"Demand for Living Wills trebles in the last two years"
2702:"Rona Ambrose says Canada needs better palliative care"
2329:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1638:
Anthony, J. Your aging parents: document their wishes.
2854:
2267:
Sachs GA, Cassell CK (1990). "The medical directive".
1967:
1362:"Trends in Medicare payments in the last year of life"
3261:"A third of Americans die in hospitals, study finds"
2805:
1908:
985:, people may make an advance directive or appoint a
3242:
3240:
1651:
1068:and their life expectancy is less than six months.
2723:"Country reports on advance directives, 100 pages"
2075:
1359:
1961:
1773:
1771:
766:
3587:
3237:
2196:
2131:
1921:Patient Self-Determination Act: State Law Guide.
1738:Patient Self-Determination Act: State Law Guide.
3005:"'Right to die' coma woman Eluana Englaro dies"
2294:Wolf SM (1991). "Honoring broader directives".
1310:CID 1035-30th Street, N.W. Washington, DC. 2007
826:A NIH-funded study conducted by researchers at
3246:US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment.
2629:"National Framework for advance care planning"
2541:"Canadian Hospice Palliative Care Association"
2518:. Health Canada.ca. 2014-02-06. Archived from
2231:
1768:
1548:
1400:
1306:Choice in Dying (now: Partnership in Caring).
1144:issued a call to make living wills mandatory.
3581:Patient guidance on advance directives (U.K.)
3546:. 10 March 2018 – via www.thehindu.com.
3495:
3248:Life-Sustaining Technologies and the Elderly.
647:for advance healthcare directives depends on
581:
3443:"Washington state ends living will registry"
3328:Journal of the American Medical Association.
2457:
2266:
1816:
1302:
1300:
3178:"Advance Directives—The Israeli Experience"
2895:For the official guidance to doctors, see:
2881:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2269:Journal of the American Medical Association
2234:Journal of the American Medical Association
2199:Journal of the American Medical Association
1879:
1780:"The Health Care Proxy and the Living Will"
1686:
1446:Journal of the American Medical Association
1335:Journal of the American Medical Association
1308:Choice in Dying: an historical perspective.
1268:
905:Guardianship and Administration act of 2000
2407:
2260:
1926:
1470:
933:Much of the current focus in Canada is on
744:
588:
574:
3303:
3193:
3152:
3142:
2831:
2483:
1611:
1377:
1297:
1245:
3498:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
3285:
3081:
2960:"Biotestamento. Favorevole o contrario?"
2806:Johnston, Carolyn; Liddle, Jane (2007).
1777:
667:
3125:Ojedoyin, O. E.; Jegede, A. S. (2022).
2855:LONDON (June 10, 2010) (10 June 2010).
2745:
2293:
14:
3588:
3230:Wilkkes, JL. Nursing Home Nightmares.
3182:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
3046:
2976:
1517:
1932:
971:Country reports on advance directives
3002:
2516:"Health Canada- Minister's speeches"
2061:10.1001/archinte.1991.00400020053012
2010:
1218:Canadian Medical Association Journal
976:
821:
797:
3560:Collaboratory on Advance Directives
3486:, CQ Transcriptions, July 28, 2009.
2979:"Euthanasia Advocate in Italy Dies"
1882:Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing
1205:
714:
24:
3564:Andalusian School of Public Health
3003:Owen, Richard (10 February 2009).
2606:. Pallium.ca. 2014. Archived from
1750:Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1990
1722:Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1990
1283:10.1111/j.1748-720x.1989.tb01099.x
960:physician-assisted death in Canada
660:both patients and their families.
25:
3632:
3553:
3195:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2014.12.009
1870:: Indiana University Press. 1987.
1585:
965:
2977:Fisher, Ian (21 December 2006).
1982:10.1097/00003246-199207000-00021
1947:10.1001/jama.1991.03470060087032
1894:10.1097/00003465-199509000-00001
1347:10.1001/jama.1995.03530200027032
1091:
215:Acts of independent significance
49:
3532:
3489:
3477:
3464:
3435:
3410:
3385:
3359:
3346:
3333:
3320:
3279:
3253:
3224:
3210:
3169:
3118:
3075:
3040:
3031:
3022:
2996:
2970:
2952:
2934:
2919:. Direct.gov.uk. Archived from
2909:
2889:
2848:
2799:
2778:
2739:
2715:
2694:
2670:
2646:
2631:. SpeakUp. 2014. Archived from
2621:
2596:
2575:
2554:
2533:
2508:
2451:
2426:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2370:
2357:
2348:
2322:
2287:
2225:
2190:
2164:
2155:
2125:
2113:
2039:
2004:
1873:
1857:
1810:
1784:New England Journal of Medicine
1755:
1743:
1715:
1680:
1645:
1632:
1605:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1542:
1511:
1499:
1464:
1366:New England Journal of Medicine
1200:Advance Directives/Living Wills
1176:Ordinary and extraordinary care
639:in the United States. The term
505:Advance directive (Living will)
404:Hague Convention (conflict law)
3449:. July 1, 2011. Archived from
3420:. Pamedsoc.org. Archived from
2752:European Journal of Health Law
1590:. Pub.ucsf.edu. Archived from
1437:
1394:
1353:
1326:
1313:
1262:
1192:
1071:
767:Psychiatric advance directives
686:Patient Self-Determination Act
663:
13:
1:
3061:10.1080/18692729.2020.1714279
2084:Archives of Internal Medicine
2049:Archives of Internal Medicine
1689:Archives of Internal Medicine
1654:Archives of Internal Medicine
1485:10.1016/s0196-0644(87)80420-1
1271:Law, Medicine and Health Care
1186:
851:In a survey conducted of 600
792:advance health care directive
773:psychiatric advance directive
654:
3084:International Nursing Review
3028:Law No. 6 of January 9, 2004
1701:10.1001/archinte.155.10.1025
1666:10.1001/archinte.155.17.1893
1473:Annals of Emergency Medicine
891:
886:
602:advance healthcare directive
282:Accumulation and maintenance
84:Joint wills and mutual wills
7:
1796:10.1056/nejm199104253241711
1763:Crain's Cleveland Business,
1551:Hastings Center Law Journal
1379:10.1056/nejm199304153281506
1360:Lubitz J, Riley GF (1993).
1159:
842:
788:mental health professionals
10:
3637:
3373:. American Bar Association
3144:10.1186/s12910-022-00825-5
2564:. HPC integration.ca. 2014
2137:Journal of Family Practice
2096:10.1001/archinte.166.5.493
2025:10.1093/geront/28.Suppl.46
1919:American Bar Association.
1736:American Bar Association.
1323:Simon & Schuster. 1983
1046:
996:
940:substitute decision makers
718:
135:Incorporation by reference
3510:10.1017/s0963180110000253
2812:Journal of Medical Ethics
2746:Andorno, Roberto (2009).
2683:. Ipsos Reid. August 2014
1642:May 1995. pp. 58-61, 109.
1055:
910:
672:Refusal of treatment form
3354:Medical Decision-Making.
2764:10.1163/157180909x453053
2464:Australian Health Review
2281:10.1001/jama.267.16.2229
2246:10.1001/jama.261.22.3288
2211:10.1001/jama.249.15.2054
1458:10.1001/jama.265.14.1868
1147:
1037:
1028:
1012:
991:Mental Capacity Act 2005
411:Application in civil law
208:Satisfaction of legacies
3397:State Bar of California
3330:1994;272(23):1839-1844.
2906:. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
2901:General Medical Council
2824:10.1136/jme.2006.016972
2659:. HPC integration. 2014
1452:(14): 1868–1871. 1991.
1341:(20): 1591–1598. 1995.
745:Values-based directives
3621:Legal aspects of death
2859:. JLNS. Archived from
2728:. University of Zurich
2585:. The Carenet.ca. 2014
2296:Hastings Center Report
1970:Critical Care Medicine
1153:Supreme Court of India
1009:and of the physician.
673:
484:Disclaimer of interest
289:Interest in possession
77:Legal history of wills
3453:on September 27, 2013
3305:10.1212/wnl.45.5.1015
3234:August 20, 1996. 11A.
2485:1959.4/unsworks_13380
1817:Hashimoto DM (1983).
1518:Kutner, Luis (1969).
1017:On 14 December 2017,
935:advance care planning
671:
427:Estate administration
345:Reversionary interest
150:Testamentary capacity
2942:"*** NORMATTIVA ***"
1868:Briarcliff Manor, NY
1001:On 18 June 2009 the
453:Power of appointment
418:Dishonest assistance
189:Lapse and anti-lapse
183:Property disposition
3472:The Washington Post
3393:"Do I Need a Will?"
2966:. 19 February 2018.
1614:New Jersey Medicine
1524:Indiana Law Journal
938:people to appoint "
384:Governing doctrines
3601:Health informatics
3343:1993;48:1027-1033.
3131:BMC Medical Ethics
3049:Contemporary Japan
1230:10.1503/cmaj.81239
1181:Do not resuscitate
1171:My body, my choice
1131:On July 28, 2009,
899:Powers of attorney
674:
610:personal directive
460:Simultaneous death
375:Supplemental needs
121:Attestation clause
3616:Power of attorney
3447:The Seattle Times
3286:American (1995).
3267:. 4 November 2009
3096:10.1111/inr.12683
2946:www.normattiva.it
2704:. CBC. 2014-09-15
2562:"The Way Forward"
2543:. CHPCA.net. 2014
2365:Paul S. Appelbaum
2013:The Gerontologist
1863:Hastings Center.
1790:(17): 1210–1213.
1778:Annas GJ (1991).
1695:(10): 1025–1030.
1479:(12): 1365–1368.
1403:Milbank Quarterly
1372:(15): 1092–1096.
1224:(18): E652–E652.
1166:Engage with Grace
1114:health care proxy
983:England and Wales
977:England and Wales
822:Clinical benefits
808:Power of Attorney
798:Legal foundations
758:medical directive
725:Power of attorney
721:Health care proxy
633:health care proxy
629:power of attorney
618:medical directive
614:advance directive
598:
597:
227:Pretermitted heir
176:No-contest clause
16:(Redirected from
3628:
3548:
3547:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3474:, July 29, 2009.
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3439:
3433:
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3430:
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3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3363:
3357:
3350:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3307:
3298:(5): 1015–1018.
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3257:
3251:
3244:
3235:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3188:(6): 1097–1101.
3173:
3167:
3166:
3156:
3146:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3044:
3038:
3035:
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2989:
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2956:
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2931:
2929:
2928:
2913:
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2846:
2845:
2835:
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2797:
2796:
2790:
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2743:
2737:
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2734:
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2727:
2719:
2713:
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2710:
2709:
2698:
2692:
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2689:
2688:
2682:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2604:"Pallium Canada"
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2487:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2436:. Archived from
2430:
2424:
2423:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2374:
2368:
2361:
2355:
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2264:
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2257:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2172:"Values History"
2168:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2019:(Suppl): 46–51.
2008:
2002:
2001:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1930:
1924:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1877:
1871:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1823:Yale Law Journal
1814:
1808:
1807:
1775:
1766:
1765:August 20, 2007.
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1734:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1660:(9): 1893–1898.
1649:
1643:
1640:American Health.
1636:
1630:
1629:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1583:
1577:
1574:
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1565:
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1537:
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1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
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1441:
1435:
1434:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1209:
1203:
1196:
948:end of life care
878:mental illnesses
816:Joint Commission
715:Healthcare proxy
622:advance decision
604:, also known as
590:
583:
576:
397:Cy-près doctrine
363:Asset-protection
128:Residuary clause
103:Holographic will
53:
30:
29:
21:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3611:Legal documents
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3123:
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2997:
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2935:
2926:
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2915:
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2910:
2894:
2890:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2864:
2863:on 17 July 2010
2853:
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2514:
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2476:10.1071/AH11019
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2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2308:10.2307/3562902
2292:
2288:
2275:(16): 2229–33.
2265:
2261:
2240:(22): 3288–93.
2230:
2226:
2205:(15): 2054–58.
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
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2126:
2118:
2114:
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2009:
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1966:
1962:
1931:
1927:
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1415:10.2307/3350356
1399:
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1327:
1318:
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1305:
1298:
1267:
1263:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1162:
1150:
1098:medically frail
1094:
1082:patient decrees
1074:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1015:
999:
979:
968:
913:
894:
889:
845:
828:Duke University
824:
800:
777:mental disorder
769:
747:
727:
719:Main articles:
717:
666:
657:
645:advance consent
594:
515:Forced heirship
489:Inheritance tax
381:
310:
261:
180:
164:Insane delusion
157:Undue influence
139:
112:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
3634:
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3572:
3567:
3555:
3554:External links
3552:
3550:
3549:
3531:
3504:(3): 417–422.
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3090:(2): 159–166.
3074:
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2995:
2983:New York Times
2969:
2951:
2933:
2908:
2888:
2847:
2798:
2786:"BMA guidance"
2777:
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2400:
2391:
2382:
2369:
2356:
2347:
2321:
2286:
2259:
2224:
2189:
2163:
2154:
2124:
2112:
2074:
2038:
2003:
1976:(7): 1027–31.
1960:
1925:
1907:
1888:(5): 226–235.
1872:
1856:
1835:10.2307/796311
1829:(2): 362–383.
1809:
1767:
1754:
1742:
1726:
1714:
1679:
1644:
1631:
1620:(3): 215–220.
1604:
1586:Tokar, Steve.
1578:
1569:
1560:
1541:
1510:
1498:
1463:
1436:
1409:(4): 561–591.
1393:
1352:
1325:
1321:Setting Limits
1312:
1296:
1277:(3): 227–228.
1261:
1204:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1093:
1090:
1073:
1070:
1066:terminally ill
1057:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1019:Italian Senate
1014:
1011:
998:
995:
978:
975:
967:
966:European Union
964:
912:
909:
893:
890:
888:
885:
870:social workers
861:social workers
844:
841:
823:
820:
799:
796:
768:
765:
751:values history
746:
743:
716:
713:
665:
662:
656:
653:
596:
595:
593:
592:
585:
578:
570:
567:
566:
565:
564:
559:
553:
552:
547:
542:
534:
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524:
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522:
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512:
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499:
498:
497:Related topics
494:
493:
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486:
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467:
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456:
455:
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400:
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393:
392:
390:Pour-over will
380:
379:
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377:
366:
365:
360:
354:
353:
347:
346:
342:
341:
337:
336:
333:
331:Life insurance
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309:
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222:Elective share
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160:
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71:
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64:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
27:Legal document
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3633:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
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3579:
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3571:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3557:
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3541:
3535:
3527:
3523:
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3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3480:
3473:
3467:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3424:on 2011-05-07
3423:
3419:
3413:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3356:1994;14:9-19.
3355:
3349:
3342:
3336:
3329:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3233:
3227:
3219:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3034:
3025:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2923:on 2009-07-18
2922:
2918:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2758:(3): 207–27.
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2724:
2718:
2703:
2697:
2679:
2673:
2655:
2649:
2635:on 2014-11-28
2634:
2630:
2624:
2610:on 2014-12-19
2609:
2605:
2599:
2584:
2583:"The Carenet"
2578:
2563:
2557:
2542:
2536:
2522:on 2014-11-29
2521:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2470:(1): 98–104.
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2440:on 2017-02-04
2439:
2435:
2429:
2421:
2419:9781402064951
2415:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2366:
2360:
2351:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2143:(2): 145–53.
2142:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2055:(2): 289–94.
2054:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1723:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1594:on 2009-02-07
1593:
1589:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1557:(3): 755–778.
1556:
1552:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1486:
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1459:
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1428:
1424:
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1416:
1412:
1408:
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1397:
1389:
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1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1319:Callahan, D.
1316:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
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1191:
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1179:
1177:
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1167:
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1163:
1157:
1154:
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1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1092:United States
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1060:In 2005, the
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
984:
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963:
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955:
951:
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931:
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925:
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917:
916:Health Canada
908:
906:
902:
900:
884:
881:
879:
875:
874:psychologists
871:
867:
866:psychiatrists
862:
858:
857:psychologists
854:
853:psychiatrists
849:
840:
838:
832:
829:
819:
817:
811:
809:
805:
804:mental health
795:
793:
789:
785:
784:psychiatrists
780:
778:
774:
764:
761:
759:
754:
752:
742:
738:
734:
732:
726:
722:
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
687:
683:
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670:
661:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
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531:
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526:
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518:
516:
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511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
501:
500:
496:
495:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
478:
475:
473:
472:Laughing heir
470:
469:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
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451:
450:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:
428:
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419:
416:
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409:
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405:
402:
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398:
395:
394:
391:
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386:
385:
376:
373:
372:
371:
370:Special needs
368:
367:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
352:
349:
348:
344:
343:
340:Life interest
339:
338:
334:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
314:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
290:
287:
286:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:Discretionary
273:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
258:
255:
254:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
241:
240:
237:
234:
233:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
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202:
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125:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:
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104:
101:
100:
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94:
92:
91:Will contract
89:
88:
85:
82:
81:
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75:
74:
73:
72:
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66:
65:
61:
57:
56:
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47:
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31:
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3451:the original
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3422:the original
3412:
3400:. Retrieved
3396:
3387:
3375:. Retrieved
3370:
3361:
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3348:
3341:Anaesthesia.
3340:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3269:. Retrieved
3264:
3255:
3247:
3231:
3226:
3212:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3134:
3130:
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3052:
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3033:
3024:
3012:. Retrieved
3008:
2998:
2986:. Retrieved
2982:
2972:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2925:. Retrieved
2921:the original
2911:
2891:
2865:. Retrieved
2861:the original
2850:
2818:(2): 94–97.
2815:
2811:
2801:
2792:
2780:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2730:. Retrieved
2717:
2706:. Retrieved
2696:
2685:. Retrieved
2672:
2661:. Retrieved
2648:
2637:. Retrieved
2633:the original
2623:
2612:. Retrieved
2608:the original
2598:
2587:. Retrieved
2577:
2566:. Retrieved
2556:
2545:. Retrieved
2535:
2524:. Retrieved
2520:the original
2510:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2442:. Retrieved
2438:the original
2428:
2409:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2372:
2359:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2333:
2330:"About PADs"
2324:
2302:(5): S8–S9.
2299:
2295:
2289:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2180:. Retrieved
2175:
2166:
2157:
2140:
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2127:
2115:
2107:
2090:(5): 493–7.
2087:
2083:
2077:
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2016:
2012:
2006:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1941:(6): 825–8.
1938:
1934:
1928:
1920:
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1881:
1875:
1864:
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1613:
1607:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:the original
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1530:(4): 534–554
1527:
1523:
1513:
1501:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1406:
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1334:
1328:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1151:
1133:Barack Obama
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1086:
1075:
1059:
1050:
1041:
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1023:
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1000:
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952:
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755:
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710:
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702:
698:
694:
690:
675:
658:
649:jurisdiction
640:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
599:
557:Criminal law
520:Totten trust
504:
383:
382:
351:Testamentary
312:
311:
264:Common types
263:
262:
257:Constructive
182:
181:
141:
140:
114:
113:
58:Part of the
3402:23 November
3014:23 November
2988:23 November
2964:ProVersi.it
2340:22 November
2182:23 November
1198:Docker, C.
1142:Jacob Appel
1118:living will
1116:. The term
1078:Switzerland
1072:Switzerland
901:act of 1998
682:Luis Kutner
664:Living will
641:living will
637:Five Wishes
606:living will
510:Blind trust
477:Advancement
465:Slayer rule
324:Spendthrift
313:Other types
18:Living will
3606:Health law
3596:Euthanasia
3590:Categories
3457:2011-07-24
3428:2010-06-23
2927:2010-06-23
2793:bma.org.uk
2732:2017-02-11
2708:2014-11-18
2687:2014-11-18
2663:2014-11-18
2639:2014-11-18
2614:2014-11-18
2589:2014-11-18
2568:2014-11-18
2547:2014-11-18
2526:2014-11-18
2444:2017-02-04
1598:2010-06-23
1187:References
989:under the
924:palliative
731:common law
680:attorney,
655:Background
530:common law
319:Protective
296:Charitable
60:common law
3544:The Hindu
3292:Neurology
3232:USAToday.
3137:(1): 87.
3112:235404005
3069:212897004
3009:The Times
2494:1449-8944
2133:Doukas DJ
2120:Doukas DJ
1238:0820-3946
1007:fiduciary
1003:Bundestag
892:Australia
887:Worldwide
786:or other
436:Intestacy
335:Remainder
306:Incentive
250:Resulting
201:Abatement
196:Ademption
108:Oral will
3566:. Spain.
3526:28350033
3518:20507692
3271:10 March
3218:"Fedlex"
3204:25637243
3163:36008832
3104:34115378
2877:cite web
2842:17264196
2772:19788001
2502:22513028
2378:Mimi Kim
2104:16534034
1851:11658880
1534:22 March
1291:57182781
1256:35534025
1160:See also
843:Barriers
837:autonomy
678:Illinois
562:Evidence
550:Property
540:Contract
441:Testator
358:Honorary
115:Sections
3314:7746375
3265:Reuters
3154:9404628
2867:23 June
2833:2598235
2334:NRC•PAD
2316:3562902
2254:2636851
2219:6834595
2149:1990042
2069:1992956
2033:3139501
1998:7025389
1990:1617972
1955:1865521
1902:7656765
1804:2011167
1709:7748044
1674:7677556
1626:8446299
1493:3318591
1431:7997219
1423:3350356
1388:8455667
1247:9259404
1062:Knesset
1047:Nigeria
997:Germany
928:hospice
446:Probate
301:Purpose
245:Express
143:Contest
96:Codicil
43:estates
3524:
3516:
3312:
3202:
3161:
3151:
3110:
3102:
3067:
2840:
2830:
2770:
2500:
2492:
2416:
2314:
2252:
2217:
2147:
2102:
2067:
2031:
1996:
1988:
1953:
1900:
1849:
1843:796311
1841:
1802:
1707:
1672:
1624:
1491:
1429:
1421:
1386:
1289:
1254:
1244:
1236:
1056:Israel
920:Canada
911:Canada
872:, and
859:, and
528:Other
236:Trusts
62:series
38:trusts
3522:S2CID
3377:8 May
3108:S2CID
3065:S2CID
2789:(PDF)
2726:(PDF)
2681:(PDF)
2657:(PDF)
2312:JSTOR
2176:HPCFM
1994:S2CID
1839:JSTOR
1419:JSTOR
1287:S2CID
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