417:. In this method, the protruding propagules become dry and brittle during the regular wet/dry cycles of the lichen, and can easily crumble off the thallus. These fragments may develop into new thalli, either at the same locale or at a new site after dispersal by wind or rain. A number of steps are required for the development of the vegetative propagules, including the degeneration of the thallus cortex, replication of green algal cells, and entanglement of fungal hyphae with the green algal cells. These steps lead to an increase in internal pressure which eventually breaks through the cortex. Continued growth leads to these granules being pushed upwards and out of the thallus surface.
46:
271:
33:
426:
2447:
2435:
507:, such as temperature, moisture (average humidity, rapidity and frequency of wet-dry cycles), sunlight exposure, and levels of air pollution. Attempts to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of these factors to lichen growth is difficult because differences in the original environment from which the lichen thalli are collected will greatly affect heat and desiccation tolerances.
1695:
Scheidegger C, Clerc P, Dietrich M, Frei M, Groner U, Keller C, Roth I, Stofer S, Vust M. (2002). "Rote Liste der gefährdeten Arten der
Schweiz: Baum- und erdbewohnende Flechten". - Bern, Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft BUWAL; Birmensdorf, Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt WSL; Conservatoire
294:
is green, leathery and lobed with a pattern of ridges and depressions on the upper surface. Bright green under moist conditions, it becomes brownish and papery when dry. This species often has a fine layers of hairs, a tomentum, on its lower surface. The cortex, the outer protective layer on the
303:
are present on the thallus surface. Minute (0.5–1.5 mm in diameter) cephalodia—pockets of cyanobacteria—are often present on the lower surface of the thallus; these spots are conspicuously darker than the green surface of the thallus. Like other foliose lichens, the thallus is only loosely
295:
thallus surface, is roughly comparable to the epidermis of a green plant. The thallus is typically 5–15 centimetres (2.0–5.9 in) in diameter, with individual lobes 1–3 centimetres (0.39–1.18 in) wide and up to 7 cm long. The asexual reproductive structures
846:
Miadlikowska J, et al. (2006). "New insights into classification and evolution of the
Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes".
2250:
SĂĽleyman, H; Odabasoglu, F; Aslan, A; Cakir, A; Karagoz, Y; Gocer, F; Halici, M; Bayir, Y (2003). "Anti-inflammatory and antiulcerogenic effects of the aqueous extract of
Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm".
1381:
1677:
Wirth V, Schöller H, Scholz P, Ernst G, Feuerer T, Gnüchtel A, Hauck M, Jacobsen P, John V, et al. (1996). "Rote Liste der flechten (Lichenes) der
Bundesrepublik Deutschland".
1038:
Tschermak–woess, Elisabeth (2007). "Dictyochloropsis
Splendida (Chlorophyta), the Correct Phycobiont of Phlyctis Argena and the High Degree of Selectivity or Specificity Involved".
472:
Associated with old-growth forests, its presence and abundance may be used as an indicator of forest age, at least in the
Interior Cedar-Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone in eastern
644:, and shade-adapted thalli are greenish-grey in the air-dry state, while sun-exposed thalli can be dark brown in color. This adaptation helps protect the photosymbiont
1323:
2333:
Odabasoglu F, Aslan A, Cakir A, Suleyman H, Karagoz Y, Halici M, Bayir Y (2004). "Comparison of antioxidant activity and phenolic content of three lichen species".
558:
582:
2462:
1207:
Werth, S; Wagner, HH; Holderegger, R; Kalwij, JM; Scheidegger, C (2006). "Effect of disturbances on the genetic diversity of an old-forest associated lichen".
1345:
1453:
Rolstad J, Gjerde I, Storaunet KO, Rolstad E (2001). "Epiphytic lichens in
Norwegian coastal spruce forest: historic logging and present forest structure".
530:, like other lichens containing a blue-green algal component, are particularly susceptible to the effects of acid rain, because the subsequent decrease in
2088:
Safe, S; Safe, Lorna M.; Maass, Wolfgang S.G. (1975). "Sterols of three lichen species: Lobaria pulmonaria, Lobaria
Scrobiculata and Usnea Longissima".
514:
is considered to be rare or threatened in many parts of the world, especially in lowland areas of Europe. The decline has been attributed to industrial
2022:
Gauslaa Y, Solhaug KA (1996). "Differences in the susceptibility to light stress between epiphytic lichens of ancient and young boreal forest stands".
578:
2457:
2779:
2595:
779:. Furthermore, methanol extracts also have potent antioxidative activity and reducing power, probably due to the presence of phenolic compounds.
398:
spores use some mechanism to inhibit germination—the inhibition is lifted when the spores are grown in a synthetic growth medium containing an
1979:"Changes in pools of depsidones and melanins, and their function, during growth and acclimation under contrasting natural light in the lichen
2660:
1926:
Gauslaa, Yngvar; Solhaug, Knut Asbjørn (2001). "Fungal melanins as a sun screen for symbiotic green algae in the lichen
Lobaria pulmonaria".
566:
1706:
341:—this delimits them from the rest of the thallus which contains a loose structure of thick-walled hyphae. Blue-green cyanobacteria can
2686:
2766:
2569:
1764:
2608:
2286:
Karakus B, Odabasoglu F, Cakir A, Halici Z, Bayir Y, Halici M, Aslan A, Suleyman H (2008). "The effects of methanol extract of
1795:
Gonzalez, A; Barrera, J; Perez, E; Padron, C (1994). "Depsidones from
Lobaria pulmonaria and their chemotaxonomic importance".
2154:
1548:
1272:
977:
948:
918:
2613:
2115:
Catalano, S.; Marsili, A.; Morelli, I.; Pacchiani, M. (1976). "Hydrocarbons sterols and fatty acids of Lobaria Pulmonaria".
2860:
2170:
1315:
413:
Dispersal by vegetative propagules (via soredia or isidia) has been determined as the predominant mode of reproduction in
637:
1426:
abundance as an indicator of macrolichen diversity in Interior Cedar-Hemlock forests of east-central British Columbia".
333:) on the thallus surface are enveloped during mycobiont growth. Structurally, cephalodia consist of dense aggregates of
2855:
2880:
1822:
Asplund J, Gauslaa Y (February 2008). "Mollusc grazing limits growth and early development of the old forest lichen
323:
in the lichen relationship). These internal cephalodia, found between the "ribs" of the thallus surface, arise when
2665:
2290:, a lichen species, on indometacin-induced gastric mucosal damage, oxidative stress and neutrophil infiltration".
1655:
1466:
1402:
374:
at an age of about 25 years. In sexual reproduction, the species produces small reddish-brown discs known as
2647:
1168:
Walser JC (2004). "Molecular evidence for limited dispersal of vegetative propagules in the epiphytic lichen
1288:
Ott, S.; Treiber, K.; Jahns, H. M. (1993). "The development of regenerative thallus structures in lichens".
2511:
2451:
1564:
Shirazi AM, Muir PS, McCune B (1996). "Environmental factors influencing the distribution of the lichens
351:
2875:
2870:
2439:
826:
640:
from the photobiont. The synthesis of melanin pigments in the lichen increases in response to greater
2758:
2561:
1095:
Scheidegger C, Walser JC. (1998). "Reintroduction and augmentation of populations of the endangered
45:
2865:
2691:
2639:
2850:
764:
367:
2784:
2600:
2473:
725:
689:
763:-preventing activities. Also, methanol extracts were shown to have a protective effect on the
1710:
140:
2678:
2057:
Gauslaa Y, Solhaug KA (1999). "High-light damage in air-dry thalli of the old forest lichen
2543:
1935:
1890:
1835:
709:
403:
161:
8:
2885:
2845:
458:
1939:
1894:
1839:
966:
2840:
2413:
2358:
2315:
2227:
2200:
2039:
1959:
1908:
1859:
1771:
1636:
1589:
1521:
1478:
1373:
1301:
1242:
1142:
1078:
1020:
1015:
994:
251:
40:
2128:
1403:
Historic parks and pasture-woodlands: The National Trust resource and its conservation
2740:
2673:
2530:
2350:
2319:
2307:
2268:
2232:
2201:"Ethnophytotherapeutical research in the high Molise region (Central-Southern Italy)"
2150:
2101:
2004:
1999:
1978:
1951:
1851:
1808:
1747:
1640:
1628:
1544:
1470:
1365:
1268:
1234:
1220:
1189:
1150:
1114:
973:
944:
914:
864:
795:
756:
641:
535:
461:
is notable for the variety of rare bryophytes and lichens there, including the genus
342:
262:, and recent research has corroborated some medicinal properties of lichen extracts.
203:
2362:
1963:
1863:
1377:
1246:
2835:
2745:
2535:
2417:
2405:
2342:
2299:
2260:
2222:
2212:
2124:
2097:
2070:
2031:
1994:
1943:
1912:
1898:
1843:
1804:
1743:
1620:
1581:
1513:
1462:
1435:
1357:
1297:
1224:
1216:
1181:
1134:
1103:(eds Kondratyuk S, Coppins B), pp. 33–52. Ukrainian Phytosociological Centre, Kiev.
1047:
1010:
856:
768:
729:
473:
324:
316:, characteristic of three-membered lichen symbioses involving two photobionts (the
995:"Nitrogen metabolism in lichens. III. Nitrogen fixation by internal cephalodia in
2731:
1101:
Lobarion Lichens as Indicators of the Primeval Forests of the Eastern Carpathians
574:
570:
562:
259:
87:
2652:
2178:
2074:
860:
2753:
2556:
2496:
2376:
2264:
1608:
617:
317:
199:
1847:
1624:
1361:
1051:
399:
2829:
1632:
1474:
1369:
625:
621:
598:
519:
442:
387:
270:
231:
157:
107:
32:
2810:
2704:
425:
2354:
2311:
2272:
2236:
2008:
1955:
1855:
1238:
1193:
1154:
868:
772:
760:
554:
477:
407:
235:
97:
2522:
2217:
1947:
1185:
882:
688:
and therefore it is thought to be a remedy for lung diseases based on the
287:
2634:
2582:
2505:
693:
668:
633:
539:
476:. It is also found in pasture-woodlands. It usually grows on the bark of
391:
313:
1734:
Gilbert, O (1986). "Field evidence for an acid rain effect on lichens".
503:
Various environmental factors are thought to affect the distribution of
2771:
2574:
2409:
2061:– interactions of irradiance, exposure duration and high temperature".
2043:
1879:"Salazinic Acid and the Constituents of the Lichen, Lobaria pulmonaria"
1593:
1525:
1482:
1146:
1082:
1024:
875:
776:
745:
717:
692:. The lichen's common English names are derived from this association.
664:
656:
613:
371:
191:
184:
77:
1229:
2797:
2626:
2587:
2346:
2303:
1903:
1878:
660:
609:
586:
523:
195:
57:
2467:
2035:
1585:
1517:
1439:
1138:
2805:
2792:
2725:
2699:
2621:
2490:
2446:
605:
515:
375:
320:
275:
239:
177:
553:
is known to contain a variety of acids common to lichens, such as
807:
803:
799:
752:
652:
629:
594:
590:
463:
296:
291:
279:
255:
117:
819:
2548:
2434:
2114:
733:
721:
705:
446:
434:
345:, providing a nutrient for the lichen. The other photobiont of
329:
300:
243:
187:
180:
67:
1452:
737:
713:
497:
489:
485:
450:
383:
379:
338:
2332:
2285:
2249:
1206:
282:
may be seen on the ridges and margins in full magnification.
1736:
Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological
1467:
10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0421:ELINCS]2.0.CO;2
685:
438:
1794:
1699:
724:, and it is used as a remedy for coughing up blood by the
648:, known to be relatively intolerant to high light levels.
449:, preferring damp habitats with high rainfall, especially
1409:, Volume 56, Issue suppl_1, December 1995, Pages 155–175.
791:
481:
453:
areas. It is the most widely distributed and most common
1759:
1757:
1676:
732:, Canada. An ethnophytotherapeutical survey of the high
1696:
et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève CJBG. 124 S.
1607:
Thompson, Kathleen M.; Colbert, James T. (2020-05-26).
943:. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. p. 417.
531:
2458:
University of British Columbia Botany Photo of the Day
2198:
2163:
1754:
938:
2140:
2138:
1976:
1609:"Lichens of Iowa's White Pine Hollow State Preserve"
1258:
1256:
2463:
Catherine Daniels: The Biogeography of the Lungwort
934:
932:
930:
904:
902:
755:prepared using this species has been shown to have
206:of organisms. Commonly known by various names like
965:
312:The thallus contains internal structures known as
2135:
1563:
1532:
1253:
616:(total content > 10 mg/kg), such as
2827:
957:
927:
899:
492:but will also grow on rocks. In the laboratory,
1606:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1287:
1037:
992:
684:Its shape somewhat resembles the tissue inside
2396:Llano GA (1948). "Economic uses for lichens".
2056:
2021:
1925:
1821:
1729:
1727:
963:
716:it is used as a traditional medicine to treat
704:as medicinally valuable. It is still used for
589:, are known to be involved in defense against
242:practices. Its population has declined across
2087:
2326:
2279:
2192:
1970:
1815:
1656:"Current Status of Lichen Diversity in Iowa"
1538:
1412:
913:. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.
908:
845:
2369:
1724:
1071:Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory
1064:
429:In Schwäbisch-Fränkische Waldberge, Germany
420:
304:attached to the surface on which it grows.
258:areas. The species has a history of use in
2199:Guarrera PM, Lucchese F, Medori S (2008).
2144:
1876:
1496:Denison WC (1988). "Culturing the lichens
1495:
1112:
939:Sharnoff S, Brodo IM, Sharnoff SD (2001).
628:. The upper cortex of the lichen contains
585:. These compounds, collectively known as
31:
2226:
2216:
2205:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
2149:. London: HarperCollins. pp. 16–17.
1998:
1902:
1407:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1343:
1228:
1167:
1014:
698:The Herball or General Historie of plants
386:are forcibly released into the air (like
2395:
1977:McEvoy M, Gauslaa Y, Solhaug KA (2007).
1290:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1262:
790:has also been used to produce an orange
457:species in North America. In Wales, the
424:
269:
202:—a symbiosis involving members of three
1733:
1653:
2828:
1660:Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science
1267:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 112.
2472:
2471:
1265:CRC Handbook of Lichenology, Volume I
911:Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest
651:Also known to be present are various
545:
1877:Nolan, Thos. J.; Keane, J. (1933).
1826:in broadleaved deciduous forests".
1797:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
1679:Schriftenreihe fĂĽr Vegetationskunde
1395:
13:
1308:
1302:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1993.tb00329.x
1016:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1970.tb07611.x
14:
2897:
2427:
390:). Based on studies of ascospore
2445:
2433:
2000:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02096.x
1422:Campbell J, Fredeen AL (2004). "
1316:"Wild places in South Snowdonia"
1221:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02838.x
993:Millback JW, Kershaw KA (1970).
827:"Species Fungorum - GSD Species"
538:through inhibition of the algal
337:cells surrounded by thin-walled
44:
2389:
2243:
2108:
2081:
2050:
2015:
1919:
1870:
1788:
1689:
1670:
1647:
1600:
1557:
1489:
1446:
1384:from the original on 2022-07-25
1337:
1326:from the original on 2022-04-19
1281:
1200:
1161:
1106:
1089:
1065:Yoshimura I (1971). "The genus
964:Hill DH, Hawksworth DL (1984).
593:herbivores like lichen-feeding
358:
2063:Journal of Experimental Botany
1058:
1031:
986:
839:
767:of rats, possibly by reducing
433:It has a wide distribution in
307:
265:
1:
2129:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89091-3
1346:"The Lichen Flora of Gwynedd"
1115:"Apothecia and ascospores of
1099:: methods and concepts". In:
813:
782:
510:Due to declining population,
394:, it has been suggested that
366:has the ability to form both
194:partner living together in a
2102:10.1016/0031-9422(75)85302-7
1809:10.1016/0305-1978(94)90070-1
1748:10.1016/0143-1471(86)90097-8
679:
7:
2861:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
909:Geiser L, McCune B (1997).
861:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.1088
748:, and is rubbed on wounds.
736:region in central-southern
352:Dictyochloropsis reticulata
10:
2902:
2265:10.1078/094471103322331539
1428:Canadian Journal of Botany
1174:American Journal of Botany
712:and lack of appetite. In
2856:Lichens described in 1753
2715:
2480:
2075:10.1093/jexbot/50.334.697
1848:10.1007/s00442-007-0891-z
1707:"Danish Lichen Checklist"
1625:10.1639/0747-9859-37.2.31
1362:10.1017/S0024282987000124
1052:10.1017/S002428299500020X
612:, in addition to several
290:lichen and its leaf-like
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
2881:Lichens of North America
1543:. New York: John Wiley.
1504:on nylon monofilament".
968:The Lichen-Forming Fungi
941:Lichens of North America
806:and as an ingredient in
802:, in the manufacture of
421:Distribution and habitat
343:fix atmospheric nitrogen
1455:Ecological Applications
765:gastrointestinal system
674:
597:. It also contains the
1654:Colbert, J.T. (2011).
1344:Pentecost, A. (1987).
690:doctrine of signatures
559:desmethyl stictic acid
430:
368:vegetative propagation
283:
234:and is also harmed by
2335:Phytotherapy Research
2292:Phytotherapy Research
2218:10.1186/1746-4269-4-7
1948:10.1007/s004420000541
1539:Ahmadjian V. (1993).
1186:10.3732/ajb.91.8.1273
583:methylnorstictic acid
428:
273:
230:, it is sensitive to
2442:at Wikimedia Commons
1765:"www.emea.europa.eu"
1541:The Lichen Symbiosis
1401:K. N. A. ALEXANDER,
883:"Liber Herbarum II:
710:urinary incontinence
404:bovine serum albumin
198:relationship with a
2145:Gilbert O. (2000).
1940:2001Oecol.126..462G
1895:1933Natur.132..281N
1840:2008Oecol.155...93A
1113:Denison WC (2003).
972:. London: Blackie.
470:Lobaria pulmonaria.
459:Dolmelynllyn estate
274:Detail of thallus.
2717:Lichen pulmonarius
2512:Lobaria pulmonaria
2482:Lobaria pulmonaria
2452:Lobaria pulmonaria
2440:Lobaria pulmonaria
2410:10.1007/BF02907917
2288:Lobaria pulmonaria
2173:Lobaria pulmonaria
2059:Lobaria pulmonaria
2024:Functional Ecology
1981:Lobaria pulmonaria
1824:Lobaria pulmonaria
1424:Lobaria pulmonaria
1170:Lobaria pulmonaria
1121:Lobaria pulmonaria
1097:Lobaria pulmonaria
1069:of Eastern Asia".
997:Lobaria pulmonaria
885:Lobaria pulmonaria
788:Lobaria pulmonaria
700:(1597) recommends
551:Lobaria pulmonaria
546:Chemical compounds
496:has been grown on
431:
364:Lobaria pulmonaria
349:is the green alga
284:
173:Lobaria pulmonaria
150:Lobaria pulmonaria
132:L. pulmonaria
25:Lobaria pulmonaria
2876:Lichens of Europe
2871:Lichens of Africa
2821:
2820:
2674:Open Tree of Life
2474:Taxon identifiers
2438:Media related to
2156:978-0-00-220082-0
1550:978-0-471-57885-7
1350:The Lichenologist
1274:978-0-8493-3582-2
1263:Galun M. (1988).
1209:Molecular Ecology
1040:The Lichenologist
979:978-0-412-00641-8
950:978-0-300-08249-4
920:978-0-87071-394-1
794:for wool, in the
771:and reducing the
757:anti-inflammatory
642:solar irradiation
603:
536:nitrogen fixation
183:consisting of an
169:
168:
16:Species of lichen
2893:
2814:
2813:
2801:
2800:
2788:
2787:
2775:
2774:
2762:
2761:
2749:
2748:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2708:
2707:
2695:
2694:
2682:
2681:
2669:
2668:
2656:
2655:
2653:NBNSYS0000019311
2643:
2642:
2630:
2629:
2617:
2616:
2604:
2603:
2591:
2590:
2578:
2577:
2565:
2564:
2552:
2551:
2539:
2538:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2469:
2468:
2450:Data related to
2449:
2437:
2422:
2421:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2347:10.1002/ptr.1488
2330:
2324:
2323:
2304:10.1002/ptr.2675
2283:
2277:
2276:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2220:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2177:. Archived from
2167:
2161:
2160:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2096:(8): 1821–1823.
2085:
2079:
2078:
2069:(334): 697–705.
2054:
2048:
2047:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1904:10.1038/132281b0
1874:
1868:
1867:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1770:. Archived from
1769:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1709:. Archived from
1703:
1697:
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1667:
1651:
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1604:
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1180:(8): 1273–1276.
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893:
879:
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855:(6): 1088–1103.
843:
837:
836:
834:
833:
823:
769:oxidative stress
730:British Columbia
601:
579:peristictic acid
500:microfilaments.
474:British Columbia
327:(from the genus
325:blue-green algae
260:herbal medicines
152:
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
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2896:
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2866:Lichens of Asia
2826:
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2398:Economic Botany
2394:
2390:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2341:(11): 938–941.
2331:
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2284:
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2244:
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2193:
2184:
2182:
2169:
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2036:10.2307/2390282
2020:
2016:
1975:
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1924:
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1694:
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1675:
1671:
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1648:
1605:
1601:
1586:10.2307/3244432
1566:Lobaria oregana
1562:
1558:
1551:
1537:
1533:
1518:10.2307/3807559
1498:Lobaria oregana
1494:
1490:
1451:
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1440:10.1139/b04-074
1420:
1413:
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1396:
1387:
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1282:
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1201:
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1162:
1139:10.2307/3761894
1117:Lobaria oregana
1111:
1107:
1094:
1090:
1063:
1059:
1036:
1032:
1003:New Phytologist
991:
987:
980:
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880:
876:
844:
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831:
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825:
824:
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785:
682:
677:
575:norstictic acid
571:constictic acid
563:gyrophoric acid
548:
522:, particularly
423:
361:
310:
268:
238:and changes in
220:lungwort lichen
165:
154:
148:
135:
88:Lecanoromycetes
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2454:at Wikispecies
2443:
2429:
2428:External links
2426:
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2423:
2388:
2368:
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2278:
2259:(6–7): 552–7.
2242:
2191:
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2155:
2134:
2117:Phytochemistry
2107:
2090:Phytochemistry
2080:
2049:
2030:(3): 344–354.
2014:
1969:
1934:(4): 462–471.
1918:
1869:
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1742:(3): 227–231.
1723:
1698:
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1669:
1646:
1599:
1574:The Bryologist
1556:
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1512:(6): 811–814.
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1461:(2): 421–436.
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1320:National Trust
1307:
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1133:(3): 513–518.
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838:
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744:is used as an
740:revealed that
681:
678:
676:
673:
618:alpha carotene
599:sugar alcohols
547:
544:
480:trees such as
468:in particular
422:
419:
388:ballistospores
360:
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318:photosynthetic
309:
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267:
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250:is considered
200:cyanobacterium
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2181:on 2008-12-23
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1993:(2): 271–82.
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1777:on 2007-07-10
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1713:on 2011-07-19
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1570:L. pulmonaria
1567:
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1502:L. pulmonaria
1499:
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1356:(2): 97–166.
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1215:(4): 911–21.
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1164:
1156:
1152:
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1123:investigated"
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742:L. pulmonaria
739:
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711:
707:
703:
702:L. pulmonaria
699:
695:
691:
687:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
646:D. reticulata
643:
639:
638:PAR radiation
635:
631:
627:
626:cryptoxanthin
623:
622:beta carotene
619:
615:
611:
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600:
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592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:L. pulmonaria
525:
521:
520:air pollution
517:
513:
512:L. pulmonaria
508:
506:
505:L. pulmonaria
501:
499:
495:
494:L. pulmonaria
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:North America
440:
436:
427:
418:
416:
415:L. pulmonaria
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:L. pulmonaria
393:
389:
385:
382:, from which
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
356:
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348:
347:L. pulmonaria
344:
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257:
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249:
248:L. pulmonaria
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:air pollution
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:tree lungwort
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
174:
163:
159:
153:
151:
145:
142:
141:Binomial name
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:Peltigeraceae
106:
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93:
92:
89:
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83:
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52:
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42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2823:
2716:
2481:
2404:(1): 15–45.
2401:
2397:
2391:
2380:. Retrieved
2371:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2298:(5): 635–9.
2295:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2183:. Retrieved
2179:the original
2172:
2165:
2146:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2027:
2023:
2017:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1972:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1779:. Retrieved
1772:the original
1739:
1735:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:the original
1701:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1580:(1): 12–18.
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1540:
1534:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1406:
1397:
1386:. Retrieved
1353:
1349:
1339:
1328:. Retrieved
1319:
1310:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1264:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1006:
1002:
996:
988:
967:
959:
940:
910:
890:. Retrieved
884:
877:
852:
848:
841:
830:. Retrieved
821:
787:
786:
773:inflammatory
751:A hot-water
750:
741:
701:
697:
683:
650:
645:
632:that screen
555:stictic acid
550:
549:
527:
511:
509:
504:
502:
493:
478:broad-leaved
469:
462:
454:
432:
414:
412:
408:cyclodextrin
395:
363:
362:
359:Reproduction
350:
346:
334:
328:
311:
285:
247:
236:habitat loss
228:oak lungwort
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
172:
171:
170:
149:
147:
131:
130:
118:
98:Peltigerales
24:
18:
2635:NatureServe
2583:iNaturalist
2506:Wikispecies
1834:(1): 93–9.
777:neutrophils
775:effects of
718:hemorrhages
669:lichesterol
624:, and beta
614:carotenoids
540:nitrogenase
392:germination
378:containing
370:and sexual
308:Photobionts
266:Description
212:lung lichen
192:green algal
176:is a large
2886:Plant dyes
2846:Demulcents
2830:Categories
2382:2008-12-16
2377:"Lungwort"
2185:2009-01-08
1987:New Phytol
1781:2009-01-08
1717:2008-12-16
1685:: 307–368.
1388:2022-07-25
1330:2022-07-26
1230:1807/75565
1046:(3): 169.
892:2009-01-11
832:2009-01-12
814:References
783:Other uses
746:antiseptic
665:fecosterol
657:ergosterol
587:depsidones
372:propagules
314:cephalodia
252:endangered
185:ascomycete
78:Ascomycota
74:Division:
2841:Epiphytes
2811:100394277
2732:Q21976112
2705:100394278
2320:206425015
1928:Oecologia
1828:Oecologia
1641:218890947
1633:0747-9859
1619:(2): 31.
1506:Mycologia
1475:1051-0761
1370:1096-1135
1296:: 61–76.
1127:Mycologia
849:Mycologia
726:Hesquiaht
680:Medicinal
661:episterol
655:, namely
610:volemitol
567:tenuiorin
524:acid rain
400:adsorbent
376:apothecia
321:symbionts
224:oak lungs
216:lung moss
196:symbiotic
178:epiphytic
126:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
2806:Tropicos
2793:MycoBank
2785:10738606
2754:Fungorum
2726:Wikidata
2700:Tropicos
2640:2.123515
2622:MycoBank
2601:10398498
2557:Fungorum
2520:BioLib:
2497:Q1281000
2491:Wikidata
2363:12814426
2355:15597312
2312:19107853
2273:13678242
2237:18334029
2009:17587375
1964:11212975
1956:28547230
1864:24451731
1856:17985157
1666:: 16–23.
1382:Archived
1378:84393492
1324:Archived
1247:10687660
1239:16599956
1194:21653485
1155:21156641
869:17486983
804:perfumes
694:Gerard's
653:steroids
630:melanins
606:arabitol
595:molluscs
542:enzyme.
534:reduces
516:forestry
286:It is a
254:in many
240:forestry
204:kingdoms
104:Family:
54:Domain:
2836:Lobaria
2772:3421904
2575:5260693
2418:2123674
2228:2322956
2147:Lichens
2123:: 221.
2044:2390282
1936:Bibcode
1913:4132695
1891:Bibcode
1836:Bibcode
1613:Evansia
1594:3244432
1526:3807559
1483:3060899
1147:3761894
1083:3241326
1067:Lobaria
1025:2430515
808:brewing
800:leather
796:tanning
753:extract
591:grazing
464:Lobaria
455:Lobaria
451:coastal
297:soredia
292:thallus
288:foliose
276:Soredia
256:lowland
119:Lobaria
114:Genus:
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2759:394395
2692:LOPU60
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722:eczema
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581:, and
447:Africa
435:Europe
384:spores
339:hyphae
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301:isidia
280:isidia
244:Europe
190:and a
188:fungus
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