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concerts and ballets were performed almost daily at the imperial court. Church holidays, carnival, state visits as well as joyful events at the court such as weddings, births, coronations etc. naturally gave rise to a demand for increasingly greater festivities. For such events the young theater engineer not only designed stage decorations and costumes, but had to build entire theaters and to invent stage machines and parade floats that served to amuse the emperor and his guests. Although it was interrupted by the
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325:'s request. It became an extremely popular comedy house and was an impressive theater âin the size and height of a fairly large church buildingâ with a spacious ground floor and two tiers with 60 boxes (âZimmerlâ), which is said to have offered space for âseveral thousand peopleâ. The multiple backdrops allowed scene changes âwell eight manner without pulling a single curtain.â
31:
668:
and grotesques, theater decorations, drafts for floats, festive sleighs as well as allegorical, mythological, sacral compositions and figures, architectural designs for various buildings and monuments, designs for centerpieces, candelabras and ceremonial vessels, nature studies, landscapes and genre
201:
From this point on, the
Burnacinis were responsible for the design of festivals and the construction of theaters, including the invention of all the necessary decorations for the imperial court. At the imperial court theater, they introduced their own system of convertible stage sets made of canvas
642:
Giovanni married a certain 'Grazia' in 1630 and from their marriageâas far as can be gathered from the sources thus far availableâhad five children: Giustina, Lodovico
Ottavio, Costanza, Giacomo and Antonio Felice. It seems likely that apart from Giovanni and Lodovico Ottavio, other members of the
277:
On
January 1, 1659âafter Angelini's deathâLodovico Ottavio Burnacini was appointed as imperial court architect and stage designer, a position he held for the rest of his life. From the very beginning, Lodovico Ottavio had to prove himself with all the skills of his art, because in Vienna, plays,
586:
Beginning on
February 1, 1665 Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini received a modest annual salary of 600 fl. (Angelini had received 720 fl., like Giovanni Burnacini). In 1671 this salary was increased by 300 fl. and in 1678 by a further 180 fl. With these 1,080 fl. a year, he was then reconfirmed in his
646:
Lodovico
Ottavio married three times: (date?) Ursula Katharina Fenkhin (â 1673), 1673 Maria Regina Langetlin (â 1678) and 1680 Julia Sidonia Elisabeth von Dornwangen (â 1732). No children resulted from these three marriages. According to his will, his last wife was his sole heiress. The only
488:
88:, which until now has been adopted by most lexica and reference works. As for the previously held assumption that Giovanni Burnacini might have received several commissions in Mantua, no archival documents or contemporaneous sources have been able to confirm this.
135:(Prague, 1652), prove the close cooperation between father and son fostered during Lodovico's childhood. Working in his fatherâs workshop, Lodovico Ottavio, from an early age, witnessed the theater world, observing the eager cooperation and collaboration of
655:
Printed works by or based on
Burnacini's designs are scattered throughout libraries, museums and archives around the world. The approximately 410-sheet collection of original drawings from his artistic estate is preserved in the holdings of the
244:
After his father's untimely death on July 21, 1655, Lodovico
Ottavio had to take over all responsibilities and take care of the entire family, consisting of five siblings. Nevertheless, after the government was taken over by Emperor
202:
flats (backdrop stage), which had been tried and tested in Italy, and perfected it further. The most famous
Burnacini stage works from this early period at the service of the Habsburgs include the tournament opera
424:
and of her 17th birthday. For this opulent opera
Burnacini created 23 different stage decorations that captivated the audience through rapid changing of scenes and through other stage machines of various kinds.
154:, which were very popular in the 17th century. In fact, numerous references in his graphic workâi.e. in his many drawings created decades laterâindicate the importance of such experiences of his youth.
628:, who married a certain 'Giustina'. Based on archival sources, it is known that he not only served in the military, but also in service of festivals, such as for the visit of the papal legate Cardinal
643:
family were also gifted and involved in the activities of the workshop. This is suggested by statements made by
Lodovico Ottavio in letters as well as descriptions found with various drawings.
879:
344:
in Vienna. Well-known acting troops had been invited to perform there, playing "every day except Friday". The most famous comedians in Europe made guest appearances in Vienna, such as the
197:
Jacob von Sandrart after Giovanni Burnacini: Landscape with stormy sea from the libretto of the opera 'Lâinganno dâamore', Regensburg 1653. Washington, Library of Congress, Music Division.
111:
In the middle of the 17th century, Venice was one of the most important theater cities in Europe. Beginning in the 1640s, Lodovico Ottavioâs father Giovanni led renowned theater houses in
861:
465:
Bejim H. Burnacini der trusser undt ingegner vom Keijsser ist, habe ich alles höffligkeit genossen, in theatern undt festen wirdt heĂŒt zu tage dass gröste lumiere von allen haben.
170:
to Vienna due to his artistic merits and he took the sixteen-year-old Lodovico Ottavio with him. A few months later, the entire family followed, and from then on they resided in
1202:
Deisinger, Marko (2016). "Weltliches VergnĂŒgen, die Jesuiten und ein spektakulĂ€rer Unfall im Theatersaal. Andrea D'Orsos Commedia dell'arte-Truppe am Wiener Kaiserhof 1660".
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in 1621 in Cesena, where Giovanni prepared and set off wonderful illuminations and fireworks. The artistic talent of the family can thus be traced back to this ancestor.
469:"At Mr. Burnacini's, who is steward and engineer of the emperor, I enjoyed all courtesy; concerning theater and festivities nowadays he will be the most luminous one"
218:(December 1652 â May 1654) and was premiered in a specially built, wooden theater house. Various other works followed, sometimes for ephemeral buildings such as the
660:
in Vienna. Thematically, this collection is divided into two large series. The first one, including numerous costume designs for festivities of the court (called
348:
911:
Original documents indicate clearly, that the artist signed himself as "Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini". However, there is variant spellings of his surname, like
430:
81:, from whom he learned the arts of theater architecture, stage machinery and set design from a young age. His birthday and place of birth are still unknown.
636:
306:
167:
74:
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A recent publication by the Theatermuseum presents approximately 125 grotesque drawings by Burnacini in detail, which are related to the world of comedy.
1018:
Santi o De Santi, Samantha (2019). "Die Burnacini, eine Dynastie von Theateringenieuren. Neue Entdeckungen zu ihrer Herkunft". In Risatti, Rudi (ed.).
301:
Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini: Cheerful Brighella, Arlecchino in the âMi-Partiâ, and the âGluttonousâ Wet Nurse, End of the 17th c. Vienna, Theatermuseum.
566:
Lodovico Ottavio worked for the imperial court for over 55 years and remained in office until he died at an advanced age on December 12, 1707 from
273:
Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini: Carnival wagon with some of the typical characters of the Commedia dellâarte. End of the 17th c. Vienna, Theatermuseum.
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by Burnacini, with inventory code Min 20); the second one (with inventory code Min 29) is far more heterogeneous and includes figurines for the
1352:
1283:
1091:
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In the last decades of the 17th century, âalmost all public and private monuments were created according to his ideas and designsâ. Emperor
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based on Burnacini's designs. This and other operas, whose libretti were magnificently complemented with large-format engravings, such as
1339:
Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Wien. I. Abteilung: Regesten aus in- und auslÀndischen Archiven mit Ausnahme des Archives der Stadt Wien
91:
Since an intense and continuous period of artistic activity in the career of Giovanni Burnacini has been documented beginning in 1636 in
615:
Samantha Santi o De Santi, Rudi Risatti: Family tree of the Burnacini family based on Biach-Schiffmann in 1931. State of research: 2019.
1416:
40:(1636 â 12 December 1707) was an Italian architect, and theatrical stage and costume designer, who served the imperial court in
1142:
1133:
Sommer-Mathis, Andrea (2019). "Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini und die Commedia dell'arte am Wiener Hof". In Risatti, Rudi (ed.).
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1052:
1027:
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condition was that she should take under her care a niece of Lodovico Ottavio named Sofia, daughter of one of his brothers.
402:
MatthĂ€us KĂŒsel after Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini, La bocca d'Inferno ("The Hell's Mouth") in the opera "Il pomo dâoro", 1668.
965:
286:, there was an extremely lively cultural life in Vienna in the late 17th century, in which Burnacini played a major role.
1374:
333:
254:
193:
792:
Festdekoration und Groteske. Der Wiener BĂŒhnenbildner Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini. Inszenierung barocker Kunstvorstellung
624:
LodovicoâLodovico Ottavio's grandfather and progenitor of the Burnacini familyâwas an artillery man ("Bombardino") from
547:
44:
beginning in 1652. He is considered one of the most important "theater engineers" in Baroque Europe and is a master of
17:
729:(doctoral thesis supervised by Elena Tamburini / University of Bologna, Institute for Art History), Bologna 2006/2007.
84:
With regard to his place of birth, recent research has not been able to confirm the references of early literature to
1421:
215:
182:
163:
398:
269:
1236:
Schindler, Otto G. (2008). "Domenico Biancolelli e la rappresentazione del "Convitato di pietra" a Vienna (1660)".
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Fest und Festung. Die Wiener Burgbefestigung als Bauplatz von TanzsÀlen und OpernhÀusern im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert
229:
178:
1426:
983:
KĂĄbdebo, Heinrich (15 June 1879). "Zur Entwicklungs-Geschichte der Decorations- (Architektur-) Malerei in Wien".
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Feste am Wiener Hof unter der Regierung von Kaiser Leopold I. und seiner ersten Frau Margarita Teresa (1666â1673)
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Grandfather Lodovico and Grandmother Giustina gave birth to five children: Francesco, Lodovico Ottavio's father
1307:
351:(1636â1688). Possibly in homage to the comedies played between 1660 and 1662, Burnacini later drew many of his
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Tessin also described some features of the famous theater, which had to be dismantled shortly before the
760:âQuel novo Cario, quel divin Orfeoâ. Antonio Draghi da Rimini a Vienna. Atti del convegno internazionale
249:
in 1657, Burnacini was not confirmed to his father's office. From July 1, 1657 the new monarch engaged
107:
Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini: âPonte di Rialtoâ with Pantalone, end of the 17th c. Vienna, Theatermuseum.
1187:
Schindler, Otto G. (1997). ""Mio compadre Imperatore". Comici dell'arte an den Höfen der Habsburger".
491:
Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini, Draft for the Plague Column in Vienna, before 1687. Vienna, Theatermuseum.
406:
In this theater the most magnificent operas of the Leopoldin court were performed, first and foremost
450:
421:
1381:
1319:
762:(Rimini, Palazzo Buonadrata, 5â7 ottobre 1998) (ConNotazioni, Bd. 7), Lucca 2000, pp. 397â410.
1172:
Hadamowsky, Franz (1955). "Barocktheater am Wiener Kaiserhof. Mit einem Spielplan (1625â1740)".
720:
La ricezione della commedia dellâarte nellâEuropa centrale 1568â1769. Storia, testi, iconografia
142:
It seems plausible that during his time in Venice Lodovico also had a chance to see the famous
1391:
1297:
1251:
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Nicodemus Tessin the Younger. Sources â Works â Collections. Travel Notes 1673â77 and 1687â88
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Arte Barroco e ideal clasico. Aspectos del arte cortesano de la segunda mitad del siglo XVII,
665:
503:
341:
151:
30:
604:(Seneschal), in 1702 the baronial status and in 1706âa year before his deathâthe title of a
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1406:
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The move of the Burnacini family to Vienna was presumably due to an invitation by Empress
48:. His work as a stage designer for the lavish entertainments at the court of the Emperors
8:
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and after the Turkish siege in 1683 he directed the reconstruction of Ebersdorf Castle.
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1277:
1085:
707:, in: Ăsterreichische Zeitschrift fĂŒr Kunst und Denkmalpflege 64, 2010, pp. 83â92.
524:, he was friends. Some sketches and drafts of this project have been preserved in the
1303:
1138:
1113:
1108:
Sommer-Mathis, Andrea (10 May 2019). "Eine kurze Biografie". In Risatti, Rudi (ed.).
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Baumann, Wolfgang (1986). "Fastnacht und Fastenzeit 1653". In Möseneder, Karl (ed.).
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1048:
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496:
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Domenico Biancolelli e la rappresentazione del âConvitato di pietraâ a Vienna (1660)
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is preserved in numerous engravings and in many drawings in the collections of the
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Da Arlecchino a Kasperl. âIl Basilisco di Bernagassoâ nei paesi di lingua tedesca
536:
328:
Although this comedy house was demolished in 1662, due to the opposition of the
886:
683:
Groteske Komödie in den Zeichnungen von Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini (1636â1707).
509:
442:
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Groteske Komödie in den Zeichnungen von Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini (1636â1707)
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Groteske Komödie in den Zeichnungen von Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini (1636-1707)
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Groteske Komödie in den Zeichnungen von Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini (1636-1707)
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Groteske Komödie in den Zeichnungen von Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini (1636-1707)
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in 1653 on the occasion of the Reichstag, was dismantled and shipped down the
253:(â 1658), who had been the architect and stage designer of his uncle Archduke
129:. Some early engravings based on Giovanniâs designs, such as the one entitled
1400:
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Der Sig-prangende Hochzeit-Gott. Hochzeitsfeste am Wiener Kaiserhof 1622â1699
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434:
407:
376:
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from 1654, of which exists a copperplate engraving in the collections of the
73:
Lodovico Ottavio was the son of a certain 'Grazia' and the theater architect
1217:
Seifert, Herbert (1985). "Die Oper am Wiener Kaiserhof im 17. Jahrhundert".
517:
383:
Between 1666 and 1668 Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini constructed the so-called
785:âIl Pomo dâOroâ et le mythe impĂ©rial Catholique Ă lâĂ©poque de LĂ©opold Ier.
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In 1688, after a visit to Vienna, the Swedish architect and art collector
297:
540:
392:
1387:
https://www.habsburger.net/de/personen/person/lodovico-ottavio-burnacini
1341:. Vol. Band VI., Reg. 6275â14352. Vienna. pp. 304, Reg. 11669.
599:
95:, it seems plausible that Lodovico Ottavio was born in the lagoon city.
767:âMio compadre Imperatoreâ. Comici dellâarte an den Höfen der Habsburger
575:
310:
211:
362:
756:
Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini, scenografo e costumista di Antonio Draghi
567:
512:, which were carried out in 1687 under his direction by the brothers
352:
345:
233:
805:. Band 2. Wien / MĂŒnchen: Jugend & Volk 1973, from p. 255.
794:(Studien zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte, Bd. 355), Baden-Baden 1975.
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147:
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and who made intensive contacts with the Venetian cultural scene.
814:
Arbeiten des 1. Kunsthistorischen Instituts der UniversitÀt Wien
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Giovanni und Ludovico Burnacini. Theater und Feste am Wiener Hofe
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1382:
https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Lodovico_Ottavio_Burnacini
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57:
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Giovanni Burnacini (1610â1655) architetto e scenografo cesenate
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387:, which rose next to the fortification of the imperial palace (
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314:
181:, who in the same year (1651) became the third wife of Emperor
171:
112:
92:
85:
78:
41:
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Andrea Sommer-Mathis â Daniela Franke â Rudi Risatti (Hrsg.):
487:
103:
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Feste in Regensburg. Von der Reformation bis in die Gegenwart
355:
and Commedia dell'arte characters, which are now kept in the
700:, Imhof, Vienna (exhibition catalogue / Theatermuseum) 2016.
535:
also entrusted him with the reconstruction of the destroyed
453:
vastly contributed to Burnacini's international reputation.
1392:
https://www.uibk.ac.at/aia/burnacini_ludovico%20ottavio.htm
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and perhaps also in connection with the death of Archduke
289:
210:
by Benedetto Ferrari, which was held on March 3, 1653 in
188:
340:, it marked an important episode in the history of the
1161:. Vol. VII. Frankfurt am Main. 1663. p. 343.
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became known all over the world through the prints by
375:
Interior of the court theatre in Vienna in a print by
1174:
Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft fĂŒr Wiener Theaterforschung
803:
Tausend Jahre Ăsterreich. Eine biographische Chronik
712:
Comici dellâArte alle Corti Austriache degli Asburgo
1002:. Vienna: Verlag von Carl Konegen. pp. 77, 79.
495:In 1676/1677 Burnacini was commissioned to rebuild
98:
969:, Vol. 15. Treccani. Retrieved online 3 July 2016
718:. In: Alberto Martino â Fausto de Michele (Hgg.):
239:
1398:
1296:Bianconi, Lorenzo and Pestelli, Giorgio (2002).
1017:
816:Band 43). Krystall-Verlag, Vienna / Berlin 1931.
722:. Pisa â Rome 2010, pp. 69â143 und 273â322.
264:
675:
139:, engineers, composers, musicians, actors etc.
1267:
1238:Commedia dell'arte. Annuario Internazionale 1
1219:Wiener Veröffentlichungen zur Musikgeschichte
1132:
1107:
935:and his second given name sometimes given as
598:In 1677 he was awarded the title of Imperial
391:) at the site of todayâs court library, near
825:Monatsblatt des Altertums-Vereines zu Wien 6
482:
29:
931:, with his first name sometimes spelled as
758:. In: Emilio Sala â Davide Daolmi (Hrsg.),
738:Commedia dellâarte. Annuario internazionale
539:, the building that would later become the
508:(Trinity or Plague Column) on the Viennese
416:(1668) on occasion of the first wedding of
157:
1351:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1282:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1171:
1090:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1047:(1. Auflage ed.). Vienna: Hollitzer.
787:In: XVIIe SiĂšcle 36, 1984, pp. 17â36.
502:In the mid-1680s, he made designs for the
379:after Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini, c. 1668.
321:(riding arena) in summer 1659, at Emperor
1235:
1201:
1186:
1336:
1252:"Komödienhaus (Theater auf der Cortina)"
698:Spettacolo barocco! Triumph des Theaters
610:
486:
397:
370:
296:
268:
192:
102:
1302:, p. 311. University of Chicago Press.
1268:Laine, Merit; Magnusson, Börje (2002).
1216:
1075:
1042:
982:
747:. In: Fernando Checa Cremades (Hrsg.):
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14:
1399:
780:(dramma per musica, Bd. 2), Wien 1988.
146:(masks and disguises) of the Venetian
1263:
1261:
1137:. Vienna: Hollitzer. pp. 63â80.
1022:. Vienna: Hollitzer. pp. 39â61.
574:("at the golden column") on Vienna's
206:by Alberto Vimina (Vienna, 1652) and
189:Between Vienna, Regensburg and Prague
1103:
1101:
1013:
1011:
1009:
966:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
827:(1889), from p. 18, p. 32.
773:38, Heft 2â4, 1997, pp. 25â154.
581:
479:, because of the high risk of fire.
68:
997:
953:
867:Costume designs for grotesques and
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317:to Vienna, to be re-erected on the
24:
1258:
1176:. Annals 1951/1952. Vienna: 7â117.
587:office after the death of Emperor
548:Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach
236:in Vienna (inv. No. DG 2018/207).
25:
1438:
1363:
1112:. Vienna: Hollitzer. p. 16.
1098:
1006:
639:, Santa, Marcantonio and Nicola.
546:In 1698 Burnacini, together with
150:and to watch performances of the
1368:
1191:. 38, Nr. 2â4: 25â154, here: 78.
878:
860:
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221:Triumph of the Blessed Sacrament
99:Education and Venetian influence
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1417:17th-century Italian architects
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1080:. Regensburg. pp. 213â219.
961:"Burnacini, Ludovico Ottaviano"
959:Brini, Amalia Barigozzi (1972).
650:
240:The death of the father in 1655
1126:
1069:
1036:
991:
976:
905:
891:La monarchia latina trionfante
751:Madrid 2004, pp. 240â244.
449:(1678) composed by Draghi and
257:, during his governorship in
27:Italian architect and designer
13:
1:
946:
439:Il fuoco eterno delle Vestali
265:The imperial theater engineer
122:Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo
1337:Hajdecki, Alexander (1908).
1320:"Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini"
985:Ăsterreichische Kunst-Cronik
676:Bibliography (chronological)
458:Nicodemus Tessin the younger
7:
1043:Risatti, Rudi, ed. (2019).
799:Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini.
725:Samantha Santi o De Santi:
447:Monarchia latina trionfante
10:
1443:
740:1, 2008, pp. 161â180.
520:, with whom, according to
305:The wooden theater, which
251:Giovanni Battista Angelini
224:in Prague in 1652 and the
132:Trionfo del SS. Sacramento
127:Teatro Santissimi Apostoli
38:Lodovico Ottavio Burnacini
1272:. Stockholm. p. 411.
849:in Antonio Cesti's opera
591:by his son and successor
483:Burnacini as an architect
451:Johann Heinrich Schmelzer
420:with the Spanish infanta
1422:Italian scenic designers
1206:. Jg. 27. Vienna: 18â34.
898:
808:Flora Biach-Schiffmann:
685:Hollitzer, Vienna 2019,
561:
290:The comedy house on the
158:Moving to Vienna in 1651
550:, started building the
385:Theater auf der Kurtine
367:â the new court theater
336:, the uncle of Emperor
214:on the occasion of the
179:Eleonora Gonzaga-Nevers
1427:Architects from Mantua
1000:Die Fischer von Erlach
821:Ein PortrÀt Burnacinis
754:Andrea Sommer-Mathis:
743:Andrea Sommer-Mathis:
703:Andrea Sommer-Mathis:
681:Rudi Risatti (Hrsg.):
616:
492:
473:
403:
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302:
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108:
34:
1377:at Wikimedia Commons
987:. Band II, Nr. 4: 62.
783:Jean-Marie Valentin:
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554:("flour pit") on the
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477:Turkish siege in 1683
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401:
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284:Turkish siege in 1683
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196:
164:Emperor Ferdinand III
106:
33:
1324:Wien Geschichte Wiki
1225:. Tutzing: 445, 650.
998:Ilg, Albert (1895).
801:In: Walter Pollak :
620:Family and marriages
349:Domenico Biancolelli
797:Margaret Dietrich:
765:Otto G. Schindler:
732:Otto G. Schindler:
710:Otto G. Schindler:
441:(1674) composed by
1375:Ludovico Burnacini
870:commedia dell'arte
845:Stage set for the
666:Commedia dell'arte
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572:zur goldenen SĂ€ule
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342:Commedia dell'arte
307:Giovanni Burnacini
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168:Giovanni Burnacini
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75:Giovanni Burnacini
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18:Lodovico Burnacini
1373:Media related to
1189:Maske und Kothurn
1159:Theatrum EuropĂŠum
1144:978-3-99012-614-1
1119:978-3-99012-614-1
1054:978-3-99012-614-1
1029:978-3-99012-614-1
776:Herbert Seifert:
771:Maske und Kothurn
691:978-3-99012-614-1
630:Alessandro Orsini
582:Honors and salary
208:L'inganno d'Amore
152:Italian comedians
69:Origins and birth
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1412:1707 deaths
1407:1636 births
556:Neuer Markt
528:in Vienna.
393:Josefsplatz
359:in Vienna.
117:San Cassian
60:in Vienna.
1401:Categories
1308:0226045919
1240:: 161â180.
1063:1110686475
947:References
925:Bournacini
847:underworld
606:Mundschenk
576:Judenplatz
389:Burgbastei
353:grotesques
346:Arlecchino
311:Regensburg
212:Regensburg
1347:cite book
1278:cite book
1086:cite book
937:Ottaviano
929:Bornazini
921:Bornatini
917:Bornacini
913:Bernecini
889:'s opera
601:Truchsess
589:Leopold I
568:pneumonia
552:Mehlgrube
533:Leopold I
505:PestsÀule
418:Leopold I
338:Leopold I
323:Leopold I
247:Leopold I
234:Albertina
216:Reichstag
166:summoned
137:impresari
50:Leopold I
933:Ludovico
669:scenes.
662:Maschere
637:Giovanni
593:Joseph I
537:Favorita
445:and the
259:Brussels
162:In 1651
148:carnival
144:maschere
125:and the
54:Joseph I
855:, 1668
330:Jesuits
204:La gara
46:drawing
1306:
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927:, and
893:, 1678
823:. In:
769:. In:
736:. In:
689:
626:Cesena
522:Tessin
510:Graben
460:wrote:
315:Danube
280:plague
172:Vienna
119:, the
113:Venice
93:Venice
86:Mantua
79:Cesena
42:Vienna
899:Notes
562:Death
514:Peter
77:from
1353:link
1304:ISBN
1284:link
1139:ISBN
1114:ISBN
1092:link
1059:OCLC
1049:ISBN
1024:ISBN
714:und
687:ISBN
516:and
433:and
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812:(=
410:'s
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