Livorno - Knowledge

6107: 4189: 4402: 3372: 2958: 6196: 3848: 1096: 2927: 2091: 6131: 3091: 6056: 150: 3757: 3464: 6160: 3544: 6119: 6044: 2210: 120: 1092:. In turn, the trading networks grew, and with those, Britain's cultural contact with Tuscany. An increasing number of British writers, artists, philosophers, and travellers visited the area and developed the unique historical ties between the two communities. The British referred to the city in English as "Leghorn", derived from the Genoese term. Through the centuries, the city's trade fortunes fell and rose according to the success or failure of the Great Powers. The British and their Protestant allies were important to its trade. 3612: 3111: 6145: 6095: 3237: 1036: 476: 75: 3015: 1759: 6184: 5051: 2329: 6172: 2108: 6012: 4110: 6068: 3669: 724: 6208: 4305: 2125: 90: 6032: 100: 2295: 2193: 2261: 2176: 2159: 2142: 2023: 5986: 2074: 2057: 2006: 1989: 5960: 6080: 6244: 664: 2278: 2227: 2040: 5999: 2312: 6230: 5973: 2244: 6258: 2947:

out by Opera Laboratori Fiorentini, was opened definitely on 31 July 2010. On the ground floor, the exhibition includes: Diacinto Cestoni Room which consists of 12 exhibition tanks, Mediterranean Area, Indus-Pacific tank, Caribbean Sea, Ligurian coast, Tropical waters, Greek-Roman archaeological coastal area. Livorno Aquarium has 33 exhibition tanks containing 2000 animals of 300 different species.

157: 127: 4222:; it was built in red-brick with sloping walls and the interposition of clear stones, it has a quadrangular plant with a perimeter of 1500 meters and was equipped with 24 cannons to protect each side. One of the corners directs inside to join the Quartered of the Pisans and Matilda and Genoa keep; the three others are protected by triangular 2992:

the new one. The museum has a collection of liturgical objects coming from the old Synagogue destroyed in World War II. The commerce practised by the Jews community increased the property of the synagogue allowing a varied religious heritage of Dutch, Florentine, Venetian, Roman and Northern African origin. The display regard the

3589:, was partially destroyed by the 1742 earthquake. Restored in 1745 by Bernardino Ciurini and Antonio Fabbri a double white marble stairway and a small bell tower on the top of the façade were added. In 1867 the complex was enlarged with the acquisition of three other buildings in the back. With the settlement of the 2991:

The Yeshivà Marini Museum is housed in a neoclassical building already place of worship as Marini Oratory since 1867; once was home of the Confraternity Malbish Arumin which was provided to help the city's poor. In the post-war period was utilized as a synagogue in the waiting for the construction of

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on the seafront promenade. It was built on a project by Enrico Salvais and Luigi Pastore as a heliotherapy centre and was opened to the public on 20 June 1937. Destroyed during World War II was rebuilt in 1950; in 1999 underwent extensive reconstruction, on a plan by Studio Gregotti and works carried

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to Livorno; according to the tradition the young moor was named Morgiano and the older Alì Salentino; the other two sculptures were installed in 1626. During the French occupation of Livorno, from 1796 to 1799, the monument was removed from Sextius Mollis commander of the French garrison because it

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period was carried out a new enlargement in 1929 by Enrico Salvais and Luigi Pastore transforming the adjacent former fire station in the council hall. Damaged by the bombing during World War II it was rebuilt and renovated under the direction of Primavera and was inaugurated in 1949 by the mayor

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of the early 19th century, with associated port embargoes, piracy, and confiscation of cargoes, played out to the advantage of those Greek merchants willing to accept risk. By the 1820s, Greek entrepreneurs gradually replaced the Protestant British, Dutch, French and other merchants who left the

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decorated, from 1610 to 1614, three large paintings representing "St Francis with Child and the Virgin", the "Assumption of Mary" and the "Apotheosis of Ste Julia", the other four paintings were works by minor artists. The simply façade had a marble porch with twin Doric columns surmounted by a

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The origins of the museum date back to 1929 and part of the objects went destroyed by World War II. After the war, the museum was reopened inside the Livorno Aquarium and only in 1980 was transferred to Villa Henderson. The museum is divided in several halls regarding the Man, the Man in the

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was the district of the Consuls of the Nations and of the most important international retailers who had the warehouses filled with goods from everywhere waiting to be shipped by sea to the most different destinations. The palaces along the canals had the turrets from which to see the ships

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and in 1817 was added the bell tower 50 meters high on project by Gaspero Pampaloni. The cathedral was completely destroyed in 1943 from the Allied bombardment during World War II; it was then rebuilt respecting the original structure except for the two marble porches added to the

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in order to strengthen the military apparatus of the town. The works started on 10 January 1590 and ended in 1604, the result is a considerable fortification, in stones and red bricks, with a polygonal plant surrounded by water; the new modification brought to the construction of

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Another important role is played by the financial service, concentrated above all in via Cairoli, called the small city of Livorno, in which the headquarters of banks, financial institutions and insurance companies are concentrated, as well as the Post Office Building.

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and the church was completed a few years later but did not open for worship until 1714. The church had a Latin cross plant and a dome at the intersection of the transept and nave. Destroyed during World War II, it was partly restored in 2008 but is not open to worship.

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Between 1427 and 1429, a census counted 118 families in Livorno, including 423 persons. Monks, Jews, military personnel, and the homeless were not included in the census. The only remainder of medieval Livorno is a fragment of two towers and a wall, located inside the

3171:, was built in 1631 on the ground of the Arch confraternity of the Company of the Nativity; in the same year Giovanni Battista Santi died and the control of the project passed to Giovanni Francesco Cantagallina though the works slowed down due to the lack of funds. 2436:

The Greeks concentrated on the grain market, banking and ship-brokering. Cargoes of wheat from the Black Sea were received at Livorno, before being re-shipped to England. Returning ships carried textiles and other industrial goods, which Greek merchants shipped to

639:. The high status of a multiethnic and multicultural Livorno lasted until the second half of the nineteenth century, when it was surpassed by other cities. Evidence of that prosperous time can be seen in the many churches, villas, and palaces of the city. 3445:

by Paolo Emilio Demi was installed on 6 June 1848. The statue of Leopoldo II was damaged by the crowd on 6 May 1849 and removed from the square because the Emperor was seen as the symbol of the Austrian domination; the statue was placed in

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of Livorno founded a Civic Gallery where to collect all the artistic objects kept in several places around the town; in the same period was written the guideline of the gallery which hosted a collection of paintings of authors by Livorno.

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The fortress was heavily damaged during World War II with the destruction of most parts of the buildings, the restoration was completed in 1972 and the superior part is used at present as a public park and centre for events and displays.

5112:; the library is organized with reading rooms with 80 places of capacity, 18 seats for consultation of manuscripts, 4 internet positions and a conference room with 60 seats. The library has a collection of autographs including those of 3651:

under the direction of Antonio Cantagallina. The church had a rectangular plant with a single nave, the original wooden ceiling, executed from 1610 to 1614, was carved by Vincenzo Ricordati and gilded with seven inserted paintings.

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and their descendants. This community grew and became significant in the 18th and 19th centuries when Livorno became one of the principal hubs of the Mediterranean trade. Most of the new Greek immigrants came from western Greece,

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in 1936. During World War II the building was used by the German command as headquarters, and later taken by the American forces; in the post-war period was restored in order to adapt it into library. In the warehouse of the

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A new impulse to the works was given in 1656 concerning the distribution of the spaces where to build other houses and stores; consequently arose the problem of the diverse oriented road scheme with respect to the axis of

3574:, in order to accommodate the Community. It was evident that it was inadequate to the task and the Council deliberated, on 27 January 1720, the construction of the new town hall on the project by Giovanni del Fantasia. 2505:. The community contributed to founding a school for poor Catholic children. The local governing authorities recognized the contributions of distinguished members of the Greek community (e.g. members of the Papoudoff, 2362:

to settle in Livorno to increase its trade with the Ottoman Empire and western Asia. By the beginning of the 17th century, Armenians operated 120 shops in town. In 1701 the Armenian community, who were members of the

1057:. But, in the preceding period, the merchants of Livorno had developed a series of trading networks with Protestant Europe, and the Dutch, British, and Germans worked to retain these. In 1653 a naval battle, the 880:

was constructed, and the voluntary resettlement of the population to Livorno was stimulated. Livorno still remained a rather insignificant coastal fortress. By 1551, the population had grown to 1562 residents.

2475:, the second non-Catholic church in Tuscany. The Armenians had earlier built their own Orthodox church. The community founded a Greek school, awarding scholarships for higher studies to young Greeks from the 2465: 1111:, the French prohibited trade with Britain, and the economy of Livorno suffered greatly. The French had altogether taken over Tuscany by 1808, incorporating it into the Napoleonic empire. After the 1024:. Meanwhile, Jews continued to trade under their previous treaties with the Grand Duke. On 19 March 1606, Ferdinando I de' Medici elevated Livorno to the rank of city; the ceremony was held in the 4246:

the name of the commander of the galleys of the Grand Ducky of Tuscany. The land on the side toward the town was excavated in order to have the fortress surrounded by the sea for better defence.

477: 3501:, built between 1925 and 1928 by Enrico Salvais and Luigi Pastore, was formed by a series of flower beds and a walkway which follow the outline of the sea with numerous balustrades named after 7618: 1077:

and expansion. Near the defensive pile of the Old Fortress, a new fortress was built, together with the town walls and the system of navigable canals through neighbourhoods. After the port of

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and in 1994 it underwent a complete restoration using the same kind of materials originally employed; the works were completed on 10 July 1998 with the reconstruction of the gazebo.

4944:. In 1921 it was transferred under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Navy then returned to the Ministry of Education. The school give the professional preparation to form the 2591:; the presence of Portuguese and Spanish words is due to the origin of the first Jews who came to Livorno, having been expelled from the Iberian peninsula in the late 15th century. 3825:. The altar of the Portuguese Nation, built in the 17th century, had a wooden statue of Saint Mary until 1728 when this was positioned near the main altar and replaced by one of 2515: 993:

and expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal. Livorno extended rights and privileges to them, and they contributed greatly to the mercantile wealth and scholarship in the city.

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was founded in 1825 as a School of Arts and Crafts in order to prepare the youngs to a profession in the sector of the mechanic industry as in the decorative arts. In 1923 the

4020:: oldest foreign Protestant burial ground in Italy. It was founded around 1645 and contains over 300 Carrara marble graves of notable people from 10 different nationalities. 6491:

The name "Leghorn" is not used much to refer to the city in English any more, with "Livorno" being favoured, although the traditional name is used now to refer to a popular

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is one of the largest seaports both in Italy and the Mediterranean Sea as a whole. The Port has regular ferry links of the following operators with the following cities:

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Ferdinando I De Medici, Document Inviting Jewish Merchants to Settle in Livorno and Pisa, in Italian, Manuscript on Vellum, Florence, Italy, 10 June 1593 (fac-simile)

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During World War II the monument was transferred to a protected place in order to avoid being damaged by allied attacks, the statue of Ferdinando I was hidden in the

4438:. The plan gave no information regarding the function of the new urban area, indicating only a series of building blocks within a road system absolutely orthogonal, 3921:

in Byzantine style date back to 1641 and has three doors painted by Agostino Wanonbrachen in 1751; on the central door is represented the Most Holy Annunciation and

3813:, on each side, there are the three altars of the foreign Nations. The altar of the French Nation was built in 1613 and the painting, by Matteo Rosselli, represents 635:. Its intense commercial activity was largely dominated by foreign traders. Also the seat of consulates and shipping companies, it became the main port-city of the 6438: 5458: 4469:(Saint Francis rampant) of the new town on 28 March 1577; the works went on with several changes compared with the original plan including the construction of the 5075:, which was made public in 1840 and it was given to the Comune in 1854. The civic library was dedicated to Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi in 1923 and take place in 7047: 3160:, was built in an area gained to the sea, intersected by canals and linked to the town with bridges, for this reason, Venetians skilled workers were recruited. 7182: 5332: 3566:

Bernardetto Borromei and the Community representatives held their meetings in the Church of Saint Mary and Saint Julia. On 13 June 1646 a building, placed in

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period, each side 600 meters long, with defensive walls, rampant and five bastions at the vertices, surrounded by canals; the fifth bastion coincided with

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that initially produced motorcycles but changed the production to that of torpedoes. With the end of World War II the Fiume factory closed and merged with

6882: 5773: 5464: 5366: 5091:, who acquired it from the English merchant Thomas Lloyd in 1881. Fabbricotti, following to adverse economic affairs, sold the Villa and the park to the 3416: 8926: 8295: 5593: 5253: 4420:

in order to transform Livorno from a fishing village in a fortified town to accommodate 12,000 inhabitants, to include the original settlement and the

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have continued as an important destination for travelers and tourists attracted to its historic buildings and setting. The port processes thousands of

1104: 7865: 3403:, 240 meters long and 90 meters wide, creating an elliptical paving. The portion of the canal covered by the new structure continued to be navigable. 973:. The laws established a well-regulated market and were in force until 1603. Also expanding Christian tolerance, the laws offered the right of public 6836:

Vlami Despina (1997) "Commerce and identity in the Greek communities: Livorno in the 18th and 19th centuries. (Identities, Cultures, and Creativity)"

5831: 5767: 5526: 5475: 5289: 4274: 3779: 3559: 3253: 2510: 2355: 943: 5024: 4409: 4259: 7837: 7348: 7256: 6963: 4169:. Livorno, in 1405, was sold to Genoa which reinforced the defences, building three forts under the Quartered, afterwards Livorno was bought from 3256:, and is one of the most popular monuments of Livorno. Ferdinando I commissioned it to Giovanni Bandini in 1595 to carry out a monument in white 3149: 2896:

liqueur was produced in Livorno until 2010; the famous distillery was closed and operations were brought to the United States by the new owners.

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converted from Protestantism to Catholicism while visiting Italian friends in Livorno. She later was canonized as the first American-born saint.

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had silted up in the 13th century, its distance from the sea increased and it lost its dominance in trade. Livorno took over as the main port in

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forming the STANIC. The production of the new plant raised from 700,000 to 2 million tons in 1955; nowadays the capacity of refining is 84,000

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Davis, Robert (2018). "The Geography of Slaving in the Early Modern Mediterranean, 1500–1800". In Pargas, Damian Alan; Roşu, Felicia (eds.).

5944: 5862: 5694: 5079:. According to the tradition, the origin of the villa date back to the Medicean period when an edifice was built as a suburban residence for 4627: 4333: 4248: 3494: 7743: 3135:, in order to give an adequate space to the maritime and commercial activities. There was the need to build a mercantile district, close to 2445:. Chians controlled much of the trade. In 1839 Livorno had ten major commercial houses, led primarily by ethnic Greeks and Jewish Italians. 985:

from clergy in order to conduct civil business. The Grand Duke attracted numerous Turks, Persians, Moors, Greeks, and Armenians, along with

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The Nautical Institute Alfredo Cappellini was formed on 13 December 1863, with a Royal Law and it was the first Technical Institute in the

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and was decorated by the statues of Meekness and Innocence by Andrea Vaccà. The interior has a single nave and the ceiling is adorned by a

2768: 8090: 3272:. The monument was completed in 1599, shortly before the death of Bandini which occurred on 18 April, and arrived to Livorno by sea from 2809:, anti-torpedo countermeasure systems for submarines and ships and sonar systems for underwater surveillance. The factory was founded by 2771:(ANIC) but the plant was completely destroyed during World War II. The plant was rebuilt thanks to an agreement between the ANIC and the 7952: 7422: 6789: 3123:

considered, in 1629, the opportunity to enlarge the town, on project by Giovanni Battista Santi, toward north in an area included among

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Livorna is mentioned for the first time in 1017 as a small coastal village, the port and the remains of a Roman tower under the rule of

4745: 4446:. The road axis from north to south (cardo) underline the direction that united the centre of the town with a significant place as the 4218: 6416: 4383:

has been used for military purpose until the end of World War II, inside were built barracks and warehouses and a chapel dedicated to

8608: 796: 6130: 2565:, a satirical comic-style magazine printed chiefly in the Livornese dialect, was founded in 1982 and is now nationally distributed. 1964: 7816: 3046:, who lived here. Every year some of his operas are traditionally played during the lyric music season, which is organized by the 8185: 6136: 4930:. The institute is structured with 32 laboratories, 8 special school-rooms, library, film library, gymnasiums and machine-shops. 4061: 3497:

to deter pirate raids, subsequently replaced by a leisure park in the 1800s, and a heliotherapy centre in the early 1900s. A new

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approaching the port, moreover, they had the stores at the canal level to facilitate the unloading of the goods from the boats.

8175: 7217: 7062: 6337: 5727: 5553:(1893–1976) President of the Chamber of Commerce of Livorno during the reconstruction after the Second World War, Industrialist 4612: 3025:

Mediterranean context, the Invertebrates, the Sea, the Flight in Nature. Inside the museum is a Planetarium and an Auditorium.

2832:. At the end of World War I the factory was in economic crisis and was purchased by Giuseppe Orlando, one of the owners of the 1277:

threshold in spite of its relatively high latitude. Winters are mild for the latitude due to the moderating influence from the

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The Church of the Madonna is placed on the street of the same name which connects directly the city centre with the district

3346:, situated on what were the outskirts of 19th-century Livorno, is the largest and best known of the city's covered cisterns. 892:

hub in the early modern period, rivalling Malta's. Its share of slave population may have been over a 25% of the population.

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Livorno is considered to be the most modern among all the Tuscan cities, and is the third most-populous of the region, after

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structure with a central painting representing the Annunciation by Giovanni Domenico Ferretti (1750). The precious wooden

4140:(Matilda keep). Pisa realized the strategic importance of the castle of Livorno which owned since 1103 and in 1377 the 3287:. In the meantime Tacca received the approval to add the four moors to the pedestal; the first two statues were fused in 3141:, provided with houses and depots to store the merchandise and a system of canals to facilitate their transport. The new 149: 1088:

The more successful of the European powers re-established trading houses in the region, especially the British with the

6835: 4808: 3697: 2420:, until the late 19th century Livorno enjoyed a strong strategic position related to Greek mercantile interests in the 7044: 3885:

who once lived in Livorno. At the end of the 16th century, numerous Greeks came to Tuscany to take service aboard the

8936: 8448: 8367: 7698: 6745: 6372: 3999: 3741: 703: 604: 567: 527: 8423: 7555: 7186: 6195: 4522:, where to build the church of the new town. The church, which was built in a central position on the south side of 7374: 6986: 4863: 3957: 3945:. The church was entirely destroyed by the bombings during World War II and the restoration was completed in 1985. 3323: 3279:

Ferdinando I projected to add four statues of moors prisoners at the pedestal of his monument and gave the task to

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continued the production of torpedoes in a new plant which opened in 1977 and still operating, then entered in the

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after 1561, distinctive for its aggressive approach towards the Muslim world, Livorno became a major Mediterranean

119: 6814: 6118: 4482:(Royal canal), with numerous palaces, warehouse, garrisons and custom-houses. The central street at that time was 3786:

which had the nearby Oratory of Saints Cosmas and Damian. The construction began on 25 March 1607 on a project by

2972:, the museum mainly featuring contemporary art from the 19th-century was inaugurated in 1994 and is placed inside 1267: 7791: 5706: 4703: 3357: 1281:. Precipitation is in a wet winter/dry summer pattern as with all climates fitting the Mediterranean definition. 1134:

and, as part of the Kingdom, the town lost its status as a free port. The city's commercial importance declined.

7721: 7533: 4546:(Three palaces); the square was adorned with a series of marble arcades attributed to Alessandro Pieroni. The 4340:

with the intention to develop a new urban plan of the town that led to a pentagonal shape surrounded by canals.

7619:"Duomo o Cattedrale di San Francesco di Livorno – guida e informazioni su: Duomo o Cattedrale di San Francesco" 6879: 6281: 6159: 6055: 4647: 4401: 4188: 3977: 3778:

subtracted from a Turkish ship. The church was important as it was a place of worship for foreign communities.

3442: 3068: 2976:, an 18th-century construction surrounded by a vast park. The origin of the museum dates back to 1877 when the 2821:, and produced for the first time torpedoes sold all around the world. In 1905 the factory changed its name to 2580: 2533: 685: 17: 8021: 6144: 4607: 3338: 1169: 8601: 8358:

Vaccari, Olimpia; Frattarelli Fischer, Lucia; Mangio, Carlo; Panessa, Giangiacomo; Bettini, Maurizio (2006).

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of the late eighteenth century, Napoleon's troops occupied Livorno along with the rest of Tuscany. Under the

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Dario Matteoni, Le città nella storia d’Italia Livorno, p.20-21, Edizioni Laterza e Belforte Editore Livorno

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military university in Livorno, which is responsible for the technical training of military officers of the

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district retains much of its original town planning and architectural features such as the bridges, narrow

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Marian votive church in central Livorno. The tall brick church façade is located scenically at the end of

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for musical performances was built in the large square; it was destroyed during World War II. In 1937 the

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and the neoclassical cisterns of Livorno were part of a sophisticated scheme to provide water to Livorno.

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Dario Matteoni, Le città nella storia d’Italia Livorno, p.19, Edizioni Laterza e Belforte Editore Livorno

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Dario Matteoni, Le città nella storia d’Italia Livorno, p.70, Edizioni Laterza e Belforte Editore Livorno

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Dario Matteoni, Le città nella storia d’Italia Livorno, p.64, Edizioni Laterza e Belforte Editore Livorno

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in 1602 but the monument remained in a corner of the square till 29 May 1617 when it was inaugurated by

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A History of Greek-owned Shipping: The Making of an International Tramp Fleet, 1830 to the Present Day

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immigrants. Sephardic Jews began to immigrate to Livorno in the late sixteenth century, following the

874:, the ruling dynasty of Florence, some modifications were made in the city. Between 1518 and 1534 the 7296: 6880:

Christopoulos, M.D. "Greek Communities Abroad: Organization and Integration. A Case Study of Trieste"

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is a satirical monthly magazine printed in Livorno founded in 1982 and distributed in central Italy.

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in 1861, the Greek community in Livorno declined, as the privileges of the free port were rescinded.

2484: 2372: 2364: 1164: 1054: 494:, having a population of 158,493 residents in December 2017. It is traditionally known in English as 74: 4780:), seventeen urban lines, one school line and six suburban routes departing from Livorno across the 2583:. It was a language based on Italian, developed with words coming from Tuscan, Spanish, Portuguese, 8594: 6619:"M. Tullii Ciceronis epistolae ad Atticum: ad Quintum fratrem et quae vulgo ad familiares dicuntur" 5614: 5338: 4462:

with the task of supervising the construction and Alessandro Puccini was the chief superintendent.

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and other families) and granted them titles of nobility. After unification and the founding of the

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elected was Luigi De Steffani who remained in charge from 1862 to 1867. The Liceo was entitled to

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and the ruins of towers. The natural cove called Liburna is a reference to the type of ship, the

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when in 1716 was added the first of two lateral chapels. The left side chapel, dedicated to the

3395:. The solution adopted in 1844 was that of Luigi Bettarini which considered the coverage of the 8115: 5878: 5433: 4903: 4789: 4657: 4652: 4447: 4425: 4291: 4264: 4043: 3890: 3835: 3791: 3643:

on the south side of Piazza Grande once named Piazza d’Arme. The original plan was drawn up by

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At the beginning of the 19th century arose the need to connect the Medicean road system of the

3265: 3137: 1232: 1095: 927: 900: 885: 636: 8433: 8140: 7463: 7318: 6618: 6067: 4209: 4064:: known more simply as the Dutch-German Church, is situated in Livorno, on the stretch of the 3509:

has a paved surface of 8,700 square meters formed by 34,800 black and white tiles placed as a

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moved to Livorno. These included Christian Protestant reformers who supported such leaders as

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Livorno became an enlightened European city and one of the most important ports of the entire

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Since 1875 Livorno has ever had a public transport system managed by some companies such as

4272:. On the opposite side was built a church dedicated to Saint Francis where on 19 March 1606 4258:, above the Quartered of the Pisans which went destroyed during World War II. The successor 7489: 6902:

Vlami, D. (undated) "Filopatrides kai filogeneis Hellenes tou Livorno", part of the series

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were targeted by various Catholic absolute rulers. Livorno's tolerance declined during the

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Age. This is documented by the worked bones, and pieces of copper and ceramic found on the

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when he projected the new town. The construction began in June 1581 on a reviewed plan by

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family financed the "School of Mutual Education" established in Livorno by the pedagogist

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who settled in Livorno early in the 16th century were former mercenaries in the fleet of

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in 1737, by a defensive structure to a military college for officers of the Army of the

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in 1506, the fortress had to incorporate the existing Pisan and Genovese constructions.

3833:. Outside the body of the building, separated by a railing, is a Chapel dedicate to the 2776: 8495: 8283: 8208: 6213: 5977: 5811: 5796: 5453: 5348: 5277: 4531: 4348: 4163:. In 1392 this fort was connected to a wall in order to defend better the town and the 4130: 4047: 3894: 3830: 3814: 3787: 3648: 3478: 2897: 2674: 2409: 2402: 2214: 2209: 1247: 1112: 1108: 947: 889: 812: 236: 8324:"Il canale dei Navicelli, la via d'acqua tra Pisa e Livorno ponte per un gemellaggio?" 3463: 3437:. The square, adorned with 52 marble benches, 92 pillars and two statues dedicated to 8570: 8363: 7694: 6924: 6859: 6691: 6368: 6276: 5852: 5700: 5667: 5520: 5492: 5394: 5354: 5327: 5311: 5302: 5295: 5040: 5020: 5016: 4765: 4680: 4549: 4443: 4321: 4089: 3938: 3922: 3818: 3795: 3685: 3628: 3543: 3304: 3300:, as soon as the French left the town the monument was put back in its former place. 3226:, and a dense network of canals that once served to link its warehouses to the port. 3180: 2684: 2634: 2458:, language and history. In 1775 they established the Confraternity of Holy Trinity ( 2428:, and the North Atlantic. The conflicts between Great Britain and France during the 2425: 1278: 1058: 1029: 839: 835: 736:

The origins of Livorno are controversial, although the place was inhabited since the

33: 8385:

Twelve Cities – One Sea Early Modern Mediterranean Port Cities and their Inhabitants

8357: 8233: 8068: 8046: 7996: 7598:"La Vecchia Livorno, immagini d'epoca in foto e cartoline da collezione della città" 3361:

is an austere neoclassical design which was approved in 1837 and completed in 1848.

2416:) and the warehouses constructed for long-term storage of goods and grains from the 8931: 8875: 8428: 7905: 7132: 6687: 5925: 5837: 5758: 5650: 5608: 5583: 5567: 5550: 5544: 5503: 5389: 5378: 5343: 5117: 5000: 4973: 4201: 4148: 3902: 3826: 3817:. The altar of the Corsican Nation, which at the time was under the control of the 3713: 3636: 3236: 3154: 3073: 2969: 2937: 2810: 2669: 2521: 1131: 816: 578: 538: 501: 470: 432: 224: 7002: 5420:(1903–1944), Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Benito Mussolini's son-in-law 3611: 3110: 3014: 2487:

of 1821, as well as various Greek communities in the Ottoman Empire and in Italy.

1246:

Since the late 20th century, Livorno's residents have become well known for their

1224:

based on designs by Cioni. These added to the architectural richness of the city.

8850: 8535: 8515: 8148: 7912: 7869: 7426: 7069: 7051: 7033: 6990: 6886: 6492: 6291: 5896: 5891: 5857: 5785: 5684: 5662: 5656: 5573: 5439: 5428: 5384: 5360: 5235: 5205: 5185: 5113: 5012: 4923: 4891: 4801: 4761: 4165: 4021: 3930: 3771: 3701: 3661: 3657: 3530: 3486: 3269: 3043: 2867: 2826: 2818: 2689: 2605: 2584: 2561: 2500: 2429: 2350: 2328: 1758: 1035: 990: 904: 871: 847: 745: 628: 275: 8586: 7157: 7081: 5761:(1883–1979) Painter, heir to the Macchiaioli and Impressionists, founder of the 5703:(1884–1920), Painter and sculptor, famous for the paintings of long-necked women 5126: 3477:

is a wide sinuous belvedere toward the sea with views to the Livorno hills, the

8165: 7584: 7026: 5826: 5790: 5779: 5738: 5639: 5603: 5599: 5577: 5532: 5497: 5470: 5417: 5412: 5372: 5283: 5265: 5050: 5004: 4960: 4895: 4821: 4238:

since housed the sand-glass used to control the guard duty, to the west is the

4025: 3882: 3721: 3653: 3502: 3257: 2664: 2639: 2550: 2442: 1187: 1089: 1074: 966: 955: 267: 6938: 5919: 4989:; the name came into effect in 1889 and remained until the unification of the 3877:. The church is called Unite Greeks too because was the worship place for the 3441:

by Francesco Pozzi were inaugurated on 8 September 1847 and that dedicated to

8915: 8855: 8795: 8545: 8520: 8505: 6471: 6286: 6263: 6011: 5868: 5801: 5753: 5733: 5719: 5689: 5556: 5509: 5271: 5217: 5211: 5124:, and ancient books printed in Livorno since the 17th century, including the 4945: 4328: 4174: 4109: 4003: 2854:

on 31 July 1945 manufacturing 1000 A244 light torpedo sold to 15 Navies. The

2728: 1624: 1178: 1013: 1005: 741: 297: 197: 184: 8209:"Provincia di Livorno – Biblioteche – Cultura – Cittadini – Regione Toscana" 6315: 4542:(Port of Genovesi) filled up with earth to make room to the building called 4428:. The development of the project led to a pentagonal plant as in use in the 4010:, and has a park surrounding it. In front is a Monument to Fallen Soldiers ( 8550: 6766: 6235: 6003: 5907: 5842: 5723: 5673: 5406: 5321: 5229: 4879: 4812: 4584: 4141: 3858: 3774:

bridge. According to tradition the church was built to host the statute of

3745: 3563: 3510: 3280: 2863: 2772: 2621: 1228: 1017: 965:

to regulate trade. These laws protected merchant activities from crime and

788: 756: 723: 624: 483: 271: 5535:(1955–1997), painter and creator of the scandal of the heads of Modigliani 4040:. The cemetery was closed in 1839 and a new one, still active, was opened. 8410: 5950: 5902: 5816: 5481: 5259: 5121: 5108:, 2,000 cinquecentine (is a book printed in the 16th century) and 60,000 4982: 4927: 4915: 4429: 4304: 3918: 3910: 3810: 3668: 2997: 2859: 2756: 2736: 2654: 2644: 2613: 2609: 2491: 2476: 2112: 2107: 1221: 1009: 1001: 936: 752: 8362:. Storie Illustrate (in Italian). Pisa: Pacini Editore. pp. 1–272. 6983: 4530:, was completed in 1602 under the direction of Antonio Cantagaliina and 4465:

Francesco I de' Medici laid the first stone for the construction of the

4318:(New fortress) take place at the end of the 1500s, by the adjustment of 2842:

and Fiume passed to Italy. Whitehead Torpedo established in Livorno the

8555: 8500: 8300: 5885: 5588: 5157: 5101: 4834: 4708: 4417: 3783: 3168: 2555: 2454:) had a distinctive cultural and social identity based on their common 2438: 2129: 2124: 1138: 916: 908: 772: 768: 688: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 620: 5071:

on the Viale della Libertà was founded in 1816, by the fellows of the

4367:

In 1629 part of the fortress was demolished to permit the building of

3839:

built in 1631. The simple façade was covered in white marble in 1972.

3590: 3056:

is situated on the boulevard on the seafront, is named in his honour.

5749: 5744: 5538: 5316: 5163: 5109: 5105: 4907: 4899: 4825: 4492: 4208:. The construction was suspended since the popular revolt forced the 3985: 3725: 3705: 3677: 3449: 2993: 2764: 2421: 2367:, were authorized to build their own church, which they dedicated to 2359: 737: 632: 371: 3712:

with frescoes by Giovanni Maria Terreni and the altar attributed to

3268:

which in that period prevailed in several naval battles against the

1073:

At the end of the 17th century, Livorno underwent a period of great

795:

mentioned Liburna in a letter to his brother, in which he called it

663: 8835: 8770: 8699: 8575: 8540: 8530: 5990: 5820: 5443: 5306: 5139: 4757: 4597: 4170: 4129:(Pisan Port) where a square tower was built in 1077, on request of 4058:, chiefly related to events of miraculous rescues of people at sea. 4051: 3906: 3730: 3522: 3514: 3498: 3433: 3420:

in honour of the Lorraine dynasty until 1859, in the period of the

3387:

to the new eastern districts of the town, on the other side of the

3288: 3215: 3040: 2760: 2752: 2702: 2299: 2294: 2197: 2192: 1231:. Many historic sites and buildings were destroyed by bombs of the 760: 643: 251: 8785: 7082:"Livorno Aquarium, Tuscany's largest aquarium Acquario di Livorno" 4933: 827:

was destroyed after the crushing defeat of the Pisan fleet in the

8900: 8880: 8870: 8865: 8845: 8830: 8825: 8775: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8714: 8704: 8694: 8689: 8663: 8485: 8464: 6910:

newspaper, pp. 1–64. In Greek language. Need date of publication.

5985: 5964: 5630: 5167: 5088: 4919: 4911: 4851: 4847: 4829: 4688: 4223: 4083: 4055: 3898: 3594: 3482: 3273: 3047: 2919: 2806: 2788: 2732: 2588: 2265: 2260: 2180: 2175: 2163: 2158: 2146: 2141: 2078: 2073: 2061: 2056: 2027: 2022: 2010: 2005: 1993: 1988: 1194: 1127: 1082: 982: 978: 764: 487: 351: 229: 5087:

received the name from its last owner Bernardo Fabbricotti from

4898:

transformed the school in an Industrial Technical Institute for

4760:

that changed over the years. Livorno bus network, as the entire

3790:

and was completed in 1611; the church at first was dedicated to

1126:. At that time the city counted 96,471 inhabitants. Livorno and 8890: 8860: 8815: 8805: 8780: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8724: 8719: 8653: 8469: 8463: 5998: 5959: 5092: 4842: 4816: 4768:

which manages, since 1 November 2021, two High Mobility Lines (

4268:, on the top of Canaviglia bastion situated at the entrance of 4231: 3914: 3886: 3518: 3297: 3179:, it was resolved by adopting a road plan perpendicular to the 2977: 2480: 2417: 2398: 2385: 2316: 2311: 2282: 2277: 2231: 2226: 1021: 792: 452: 397: 376: 58: 8405: 5176:

also features sixteen local editions around the whole region.

4637: 4632: 4518:

In 1594 it was decided to create a huge square, at halfway of

3897:, was completed in 1605 and consecrated on 25 March 1606. The 3078: 2838:

of Livorno, as Whitehead Torpedo, in 1924 when was signed the

1149: 1143: 593: 8895: 8885: 8840: 8820: 8810: 8709: 8668: 8658: 8637: 7218:"Cantagallina, Giovanni Francesco in "Dizionario Biografico"" 6085: 5972: 5008: 4951: 4838: 4477: 4439: 4046:: Marian sanctuary atop a hill outside Livorno, dedicated to 3571: 3143: 2900:

is still made here and enjoyed by locals and tourists alike.

2892: 2814: 2710: 2394: 2248: 2243: 2095: 2090: 1217: 1119: 932: 854:

was used certainly in the eighteenth century by Florentines.

819:

owned Livorna from 1103 and built a quadrangular fort called

808: 647: 217: 8166:"Biblioteca comunale Labronica Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi" 4719:

Livorno also has its own rugby and American football teams.

3311:. The monument has been restored recently in 1990 and 2013. 3007: 3000:, paintings, religious objects as the Oriental-style wooden 1085:. By 1745 Livorno's population had risen to 32,534 persons. 556: 516: 8684: 8632: 7882:"Fortezza Nuova: guida su cosa vedere e visitare a Livorno" 5715:(1784–1885), Jewish financier and philanthropist in Britain 5135: 4279: 4226:

with rounded tips. The bastion towards the north is called

4216:

is a massive fortification completed on 1 April 1534 under

4135: 3941:

and the four Apostles, in the left door is represented the

3555: 3292: 3211: 2984: 2825:

and before his death, Whitehead sold his shares package to

2706: 2701:

many of whom take arranged buses to inland destinations as

2044: 2039: 1078: 1050: 986: 587: 547: 507: 7556:"Duomo di Livorno (Cattedrale di San Francesco) – Livorno" 4910:. In the following years other specialities were added as 3665:

terrace added in 1605 on a project by Alessandro Pieroni.

7396:"Demi, Paolo Gaspero Scipione in "Dizionario Biografico"" 4602: 3809:

The church has a rectangular plan with a single nave and

2780: 2748: 1973:

Largest resident foreign-born groups as 31 December 2020

1236: 590: 550: 513: 8234:"Villa Fabbricotti – Giardini Livorno – Regione Toscana" 6913: 6439:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

4054:. It is famous for the adjacent gallery, decorated with 3720:, was built in 1727 and was decorated with paintings by 2805:(WASS) plant, based in Livorno produced heavy and light 6406:(Revised Third ed.). Glasgow: HarperCollins. 1995. 4332:(Saint Barbara rampant) of the project commissioned by 3842: 3829:. The altar of the Dutch-German Nation is dedicated to 3740:

Since 2006, on the occasion of the bicentennial of the

3606: 2735:

acquired the Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando, then of

1049:

increased tensions among Christians; dissidents to the

623:". Developing considerably from the second half of the 7722:"Chiesa dei Greci Uniti (della Santissima Annunziata)" 6359:

de Blij, H. J.; O. Muller, Peter; Nijman, Jan (2010).

6358: 5403:(1920–2016), former President of the Republic of Italy 5166:, printed and published in Livorno and distributed in 3039:

houses memorabilia, documents and operas by the great

2579:

was a Judæo-Italian regional dialect once used by the

7947: 7945: 4971:, then Ministry of the Public Instruction. The first 2408:

Based on its status since the late 16th century as a

1137:

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Livorno had numerous

915:

drew up the first plan. The new fortified town had a

605: 596: 568: 559: 528: 519: 6704: 6225: 5865:(1916–1989), biologist, director of Livorno Aquarium 4732:

The nearest airport is the main airport of Tuscany,

4475:. Livorno became a town, encircled by the navigable 4450:; the axis from west to east (decumanus) linked the 4050:, the patron saint of Tuscany, is a destination for 3901:

façade was built in 1708 presumably on a project by

584: 544: 504: 7343: 7341: 7339: 5570:, former captain of Italy national rugby union team 5226:(born 1967), former football player, football coach 3577:The new neo-renaissance palace, positioned between 2852:

Whitehead Moto Fides Stabilimenti Meccanici Riuniti

2716: 2549:Livorno inhabitants speak a variant of the Italian 1099:

Bird's-eye view of Livorno in the mid 19th century.

961:In 1593, the Duke's administration established the 755:coincided with the occupation of the region by the 581: 553: 541: 510: 7942: 7580: 7578: 7576: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6365:The World Today: Concepts and Regions in Geography 4736:, which is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) away. 4262:built a small palace toward the sea, later became 4252:built in 1544 an imposing palace, overlooking the 4028:were buried here, but also some of the friends of 3676:The church was consecrated on 19 February 1606 by 3183:. The paving of the roads and along the canals in 3004:; the oldest and most important pieces went lost. 1105:Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars 783:(Ante ignem), which was the place situated before 8616: 8387:, Roma, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, pp. 37-53 8383:Giovanni Tarantino, Paola Von Wyss-Giacosa, eds, 5752:(1894–1940), won 5 gold medals in fencing at the 4557:and Giovanni del Fantasia in 1707, at the end of 4155:(Quartered of the Pisans) on plans attributed to 3391:, and the requirement to dismantle the city gate 3191:(New fish market) was built in 1705 close to the 3059: 1235:preceding their invasion of Italy, including the 8913: 8296:"E' morta l'attrice di cinema e tv Lydia Biondi" 7464:"La Terrazza Mascagni di Livorno – Italian Ways" 7336: 7251: 7249: 7247: 5653:(1852–1922) poet, writer, patriot and politician 5369:(1828–1889), commander of Regia Accademia Navale 3748:, was displayed in the Chapel of the Eucharist. 3430:until June 1946 when was given the current name 2950: 787:(Ardentia), where beacons directed the ships to 7792:"La Fortezza Vecchia – Informazioni sui luoghi" 7573: 7003:"InStoria – Lo stabilimento Whitehead di Fiume" 6513: 5580:Jewish community leader, historian, and scholar 4458:. In August 1576 was created the Office of the 3893:. The church was built in 1601 on a project by 3682:Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 3493:(Cavalrymen Fort) built in the 17th century by 2823:Torpedo Fabrik Whitehead & Co. Gesellschaft 954:), which meant that the goods traded here were 6396: 4881:Istituto Tecnico Industriale "Galileo Galilei" 3960:: Baroque church in the centre of Livorno, in 3640: 3570:, was purchased for the sum of seven thousand 3383: 3254:Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 2767:. Livorno refinery was established in 1936 by 2356:Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 944:Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 921: 865: 823:("Quarter of the Pisans") to defend the port. 8602: 8449: 8183: 7244: 5945:List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy 5938: 5171: 5155: 3951: 3639:, and was built in a central position of the 3615:The Cathedral of Saint Francis of Assisi and 3229: 2870:, as the latter has been renamed since 2018. 2794: 2459: 2449: 1206:all the last on project by Angiolo Badaloni. 925:, incorporating the original settlement. The 842:; and on 28 August 1421 it was bought by the 744:in a cave between Ardenza and Montenero. The 727:Fortifications of Livorno in the 17th century 362: 356: 249: 56: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7282: 7280: 7278: 6815:"Chiesa armena di San Gregorio Illuminatore" 5629:(born 1975), football player, top scorer of 5547:(1768–1820), virtuoso guitarist and composer 4985:'s friend, in 1862; in 1883 it was named to 4424:, capable to become the trade centre of the 4394: 3291:in 1622 and carried on the barges along the 2940:, is the main in Tuscany. It is situated by 2769:Azienda Nazionale Idrogenazione Combustibili 2483:. The community raised funds to support the 8429:Livorno Boat Tour along the Medicean canals 5922:(born 1964), film screenwriter and director 4967:was established on 10 March 1860 by law of 4497:(Colonella city gate), in the proximity of 3733:and was consecrated on 21 December 1952 by 3623:The cathedral of the town, commonly called 3285:Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1020:, and English arrived, along with Orthodox 8609: 8595: 8456: 8442: 8330:(in Italian). Press Mare. 24 February 2016 8120:www.associazioneproliceoclassicolivorno.it 7643:Chiesa della Madonna, Costa degli Etruschi 7595: 7490:"La Terrazza Mascagni, una nuova stagione" 6654:, in "Il Pentagono", n. 11, novembre 2009. 6646: 6644: 6432: 5933: 5834:(1828–1906), first mayor from 1865 to 1867 5709:(born 1978), fencer, Olympic gold medalist 5130:printed in 1770 in Livorno by the ancient 4343:The original project was then modified by 4294:(1769) and afterwards in garrison (1795). 4286:changed its function to the coming of the 4200:The works started in 1518 on the order of 4173:on 28 August 1421 at the price of 100.000 3974:district next to the Piazza del Luogo Pio. 3874: 3700:. The plant of the church was modified in 3364: 2723:Since 1866 Livorno has been noted for its 1220:were built on the avenue along the sea in 846:. The name 'Leghorn' was derived from the 8927:Municipalities of the Province of Livorno 7757: 7275: 7133:"Museo Ebraico, Museum in Tuscany, Italy" 7105: 6851: 6787: 6387: 6316:"Popolazione residente al 1 Gennaio 2023" 5776:(1840–1888), lawyer, Member of Parliament 5011:from 1887 to 1895. Among the pupils were 4633:Museo di storia naturale del Mediterraneo 4212:and was resumed in 1530 on their return. 3724:. The Collegiata in 1806 was elevated to 3696:having the functions of the Vicar of the 3601: 3079:Museo di storia naturale del Mediterraneo 3019:Museo di storia naturale del Mediterraneo 3009:Museo di storia naturale del Mediterraneo 2862:in 1979 and in 1995 passed definitely to 2466:Church of the Santissima Trinità, Livorno 1227:Livorno suffered extensive damage during 1159: 1150:Museo di storia naturale del Mediterraneo 1068: 704:Learn how and when to remove this message 7676:Chiesa della Madonna, Beni ecclesiastici 5916:(born 1937), sculptor, painter, designer 5793:(1935–1971), football player and manager 5357:(1868–1946), cavalry officer, equestrian 5049: 5039:Further information on the library: 4538:was completed and enlarged with the old 4400: 4303: 4187: 4108: 4097: 4086:place of worship in Livorno, located in 3846: 3755: 3751: 3667: 3610: 3542: 3462: 3370: 3314: 3235: 3109: 3089: 3013: 2956: 2925: 1757: 1209:In the early 19th century, the American 1094: 1034: 958:within the area of the town's control. 722: 490:region, Italy. It is the capital of the 8288: 8186:Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico 8141:"Leading Libraries of the World: Italy" 7925:"Buontalenti e l'architettura militare" 7351:. Comune Notizie online. Archived from 7259:. Comune Notizie online. Archived from 7185:. Comune Notizie online. Archived from 6641: 6137:Temple of the Dutch German Congregation 5045: 4125:takes place not far from what once was 4062:Temple of the Dutch German Congregation 3866: 3806:following enlargement of the building. 3744:, the "Christ Crowned with Thorns", by 3260:to represent him in the uniform of the 2779:per day. The refinery, now property of 1753: 899:, when the settlement was ruled by the 14: 8914: 8352:Bibliography of the history of Livorno 7686: 7657:. Livorno delle Nazioni. 24 April 2013 7536:. Sito ufficiale del turismo a Livorno 7158:"Livorno ebraica » Museo Ebraico" 6790:"Storia in sintesi – Armeni in Italia" 6616: 6579:"Comuni della Toscana per popolazione" 6565:Rivista Geografica Italiana, volume 65 5728:Jewish Theological Seminary of America 5517:(1925–1993), professor, poet, essayist 5250:(1724–1807), prolific Rabbinic scholar 4662: 4486:extended for 750 meters, later called 4405:The copy of the project by Buontalenti 3716:, The right side chapel, dedicated to 3680:Nunzio Antonio Grimani; on request by 3554:Livorno was elevated to the status of 3349: 3052: 2942: 1780: 1141:housing important museums such as the 8590: 8437: 6710: 6681: 6390:Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary 6381: 6367:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 63. 4935:Istituto Nautico "Alfredo Cappellini" 4788:which connect lower Montenero to the 4617: 4434: 3125: 3098: 3094:View of Livorno from the old fortress 3085: 2873: 2344: 1115:, Austrian rule replaced the French. 1061:, was fought near Livorno during the 884:Seat of the crusading and corsairing 859: 469: 8259:"Biblioteca Labronica F.D.Guerrazzi" 8158: 7319:"Livorno la statua dei Quattro Mori" 6540:"LIVORNO in "Enciclopedia Italiana"" 5375:(1836–1901), Jewish Biblical scholar 4603:Cathedral of Saint Francis of Assisi 3878: 3861:is located in the central street of 3843:Church of the Most Holy Annunciation 3607:Cathedral of Saint Francis of Assisi 3525:was constructed. After the war, the 3456: 2921:Acquario comunale "Diacinto Cestoni" 2742: 2358:issued in 1591 a decree encouraging 686:adding citations to reliable sources 657: 317:104.8 km (40.5 sq mi) 8261:. Comune di Livorno. Archived from 8171:Anagrafe delle biblioteche italiane 8022:"Guida al primo giorno di servizio" 7687:Calabi, Donatella (30 March 2018). 6684:Critical Readings on Global Slavery 6049:View of the western part of Livorno 5910:(17th century), rabbi and Talmudist 5268:(born 1985), fencer, World Champion 5238:(1716–1802), fencing master, author 5055:Biblioteca Labronica F.D. Guerrazzi 4622: 4568: 4471: 4102: 3937:; in the right door is painted the 3536: 3489:. It is located on the site of the 3406:The new square was commonly called 3330: 3131: 3028: 2527: 1160:Biblioteca Labronica F.D. Guerrazzi 24: 7929:vasaribuontalenti-memo.blogspot.it 7789: 7183:"Il quartiere della Venezia Nuova" 6504: 6410: 5564:(1804–1873), writer and politician 5305:(1822–1900), rabbi and scholar of 5232:(1860–1931), Jewish opera baritone 4809:Corsica Ferries - Sardinia Ferries 4667: 4598:Acquario comunale Diacinto Cestoni 4278:elevated Livorno to the status of 3988:church located at the crossing of 3852:Chiesa della Santissima Annunziata 3766: 2931:Acquario comunale Diacinto Cestoni 2803:Whitehead Alenia Sistemi Subacquei 2599: 2379: 1775: 834:In 1399, Pisa sold Livorna to the 25: 8953: 8391: 6923:. Mario Cardinali. Archived from 6650:Si veda in proposito G. Ciccone, 5500:(1878–1932), zoologist (genetics) 5214:(born 1963), retired rally driver 5100:are stored: 120,000 books, 1,500 4953:Liceo Classico "Niccolini Palli" 4722: 4707:, founded in 1996, is an amateur 4360:(Saint Peter fort) to defend the 4297: 4151:built a quadrangular Fort called 3970:: Baroque church located also in 3802:but in 1638 was dedicated to the 3742:Roman Catholic Diocese of Livorno 2490:It also assisted non-Greeks. The 1762:Church of Gregory the Illuminator 775:. Other ancient toponyms include 8411:Photographic map of Livorno city 7512:"Il Palazzo Comunale di Livorno" 6256: 6242: 6228: 6206: 6194: 6182: 6170: 6158: 6143: 6129: 6117: 6105: 6093: 6078: 6066: 6054: 6042: 6030: 6010: 5997: 5984: 5971: 5958: 5888:(1915–2015), Chief rabbi of Rome 4999:. The most famous professor was 4691:. Its matches are played at the 4511:was initiated in 1578 while the 4416:in 1575 the task to project the 3187:was provided in 1668, while the 3103: 2835:Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando 2725:Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando 2718:Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando 2327: 2310: 2293: 2276: 2259: 2242: 2225: 2208: 2191: 2174: 2157: 2140: 2123: 2106: 2089: 2072: 2055: 2038: 2021: 2004: 1987: 1254:was founded in Livorno in 1921. 969:, and instituted laws regarding 811:. In 1077, a tower was built by 759:. They are also known for their 662: 577: 537: 500: 155: 148: 125: 118: 98: 88: 73: 32:For the resort in Suriname, see 8316: 8277: 8251: 8226: 8201: 8180:(Registry of Italian Libraries) 8133: 8108: 8083: 8061: 8039: 8014: 7997:"Granducato.com – IL PENTAGONO" 7989: 7980: 7971: 7917: 7899: 7874: 7856: 7830: 7809: 7783: 7736: 7714: 7693:. Croma – Università Roma TRE. 7680: 7669: 7647: 7636: 7611: 7596:photolabronico, Pubblicato da. 7589: 7548: 7526: 7504: 7482: 7456: 7431: 7413: 7388: 7367: 7311: 7235: 7210: 7201: 7175: 7150: 7125: 7099: 7074: 7056: 7038: 7020: 6995: 6977: 6956: 6931: 6896: 6873: 6845: 6829: 6807: 6781: 6759: 6738: 6716: 6675: 6666: 6657: 6632: 6617:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1836). 6610: 6597: 6571: 6557: 6498: 5681:(1802–1877), pedagogist, writer 5298:(born 2000), Italian footballer 4784:. Autolinee Toscane operates a 4704:Pallacanestro Don Bosco Livorno 3309:Medici Villa at Poggio a Caiano 2936:Livorno Aquarium, dedicated to 2461:Confraternita della SS. Trinità 931:was overlooked and defended by 919:design, for which it is called 716:For a chronological guide, see 673:needs additional citations for 156: 126: 8379:Livorno: Diversis Gentibus Una 7744:"Chiesa Santissima Annunziata" 7286: 6485: 6454: 6426: 6352: 6330: 6308: 6282:History of the Jews in Livorno 5819:(1884–1924), race car driver, 5697:(1837–1897), engineer, patriot 4888:Industrial Technical Institute 4648:Orto Botanico del Mediterraneo 4230:because there moored the main 4161:Francesco di Giovanni Giordani 3821:, has a painting representing 3076:located on the grounds of the 3069:Orto Botanico del Mediterraneo 3061:Orto Botanico del Mediterraneo 2986:Museo Ebraico "Yeshivà Marini" 2914: 2534:history of the Jews in Livorno 2441:and other destinations in the 935:and fortresses leading to the 907:, Livorno was designed as an " 748:settlement was called Labro. 619:, Livorno was designed as an " 13: 1: 8047:"Servizi extraurbani Livorno" 7439:"Terrazza Mascagni – Livorno" 6939:"PortoLivorno2000 – Crociere" 6442:(5th ed.). HarperCollins 6388:Macdonald, A.M., ed. (1972). 6297: 4638:Museo Civico Giovanni Fattori 4590: 4351:to allow the construction of 4183:Antonio da Sangallo the Elder 3296:represented an insult to the 3195:where the fish was unloaded. 2963:Museo civico Giovanni Fattori 2952:Museo Civico Giovanni Fattori 2903: 1748: 1268:Köppen climate classification 1144:Museo Civico Giovanni Fattori 838:; in 1405 it was sold to the 8360:Storia Illustrata di Livorno 6964:"Eni, Raffineria di Livorno" 6652:Livorno: il mistero del nome 5647:(1813–1881), lawyer, patriot 5623:(born 1977), football player 5562:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi 5397:(born 1984), football player 5335:(?–1610), first Gonfaloniere 5220:(born 1945), cinematographer 5199:Category:People from Livorno 4987:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi 4869: 4325:(Saint Francis rampart) and 3708:, was built on a project by 2680:Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. 2612:passengers of the following 2448:The ethnic Greek community ( 486:on the western coast of the 7: 8942:Historic Jewish communities 8922:Cities and towns in Tuscany 6272:Azienda Trasporti Livornese 6221: 5659:(1863–1945), opera composer 5031:, who was teacher in 1945. 4979:Giovanni Battista Niccolini 3684:, in 1629, was elevated to 2581:Jewish community in Livorno 2539: 2334:Republic of North Macedonia 1697:Average precipitation days 1483:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1413:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1216:During the 1930s, numerous 866:Medicean period (1500–1650) 802: 631:, Livorno was an important 346:1,500/km (3,800/sq mi) 10: 8958: 8349: 8345: 6852:Harlaftis, Gelina (1996). 6567:(in Italian). p. 197. 6467:Collins English Dictionary 6421:Oxford Dictionaries Online 6404:Collins Concise Dictionary 6112:Monumento dei Quattro Mori 6023: 5942: 5939:Twin towns – sister cities 5874:Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti 5726:, USA, and founder of the 5196: 5038: 5034: 4874: 4734:Pisa International Airport 4727: 4288:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 4202:Cardinal Giulio De' Medici 3952:Other Religious Structures 3943:Adoration of the Shepherds 3307:and the four moors in the 3250:Monument of the Four Moors 3242:Monumento dei Quattro Mori 3231:Monumento dei quattro mori 2907: 2796:Leonardo Sistemi di Difesa 2594: 2348: 1740: 1293: 1283: 1257: 1195:Stabilimento termale Acque 731: 715: 653: 31: 8733: 8677: 8646: 8625: 8481: 8184: 8095:www.galileilivorno.gov.it 7710:– via Google Books. 7349:"Piazza della Repubblica" 7086:www.acquariodilivorno.com 6904:The Greece of Benefactors 6607:, Bergamo 1915, p. 15-24. 5670:(born 1976), rugby player 5248:Chaim Joseph David Azulai 5192: 4857: 4687:, currently plays in the 4555:Giovanni Battista Foggini 4467:Baluardo di San Francesco 4396:Pentagono del Buontalenti 4204:under the supervision of 4014:) in the first World War. 3641:Pentagono del Buontalenti 3384:Pentagono del Buontalenti 2910:List of mayors of Livorno 2791:depots by two pipelines. 2485:Greek War of Independence 2373:Giovanni Battista Foggini 2365:Armenian Apostolic Church 1962: 1793:— 1696: 1622: 1552: 1482: 1412: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1294:Climate data for Livorno 1262:Livorno has a hot-summer 1055:European wars of religion 981:to people having to gain 922:Pentagono del Buontalenti 911:". In 1577 the architect 870:After the arrival of the 446: 438: 428: 418: 408: 387: 370: 350: 342: 334: 329: 321: 313: 308: 293: 288: 248: 235: 223: 213: 178: 112: 84: 72: 67: 54: 44: 8937:Coastal towns in Tuscany 8151:1916. pp. 475–477. 8069:"Servizi urbani Livorno" 6302: 5602:, English merchant, the 5145: 5081:Ferdinando II de' Medici 4906:, and in 1947 was added 4864:Livorno Centrale station 4739: 4674: 4540:Porticciolo dei Genovesi 4068:canal that runs between 4000:Santa Maria del Soccorso 3935:Athanasius of Alexandria 3800:Saints Cosmas and Damian 3776:Our Lady of Mount Carmel 3735:Bishop Giovanni Piccioni 3121:Ferdinando II de' Medici 2884: 751:The construction of the 482:) is a port city on the 39:Comune in Tuscany, Italy 8406:Port of Livorno website 8145:American Library Annual 7514:. Comune Notizie online 7492:. Comune Notizie online 6943:www.portolivorno2000.it 6921:"COS'È IL VERNACOLIERE" 6726:. Comune Notizie online 6724:"Il liberty di Livorno" 6124:Piazza della Repubblica 5934:International relations 5381:(1637–1718), naturalist 5274:(born 1969), footballer 5244:(1835–1876), naturalist 5242:Federigo Luigi Appelius 4795: 4507:(Pisan city gate). The 4347:, Claudio Cogorano and 4345:Don Giovanni de' Medici 4275:Ferdinando I de' Medici 4177:. The project to build 4070:Piazza della Repubblica 3958:Santa Caterina da Siena 3871:Gregory the Illuminator 3782:gave the church to the 3780:Ferdinando I de' Medici 3692:was substituted from a 3560:Ferdinando I de' Medici 3550:and the restored square 3491:Forte dei Cavalleggieri 3376:Piazza della Repubblica 3366:Piazza della Repubblica 3220:Santa Caterina da Siena 2456:Greek Orthodox religion 2369:Gregory the Illuminator 1252:Italian Communist Party 1130:became part of the new 1040:Santa Caterina, Livorno 8238:www.regione.toscana.it 8213:www.regione.toscana.it 7655:"Chiesa della Madonna" 6361:"Regions of the Realm" 5879:Giuseppe Maria Terreni 5722:(1823–1897), rabbi in 5459:Pio Alberto Del Corona 5442:, leading scholar and 5434:Vittorio Matteo Corcos 5172: 5156: 5057: 4904:electrical engineering 4862:The city is served by 4683:, a semi-professional 4658:Sanctuary of Montenero 4553:was built, on plan by 4448:Sanctuary of Montenero 4426:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 4410:Francesco I de' Medici 4406: 4311: 4292:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 4260:Francesco I de' Medici 4206:Nicolao da Pietrasanta 4197: 4116: 4044:Sanctuary of Montenero 3891:Order of Saint Stephen 3859:Most Holy Annunciation 3854: 3761: 3673: 3620: 3602:Religious architecture 3551: 3470: 3378: 3266:Order of Saint Stephen 3245: 3117: 3095: 3021: 2965: 2933: 2460: 2450: 1763: 1100: 1069:17th century and later 1042: 901:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 886:Order of Saint Stephen 728: 637:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 363: 357: 250: 57: 7863:Itinerari Scientifici 7289:"Monumento ai 4 mori" 7137:www.summerinitaly.com 7045:Itinerari scientifici 6767:"Cittadini stranieri" 6250:European Union portal 6216:liqueur from Livorno 6189:The Terrazza Mascagni 6152:Italian Naval Academy 5713:Moses Haim Montefiore 5611:(1858–1929), educator 5489:(1883–1965), literate 5467:(1798–1863), sculptor 5409:(1934–1980), musician 5339:Ranieri de' Calzabigi 5256:(1849–1920), engineer 5053: 4711:club, playing in the 4694:Stadio Armando Picchi 4577:Italian Naval Academy 4513:Baluardo Santa Giulia 4452:Baluardo Santa Giulia 4404: 4385:Immaculate Conception 4307: 4219:Alessandro de' Medici 4191: 4153:Quadratura dei Pisani 4112: 4098:Military architecture 4038:Saint Elizabeth Seton 3978:San Giovanni Battista 3875:Church of the Madonna 3850: 3804:Immaculate Conception 3760:Church of the Madonna 3759: 3752:Church of the Madonna 3718:Immaculate Conception 3710:Giovanni del Fantasia 3671: 3633:Mary, mother of Jesus 3614: 3585:on the north side of 3546: 3466: 3374: 3324:Acquedotto Leopoldino 3316:Acquedotto Leopoldino 3239: 3113: 3093: 3017: 2968:Dedicated to painter 2961:Moresque room in the 2960: 2929: 2866:. It is now owned by 2856:Whiteheads Moto Fides 2660:Norwegian Cruise Line 2630:Carnival Cruise Lines 2371:. The project was by 1767:Historical population 1761: 1284:Further information: 1264:mediterranean climate 1155:cultural institutions 1098: 1063:First Anglo-Dutch War 1038: 946:, declared Livorno a 821:Quadratura dei Pisani 726: 389: • Summer ( 325:3 m (10 ft) 198:43.55194°N 10.30833°E 7953:"architetto livorno" 7690:La città cosmopolita 7375:"La vecchia Livorno" 7355:on 23 September 2015 7112:www.originalitaly.it 7068:26 June 2015 at the 7050:26 June 2015 at the 7032:22 June 2015 at the 6989:22 June 2015 at the 6885:22 July 2011 at the 6672:Vaccari et al, p. 48 6663:Vaccari et al, p. 42 6638:Vaccari et al, p. 28 6507:"Livorno, 1680–1845" 5881:(1739–1811), painter 5848:Percy Bysshe Shelley 5807:Ottorino Quaglierini 5770:(1820–1896), patriot 5621:Alessandro Lucarelli 5617:(1879–1949), painter 5596:(1911–2002), painter 5523:(1920–1976), painter 5506:(1825–1908), painter 5436:(1859–1933), painter 5401:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 5351:(1875–1942), painter 5333:Bernardetto Borromei 5292:(1919–2003), painter 5280:(1866–1942), painter 5224:Massimiliano Allegri 5098:Biblioteca Labronica 5062:Biblioteca Labronica 5046:Biblioteca Labronica 5029:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 4643:Old English Cemetery 4561:in the proximity of 4509:Baluardo Sant’Andrea 4456:Baluardo Sant’Andrea 4414:Bernardo Buontalenti 4338:Bernardo Buontalenti 4181:was commissioned to 4080:Synagogue of Livorno 4018:Old English Cemetery 3927:Gregory of Nazianzus 3836:Madonna di Montenero 3645:Bernardo Buontalenti 3579:Palazzo della Dogana 3558:on 19 March 1606 by 3214:, the houses of the 2695:Viking Ocean Cruises 2650:Holland America Line 2626:Azamara Club Cruises 1754:Foreigner minorities 1343:Record high °C (°F) 1241:Synagogue of Livorno 913:Bernardo Buontalenti 844:Republic of Florence 682:improve this article 343: • Density 8561:Rosignano Marittimo 8511:Castagneto Carducci 8491:Campiglia Marittima 8475:Province of Livorno 8071:. Autolinee Toscane 8049:. Autolinee Toscane 7911:28 May 2015 at the 7868:24 May 2015 at the 7838:"Comune di Livorno" 7468:www.italianways.com 7425:8 July 2015 at the 7323:www.fotolivorno.net 7189:on 20 December 2016 6794:www.italiarmenia.it 6177:Livorno's synagogue 6165:The Goldoni Theatre 5914:Antonio Vinciguerra 5899:(1858–1923), artist 5741:(1869–1940), artist 5645:Vincenzo Malenchini 5627:Cristiano Lucarelli 5541:(1914–1975) actress 5529:(born 1936), artist 5461:(1837–1912), bishop 5449:Giovanni de Gamerra 5418:Gian Galeazzo Ciano 5262:(1888–1961), fencer 5073:Accademia Labronica 4996:Istituto magistrale 4942:Province of Livorno 4460:Fabbrica di Livorno 4375:quarters wanted by 4249:Cosimo I de' Medici 4157:Puccio di Landuccio 4036:and the husband of 3996:in central Livorno. 3865:, not far from the 3823:John the Evangelist 3568:Via del Porticciolo 3495:Cosimo I de' Medici 3422:Italian unification 3358:Cisternino di città 3351:Cisternino di città 3165:Chiesa di Sant'Anna 3147:(district), called 2830:Armstrong Whitworth 2783:, is linked to the 2479:, Epirus, Chios or 1974: 1768: 1553:Record low °C (°F) 1286:2017 Livorno floods 1211:Elizabeth Ann Seton 1124:wars of unification 1047:Counter-Reformation 998:Mediterranean Basin 975:freedom of religion 971:international trade 942:In the late 1580s, 897:Italian Renaissance 718:Timeline of Livorno 627:by the will of the 492:Province of Livorno 194: / 139:Show map of Tuscany 8424:Livorno Video Tour 8376:Villani, Stefano, 8284:it:Piero Barontini 8116:"Storia del Liceo" 8001:www.granducato.com 7470:. 13 December 2013 6100:The Boccale Castle 5812:Giulia Quintavalle 5797:Enrico Pollastrini 5515:Giorgio Fontanelli 5454:Serafino De Tivoli 5424:Arduíno Colassanti 5349:Leonetto Cappiello 5286:(1914–1998), rower 5278:Giovanni Bartolena 5208:(born 1980), rower 5058: 4764:, is performed by 4532:Alessandro Pieroni 4407: 4349:Alessandro Pieroni 4312: 4198: 4131:Matilda of Tuscany 4117: 4048:Our Lady of Graces 3905:with a triangular 3895:Alessandro Pieroni 3867:Armenian community 3857:The Church of the 3855: 3831:Andrew the Apostle 3788:Alessandro Pieroni 3762: 3698:archbishop of Pisa 3674: 3649:Alessandro Pieroni 3627:, is dedicated to 3621: 3583:Palazzo Granducale 3552: 3479:Tuscan Archipelago 3471: 3379: 3246: 3118: 3099:Civil architecture 3096: 3086:Points of interest 3050:Theatre. Also the 3022: 2966: 2934: 2875:Financial district 2844:Società Moto Fides 2787:(Oil dock) and to 2675:Pullmantur Cruises 2345:Armenian community 2215:Dominican Republic 1972: 1766: 1764: 1248:left-wing politics 1165:Neoclassical style 1113:Congress of Vienna 1109:Continental System 1101: 1043: 813:Matilda of Tuscany 729: 471:[liˈvorno] 335: • Total 314: • Total 294: • Mayor 203:43.55194; 10.30833 27:Port city in Italy 8909: 8908: 8584: 8583: 8398:Municipal website 8265:on 5 January 2013 8026:Autolinee Toscane 7293:www.toscanago.com 6865:978-0-415-00018-5 6697:978-90-04-34654-3 6505:Grenet, Mathieu. 6340:. Marina Militare 6277:Battle of Leghorn 5853:Hezekiah da Silva 5774:Adriano Novi Lena 5701:Amedeo Modigliani 5668:Matteo Mazzantini 5521:Voltolino Fontani 5493:Federigo Enriques 5478:, football player 5465:Paolo Emilio Demi 5395:Giorgio Chiellini 5367:Fortunato Cassone 5363:(1912–1990), poet 5355:Federico Caprilli 5328:Giotto Bizzarrini 5312:Malachi ben Jacob 5303:Elijah Benamozegh 5296:Leonardo Bellandi 5132:Bagno dei forzati 5120:, manuscripts by 5085:Villa Fabbricotti 5077:Villa Fabbricotti 5041:Villa Fabbricotti 5021:Amedeo Modigliani 5017:Guglielmo Marconi 4766:Autolinee Toscane 4715:as of April 2017. 4681:U.S. Livorno 1915 4663:Terrazza Mascagni 4613:Fanale dei Pisani 4515:started in 1582. 4444:Decumanus Maximus 4234:, to the east is 4192:Matilda keep and 4090:Elijah Benamozegh 3939:Nativity of Jesus 3923:Basil of Caesarea 3863:Via della Madonna 3819:Republic of Genoa 3686:collegiate church 3629:Francis of Assisi 3529:was dedicated to 3475:Terrazza Mascagni 3468:Terrazza Mascagni 3458:Terrazza Mascagni 3413:until 1850, then 3399:with an imposing 3305:Pisa Charterhouse 3244:recently restored 3181:Navicelli channel 3053:Terrazza Mascagni 2943:Terrazza Mascagni 2817:, in that period 2743:Eni petrochemical 2685:Silversea Cruises 2635:Celebrity Cruises 2604:The city and its 2426:Mediterranean Sea 2390:Cosimo de' Medici 2342: 2341: 1970: 1969: 1745: 1744: 1279:Mediterranean Sea 1202:Scuole elementari 1190:delle Vettovaglie 1122:succeeded in its 1059:Battle of Leghorn 1030:Francis of Assisi 840:Republic of Genoa 836:Visconti of Milan 829:Battle of Meloria 714: 713: 706: 460: 459: 420:Dialing code 169:Show map of Italy 68:Comune di Livorno 34:Livorno, Suriname 16:(Redirected from 8949: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8588: 8587: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8435: 8434: 8415: 8402: 8373: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8292: 8286: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8189: 8188: 8179: 8162: 8156: 8155: 8137: 8131: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8087: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8018: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8007: 7993: 7987: 7984: 7978: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7955:. Archived from 7949: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7921: 7915: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7878: 7872: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7840:. Archived from 7834: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7766: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7684: 7678: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7651: 7645: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7593: 7587: 7582: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7560:travelitalia.com 7552: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7443:travelitalia.com 7435: 7429: 7420:Toscana in Tasca 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7345: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7315: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7299:on 31 March 2018 7295:. Archived from 7284: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7257:"I Quattro Mori" 7253: 7242: 7239: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7214: 7208: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7078: 7072: 7060: 7054: 7042: 7036: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7013: 6999: 6993: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6927:on 10 June 2011. 6917: 6911: 6900: 6894: 6877: 6871: 6869: 6849: 6843: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6679: 6673: 6670: 6664: 6661: 6655: 6648: 6639: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6614: 6608: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6536: 6511: 6510: 6502: 6496: 6493:breed of chicken 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6430: 6424: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6312: 6266: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6252: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6210: 6198: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6147: 6133: 6121: 6109: 6097: 6082: 6070: 6058: 6046: 6034: 6015: 6014: 6002: 6001: 5989: 5988: 5976: 5975: 5963: 5962: 5926:Filippo Volandri 5838:Giovanni Schmidt 5730:in New York City 5651:Giovanni Marradi 5609:Augusto Liverani 5594:Gio Batta Lepori 5584:Aurelio Lampredi 5568:Marzio Innocenti 5545:Filippo Gragnani 5504:Giovanni Fattori 5390:Pierluigi Chicca 5379:Diacinto Cestoni 5344:Giuseppe Cambini 5254:Angiolo Badaloni 5175: 5161: 5118:Giacomo Leopardi 5070: 5001:Giovanni Pascoli 4969:Terenzio Mamiani 4778: 4772: 4618:Fortezza Vecchia 4570:Accademia Navale 4435:Fortezza Vecchia 4422:Fortezza Vecchia 4358:Forte San Pietro 4284:Fortezza Vecchia 4214:Fortezza Vecchia 4179:Fortezza Vecchia 4149:Republic of Pisa 4122:Fortezza Vecchia 4114:Fortezza Vecchia 4104:Fortezza Vecchia 3990:Via San Giovanni 3903:Giovanni Baratta 3827:Anthony of Padua 3714:Giovanni Baratta 3672:Cathedral's nave 3637:Julia of Corsica 3625:Duomo di Livorno 3548:Palazzo Comunale 3538:Palazzo Comunale 3523:Livorno Aquarium 3339:La Gran Conserva 3332:La Gran Conserva 3252:is dedicated to 3158: 3126:Fortezza Vecchia 3074:botanical garden 3037:Museo Mascagnano 3030:Museo Mascagnano 2970:Giovanni Fattori 2938:Diacinto Cestoni 2811:Robert Whitehead 2670:Princess Cruises 2528:Jewish community 2522:Kingdom of Italy 2519: 2504: 2474: 2463: 2453: 2332: 2331: 2315: 2314: 2298: 2297: 2281: 2280: 2264: 2263: 2247: 2246: 2230: 2229: 2213: 2212: 2196: 2195: 2179: 2178: 2162: 2161: 2145: 2144: 2128: 2127: 2111: 2110: 2094: 2093: 2077: 2076: 2060: 2059: 2043: 2042: 2026: 2025: 2009: 2008: 1992: 1991: 1978:Country of birth 1975: 1971: 1782: 1777: 1769: 1765: 1291: 1290: 1132:Kingdom of Italy 1026:Fortezza Vecchia 1000:. Many European 877:Fortezza Vecchia 860:Fortezza Vecchia 817:Republic of Pisa 709: 702: 698: 695: 689: 666: 658: 608: 603: 602: 599: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 571: 566: 565: 562: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 532: 526: 525: 522: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 481: 480: 479: 473: 468: 456: 455: 453:Official website 433:Julia of Corsica 394: 366: 360: 255: 209: 208: 206: 205: 204: 199: 195: 192: 191: 190: 187: 170: 159: 158: 152: 140: 129: 128: 122: 102: 92: 77: 62: 42: 41: 21: 8957: 8956: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8905: 8851:Reggio Calabria 8729: 8673: 8642: 8621: 8618:Cities in Italy 8615: 8585: 8580: 8536:Marciana Marina 8496:Campo nell'Elba 8477: 8462: 8413: 8400: 8394: 8370: 8354: 8348: 8343: 8333: 8331: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8307: 8305: 8294: 8293: 8289: 8282: 8278: 8268: 8266: 8257: 8256: 8252: 8242: 8240: 8232: 8231: 8227: 8217: 8215: 8207: 8206: 8202: 8192: 8190: 8173: 8164: 8163: 8159: 8149:R.R. Bowker Co. 8139: 8138: 8134: 8124: 8122: 8114: 8113: 8109: 8099: 8097: 8089: 8088: 8084: 8074: 8072: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8052: 8050: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8030: 8028: 8020: 8019: 8015: 8005: 8003: 7995: 7994: 7990: 7985: 7981: 7976: 7972: 7962: 7960: 7951: 7950: 7943: 7933: 7931: 7923: 7922: 7918: 7913:Wayback Machine 7904: 7900: 7890: 7888: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7870:Wayback Machine 7861: 7857: 7847: 7845: 7836: 7835: 7831: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7810: 7800: 7798: 7796:www.webalice.it 7788: 7784: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7767: 7758: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7737: 7727: 7725: 7724:. 24 April 2013 7720: 7719: 7715: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7685: 7681: 7674: 7670: 7660: 7658: 7653: 7652: 7648: 7641: 7637: 7627: 7625: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7602: 7600: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7574: 7564: 7562: 7554: 7553: 7549: 7539: 7537: 7534:"The Town Hall" 7532: 7531: 7527: 7517: 7515: 7510: 7509: 7505: 7495: 7493: 7488: 7487: 7483: 7473: 7471: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7447: 7445: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7427:Wayback Machine 7418: 7414: 7404: 7402: 7400:www.treccani.it 7394: 7393: 7389: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7358: 7356: 7347: 7346: 7337: 7327: 7325: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7302: 7300: 7285: 7276: 7266: 7264: 7263:on 26 July 2015 7255: 7254: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7226: 7224: 7222:www.treccani.it 7216: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7202: 7192: 7190: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7166: 7164: 7156: 7155: 7151: 7141: 7139: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7116: 7114: 7106:OriginalITALY. 7104: 7100: 7090: 7088: 7080: 7079: 7075: 7070:Wayback Machine 7063:Cultura Toscana 7061: 7057: 7052:Wayback Machine 7043: 7039: 7034:Wayback Machine 7025: 7021: 7011: 7009: 7007:www.instoria.it 7001: 7000: 6996: 6991:Wayback Machine 6982: 6978: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6947: 6945: 6937: 6936: 6932: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6901: 6897: 6891:Representations 6887:Wayback Machine 6878: 6874: 6866: 6850: 6846: 6842:, 22 March 1997 6834: 6830: 6820: 6818: 6817:. 24 April 2013 6813: 6812: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6788:Administrator. 6786: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6729: 6727: 6722: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6698: 6690:. p. 872. 6680: 6676: 6671: 6667: 6662: 6658: 6649: 6642: 6637: 6633: 6623: 6621: 6615: 6611: 6602: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6548: 6546: 6544:www.treccani.it 6538: 6537: 6514: 6503: 6499: 6490: 6486: 6476: 6474: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6445: 6443: 6431: 6427: 6415: 6411: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6386: 6382: 6375: 6357: 6353: 6343: 6341: 6336: 6335: 6331: 6321: 6319: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6292:Port of Livorno 6262: 6257: 6255: 6248: 6243: 6241: 6234: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6217: 6211: 6202: 6199: 6190: 6187: 6178: 6175: 6166: 6163: 6154: 6148: 6139: 6134: 6125: 6122: 6113: 6110: 6101: 6098: 6089: 6083: 6074: 6071: 6062: 6059: 6050: 6047: 6038: 6035: 6026: 6009: 5996: 5983: 5970: 5957: 5947: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5928:, tennis player 5897:Angiolo Tommasi 5892:Ilaria Tocchini 5858:Mauro Simonetti 5832:Eugenio Sansoni 5786:Giorgio Pellini 5768:Alessandro Neri 5763:Grppo Labronico 5685:Umberto Melnati 5663:Davide Matteini 5657:Pietro Mascagni 5574:Abraham Khalfon 5527:Alberto Fremura 5476:Marco Di Viesti 5440:Moses Cordovero 5429:Antonio Corazzi 5385:Mario Checcacci 5361:Giorgio Caproni 5290:Piero Barontini 5236:Domenico Angelo 5206:Luca Agamennoni 5201: 5195: 5186:Il Vernacoliere 5180:Il Vernacoliere 5148: 5114:Galileo Galilei 5064: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5013:Pietro Mascagni 4956: 4938: 4924:nuclear physics 4892:Galileo Galilei 4884: 4877: 4872: 4860: 4802:Port of Livorno 4798: 4776: 4770: 4762:Regione Toscana 4742: 4730: 4725: 4677: 4672: 4593: 4573: 4500:Vecchia Darsena 4399: 4302: 4270:Vecchia Darsena 4255:Vecchia Darsena 4210:Medici in exile 4107: 4100: 4022:Tobias Smollett 3954: 3948: 3931:John Chrysostom 3879:Greek community 3845: 3772:John of Nepomuk 3754: 3702:Christian cross 3662:Jacopo Chimenti 3658:Domenico Cresti 3609: 3604: 3541: 3531:Pietro Mascagni 3487:Port of Livorno 3461: 3369: 3354: 3335: 3319: 3270:Barbary pirates 3234: 3193:Scali del Pesce 3189:Pescheria Nuova 3167:, dedicated to 3152: 3108: 3101: 3088: 3064: 3044:Pietro Mascagni 3033: 3012: 2989: 2955: 2924: 2917: 2912: 2906: 2889: 2878: 2868:Leonardo S.p.A. 2819:Austria-Hungary 2799: 2785:Darsena petroli 2751:plant produces 2745: 2721: 2699: 2690:Thomson Cruises 2665:P&O Cruises 2602: 2600:Port of Livorno 2597: 2562:Il Vernacoliere 2542: 2530: 2513: 2509:, Rodocanachi, 2498: 2468: 2430:Napoleonic Wars 2382: 2380:Greek community 2353: 2351:Sceriman family 2347: 2326: 2309: 2292: 2275: 2258: 2241: 2224: 2207: 2190: 2173: 2156: 2139: 2122: 2105: 2088: 2071: 2054: 2037: 2020: 2003: 1986: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1288: 1260: 1183:Palazzo Corallo 1071: 991:Alhambra Decree 963:Leggi Livornine 905:House of Medici 868: 805: 734: 721: 710: 699: 693: 690: 679: 667: 656: 629:House of Medici 606: 580: 576: 569: 540: 536: 530: 503: 499: 475: 474: 466: 451: 450: 414: 388: 361: 284: 276:Valle Benedetta 263: 262: 202: 200: 196: 193: 188: 185: 183: 181: 180: 174: 173: 172: 171: 168: 167: 166: 165: 164: 160: 143: 142: 141: 138: 137: 136: 135: 134: 130: 108: 107: 106: 105: 96: 95: 80: 79:View of Livorno 63: 50: 47: 40: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8955: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8737: 8735: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8681: 8679: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8650: 8648: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8640: 8635: 8629: 8627: 8623: 8622: 8614: 8613: 8606: 8599: 8591: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8461: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8408: 8403: 8393: 8392:External links 8390: 8389: 8388: 8374: 8368: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8341: 8315: 8304:. 14 June 2016 8287: 8276: 8250: 8225: 8200: 8182:(in Italian). 8157: 8132: 8107: 8082: 8060: 8038: 8013: 7988: 7979: 7970: 7959:on 28 May 2015 7941: 7916: 7898: 7886:www.geoplan.it 7873: 7855: 7844:on 24 May 2015 7829: 7808: 7790:Papini, Luca. 7782: 7756: 7735: 7713: 7699: 7679: 7668: 7646: 7635: 7623:www.geoplan.it 7610: 7588: 7572: 7547: 7525: 7503: 7481: 7455: 7430: 7412: 7387: 7366: 7335: 7310: 7274: 7243: 7234: 7209: 7200: 7174: 7149: 7124: 7098: 7073: 7055: 7037: 7019: 6994: 6976: 6955: 6930: 6912: 6895: 6872: 6864: 6844: 6828: 6806: 6780: 6758: 6737: 6715: 6713:, p. 873. 6703: 6696: 6674: 6665: 6656: 6640: 6631: 6609: 6596: 6570: 6556: 6512: 6497: 6484: 6453: 6425: 6409: 6395: 6380: 6373: 6351: 6329: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6253: 6239: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6212: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6157: 6155: 6149: 6142: 6140: 6135: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6092: 6090: 6084: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6007: 5994: 5981: 5968: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5827:Rolando Rigoli 5824: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5791:Armando Picchi 5788: 5783: 5780:Angeliki Palli 5777: 5771: 5765: 5756: 5747: 5742: 5739:Alfredo Muller 5736: 5731: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5640:Mario Magnozzi 5637: 5624: 5618: 5615:Llewelyn Lloyd 5612: 5606: 5604:Levant Company 5600:Francis Levett 5597: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5533:Angelo Froglia 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5507: 5501: 5498:Paolo Enriques 5495: 5490: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5471:Manlio Di Rosa 5468: 5462: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5437: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5415: 5413:Costanzo Ciano 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5376: 5373:David Castelli 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5330: 5325: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5284:Enzo Bartolini 5281: 5275: 5269: 5266:Andrea Baldini 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5202: 5194: 5191: 5182: 5181: 5162:is a regional 5153: 5152: 5147: 5144: 5047: 5044: 5036: 5033: 4961:Liceo Classico 4955: 4950: 4937: 4932: 4896:Gentile Reform 4883: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4845: 4832: 4822:Grimaldi Lines 4819: 4797: 4794: 4741: 4738: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4723:Infrastructure 4721: 4717: 4716: 4699: 4698: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4623:Fortezza Nuova 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4572: 4567: 4559:Via Ferdinanda 4520:Via Ferdinanda 4484:Via Ferdinanda 4472:Fortezza Nuova 4398: 4393: 4381:Fortezza Nuova 4353:Fortezza Nuova 4316:Fortezza Nuova 4314:The origin of 4309:Fortezza Nuova 4301: 4299:Fortezza Nuova 4296: 4119:The origin of 4106: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4077: 4059: 4041: 4026:Francis Horner 4015: 3997: 3975: 3968:San Ferdinando 3965: 3953: 3950: 3883:Byzantine Rite 3844: 3841: 3753: 3750: 3722:Luigi Ademollo 3654:Jacopo Ligozzi 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3540: 3535: 3503:Costanzo Ciano 3460: 3455: 3368: 3363: 3353: 3348: 3334: 3329: 3318: 3313: 3258:Carrara marble 3233: 3228: 3224:San Ferdinando 3218:, churches as 3132:Fortezza Nuova 3107: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3087: 3084: 3063: 3058: 3032: 3027: 3011: 3006: 2988: 2983: 2974:Villa Mimbelli 2954: 2949: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2905: 2902: 2888: 2883: 2877: 2872: 2840:Treaty of Rome 2798: 2793: 2744: 2741: 2720: 2715: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2640:Costa Crociere 2637: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2571: 2570: 2551:Tuscan dialect 2547: 2546: 2541: 2538: 2529: 2526: 2443:Ottoman Empire 2381: 2378: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2323: 2322: 2319: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2204: 2203: 2200: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1968: 1967: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1778: 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405: 395: 385: 384: 374: 368: 367: 354: 348: 347: 344: 340: 339: 336: 332: 331: 327: 326: 323: 319: 318: 315: 311: 310: 306: 305: 295: 291: 290: 286: 285: 283: 282: 266:Castellaccio, 260: 259: 258: 256: 246: 245: 239: 233: 232: 227: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 176: 175: 162: 161: 154: 153: 147: 146: 145: 144: 132: 131: 124: 123: 117: 116: 115: 114: 113: 110: 109: 103: 97: 93: 87: 86: 85: 82: 81: 78: 70: 69: 65: 64: 55: 52: 51: 48: 45: 38: 26: 18:Livorno, Italy 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8954: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8856:Reggio Emilia 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8732: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8645: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8624: 8620:by population 8619: 8612: 8607: 8605: 8600: 8598: 8593: 8592: 8589: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8546:Porto Azzurro 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8521:Collesalvetti 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8506:Capraia Isola 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8471: 8466: 8459: 8454: 8452: 8447: 8445: 8440: 8439: 8436: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8386: 8382: 8380: 8375: 8371: 8369:88-7781-713-5 8365: 8361: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8329: 8325: 8319: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8291: 8285: 8280: 8264: 8260: 8254: 8239: 8235: 8229: 8214: 8210: 8204: 8187: 8181: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8161: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8121: 8117: 8111: 8096: 8092: 8086: 8070: 8064: 8048: 8042: 8027: 8023: 8017: 8002: 7998: 7992: 7983: 7974: 7958: 7954: 7948: 7946: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7902: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7859: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7818: 7817:"La Fortezza" 7812: 7797: 7793: 7786: 7771: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7745: 7739: 7723: 7717: 7702: 7700:9788883680175 7696: 7692: 7691: 7683: 7677: 7672: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7639: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7599: 7592: 7586: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7535: 7529: 7513: 7507: 7491: 7485: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7416: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7376: 7370: 7354: 7350: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7287:Go, Toscana. 7283: 7281: 7279: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7238: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7204: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7163: 7159: 7153: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7059: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7041: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7023: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6980: 6965: 6959: 6944: 6940: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6876: 6867: 6861: 6858:. Routledge. 6857: 6856: 6848: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6816: 6810: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6768: 6762: 6747: 6741: 6725: 6719: 6712: 6707: 6699: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6669: 6660: 6653: 6647: 6645: 6635: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6600: 6584: 6583:Tuttitalia.it 6580: 6574: 6566: 6560: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6488: 6473: 6472:HarperCollins 6469: 6468: 6463: 6457: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6429: 6422: 6418: 6413: 6405: 6399: 6391: 6384: 6376: 6374:9780470646380 6370: 6366: 6362: 6355: 6339: 6333: 6317: 6311: 6307: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6287:Livorno Hills 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6264:Cities portal 6254: 6251: 6240: 6237: 6226: 6215: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6153: 6146: 6141: 6138: 6132: 6127: 6120: 6115: 6108: 6103: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6076: 6069: 6064: 6057: 6052: 6045: 6040: 6033: 6028: 6027: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5946: 5927: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5869:Athos Tanzini 5867: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5802:Oreste Puliti 5800: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5759:Renato Natali 5757: 5755: 5754:1920 Olympics 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5734:Fabrizio Mori 5732: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5720:Sabato Morais 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5690:Guido Menasci 5688: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576:(1741–1819), 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5557:Oreste Grossi 5555: 5552: 5551:Gino Graziani 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5510:Bruno Filippi 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5272:David Balleri 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5218:Romano Albani 5216: 5213: 5212:Andrea Aghini 5210: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5159: 5150: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4962: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4946:Merchant navy 4943: 4936: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4867: 4865: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4685:football club 4682: 4679: 4678: 4669: 4668:Venezia Nuova 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4653:Porto Mediceo 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4536:Piazza d’Arme 4533: 4529: 4528:Piazza Grande 4525: 4524:Piazza d’Arme 4521: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4479: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4377:Ferdinando II 4374: 4370: 4369:Venezia Nuova 4365: 4363: 4362:Venezia Nuova 4359: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4329:Santa Barbara 4324: 4323: 4322:San Francesco 4317: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4265:Porto Mediceo 4261: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4242:derived from 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4175:Tuscan florin 4172: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4092: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4074:Piazza Cavour 4071: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3972:Venezia Nuova 3969: 3966: 3963: 3962:Venezia Nuova 3959: 3956: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3849: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3796:Saint Francis 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3767:Venezia Nuova 3758: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3617:Piazza Grande 3613: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3587:Piazza d’Arme 3584: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3517:. In 1932, a 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3444: 3440: 3439:Ferdinand III 3436: 3435: 3432:Piazza della 3429: 3428: 3427:Carlo Alberto 3424:was named to 3423: 3419: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3344:Il Cisternone 3341: 3340: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3238: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3208:Venezia Nuova 3204: 3201: 3200:Venezia Nuova 3198:In the 1700s 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3185:Venezia Nuova 3182: 3178: 3177:Piazza d’Arme 3172: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3150:Venezia Nuova 3146: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3138:Porto Mediceo 3134: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3116: 3115:Venezia Nuova 3112: 3106: 3105:Venezia Nuova 3092: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2959: 2953: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2557: 2553:, known as a 2552: 2544: 2543: 2537: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2507:Maurogordatos 2502: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2007: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1779: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1760: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1625:precipitation 1621: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1222:Liberty style 1219: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1179:Liberty style 1176: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006:Martin Luther 1003: 999: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 929: 928:Porto Mediceo 924: 923: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 891: 887: 882: 879: 878: 873: 863: 861: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 767:, adopted by 766: 762: 758: 754: 749: 747: 743: 742:Livorno Hills 739: 725: 719: 708: 705: 697: 694:February 2021 687: 683: 677: 676: 671:This section 669: 665: 660: 659: 651: 649: 645: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 610: 601: 574: 573: 564: 534: 533: 524: 497: 493: 489: 485: 478: 472: 464: 454: 449: 445: 441: 437: 434: 431: 427: 423: 421: 417: 411: 407: 403: 399: 396: 392: 386: 382: 378: 375: 373: 369: 365: 359: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 307: 303: 299: 298:Luca Salvetti 296: 292: 287: 281: 277: 273: 270:, Limoncino, 269: 265: 264: 257: 254: 253: 247: 243: 240: 238: 234: 231: 228: 226: 222: 219: 216: 212: 207: 179:Coordinates: 177: 151: 121: 111: 101: 91: 83: 76: 71: 66: 61: 60: 53: 43: 35: 30: 19: 8800: 8566:San Vincenzo 8551:Portoferraio 8525: 8468: 8414:(in English) 8401:(in Italian) 8384: 8377: 8359: 8332:. Retrieved 8328:pressmare.it 8327: 8318: 8306:. Retrieved 8299: 8290: 8279: 8267:. Retrieved 8263:the original 8253: 8241:. Retrieved 8237: 8228: 8216:. Retrieved 8212: 8203: 8191:. Retrieved 8169: 8160: 8152: 8147:. New York: 8144: 8135: 8123:. Retrieved 8119: 8110: 8098:. Retrieved 8094: 8085: 8073:. Retrieved 8063: 8051:. Retrieved 8041: 8029:. Retrieved 8025: 8016: 8004:. Retrieved 8000: 7991: 7982: 7973: 7961:. Retrieved 7957:the original 7932:. Retrieved 7928: 7919: 7901: 7889:. Retrieved 7885: 7876: 7858: 7846:. Retrieved 7842:the original 7832: 7820:. Retrieved 7811: 7799:. Retrieved 7795: 7785: 7773:. Retrieved 7747:. Retrieved 7738: 7726:. Retrieved 7716: 7704:. Retrieved 7689: 7682: 7671: 7659:. Retrieved 7649: 7638: 7626:. Retrieved 7622: 7613: 7601:. Retrieved 7591: 7585:Livornoyoung 7563:. Retrieved 7559: 7550: 7538:. Retrieved 7528: 7516:. Retrieved 7506: 7494:. Retrieved 7484: 7472:. Retrieved 7467: 7458: 7446:. Retrieved 7442: 7433: 7415: 7403:. 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